Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Total (2000-2021) – Histoire"

The aim of this research is to explore the research trends of inquiry-based science (IBS) articles in the Web of Science database during 2000-2021. The bibliometric method was used in the research. A total of 662 IBS education articles were included in the study, out of 1389 IBS publications covering all fields published in Web of Science during 2000-2021. Citation and co-citation analysis were applied using VOSviewer software. The data obtained from this analysis are presented with tables, graphs, and bibliometric maps. According to the results, there is an increase in the number of IBS publications or citations in the recent years. The most cited keywords are teacher development, professional development, primary school, science achievement, and PISA. The most cited countries are the USA, Germany, and France. It has recently been determined that there is a trend towards sustainability education, local perspectives, technology, and interdisciplinary integration in IBS studies. The results were discussed with previous studies in the literature and some suggestions were made for future research. This research, which photographs inquired-based science studies published over the last two decades, may be useful to science education experts and curriculum evaluators.

Objetivo: caracterizar las principales contribuciones de las investigaciones en historia de la enfermería costarricense a partir de las publicaciones científicas comprendidas en el periodo de 1974 a 2021. Método: estudio de tipo descriptivo bibliométrico, múltiples motores de búsqueda permitieron identificar artículos científicos y recursos de tipo bibliográfico, que desvelarán las características y principales contribuciones de las investigaciones históricas en enfermería en Costa Rica. Resultados: un total de siete artículos científicos y cinco libros fueron tomados en cuenta para realizar el análisis de los datos. La mayoría de ellos son de autoría costarricense. Los libros fueron publicados en el periodo de 2000 a 2005. Mientras los artículos fueron publicados entre 2008 y 2016. Conclusiones: Existe una necesidad tácita de estimular al cuerpo discente de grado y posgrado así como a los profesionales en enfermería asistencial que laboran para instituciones públicas y privadas, para que exploren y fortalezcan la línea de investigación en historia de la enfermería y salud, pero que aborden sus objetos de estudio de formas no únicamente tradicionales (descripción y cronología) sino pensados, analizados y reflexionados según referentes teóricos reconocidos y rigurosos.

Abstract. Over a six-month period from late January to early August 2021 the Historic Environment Department of the Department of Culture and Tourism (DCT) Abu Dhabi carried out archaeological monitoring along a 11.5km stretch of a project to renew the existing border fence between the United Arab Emirates and Oman within the oasis city of Al Ain.The scope and sequence of the construction project determined the excavation and recording methodology employed. The trench was roughly straight-sided, 3.5m wide by 3–4m deep and entailed machine excavation of more than a million cubic meters. Documentation of this trench, which proceeded at an average distance of 80m a day, has informed our understanding of the landscape, identified locations for future archaeological work and assisted our ongoing efforts to manage and protect the historic environment. The project produced new data on the development of the historic oasis landscape of Al Ain, a UNESCO World Heritage property. Some of the most significant features revealed include a monumental stone tomb from the Late Bronze Age (2000–1300 BCE), an extensive Iron Age (1200-300 BCE) cemetery, high-status tombs of Late Pre-Islamic date (300 BCE–300 CE) and more than 50 ancient aflāj or underground water channels of various dates and techniques of construction, along with extensive evidence for distinct phases of Iron Age agriculture.Photogrammetry recording sessions numbered nearly three hundred in total, together creating a series of consecutive overlapping 3D models from which ortho-rectified images in plan and section have been produced for each of the zones along the trench route.This paper discusses the recording practice and workframe as it evolved over the course of the project, and the challenges found during the data acquisition phase in terms of the construction environment, lighting, geometry, tools, time and team size. It presents the system used to manage the digital data archive needed to keep track of 288 recorded photogrammetry sessions, along with the related ground control points survey. The paper discusses the challenges and available solutions for rapid processing and delivery of geo-referenced 3D models and ortho-rectified images generated throughout the project. It concludes with some general remarks on the peculiarly linear challenge of presenting the results of an archaeological excavation 11.5km long and 3.5m wide in both digital and hard-copy formats.

Rice is an essential food crop because rice is still used as a staple food and is a strategic commodity in Indonesia. The availability of affordable rice for the community is one of the key factors in national security. Food crop production forecasts are needed to support government policies in overcoming food problems, especially rice in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the estimates for the amount of rice production in Konawe Regency in the future by using the Least Squares method, knowing the adequacy of rice in Konawe Regency. This research was conducted in Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, from May to December 2021. The data source used in this study was secondary data obtained from the Southeast Sulawesi Central Statistics Agency (BPS) and the Agriculture Service. Data on the rice production in Konawe Regency for the 2000-2020 period. From the simulations carried out using the Least Squares model, it is obtained that the forecasting results of rice production in Konawe Regency will continue to increase from year to year for the next ten years (2021-2030). The average increase in rice production in the next ten years is 1.60% per year, with the Konawe Regency rice consumption need in 2020 of 49,594.08 tons. Based on rice production and demand, the total availability of rice in Konawe Regency in 2021 is 74,585.5 tons, indicating a status of surplus rice availability. Determination of the accuracy of forecasting rice production in Konawe Regency is calculated using the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) which produces a relatively small error value of 1.3%.

This paper objective to investigate the correlation between public spending on education and the growth of the state of Chhattisgarh. Time-series data spanning from 2000 to 2021 was utilised. Public expenditure has several effects in economy. It can increase economic growth. It can increase social welfare. It is directly expected education is helps Positive Social change of citizen. The result shows that total public expenditure and Education expenditure is highly and statistically significant on economic growth indicator such as GER and DOR in primary level in Chhattisgarh.Public expenditure helps in achieving equitable distribution income and promote growth and welfare. The findings indicate that total public spending and education spending have a statistically significant and positive impact on economic growth indicators like the state's Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) and the percentage of primary school dropout children (DOR) at the primary level. Education is directly expected to contribute to citizens' positive social transformation. The study's findings show that public spending on education and economic growth are correlated over the long term. Over time, there is a found unidirectional causal relationship between public education spending and Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP).

Abstract Introduction Decreasing LOS by one day can decrease the cost of a hospital stay by 3% (Taheri et al., 2000). Several factors contribute to LOS in the BICU, including, but not limited to, age, comorbidities, acuity, treatment, exit strategy, and housing situation. The purpose of this study is to identify LOS differences between housing situations amongst BICU patients. Housing situations can delay or assist with LOS; unhoused individuals may experience a more complex exit strategy as compared with housed individuals, leading to greater LOS. Methods A retrospective analysis utilizing the national burn database to gather information about discharged patients from TMMC BICU between 2018-2023. Factors such as age, gender, degree of burn, amount of burn (Total body surface area % [TBSA%]), and living situation were all considered. Average LOS was calculated based on the patient’s documented housing situation. The total number of hospital days was divided by the number of patients in that category to calculate the average hospital days per patient. LOS Without Surgery population (n) total 475. LOS 2018-2023 n = 317. Results A comparative analysis of Burn Registry data showed burn inpatients had longer LOSs compared to other inpatient burn groups LOSs of unhoused BICU inpatients averaged 2.8 days longer than housed patients. Conclusions The cause of the prolonged LOS in unhoused populations is difficult to ascertain. Difficulties in arranging wound care and placement is a difficult task to complete by case management. Psychiatric and/or complicated medical histories contributed to delays in discharge, prompting opportunity for future research (Ikebuchi et al., 2008). Literature fails to provide consistent causative/correlational data for the length of stay amongst the burn population in the hospital setting. Current studies show that age, socioeconomic factors, comorbidities, antibiotic use, and burn severity/TBSA contribute to LOS in the burn population (Chukamei et al., 2021). Applicability of Research to Practice Discharge planning should be initiated on the date of admission; special populations should be monitored more closely. Delays in discharge medication, wound care plans, and wound care supplies are intricate in these populations; research should be conducted into what causes these delays and what communication break downs between nursing, surgeons, and other ancillary staff prevent discharge. Involving a multidisciplinary approach would augment a safer and more expedited discharge for these complex patient populations. Future causative research is needed exploring reasons for discharge delays by examining interdisciplinary workflow communications that may contribute to delayed discharges.

Hydroelectric power together with other renewables already account for about 50% of electricity demand, and there is much additional potential for growth. Turkey’s electric power demand has been developing steadily, averaging 8-10 % annual growth over the past 20 years. Turkey is rapidly growing in terms of both its economy and its population. In parallel, its demand for energy, particularly for electricity, is increasing fast. Turkey’s hydraulic potential is 55,000 MW, and the share of hydraulic installed power has reached 31.647 MW from 11,175 MW in 2000 as of 31 December 2021. According to the Strategic Plan of the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources for 2019-2023, while the total installed capacity will be about 32.9% in 2023, but this figure has already been reached. In cooperation with the public-private sector, 743 Hydroelectric Power Plants (public +private) with an installed capacity of 31.647 MW and a power generation potential of 108.932 GWh/year have been completed and put into service. Construction of those made by the public from these facilities is carried out by the DSI (State Hydraulic Works) and their operation is transferred to EUAS (Electricity Generation Corporation), while those made by the private sector, except for the EMRA license, other (water Use agreement, project, construction, water structures acceptance, etc.) operations are performed by DSI. From 743 facilities; 68 plants with an installed power of 13.766 MW with a power generation potential of 49 GWh/year by DSI; 675 plants with an installed power of 17.881 MW and a power generation potential of 60 GWh/year were built by the private sector and put into operation. This study aims to overview the status of hydropower in 2021 data of Turkey.

The present review discusses the collective monograph “Ibrahim-Haji from Urada (1701-1770) and his era: studies on history and life” (Makhachkala, 2021), which is a significant contribution to Caucasian studies. Given the fact that in recent years in historical science there has been an increased interest in the personality of Ibrahim-Haji al-Uradi, the comprehensive monograph sheds light on many aspects of the life and work of the outstanding scholar and expert in Islamic law and grammar of the Avar language, author of poems in Avar, theologian, one of the ideologists of the struggle between the Dagestanis and Nadir Shah, Qadi of Gidatl. The authors of the collective monograph, using a rich documentary base, carry out a scrupulous reconstruction of political events in the Caucasus of the period under study, and against this background analyze the life and work of Ibrahim-Haji al-Uradi. For the first time in modern Caucasian studies, the authors have introduced a number of Georgian, Turkish and Iranian primary sources, which help to reveal a more complete picture of the events in the Eastern Caucasus and the entire Caucasian region as a whole in the second half of the 18th century. Moreover, the authors attracted Arabic-language sources from private manuscript collections from Gidatl and the contents of the collections from the Collection of Oriental Manuscripts of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the DFRC RAS. In addition to that, it is necessary to mention the private and mosque manuscript collections of Dagestan. In total, the authors have attracted more than 2000 works in their work. This study undoubtedly occupies a worthy place along with other works devoted to the life and work of Ibrahim-Hajji al-Uradi.

Background: The development of the lymphoma treatment increased the number of patients with long-term survival. Due to the nature of lymphoma heterogeneous group of hematological malignancies, lymphoma treatment varies based on histopathological features. Various cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiotherapy could increase patients' risk of secondary cancer. Few studies evaluated the impact on survival of co-occurring cancers in mature lymphoid malignancies. Methods: 3953 adult patients were diagnosed with lymphoma between January 2000 and April 2021 at Yeoido and Seoul St. Mary's Hospital. The cohorts compared cohorts Standardized incidence ratio applying the Korea Central Cancer Registry (KCCR). Results: Among the patients Initially diagnosed with Mature-B cell neoplasm were 3001 patients (76.3%) and 711(18%) with mature T and NK cell neoplasm (5.6%) for Hodgkin lymphoma. Among the B cell neoplasm, 57% diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCL) were the most common form of B cell type, followed by follicular lymphoma (FL) and marginal zone lymphoma. PTCL NOS was the most dominant in the T cell lymphoma, accounting for 26%, followed by Extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma 23% and angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma. Among B cell lymphoma, 10% of solid cancer co-occurred, and 1% of hematological can be combined; in T cell types, 6% were solid ca and 12% were hematological ca. Two hundred one (4.8%) patients had historic or newly diagnosed solid cancer cases; the median diagnosed age was 64 (27-92) years. The median time to secondary cancer after diagnosis is 2 years, most common type of secondary were hung cancer, followed by thyroid and colorectal cancer. Comparing with the Korean register, the standardized Incidence Ratio of patients with lymphoma showed the highest in thyroid ca (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.65, [95% CI 1.45-4.45]), followed by lung (HR=2.14), stomach (HR=1.79), and colon (HR=1.59), In total lymphoma patients, secondary ca. doesn't offer a poor prognostic factor in total cohorts- In the case of MZL and FL (n=737), development of secondary cancer (n=131) acts as a poor prognostic factor 5 years in than count parts (n=565), 79.4 vs. 89.1%, respectively ( p <0.001). Multivariate analysis showed colorectal ca ( p <0.001, HR = 4.83, [95% CI 5.19-1103]) and transformation to DLBCL ( p <0.001, HR = 4.85, [95% CI 2.68-5.79]) affect worse outcomes on OS. In the case of CLL, multivariate analysis, treatment-related AML or MDS affects inferior survival outcomes ( p =0.02, HR = 3.99, [95% CI 1.25-12.79]). Conclusions: Secondary cancers could increase mortality in low-grade B cell lymphoma patients. There were different types of secondary cancer affected overall survival by each subtype. In the low-grade lymphoma, secondary hematologic malignancies or Richter syndrome poorer patient results. This study suggested awareness of various combined malignancies by subtypes of patients with lymphoma.

Language is an identity as well as a means of passing down knowledge from one generation to the next, serving as the foundation for a particular native speaker's understanding. The Reang is one of the languages belonging to the Tibeto-Burman group of the Sino-Tibetan language family (Reang, 2021). It is spoken in Mizoram, Tripura, and Assam. It is also spoken in neighbouring nations, particularly Bangladesh and Myanmar. According to the Census of India 2011, Reang has a total population of 1,88,080. The study area of this present work focuses on the Reang spoken in the west, south, and northern regions of Tripura. Reang is a Tibeto-Burman language, and it has numerous classifiers for virtually anything or every shape, just like other TibetoBurman languages, including Boro, Garo, Rabha, Dimasa, and Kokborok. There are very scanty linguistic works done on the classifiers of Reang. The current work makes an effort to discuss the range of classifiers in Reang. “Classifiers are affixes that are used in various languages to indicate the grammatical or semantic classification of words." The term ‘classifier’ is commonly used for a wide range of noun categorization devices. Classifiers are generally defined as morphemes that classify and quantify nouns according to semantic criteria. Classifiers classify a noun inherently. They designate and specify semantic features inherent to the nominal denotatum and divide the set of nouns in a certain language into disjunct classes. "(Senft 2000: 21).

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to empirically analyze the impact of policy advisory ODA distributed by recipient countries on government capabilities from a sustainable development perspective. Originality: Sustainable development requires the capacity of the government to allocate resources efficiently and to design and operate the optimal policies to support it. In this regard, policy advisory ODA aims to contribute to the sustainable development by providing advice to developing country governments so that they can effectively formulate and implement policies. However, previous studies have focused on which factors ODA is distributed and how ODA contributes to development in terms of the total amount of ODA. By quantitatively measuring the policy advisory ODA, and focusing on its impact on government capacity in developing countries, this study draws more concrete academic and practical implications for development effectiveness. Methodology: This paper constructs a panel dataset of policy advisory ODA flows and government capacity for 152 developing countries from 2000 to 2021, and conducts a random effects panel regression analysis. Result: It was found that the relationship between the amount of policy advisory ODA a country receives and its government capacity is statistically significant: on average, the more policy advisory ODA a country receives, the better its government capacity is. The empirical analysis also shows that the impact of the policy advisory ODA on government capacity is greater in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Countries, where government capacity is relatively weak, and the Least Developed Countries and Lower-Middle Income Countries. Conclusion and Implication: This study has both academic and policy implications in that it empirically analyzes the impact of policy advisory ODA on recipient countries’ government capacity, an area that has been under-explored in the literature despite its importance. The empirical results draws attention to the importance and effectiveness of the policy advisory ODA.

Aim: The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of schema therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy on the tolerance of emotional distress, sexual dysfunction and psychological capital in patients with multiple sclerosis. Methods: The current research is a semi-experimental type with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up design with two experimental groups and one control group. The statistical population included all the patients with multiple sclerosis in Central Province in the year 2021, and according to the arrangements made with the MS Association of Arak city, their total number is 1200. In this study, statistical samples of 45 people were selected as available and then randomly assigned to 3 groups of 15 people including treatment plan groups (15 people), treatment based on acceptance and commitment (15 people) and control group ( 15 people) were randomly replaced. The research tools included the emotional distress tolerance questionnaire of Simmons and Gaher (2005), the sexual performance questionnaire of Rosen et al. (2000) and the psychological capital questionnaire of Lutans et al. (1999). Schema therapy was based on Yang et al.'s (2003) 12-session protocol, and commitment and acceptance-based therapy was based on Eifert and Forsyth's (2004) eight-session protocol. Finally, analysis of variance of repeated measures using SPSS version 22 software was used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that there is a significant difference between the effect of schema therapy and therapy based on acceptance and commitment on the tolerance of emotional distress, sexual dysfunction and psychological capital in patients with multiple sclerosis (P=0.01). The effect was reported to be stable during follow-up. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be said that there is a significant difference between the three groups in the post-test scores after adjusting the pre-test scores, and also, the confirmation results showed that schema therapy and t acceptance and commitment therapy t on the tolerance of emotional distress , sexual performance and psychological capital skewness among patients with multiple sclerosis has been stable.

Введение. К одному из основных осложнений лечения меланомы сосудистой оболочки глаза, или меланомы хориоидеи (МХ), относится ретинопатия и/или оптикоретинопатия. Выраженность ретинопатии (РП) зависит от исходного уровня величины опухоли, подвергающейся лучевому или комбинированному методу лечения, локализации опухоли, площади воздействия ионизирующего излучения на оболочки глаза с опухолью, сопутствующей патологии в организме пациента. Цель. Оценить структуру осложнений после брахитерапии (БТ) у пациентов с меланомой сосудистой оболочки глаза и роль отграничительной лазеркоагуляции (ОЛК) в их профилактике. Материалы и методы. Данные Белорусского канцер-регистра и истории болезни 383 пациентов с клинически установленным диагнозом МХ глаза (C69.3 по МКБ-10) за 2000-2018 гг. вретроспективном исследовании. ОЛК проводилась с 2010 г. Для БТ использовались β-офтальмоаппликаторы (β-ОА) с изотопами 106Ru+106Rh. Для оценки осложнений пациенты разделены на подгруппы по размерам опухоли: подгруппа А (n=117) - пациенты с базальным диаметром опухоли 7,2±1,4 мм и толщиной 3,2±1,3 мм; подгруппа Б (n=156) - 10,9±0,6 и 4,6±1,7; подгруппа В (n=110) - 13,9±1,5 и 5,8±1,6 мм. ОЛК - излучение желтого либо зеленого спектра (длина волны 532-577 нм) с использованием режима непрерывных импульсов, 2-4 рядами в шахматном порядке, диаметр пятна 200-500 мкм, длительность 100-200 мс, мощность 150- 250 мВт с интенсивностью коагулятов II-III степени. ОЛК проведена у 76 (19,8%) пациентов после БТ. Для сравнительной оценки групп использован двусторонний критерий Фишера. Результаты. Зарегистрировано 79 (20,6%) пациентов с осложнениями после БТ. Из них РП, включая макулопатию и оптикопатию, у 40 (50,6%), вторичная глаукома у 12 (15,2%), токсический увеит у 4 (5,1%), локальная отслойка сетчатки у 11 (13,9%), кровоизлияние в стекловидное тело у 12 (15,2%). Количество РП зависело от размера опухоли. Частота вторичных глауком, локальных отслоек сетчатки и кровоизлияний в стекловидное тело повышались с увеличением «Офтальмология. Восточная Европа», 2021, том 11, № 3 283 Структура осложнений после проведения брахитерапии у пациентов с меланомой сосудистой оболочки глаза и роль отграничительной лазеркоагуляции в их профилактике размера опухоли. Анализ эффективности ОЛК при подготовке пациентов к БТ показал, что количество РП статистически значимо не уменьшилось. Их выраженность была меньше, отмечалась положительная динамика на фоне местного применения глюкокортикостероидов. При развитии РП у пациентов после проведенной БТ к одному из компонентов лечения относится панретинальная лазерная коагуляция (ПРЛК) сетчатки. В группе после проведенной ОЛК только 1 (1,3%) пациенту проведена ПРЛК сетчатки. Из 307 пациентов без ОЛК 27 (8,8%) пациентам потребовалась ПРЛК (р=0,009), что показывает эффективность ОЛК в профилактике РП и ОРП. Выводы. Частота постлучевых осложнений возрастает с увеличением размеров опухоли. Перед началом специального лечения при применении ОЛК статистически значимо снижается частота развития РП, требующих ПРЛК сетчатки. Background. One of the main complications of the treatment of choroidal melanoma (CM) is retinopathy (RP) and/or opticoretinopathy. The intensity of retinopathy depends on the initial size of the tumor subjected to radiation or multimodality treatment, the tumor site, the ionizing radiation exposure area of choroid with tumor and concomitant disorders in the patient’s body. Objective. Assessing the profiles of morbidities related to brachytherapy (BT) administered to choroid melanoma patients and the contribution of delimiting laser photocoagulation (DLP) to their prevention. Materials and methods. The data of Belarusian Cancer Registry and case histories of 383 patients with clinically confirmed choroid melanoma diagnosis (ICD-10 C69.3) in the 2000-2018 period of time, the study being retrospective. DLP has been provided since 2010. Ophthalmic applicators with 106Ru+106Rh isotope (ß-ОА) were used for BT. The morbidities to be assessed, the patients were assigned to subgroups according to the tumor sizes: subgroup A (n=117) - 7.2±1.4 mm basal tumor diameter and 3.2±1.3 mm thickness; subgroup B (n=156) - 10.9±0.6 mm and 4.6±1.7 mm; subgroup C (n=110) - 13.9±1.5 mm and 5.8±1.6 mm, respectively. DLP: irradiation of the yellow or green spectrum (532-577nm wave length) in the continuous pulse mode, in two-four rows, checkerwise, with 200-500 μm spot diameter, 100-200 ms duration, 150-250 mW power and grade II-III coagulate intensity. DLP was administered to 76 (19.8%) patients after BT. The comparative assessment of the groups was performed using the two-sided Fisher’s test. Results. The number of patients with complications following BT was 79 (20.6%). Of those patients, RP including maculopathy and opticopathy was in 40 (50.6%), secondary glaucoma in 12 (15.2%), toxic uveitis in 4 (5.1%), local retinal detachment in 11 (13.9%), hemorrhage in the vitreous body in 12 (15.2%). RP amount depended on the tumor size. The incidence of secondary glaucoma, total retinal detachment and hemorrhage in the vitreous bodies was rising with tumor size increase. The analysis of DLP efficacy in patient preparation for BT demonstrated no statistically significant reduction in RP amount. They were of lower intensity, positive changes were noted with local application of glucocorticosteroids. In case of RP developing in patients after BT administered, one of the treatment components is panretinal laser coagulation (PRLC) of the retina. In the group of patients receiving DLP, only 1 (1.3%) patient underwent PRLC of the retina. Of 307 patients receiving no DLP, 27 (8.8%) were needed of PRLC (p=0.009), which is indicative of DLP efficacy in RP and ORP prevention. Conclusion. The incidence of postradiation morbidity is rising with tumor size increase. The employment of DLP prior to the start of the special treatment provides a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of RP development requiring PRLC of the retina.

Spanish conquest in the New World has two sides, evangelization, and colonization. The former was carried by the missionaries who were heavily influenced by Bartolome de Las Casa and Vitoria, while the latter by conquistadores, the defenders of the conquest. Early missionaries fought for the dignity of the Indios where they clashed with the motives of the conquistadores to exploit human resources. The problematic part was they have to work under the Spanish crown where their point of contact was also their area for friction. When they arrived in the Philippines, that social solidarity and dynamics of social relation continued where it became complex due to the involvement of various groups including the natives and their leaders, the religious orders, and most of all the Spanish Royal Court that had the history of having a heart for the Indians. King Philip II created a space for debates within his agenda of social conscience. Using Durkheim’s structuralist-functionalist approach, historical narratives about early missionaries’ struggles for natives’ dignity in the 16th century Philippines were examined. Durkheim’s social solidarity, dynamics of social relations, and his concepts of anomie as disruptions due to dramatic changes and conflicts were utilized as tools to analyze the quest for total well-being. The achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs) is authenticated in amplifying the value of human dignity, equality, and respect for each individual. With this, the 500 years of Christianity in the Philippines is worth the celebration.ReferencesAbella, G. (1971) From Indio to Filipino and some historical works. Philippine Historical Review. (Vol. 4).Arcilla, J. S. S.J. (1998). The Spanish conquest. Kasaysayan: The story of the Filipino people. (Vol. 3). C & C Offset Printing Co., Ltd.Bernal, R. 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ImportanceIncreased cancer risk in first-degree relatives of probands with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC probands) who carry pathogenic or likely pathogenic germline variants (PGVs) in cancer syndrome–associated genes encourages cascade genetic testing. To date, unbiased risk estimates for the development of cancers on a gene-specific basis have not been assessed.ObjectiveTo quantify the risk of development of PDAC and extra-PDAC among first-degree relatives of PDAC probands who carry a PGV in 1 of 9 cancer syndrome–associated genes—ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, and CDKN2A.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis case series focused on first-degree relatives of PDAC probands carrying PGVs in specific cancer syndrome–associated genes. The cohort comprised clinic-ascertained patients enrolled in the Mayo Clinic Biospecimen Resource for Pancreas Research registry with germline genetic testing. In total, 234 PDAC probands carrying PGVs were drawn from the prospective research registry of 4562 participants who had undergone genetic testing of cancer syndrome–associated genes. Demographic and cancer-related family histories were obtained by questionnaire. The data were collected from October 1, 2000, to December 31, 2021.Main Outcomes and MeasuresFor the PDAC probands, the genetic test results of the presence of PGVs in 9 cancer syndrome–associated genes were obtained by clinical testing. Cancers (ovary, breast, uterus or endometrial, colon, malignant melanoma, and pancreas) among first-degree relatives were reported by the probands. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were used to estimate cancer risks among first-degree relatives of PDAC probands carrying a PGV.ResultsIn total, 1670 first-degree relatives (mean [SD] age, 58.1 [17.8] years; 853 male [51.1%]) of 234 PDAC probands (mean [SD] age, 62.5 [10.1] years; 124 male [53.0%]; 219 [94.4%] White; 225 [98.7%] non-Hispanic or non-Latino]) were included in the study. There was a significantly increased risk of ovarian cancer in female first-degree relatives of probands who had variants in BRCA1 (SIR, 9.49; 95% CI, 3.06-22.14) and BRCA2 (SIR, 3.72; 95% CI, 1.36-8.11). Breast cancer risks were higher with BRCA2 variants (SIR, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.89-3.54). The risks of uterine or endometrial cancer (SIR, 6.53; 95% CI, 2.81-12.86) and colon cancer (SIR, 5.83; 95% CI, 3.70-8.75) were increased in first-degree relatives of probands who carried Lynch syndrome mismatch repair variants. Risk of PDAC was also increased for variants in ATM (SIR, 4.53; 95% CI, 2.69-7.16), BRCA2 (SIR, 3.45; 95% CI, 1.72-6.17), CDKN2A (SIR, 7.38; 95% CI, 3.18-14.54), and PALB2 (SIR, 5.39; 95% CI, 1.45-13.79). Melanoma risk was elevated for first-degree relatives of probands with CDKN2A variants (SIR, 7.47; 95% CI, 3.97-12.77).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this case series, the presence of PGVs in 9 cancer syndrome–associated genes in PDAC probands was found to be associated with increased risk of 6 types of cancers in first-degree relatives. These gene-specific PDAC and extra-PDAC cancer risks may provide justification for clinicians to counsel first-degree relatives about the relevance and importance of genetic cascade testing, with the goal of higher uptake of testing.

Introduction Since the early 2000s, and especially since the onset of COVID-19 and long periods of lockdown, board games have seen a revival in popularity. The increasing popularity of board games are part of what Julie Lennett, a toy industry analyst at NPD Group, describes as the “nesting trend”: families have more access to entertainment at home and are eschewing expensive nights out (cited in Birkner 7). While on-demand television is a significant factor in this trend, for Moriaty and Kay (6), who wouldn’t “welcome [the] chance to turn away from their screens” to seek the “warmth and connection you get from playing games with live human family and friends?” For others, playing board games can simply be about nostalgia. Board games have a long history not specific to one period, geography, or culture. Likely board games were developed to do two things – teach and entertain. This remains the case today. Historically, miniature versions of battles or hunts were played out in what we might recognise today as a board game. Trade, war, and science impacted on their development, as did the printing press, which allowed for the standardisation of rules. Chess had many variations prior to the fifteenth century. Similarly, the Industrial Revolution allowed for the mass production of board games, boosting their popularity across nations, class, and age (Walker 13). Today, regardless of or because of our digital lives, we are in a “board game renaissance” (Booth 1). Still played on rainy days, weekends, and holidays, we now also play board games in dedicated game board cafés like the Haunted Game Café in America, the Snakes and Lattes in Canada, or the Mind Café in Singapore. In the board game café Draughts in the UK, customers pay £5 to select and play one of 800 board games, including classics like Monopoly and Cluedo. These cafes are important as they are “helping manufacturers to understand the kind of games that appeal to the larger section of players” (Atrizton). COVID-19 caused board game sales to increase. The global market was predicted to increase by US$1 billion in 2021, compared to 2020 (Jarvis). Total sales of board games in Australia are expected to reach AU$86 million in 2023, an almost 10 per cent increase from the preceding year (Statista "Board Games – Australia"). The emergence of Kickstarter, a global crowdfunding platform which funds new board games, is filling the gap in the contemporary board game market, with board games generating 20 per cent of the total funding raised (Carter). Board games are predicted to continue to grow, with the global market revenue record at US$19 billion dollars in 2022, a figure that is expected to rise to US$40 billion within 6 years (Atrizton). If the current turn towards board games represents a desire to escape from the digital world, the Internet is also contributing to the renaissance. Ex-Star Trek actor Wil Wheaton hosts the popular Web series TableTop, in which each episode explains a board game that is then played, usually with celebrities. The Internet also provides “communities” in which fans can share their enthusiasm, be it as geek culture or cult fandom (Booth 2). Booth provides an eloquent explanation, however, for the allure of face-to-face board games: “they remind us of our face-to-face past, and recall a type of pre-digital luddism where we can circle around the ‘campfire’ of the game board” (Booth 1-2). What makes a board game successful is harder to define. Phillip Orbanes, an American game designer and former vice-president of research and development at Parker Brothers, has attempted to elucidate the factors that make a good board game: “make the rules simple and unambiguous … don’t frustrate the casual player … establish a rhythm … focus on what’s happening off the board … give ‘em chances to come from behind … [and] provide outlets for latent talents” (Orbanes 52-55). Orbanes also says it is important to understand that what “happens off the board is just as important to the experience as the physical game itself” (Orbanes 51). Tristan Donovan contends that there are four broad stages of modern board games, beginning with the folk era when games had no fixed author, their rules were mutable, and local communities adapted the game to suit their sensibilities. Chess is an example of this, with the game only receiving the fixed rules we know today when tournaments and organisations saw the need for a singular set of rules. Mass production of games was the second stage, marking “the single biggest shift in board game history – a total flip in how people understood, experienced and played board games. Games were no long[er] malleable objects owned by the commons, but products created usually in the pursuit of profit” (Donovan 267). An even more recent development in game boards was the introduction of mass produced plastics, which reduced the cost of board game construction and allowed for a wider range of games to be produced. This was particularly evident in the post-war period. Games today are often thought of as global, which allows gamers to discover games from other regions and cultures, such as Catan (Klaus Teuber, 1995), a German game that may not have enjoyed its immense success if it were not for the Internet. Board game players are broadly categorised into two classes: the casual gamer and the hobby or serious gamer (Rogerson and Gibbs). The most popular game from the mass production era is Monopoly, the focus of this article. The History of Monopoly Monopoly was designed and patented by American Elizabeth Magie (1866-1948) in 1902, and was originally called The Landlord’s Game. The game was based on the anti-monopoly taxation principles of Henry George (1839-1897), who argued that people should own 100 per cent of what they make and the land should belong to everyone. Land ownership, considered George, only benefitted land owners, and forces working people to pay exorbitant rent. Magie’s original version of the game was designed to demonstrate how rents enrich property owners and impoverish tenants. Renters in Australia’s property market today may recognise this side of ruthless capitalism. In 1959 Fidel Castro thought Monopoly “sufficiently redolent of capitalism” that he “ordered the ­destruction of every Monopoly set in Cuba” (McManus). Magie, however, was not credited with being the original inventor of Monopoly: rather, this credit was given to Charles Darrow. In 2014, the book The Monopolist: Obsession, Fury, and the Scandal behind the World's Favorite Board Game by Mary Pilon re-established Magie as the inventor of Monopoly, with her role and identity unearthed by American Ralph Anspach (1926-2022), an Adam Smith economist, Polish-German refugee, and anti-Vietnam protestor. According to Pilon, Magie, a suffragette and progressive economic and political thinker, was a Georgist advocate, particularly of his anti-monopolist policies, and it was this that informed her game’s narrative. An unmarried daughter of Scottish immigrants, she was a Washington homeowner, familiar with the grid-like street structure of the national capital. Magie left school at 13 to help support her family who were adversely impacted upon by the Panic of 1873, which saw economic collapse because of falling silver prices, railroad speculation, and property losses. She worked as a stenographer and teacher of Georgist single tax theory. Seeking a broader platform for her economic ideas, and with the growing popularity of board games in middle class homes, in 1904 Magie secured a patent for The Landlord’s Game, at a time when women only held 1 per cent of US patents (Pilon). The original game included deeds and play money and required players to earn wages via labour and pay taxes. The board provided a circular path (as opposed to the common linear path) in which players circled through rental properties and railroads, and could acquire food, with natural reserves (oil, coal, farms, and forests) unable to be monopolised. However, she created two sets of rules – the monopoly rules familiar to today’s players, and anti-monopoly rules in which tensions over human greed and altruism could be played out by participants. Magie started her own New York firm to manufacture and distribute the game, continued the struggle for women’s equality, and raged against wealthy monopolists of the day such as Andrew Carnegie (Pilon). By the late 1920, the game, mostly referred to as the ‘monopoly’ game, was popular, but many who played the game were playing handmade versions, likely unaware of the original Landlord’s Game. In 1931, mass-produced versions of the game, now titled Finance, began to appear, with some changes, including the ability to purchase properties, along with rule books. Occurring at the same time as the emergence of fixed-price goods in large department stores, the game, which now included chance cards, continued to be popular. It was Charles Darrow who sold Monopoly to Parker Brothers, even if he did not invent it. Darrow was introduced to one of the variants of the game and became obsessed with the game, which now featured the Community Chest and Free Parking, but his version did not have a set of rules. An unemployed ex-serviceman with no college education, Darrow struggled to provide for his family. By 1932, America was in the grip of the Great Depression, with housing prices collapsing and squatting common in large American cities. Befriending an artist, Darrow sought to provide a more dynamic and professional version of the game and complete it with a set of rules. In 1933, Darrow marketed his version of the game, titled Mr Monopoly, and it was purchased by Parker Brothers for US$7,000 in 1935. Magie received just US $500 (Farzan). Monopoly, as it was rebranded, was initial sold for $2 a game, and Parker Brothers sold 278,000 games in the first year. In 1936, consumers purchased 1.7 million editions of the game, generating millions of dollars in profits for Parker Brothers, who prior to Monopoly were on the brink of collapse (Pilon). Mary Pilon’s The Monopolists also reveals the struggle of Ralph Anspach in the 1970s to sell his Anti-Monopoly board games, which Parker Brothers fought in the courts. Anspach’s game sought to undermine the power of capitalist monopolies, which he had witnessed directly and negatively impact on fuel prices in America in the early 1970s. Hence the aim was to produce a game with an anti-monopolist narrative grounded in the free-market thinking of Adam Smith. Players were rewarded by breaking monopoly ownerships of utilities such as railroads and energy and metal reserves. In preparing his case against Parker Brothers, Anspach “accidentally discovered the true history of the game”, which began with Magie’s Landlord’s Game. Magie herself had battled with Parker Brothers in order to be “credited as the real originator of the game” and, like Anspach, reveal how Parker Brothers had changed the anti-capitalist narrative of the game, making it the “exact opposite” of its original aims (Landlordsgame). Anspach’s court room version of his battle with Parker Brothers was published in 2000, titled Monopolygate: During a David and Goliath Battle, the Inventor of the Anti-Monopoly® Game Uncovers the Secret History of Monopoly®. Monopoly Today Monopoly is now produced by Hasbro. It is the highest selling board game of all time, with an estimated 275 million units of Monopoly sold (Lee). Fan bases are clearly large too: the official Monopoly Facebook accounts report 9.9m likes (Facebook), and 68% of American households report owning a version of Monopoly (Statista "Which"). At the end of the twentieth century it was estimated that 550 million, or one in 12 people worldwide, had played the game (Guinness World Records "Most Popular"). Today it is estimated that Monopoly has been played by more than one billion people, and the digital Monopoly version has had over 100 million downloads (Johnson). The ability to play beloved board games with a computer opponent or with other players via the Internet arguably adds to the longevity of classic board games such as Monopoly. Yet research shows that despite Monopoly being widely owned, it is often not played as much as other games in people’s homes (d'Astous and Gagnon 84). D’Astous and Gagnon found that players in their study chose Monopoly to play on average six times a year, less than half the times they played Cluedo (13 times a year) or Scrabble (15 times). As Michael Whelan points out, Magie’s original goal was to make a statement about capitalism and landlords: a single player would progress round the board building an empire, whilst the others were doomed to slowly descend into bankruptcy. It was “never meant to be fun for anyone but the winner” (Whelan). Despite Monopoly’s longevity and impressive sales record, it is perhaps paradoxical to find that it is not a particularly popular or enjoyed game. Board Game Geek, the popular board game Website, reports in 2023 that the average rating for Monopoly by over 33,000 members is just 4.4 out of 10, and is ranked the 23,834th most popular game on the site (Board Game Geek). This is mirrored in academic studies: for example, when examining Orbane’s tenets for a good board game, d’Astous and Gagnon (84) found that players' appreciation of Monopoly was generally low. Not only is appreciation low for the game itself, it is also low for player antics during the game. A 2021 survey found that Monopoly causes the most fights, with 20% of households reporting “their game nights with friends or family members are often or always disrupted by competitive or unfriendly behaviour”, leading to players or even the game itself being banned (Lemore). Clearly Orbane’s tenet that the game “generates fun” is missing here (Orbanes 52). Commentators ask why Monopoly remains the best-selling board game of all time when the game has the “astonishing ability to sow seeds of discord” (Berical). Despite the claims that playing Monopoly causes disharmony, the game does allow for player agency. Perhaps more than any other board game, Monopoly is subjected to ‘house rules’. Buzzfeed reported 15 common house rules that many people think are official rules. In 2014 the official Monopoly Facebook page posted a video claiming that “68% of Americans have never read the official game rules” and that “49% of Americans had admitted to playing with their own ‘house rules’”. A look through these rules reveals that players are often trying to restore the balance of power in the game, or in other words increase the chance that a player can win. Hasbro has embraced these rules by incorporating some of them into the official rules. By incorporating players' amendments to the game, Hasbro can keep the Monopoly relevant. In another instance, Hasbro asked fans to vote on new tokens, which led to the thimble token being replaced with a Tyrannosaurus Rex. This was reversed in 2022 when nostalgic fans lobbied for the thimble’s return. Hasbro has also been an innovator by creating special rules for individual editions: for example, the Longest Game Ever edition (2019) slows players down by using only a single dice and has an extended game board. This demonstrates that Hasbro is keen to innovate and evolve the game to meet player expectations. Innovation and responsiveness to fans is one way that Hasbro has maintained Monopoly’s position as highest-selling board game. The only place the original Monopoly rules seem to be played intact are at the official competitions. Collecting and Nostalgia The characteristics of Monopoly allow for a seemingly infinite number of permutations. The places on the board can be real or fictional, making it easily adaptable to accommodate different environments. This is a factor in Monopoly’s longevity. The number of Monopoly editions are endless, with BoardGameGeek listing over 1,300 versions of the game on its site. Monopoly editions range from collector and commemorative editions to music, television, and film versions, actor-based editions, sports club editions, editions tied to toy franchises, animal lover editions, country editions, city editions, holiday editions, car brand editions, motor bike editions, as well as editions such as Monopoly Space, editions branded to popular confectionary, Ms Monopoly, and Go Green Monopoly. Each of these contain their own unique modifications. The Go Green version includes greenhouses, dice are made from FSC-certified wood from well-managed forests, tokens are made with plant-based plastic derived from sugarcane, a renewable raw material, and players can vie to have monopolistic control over renewable energy firms, solar farms, and bike paths. Licencing agreements allows Hasbro to leverage two sets of popular culture fans and collectors simultaneously: fans of Monopoly and its different versions, and fans of the Monopoly branded collectable, such as the Elvis Collector’s edition and Breaking Bad Monopoly. Apart from licencing, what else explains the longevity of Monopoly? Fred Davis demonstrates that nostalgia is an important sociological phenomenon, allowing consumers to re-imagine the past via iconic items including toys. Generation Y, also known as Millennials or digital natives, a cohort born between 1982 and 1994 who have grown up with technology as part of their everyday lives, are particularly interested in ‘heritage-inspired’ goods (Marchegiani and Phau). These consumers enjoy the past with a critical eye, drawn by the aesthetic properties of nostalgic goods rather than a direct personal connection (Goulding 575). Popular culture items are a site of widespread collecting behaviour (Geraghty 2). Belk argues that our possessions are used to construct our social selves. Collectors are a special kind of consumer: where consumers use and discard goods as needed, collectors engage with goods as special objects to be maintained and preserved (Belk 254), which is often achieved through ritualistic behaviour (McCracken 49). This is not to say that items in a collection are removed from use entirely: often being used in the normal manner, for example, clothing collectors will wear their items, yet take care of them in the a way they see akin to conservatorship (Hackett). Collections are often on display, often using the flexibility of the Internet as showground, as is the case with Neil Scallon’s world record collection of Monopoly’s 3,554 different versions of the game (World of Monopoly). Monopoly has low barriers to entry for a collector, as many sets retail at a low price-point, yet there are a few sets which are very expensive. The most expensive Monopoly set of all time retailed for US$2 million, and the cost was mainly borne out of the luxurious materials used: “the board is made from 23 carat gold, rubies and sapphires top the chimneys of the solid gold houses and hotels and the dice have 42 full cut diamonds for spots” (Guinness World Records "Most Expensive"). Conclusion The recent resurgence in board game popularity has only served to highlight Monopoly’s longevity. Through clever marketing and leveraging of nostalgia and popular culture fandoms, Hasbro has managed to retain Monopoly’s position as the number one board game, in sales figures at least. Despite its popularity, Monopoly suffers from a reputation as a conduit for poor player behaviour, as one person triumphs at the downfall of the other players. The game dynamics punish those whom fortune did not reward. In this regard, Elizabeth Magie’s initial aim of teaching about the unfairness of capitalism can be considered a resounding success. In re-establishing her role as a feminist and inventor at the turn of the century, embraced by progressive left-wingers of the 1930s, her story as much as that of Monopoly is a valuable contribution to modern popular culture. References Atrizton. Board Games Market – Global Outlook & Forecast 2023-2028. 2023. Belk, Russell W. "Collectors and Collecting." Handbook of Material Culture. Eds. Christopher Tilley et al. London: Sage, 2006. 534-45. Berical, Matt. "Monopoly Is a Terrible Game. Quit Playing It." Fatherly 4 Mar. 2020. Birkner, Christine. "Get on Board." Adweek 3-10 Apr. 2017: 7. Board Game Geek. "Monopoly." 2023. Booth, Paul. Game Play: Paratextuality in Contemporary Board Games. Bloomsbury, 2015. Buzzfeed. "15 Monopoly Rules That Aren't Actually Rules: Settled That 'Free Parking' Debate." Buzzfeed 27 Mar. 2014. Carter, Chase. "Tabletop Games Have Made over $1.5 Billion on Kickstarter." Dicebreaker 13 Dec. 2022. D'Astous, Alain, and Karine Gagnon. 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