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1
Bataille-Benguigui, Marie-Claire. "Les Polynésiens des îles Tonga et leur représentation du milieu marin." Paris 10, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA100094.
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À la suite d'une large présentation du système social, économique, politique et religieux des îles Tonga, la thèse est axée sur l'étude de l'exploitation traditionnelle des ressources halieutiques tant dans ses aspects pratiques que rituels. L’étude des techniques de pêche liées à l'imaginaire montre que certaines espèces ichtyologiques, en certains lieux de l'archipel, sont traitées comme des partenaires sociaux et assimilées à des chefs ou à des dieux. Il s'agit là d'un fait social total mettant en jeu les institutions économiques, sociales et religieuses de la société tongienne. Les rituels qui accompagnent ces techniques ont pour effet de renforcer le pouvoir des chefs coutumiers locaux, de reproduire la structure sociale et politique traditionnelle - ils agissent comme des réducteurs de tension dans les microsociétés concernées. En conclusion, ces techniques que nous qualifions de religieuses reproduisent l'ordre cosmogonique et social traditionnel préchrétien au sein d'une société christianisée et en voie de transformation la thèse comprend en annexe les textes vernaculaires qui fondent notre interprétation sur la littérature orale qui a été recueillie au cours de deux missions sur le terrain en 1974 et 1983<br>After a large presentation of the social, political, economic and religious traditional system of the Tongan islands, the thesis focus on the study of genuine exploitation of the halieutic resources: technical aspects as ritual ones. The study of those fishing technics, tied to the imaginary shows that certain species of fishes, in certain villages, are treated as social partners assimilated as chiefs or gods. We are here in front of an example of the "total social fact" described by M. Mauss which throw in economic, social and religious genuine institutions. The rituals tied to the fishing technics result in strengthening the power of local customary chiefs - in reproducing the traditional political and social structure - they work on the reduction of social conflicts upon the micro-society concerned. In conclusion, those techniques qualified as religious, reproduce the supernatural and social order of the traditional society in a country on the way of modernization. The oral tradition in Tongan language, collected along the two fieldworks of 1974 and 1983, basic material of our interpretation of the facts, figures in appendix of the thesis
2
Brown, Pulu Teena Joanne. "Kakai Tonga 'i 'Okalani, Nu'u Sila = Tongan generations in Auckland, New Zealand." The University of Waikato, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2584.
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This thesis is written in the format of a three act play. The author has elected this structure to frame the ethnographic data and analysis because it seemed befitting for telling my own life story alongside the memories of three generations of my matrilateral and patrilateral Tongan family residing in Auckland New Zealand. Thus, actors and scenes play out the thesis storyline in three parts where each act is titled Prologue, Dialogue and Epilogue. The Prologue, part one of this three act play, is three chapters which sets in motion the main actors - the research participants, and the scenes - the ethnographic context in which data was collected. It represents an ethnographic mosaic of memory and meaning as co-constructed by actors in recounting how they make sense of their place, their time, in a transnational history, that is, a family of stories among three Tongan generations residing largely in Auckland New Zealand. The Dialogue, part two of this three act play, is four chapters which maps out the theoretical and ethnographic territory that actors and scenes border-cross to visit. By this, I mean that research participants are political actors subject to social factors which shape how their memories and ensuing meanings are selectively reproduced in certain contexts of retelling the past and its relevance to understanding the present. The Epilogue, part three of this three act play, is the curtain call for the closing chapter. It presents an ending in which a new 'identity' entry made by the youngest Tongan generation creates possibilities for social change not yet experienced by prior generations residing in Auckland New Zealand. This thesis is woven into an overarching argument. Here, three generations of my matrilateral and patrilateral Tongan family residing in Auckland New Zealand intersect through two modes of memory and meaning. First, family reconstruct collective memories of 'identity' and 'culture' to make sense of how their ancestral origin, their historical past, is meaningful in their transnational lives and lifestyles. Second, inter-generational change among Tongan family residing in Auckland New Zealand is a social-political product of the transnational condition experienced by ethnic-cultural groups categorised as 'minorities' in the developed world.
3
Halatuituia, Sione Nailasikau Kitefakalau. "Tonga's contemporary land tenure system : reality and rhetoric." Phd thesis, School of Geosciences, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/8204.
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Quesada, Cécile. "Vivre dans une île-volcan : approche anthropologique des relations entre hommes et volcan à Niuafo'ou (Tonga, Polynésie Occidentale)." Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0237.
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Cette étude d'anthropologie propose d'appréhender l'ensemble des relations unissant les gens de Niuafo'ou (Tonga, Polynésie Occidentale) à leur île-volcan. La démarche théorique adoptée consiste à ne pas présupposer que l'homme se distingue ontologiquement des autres composants de l'environnement. Au quotidien, le volcan représente une terre natale, ancestrale et pourvoyeuse de ressources investie de sens social. La mémoire et l'expérience de ses éruptions ont abouti à l'élaboration de représentations et de savoirs indigènes qui sont au fondement de la création de moyens symboliques ou pratiques visant à affronter le risque éruptif. Ces conceptions et savoirs sont aussi mobilisés par les Niuans dans le cadre d'ateliers de prévention organisés par l'Etat tongien. En défendant leur héritage culturel, ils affirment la spécificité des relations, intrinsèquement liées à leur identité niuane, qu'ils ont bâties avec le volcan, dont ils ont fait un acteur à part entière de leur vie en société<br>This anthropological study proposes to explore the set of relations uniting the people of Niuafo'ou (Tonga, Western Polynesia) and their island-volcano. The theoretical approach adopted consists in not presupposing that men ontologically distinguish themselves from other components of the environment. On a daily basis, the volcano represents an ancestral and providing land invested with social meaning. The memory and experience of its eruptions have led to the creation of a system of indigenous knowledge and representations that serve as the basis for the invention of symbolical and practical means of coping with eruptive risk. These conceptions and knowledge are also called on by Niuans within the framework of prevention workshops organised by the State. By defending their cultural inheritance, they assert the specificity of the relations, intrinsically interwoven with their Niuan identity, that they have built with the volcano, wich they have made into an agent of their social life
5
Olson, Ernest George. "Conflict management in congregation and community in Tonga." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186161.
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This study has the principle goal of showing that Christian institutions and practices are powerful forces for social management within the Tongan community, and, more precisely, that congregations are a primary means for facilitating social control, cooperation, competition, and conflict management. My ethnographic research, including discourse analysis, reveals the distinct nature of conflict management in a range of situations within the congregation and community. Comparison of a number of congregations of different denominational affiliation exposes the factionalization as well as the unification within and among congregations. The study of conflict management processes reveals that congregations are the primary institutional social force in Tongan communities are the primary means for organizing labor, distributing resources, and delegating responsibility for a wide range of activities. Congregations' management of conflicts engenders the expression of opposing beliefs and viewpoints within and between congregations, fuels an ongoing process of congregational identity, and furthers the means by which religious groups are agents of cultural transformation in regard to definitions of self, family, kin group, and community.
6
Ross, Lucas Nelson. "The Impact of Westernization on Tongan Cultural Values Related to Business." TopSCHOLAR®, 2009. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/69.
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7
Toafa, Tevita, of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, and Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture. "Action research to improve the pumpkin industry in Tonga." THESIS_FAH_XXX_Toafa_T.xml, 1994. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/190.
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Agricultural industries play a key role in promoting the economic prosperity and growth of Tongan society. Agricultural exports, such as the pumpkin industry, receive foreign exchange to pay for the imports. This project aims to develop an understanding of the problems involved in exporting pumpkins from Tonga to the Japanese rice market. It also aims, as an action research project, to increase the understanding of the problem owners in order to improve the operation of the industry. The inquiry explores the perceived problems and concerns of all parties involved in the development of the industry including the exporters, farmers, government departments and the Tongan Development Bank as well as the Japanese pumpkin importers. The study used a systems approach, utilising action research methodology as an entry point to conduct a collaborative inquiry. A market analysis of the niche market of the pumpkin industry was carried out.The following have been identified as the most important factors in the development of the industry. (1) It was found that low quality standard of pumpkin exports has been the main concern as it hinders the development of the niche market. (2) Insufficient government support services have also contributed to the low quality standard. Partly as a result of the action research project a strategic plan for the industry was developed and this has already led to changes in industry practices.<br>Master of Science (Hons)
8
Northard, Sarah Jane. "Deformation of the Tonga subducting slab." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264511.
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Ncube, Vincent Frank. "HIV/AIDS in rural Tonga culture." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53068.
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Although HIV and AIDS has become a common phenomenon in Zimbabwe and the world over, it still remains a bone of contention for many people with regards to its spread and consequences. Thirty-five years has gone by since the advent of HIV and AIDS in Zimbabwe. A number of factors, such as unprotected sex; handling of AIDS patients without proper and adequate facilities; and the usage of used needles have been accused of influencing the spread of HIV and AIDS in some parts of Zimbabwe. However, factors influencing the spread of HIV and AIDS among the Tonga females are different from what has been said concerning other parts of country .Factors such as cultural practices which are oppressive to females are responsible for fuelling the spread of AIDS pandemic among the Tonga females. In view of this, the study is therefore meant to examine the validity of the claim which presupposes that those cultural practices such as polygamy; marrying of a spouse whose husband is believed to have died of AIDS; child marriage among others, as responsible for the spread of HIV and AIDS among the Tonga females. It is also the study s aim to validate or falsify the assumption that the Tonga females are more vulnerable to HIV and AIDS than their male counterparts. Since the study seeks to establish the plight of the Tonga females of the Pashu community in the context of HIV and AIDS, about 98% of the respondents or participants are females. The reason for this is to maximise a female voice. In other words, more females were interviewed than males. The gathered data during interviews had been analysed. The study findings confirmed the assumed problem of the Tonga females suffering from HIV and AIDS due to the mentioned factors. Presumably the subsequent consequences of HIV and AIDS have necessitated a pastoral oversight to the afflicted females. In some cases, family relationships are broken. Some witchcraft accusations have also caused hatred among some family members. Seemingly pain and suffering in this case has superseded joy. These findings have influenced a recommendation that a further study on specific cultural practices mentioned above be pursued. The study has revealed and addressed the issues affecting the Tonga females in the context of HIV and AIDS.<br>Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2015.<br>tm2016<br>Practical Theology<br>PhD<br>Unrestricted
10
Toutain, Caroline. "La contribution mariste à l'histoire de Tonga, 1840-1900." Paris 7, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA070075.
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L'etude des archives maristes fait apparaitre l'emergence d'une minorite a laquelle le catholicisme fournit les elements de sa reconnaissance religieuse, culturelle, sociale et politique. C'est l'histoire de cette minorite et de son evolution dans un contexte impregne par le protestantisme qu'evoquent les ecrits maristes. La perspective historique qui decoule de l'implantation de la mission mariste constitue la trame chronologique de ce travail. La dimension historiographique se superpose a la dimension chronologique et permet de definir comment les maristes ont percu les evenements suscites par leur presence et ceux dont ils etaient les simples temoins. Du point de vue chronologique, et hormis la premiere partie qui s'attache a presenter l'etat de la societe tongienne avant l'arrivee des maristes, cette etude concerne la periode comprise entre l'implantation de la mission catholique, mille huit cent quarante deux, et l'instauration du protectorat britannique sur tonga, mille neuf cent, qui condamna la mission a un retranchement de rigueur<br>The study of the marists's archives reveals the progressive emergence of a minority to whom catholicism gave its elements of religious, culturel, political and social identity. It is the history of this minority and its evolution into a protestant context that is cuoked through the marist writings. The historical out look which results from the settling of the marist mission and from the growth of the catholic community draws up the chronological frame of this works. The historiographical view added to the chronological study permit us to discover how the marists fathers perceived the events in which they took part and the ones that they witnessed. From the chronological aspect and of apart from the first chapter which draws a view of the tongan society before the arrival of the marists fathers, this study runs from eighteen. Forty-two when they settled in tonga to nineteen- hundred when the british protectorate was set up, which obliged the catholic mission to with draw from the main scene of events
11
Wong, Megan Barbara. "A dietary isotopic study at Nukuleka, Tonga." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/46429.
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The aim of this project is to investigate Lapita-age human and faunal remains recovered from the 2007 excavation of Tonga’s founder site of Nukuleka (2838+/-8 BP) using stable carbon and nitrogen analysis. Results were then used to evaluate the two main Lapita subsistence theories: the strandlooper hypothesis, which states that Lapita people focused primarily on easily foraged marine and terrestrial resources (Groube 1971), and the horticultural hypothesis, which states that Lapita people migrated with a transported landscape, indicating a reliance on horticultural activity (Burley 1998).
Unfortunately, after human remains selected for this research were isotopically analyzed, it became apparent that the vast majority of the samples were poorly preserved and none of the samples were suitable for use in this project. Only one of the fourteen samples yielded viable collagen and it had a δ¹³C signature of -16.0‰ and a δ¹⁵N signature of 10.4‰. Upon review of Burley et al.'s (2010) Nukuleka excavation report it was found that this sample was likely historic in nature and was rejected for use in this project.
In consideration of the poor collagen preservation of sampled human remains, environmental factors that may have lead to the degradation of the Nukuleka samples are discussed, as well as potential approaches archaeologists could use in future isotopic investigations. To continue with the goal of this project, previous dietary isotopic research in the South Pacific is reviewed, and used as a comparison tool in the evaluation of Nukuleka subsistence strategies. Based on evidence from sites in Remote Oceania, it is likely that Lapita settlers at Nukuleka were employing a subsistence strategy consistent with Groube’s (1971) proposed strandlooper hypothesis.
12
Malolo, Makasini Lou'Akau. "Changing Patterns Of Oral Disease Prevalence In Tonga." Thesis, Faculty of Dentistry, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4407.
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Toafa, Tevita. "Action research to improve the pumpkin industry in Tonga." Thesis, View thesis View thesis, 1994. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/190.
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Agricultural industries play a key role in promoting the economic prosperity and growth of Tongan society. Agricultural exports, such as the pumpkin industry, receive foreign exchange to pay for the imports. This project aims to develop an understanding of the problems involved in exporting pumpkins from Tonga to the Japanese rice market. It also aims, as an action research project, to increase the understanding of the problem owners in order to improve the operation of the industry. The inquiry explores the perceived problems and concerns of all parties involved in the development of the industry including the exporters, farmers, government departments and the Tongan Development Bank as well as the Japanese pumpkin importers. The study used a systems approach, utilising action research methodology as an entry point to conduct a collaborative inquiry. A market analysis of the niche market of the pumpkin industry was carried out.The following have been identified as the most important factors in the development of the industry. (1) It was found that low quality standard of pumpkin exports has been the main concern as it hinders the development of the niche market. (2) Insufficient government support services have also contributed to the low quality standard. Partly as a result of the action research project a strategic plan for the industry was developed and this has already led to changes in industry practices.
14
Poltorak, Michael Stephen. "Aspersions of agency : ghosts, love and sickness in Tonga." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407709.
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Ulungaki, Ana Maui Taufe. "Implications of language attitudes for language planning in Tonga." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1988. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.749284.
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Toafa, Tevita. "Action research to improve the pumpkin industry in Tonga /." View thesis View thesis, 1994. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030604.165605/index.html.
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MERNAGH, SUZSANNE. "GIRLS WORK AMONG THE TONGA PEOPLE OF SOUTHERN ZAMBIA." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/190691.
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Condevaux, Aurélie. "Performances polynésiennes : adaptations locales d'une "formule culturelle-touristique" globale en Nouvelle-Zélande et à Tonga." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10111.
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Depuis ses débuts, l'anthropologie du tourisme a connu de profonds changements : d'abord dénonciateurs d'un phénomène jugé destructeur pour les cultures étudiées, les anthropologues ont peu à peu souligné que le tourisme pouvait aussi être un moyen de définir les identités locales et, pour les minorités politiques, de faire valoir certaines revendications. Comme d'autres phénomènes liés à la mondialisation, les pratiques touristiques sont ainsi traversées de tendances contradictoires, entre uniformisation et particularisation culturelle. Cette thèse propose de comprendre et d'expliquer comment les « performances touristiques » tongiennes et maori permettent de donner du sens à ces tensions pour des acteurs sociaux aux attentes et aux représentations diverses, voire contradictoires. Pour cela, il est nécessaire de comprendre les spécificités des performances touristiques, en tant que type d'action qui permet de délivrer des messages divers à des publics tout aussi divers (touristes et danseurs) par le recours à des moyens variés : langage, expérience corporelle et manipulation d'objets notamment<br>Since its beginnings, the anthropology of tourism has undergone major changes : after having accused tourism of destroying cultural authenticity, anthropologists started to underline that tourism can be an empowering tool for minorities to assert their particular identities. Tourism, as other globalisation-related phenomena, is imbued with two opposite tendencies : cultural homogeneization one the one hand and reconstitution of indigenous cultures and traditions on the other. This thesis aims to understand and explain how Māori and Tongan tourist performances help social actors to make sense of, and cope with, those contradictory tendencies. In order to do that, it is necessary to understand what the particularities of tourist performances are and how, as sequences of specific events and actions, they can deliver different messages to different audiences by using a range of mediums such as body and verbal languages, corporeal and object-mediated actions
19
Good, Mary Katherine. "Modern Moralities, Moral Modernities: Ambivalence and Change Among Youth in Tonga." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/242472.
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Youth in Tonga occupy a particularly fraught social position due to their symbolic status as both the "purveyors of global modernity" and "the future of the nation and tradition." This precarious standing provides the basis for my analysis of the ways in which youth engage in the negotiation of moral frameworks in everyday life. I employ both sociocultural and linguistic anthropological methods and theory to examine how morality is construed across multiple domains of daily life, including language, aesthetic self-fashioning, and social action. Global modernity has brought significant changes in the kinds of goods available and lives imaginable by Tongans, but has also introduced considerable ambivalence about how Tongan culture and tradition can be reconciled with new opportunities. In particular, digital technologies and links with transnational organizations have begun to mediate gendered notions of what it means to be moral in the rapidly changing local context. In a society where strong relationships with kin are still one of the major institutions critical to the fulfillment of basic daily needs and to making extra-local connections for education or work, these changes have led to increasing concern about the maintenance of Tongan "tradition," including moral obligations to extended family. As new technologies, expanded fields of sexuality, and other enticements instill desires for different kinds of lives, the affective and material ties of generous, loving kin continue to keep youth rooted in traditional social networks. Throughout the negotiation of desires and obligations, youth work to present themselves as socially appropriate actors in their daily activities, while casting an eye to the larger global stage. This research stands on the premise that globalization must be understood as a set of processes operating on micro-levels of intimate social practices rather than viewing it as simply a collection of macro-scale economic or political forces. I argue that, as youth re-interpret the meanings of morality in light of global modernity, they subtly shift cultural understandings of emotional and epistemological frameworks as well, changing the balance of power relations between and within the local and global contexts.
20
Bonnardot, Marie-Aude. "Étude géodynamique de la zone de subduction Tonga-Kermadec par une approche couplée de modélisation numérique 3D et de sismotectonique." Nice, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NICE4072.
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Etude géodynamique de la zone de subduction Tonga-Kermadec par une approche couplée de modélisation numérique 3D et de sismotectonique La zone de subduction des Tonga-Kermadec est le résultat d’une évolution géodynamique complexe. L’interaction des mécanismes d’ouverture du domaine arrière-arc, de la subduction de la ride oblique de Louisville, de la d´echirure de la plaque Pacifique plongeante ou encore d’une obliquité de convergence croissante du Nord au Sud de la zone, est `a l’origine de la segmentation morphotectonique actuelle du système. Une approche couplée de modélisation numérique 3D et de sismotectonique a permis d’étudier l’état de contrainte d’un système convergent induit lors de la subduction d’une plaque océanique le long d’une marge courbe ou encore, lors de la subduction d’un relief océanique. Pour cela, un code numérique en éléments finis thermo-mécanique en 3D (ADELI-3D) a été développé par R. Hassani, puis validé dans le cadre de cette thèse. Les résultats soulignent un effet significatif des variations latérales d’un système convergent sur les déformations lithosphériques engendrées. (1) Dans le cas de marges à géométrie courbe, une convexité ou concavité vers l’océan, induit respectivement un régime compressif ou extensif dans la plaque supérieure et ce, quel que soit le contraste de densité entre la lithosphère et l’asthénosphère ou encore la valeur du coefficient de friction interplaque. (2) Les résultats des simulations numériques 3D et de l’étude sismotectonique ont mis en évidence le rôle significatif de la subduction d’une ride océanique sur l’état de contrainte de la plaque supérieure. La subduction d’une ride se traduit par la surrection de la marge et un régime compressif au front du relief en subduction. Nos simulations montrent que la distribution des contraintes au sein de la plaque chevauchante est contrôlée par l’obliquité de la ride. Dans la plaque chevauchante du système Tonga-Kermadec, une segmentation tectonique et cinématique des zones d’arc et d’arrière-arc est mise en évidence à travers la résolution de l’état de contraintes déduit des mécanismes au foyer. Un régime de contraintes similaire est obtenu dans nos modèles 3D et nous permet de confirmer le rôle significatif de la subduction de la ride de Louisville sur la structuration actuelle du bassin arrière-arc de Lau. (3) L’étude de la distribution de la sismicité et des mécanismes au foyer de la plaque plongeante révèle une influence de cette ride sur le comportement profond de la plaque. Un saut de subduction, qui coÏncide avec l’arrivée de la ride de Louisville dans la fosse est mis en évidence au Nord de la ride de Peggy. Ce saut de subduction s’est accompagné d’un détachement de la partie profonde du panneau plongeant, souligné par une vaste lacune de sismicité sous le Bassin de Lau. Une étude fine de la distribution de la sismicité de la plaque supérieure a permis d’identifier de nouvelles structures tectoniques dans le Nord du système Tonga, `a savoir l’axe Futuna-Niua Fo’ou, interpréé comme une ancienne frontière de plaques et l’accident intra-arc de Niuatoputapu, impliqués dans la réorganisation globale du système<br>Geodynamical study of the Tonga-Kermadec subduction zone using both 3-D numerical modelling and seismotectonics approaches The Tonga-Kermadec subduction zone is the consequence of a complex geodynamical evolution. The interaction between the back-arc opening mechanisms, the subduction of the oblique aseismic Louisville Seamount Chain, the tearing of the Pacific Plate and the increasing obliquity of convergence from North to South results in the presentday morphotectonic segmentation of the convergent system. Using both 3-D numerical modelling and seismotectonics, we attempt to determine the state of stress inferred in a convergent system (1) from a convergence accommodated along a curved margin and (2) from the subduction of an oceanic aseismic ridge. For that purpose, a finite element thermo-mechanical code was developped in 3-D by R. Hassani and then validated within the framework of this study. The results highlight a significant effect of the along-strike variations in a convergent system on the style of lithospheric deformation. (1) A convexity or concavity of the margin towards the ocean enhances respectively a compressive or extensive regime within the upper plate, whatever are the density contrast between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere or the value of the friction coefficient. (2) The results from both the numerical simulations and the seismotectonics study highlight a significant role of an oceanic ridge subduction on the state of stress within the overriding plate. A compressive regime as well as the uplift of the margin are induced in front of the subducted ridge. The numerical simulations indicate that the stress distribution within the upper plate is controlled by the obliquity of the subducted ridge. A tectono-kinematics segmentation of the arc and back-arc domains in the Tonga-Kermadec subduction zone, is revealed through the stress tensor resolution deduced from the CMTS. Since this segmentation is likely correlated to the numerical results, we confirm the influence of the Louisville Seamount Chain on the present-day structure of the Lau back-arc basin. (3) The study of the shallow seismicity distribution and of the CMTS indicate also the influence of the Louisville ridge on the deep slab behaviour. A subduction jump correlated with the initiation of the Louisville Ridge subduction is identified to the North of the Peggy Ridge. A detachment of the deep slab, which is underlined by a major seismic gap below the Lau Basin, accommodated this subduction jump. From a precise study of the shallow seismicity distribution, new tectonic features are identified in the Northern part of the Lau Basin : the Futuna-Niua Fo’ou alignement interpreted as a fossil plate boundary and the intra-arc Niuatoputapu structure. They are both involved in the global reorganisation of the subduction zone
21
Vete, Vili. "Professional development and training needs of school principals in Tonga." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 1990. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1116.
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The main aims of this study were to investigate and identify the perceived professional development needs of the school principals in Tonga in relation to the current situation. The inquiry was designed to provide a description of the understanding and perceptions which the principals and educators held concerning: I. The familiarity of principals and educators with the professional development issues and provisions made for the professional development of school principals . 2. The perceived professional development and training needs of school principals. 3. The extent to which the current provisions offered for professional development of school principals meet the needs of the principals. Data sources included senior personnel from the Tonga Government, Tonga Ministry of Education, representatives of various school systems, ten primary school principals and ten secondary school principals; and documents relating to the work of principals in schools. Interviews and questionnaire techniques were used for data collection. The Interview data were analyses using Helder's (1958) attributional analysis methods and Morris, Fitz-Gibbon's (1978) content analysis methods. The questionnaire data were coded, collated and analysed using the SAS PC+ WRITE computer package. The findings were similar In many ways to the findings of certain. Australian studies, namely, Chapman's (1986) study of Victorian primary school principals, Harvey's (1987) study of the newly appointed principals In Western Australia. Hyde’s (1988) study of the principals In remote area schools In Western Australia. The study found that the needs for professional development among the school principals in Tonga were related to knowledge and skills in four broad areas, namely: I. Management of the Human Resources at the School Level 2. Management of the Curriculum 3. Management of the School's Physical Resources 4. Leadership and Entrepreneurial ship of Human Resources both Internally and within the School's External Environment From these, and In consideration of the current changes In the Tonga education system these findings confirmed that professional development is context bound and a complicated process which occurs In different contexts and for different purposes. In this regard one, emphasis in the determination of professional development needs of principals appears, to be shifting from a central level to the people most directly involved in that process, the principals themselves. The evidence from this study suggested that, for the issues of professional development of principals to be addressed properly, there must be a move away from the notion of principals and educators as master implementers of policies and programmes to a broader perception wherein leadership Is a primary focus.
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Latu, Mele F. "Factors affecting the learning of English as a second language macroskills among Tongan secondary students." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 1994. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1110.
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This study aimed at determining factors which might have impact on the learning of English as a second language macroskills (reading, writing, listening, and speaking) by Tongan secondary learners. The study was correlational in design and it worked from a synthetic perspective in that it looked at the way in which many aspects of language are interrelated to make the whole language system. The study looked at learning English language macroskills from a multiple interdisciplinary perspective taking into consideration linguistic, psycholinguistic, sociolinguistic factors and classroom and bilingual education perspectives. The framework for language use required the learner to know the grammar (linguistic competence) of English and also to have the knowledge of how to use it appropriately in a variety of contexts. The subjects of the study were 100 Form 5 ESL Secondary students and 24 Form 5 ESL Secondary teachers. The three main instruments used were a test and a questionnaire for the students and a questionnaire for the teachers. Students' performance in the four English language macroskills were correlated with their perception of factors hypothesised to be associated with their learning of those English language macroskills at school (bivariate correlations). Standard multiple regressions were also performed (with only a few of the investigated factors selected as independent variables) to determine how much of the variance in the students' performance can be accounted for by the selected variables. Seven factors were shown to have significant correlations with the students' learning of English macroskills at secondary school. They were: the age of the students; their perceived ability in English; frequency of use of English with non-Tongan speakers; use of English to read for enjoyment; use of English for communication at home; integrative motivation; and career aspirations. The multiple regressions showed that 40% to 50% of the variances in reading, writing and listening could be accounted for by the same seven factors. All for speaking, 48.5% of the variance could be accounted for by five of these factors: age; perceived ability in English; frequency of use of English with non-Tongan speakers; use of English to read for enjoyment; and career aspirations. The findings of the study were accounted for in the light of appropriate and relevant linguistic theories.
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Keane, Lewis Austin. "Analysis of Australian Government aid investments delivered through sport in Tonga." Thesis, University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/23505.
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Over 85% of the 41 million annual global deaths from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) occur in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). Physical inactivity is one of the four risk factors for NCDs. Sport-for-Development (SfD), referring to the intentional use of sport, physical activity and play to attain specific development objectives in LMICs, promotes physical activity in this setting. In the Pacific Islands, the Australian Government has contributed over AU $35 million to SfD programming since 2009 through the ‘Pacific Sports Partnerships’ (PSP) program. The PSP program supports 15 sports across nine Pacific Island countries to deliver programs targeting health, social and equality outcomes. One of these countries is Tonga, a sport-loving kingdom of 107,122 people, where the prevalence of obesity and overweight are 67.6% and 90.7% respectively. Although the evidence base to guide SfD design has expanded, gaps still exist for how SfD can target health outcomes, be aligned to national development priorities, be evaluated at the ‘systems-level’ and have its value-added quantified. In this thesis I present evidence across five studies, using quantitative, qualitative, evidence review, and conceptual methods that address these gaps. Firstly, I examine mediators associated with recreational physical activity amongst women and girls in the PSP program. Individual mediators included body issues, clothing and preferring competitive play; interpersonal mediators included support from church leaders amongst others; while physical mediators included travel time and access to equipment and umpires. Once individual programs address these mediators, we then examine the factors underpinning the ability of the PSP program in Tonga as a whole to contribute to Tonga’s national development priorities. These include governance, alignment between objectives, communication, capacity of implementation and identifying ‘champions’. Once the PSP program enhances its contribution to national priorities, we design and apply a novel ‘sport systems theory’ framework for evaluating the program at this ‘systems-level’, before critically reviewing the methods available for quantifying the social and economic value of SfD. I found SfD can target physical health outcomes at the program-level, but needs to address factors such as weak governance currently inhibiting its ability to be aligned with national development priorities. Critically, SfD needs to shift its thinking from linear project- based approaches, to a systems-based approach. This, combined with developing effective advocacy strategies demonstrating its social and economic value, will position SfD as a key stakeholder in addressing the complex and wide-ranging development outcomes it claims to.
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Banerjee, Neil Raoul. "Hydrothermal alteration in a modern suprasubduction zone, the Tonga forearc crust." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ58557.pdf.
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Robinson, Adam Hackett. "Seamount structure and subduction at the Louisville Ridge–Tonga-Kermadec collision." Thesis, Durham University, 2017. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12497/.
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The Louisville Ridge (LRSC) is an ~4000 km-long SW Pacific seamount chain currently being subducted at the Tonga-Kermadec Trench (TKT). Both the trend of the LRSC and the subduction of the Pacific plate are oblique to the trench, resulting in southward migration of the intersection point at a rate of 120-180 mm yr-1, and producing significant along-strike variation in forearc structure and seismicity. The LRSC-TKT intersection was investigated by a multi-disciplinary geophysical experiment aboard the R/V Sonne in 2011, acquiring multichannel and wide-angle seismic, gravity, and bathymetry data, to better understand the effect of subducting bathymetric features on forearc deformation. As part of this, it is necessary to determine the structure and characteristics of the incoming seamounts, and how they are deformed during subduction. This study is underpinned by an ~725 km-long profile traversing the oldest extant LRSC seamounts, that continues along its projection into the trench and forearc. LRSC seamounts display a range of internal structures, including shallow, high-velocity (≥6 km s-1) cores. The also sit on crust that is not significantly thickened. At the trench, Osbourn seamount is experiencing bend-induced normal faulting which suggests that each seamount may be disarticulated to a size smaller than the imaging resolution. Observed similarity between the P-wave velocity structure of seamount flank material and ordinary subducting oceanic crust also suggests that distinguishing between these in the trench-forearc region is challenging. Consequently, it is not unequivocally possible to determine, within the confines of the profile locations and model resolution, whether the last LRSC seamount to have subducted, was subducted intact along the continuation of the trend of the extant chain. Along-margin observations indicate that significant seamount-related forearc deformation is superimposed on pre-existing crustal structures, with the maximum deformation occurring in the wake of the migration of active collision. Observations of forearc morphology at the present-day intersection point support those from seismicity and plate reconstruction, which suggests that this location may also coincide with a westerly rotation in the trend of the chain.
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Funnell, Matthew James. "Evolution of the Tonga-Kermadec forearc in response to seamount subduction." Thesis, Durham University, 2017. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12360/.
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Subducting plate characteristics are recorded as temporal variations in overriding plate deformation. Downgoing bathymetric anomalies superimpose enhanced tectonic erosion on pre-existing forearc crustal and sedimentary structural variations. Existing models of inherited forearc crustal structure along the Tonga-Kermadec subduction system are simplistic and neglect along-strike variability, which has resulted in a limited understanding of margin evolution and Louisville Ridge seamount chain (LRSC) subduction. In this study, robustly tested, velocity-depth and density-depth models are synthesised with existing data from the Tonga-Kermadec margin to reveal along-strike variations in the subducting and overriding plate structure. In regions north and south of the point of LRSC subduction, the incoming Pacific plate displays > 2 km-throw bend faults and reduced seismic velocity throughout the crust and upper mantle by ~1.0 km s⁻¹ and ~0.5 km s⁻¹, respectively. Around the LRSC-trench intersection, the trench axial depth decreases by 4 km and normal fault throw is reduced to < 1 km, suggesting the seamounts reduce subducting plate deformation. The forearc structure is dominated by the extinct (~51 Ma) Tonga arc, defined by a high velocity (7.0-7.4 km s⁻¹) and density (3.30 ± 0.10 g cm⁻³) lower crustal anomaly. Increases in Tonga-Kermadec forearc crustal thickness from 12 to > 18 km over 300 km along-strike are coincident with variations in bathymetry and free-air gravity anomaly that reveal a broader trend of northward-increasing crustal thickness between 18° and 32°, predating LRSC subduction at the margin. Beyond this region, the overriding crust formed as the south Fiji Basin opened ~35 Ma. Within this framework of existing crustal structure, LRSC subduction promotes erosion of the overriding crust, forming a steep unstable lower-trench slope. Following seamount subduction, trench-slope stability is re-established by the collapse of the extinct Tonga arc, suggesting that seamount subduction commenced at 22° along the margin.
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Pope, Matthew B. "An Exploratory Study of Parent Involvement in Church Schools in Tonga." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2020. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8670.
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The majority of research about parent involvement and family engagement indicates a positive relationship between parent involvement and student achievement. However, parent involvement as a useful strategy in education in developing countries is not well known, let alone researched. Until the current study no research has been published specifically about the types and frequency of family engagement in Tonga. This means there is no frame of reference for teachers, administrators and parents in Tonga to evaluate the applicability of existing family engagement research which has been predominantly conducted in developed countries, to schools in Tonga. This research is a descriptive, exploratory study to understand parent involvement in Tonga from the perspective of Tongan parents and teachers. The guiding framework was developed by Hoover-Dempsey and Sandler (1995) who identified three key constructs that influence parents' decisions for involvement -- parent motivational beliefs, invitations to be involved, and life context variables. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to gather and analyze data that were gathered from teachers (n=88) and parents (n=503) during focus groups and surveys at four schools that are owned and operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Tonga. The overarching desire was to understand why parents make the choices they do about the types and frequency of their involvement. Factor analysis and reliability tests supported the use of the selected survey instruments in this study. Some findings were similar to those found in research in developed countries including the way Tongan parents and teachers defined what parent involvement is. Further research could identify parent involvement behaviors that are particularly relevant in Tonga which improve student achievement Although the schools involved in this study are English speaking schools, language did not appear to be a strong barrier or enabler for parent involvement. However, a strong culture of respect and duty was repeatedly mentioned as potentially inhibiting parent involvement. Invitations appear to play a significant positive role in promoting parent involvement and may help mitigate parents' reluctance to participate. Encouraging and training teachers to extend effective invitations to parents which include specific suggestions for involvement may help increase the frequency of parent involvement.
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Bataille-Benguigui, Marie-Claire. "Les Polynésiens des îles Tonga et leur représentation du milieu marin." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37595743g.
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Bunker, Lisa Dawn. "Development of Tongan Materials for Determining Speech Recognition Thresholds." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2008. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2419.pdf.
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Fusimalohi, Taniela L. "Culture-bound public administration : the value basis of public administration in Tonga /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19271.pdf.
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Young, Leslie Heather. "Inventing health tradition, textiles and maternal obligation in the Kingdom of Tonga /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0001/NQ42782.pdf.
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Niumeitolu, Heneli T. "The State and the Church : the state of the church in Tonga." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/2236.
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This dissertation examines the impact of ‘Tongan culture’ as represented by those with power in the Free Wesleyan Church of Tonga (FWC). The word “free” in the name of a church usually denotes the desire to be independent of the State or any other outside control but in this context it was often the contrary. From the outset of the Wesleyan Mission in 1826, the chiefs who embodied and controlled Tonga, welcomed the early European explorers yet with the twin underlying aims of gaining benefits while simultaneously maintaining their supremacy. The dissertation argues that the outcome leaves the FWC in dire need of inculturation, with Gospel challenging ‘Culture.’ Historical and anthropological approaches are used to substantiate this claim. Encouraged by Captain Cook’s report the missionaries arrived and were welcomed by the chiefs. The conversion of the powerful Taufa‘ahau was pivotal to the spread of the Wesleyan Mission yet this marriage of convenience came at a cost because Taufa‘ahau had his own agenda of what a church should be. This study assesses Tongan demeanour prior to the arrival of Europeans and in the early years of settlement, especially the response to Cook in 1773, 74, 77 which set the tone for later interaction. It then looks at how Tongan ways have moulded the FWC since the beginning of the Wesleyan Mission in 1826 by relying on data from archives, interviews, and journals of early explorers and missionaries. This dissertation argues that what is widely accepted as the Tongan way of life, which the FWC represents as the Gospel, is essentially the interest of the elite with power and wealth. From the start the chiefs were not only interested in the Wesleyan Mission for religious but also for political reasons; indeed they made and even still make no such separation. Because of this collusion of the FWC and the state, the FWC is recognized as the supporter of the status quo, its ministers being part of the elite system of social and spiritual control. The ensuing confusion between the church, Christ, and culture leads to a neglect of the poor and marginal and a failure to speak prophetically to the elite.
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Fasi, 'Uhila-moe-Langi. "Bilingualism and learning mathematics in English as a second language in Tonga." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298727.
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Runarsdottir, Anna Lisa. "Modernity and tradition : houses and material culture in the kingdom of Tonga." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.411511.
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McRae, Carol Joy. "Problems in educational development in the Kingdom of Tonga : a case study." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1986. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10020166/.
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McGrath, Barbara Burns. "Making meaning of illness, dying and death in the Kingdom of Tonga /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6572.
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Tupouniua, Sela Kali. "Investigation of Powdery Mildew on Kabocha Squash (Cucurbita maxima Duch.) in Tonga." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/14576.
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Disease management of cucurbit powdery mildew pathogens caused by Golovinomyces cichoracearum and Podosphaera xanthii is largely based on extensive use of systemic fungicides. P. xanthii is a highly variable pathogen, having developed resistance to the major agrichemical groups including the demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides. The aim of this study was to investigate the powdery mildew disease and the causal pathogen occurring on Kabocha squash (Cucurbita maxima) in Tonga. The disease causes significant economic loss to production. A field disease survey conducted during the 2007 production season revealed widespread powdery mildew disease incidence >25%. There was no interaction between disease incidence and farm management practice. Powdery mildew disease severity was 5-25% in regions and 5->25% in districts. There was no correlation between powdery mildew disease severity and farm practice. High levels of disease severity caused significant reductions in yield with losses between >40% and 80%. The causal pathogen was identified as Podosphaera xanthii. The presence of characteristic fibrosin bodies in the conidia, conidia produced in chains on the conidiophore and conidiophore foot-cell size and shape were diagnostic for P. xanthii. Significant levels of fungicide resistance to the most frequently used flusilazole, myclobutanil, propiconazole and benomyl was detected in P. xanthii populations on Kabocha squash. EC50 values were >60 times the recommended rates of use. Resistant factors were 5 x 106 and 2 x 106 for flusilazole and myclobutanil, respectively. P. xanthii showed significant levels of cross-resistance to these fungicides. The results of this study indicate that current fungicide practice for powdery mildew on Kabocha squash is no longer effective and should be discontinued due to the significant levels of fungicide resistance in the P. xanthii population. The recommendation is for future use of environmentally safe and less harsh biocompatible products for disease management.
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Hachipola, Jerome Simooya. "A historico-comparative study of Zambian Plateau Tonga and seven related lects." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1991. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28969/.
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The aim of this thesis is a historico-comparative study of Zambian Plateau Tonga (Guthrie's M 64) and seven related lects (Valley, Toka, Ila, Lenje, Soli, Subiya and Totela). Some previous studies have treated Subiya and Totela as a distinct subfamily of Bantu (Guthrie's K 40), while others agree in attaching it to M 60; SI has also been associated with Lunda (Guthrie's L 51) and Luvale (Guthrie's K 14). The present study is based on wordlists of some 650 items Including Swadesh's 200-wordlist of basic vocabulary collected for each of the lects during a five-month field trip to Zambia in 1987. The study examines this data both synchronically (Chapter 2) and diachronically, attempting to reconstruct an inventory of Proto-Tonga consonant and vowel phonemes (Chapters 3) and relating this to Guthrie's Proto-Bantu (Chapter 5). Hierachically two broad subdivisions of the Tonga lects can be made Subiya and Totela together form one branch of Tonga as evidenced by certain shared innovations. The other branch groups together Plateau, Valley, Toka, Ila, Lenje and Soli on the basis of another set of phonological developments and the six lects are collectively referred to as Core Tonga. However, this division cannot be rigidly adhered to because Subiya and Totela to some extent participate in innovations affecting one or more members of the core group. It cannot be decided at the moment whether Sb and Tt together with the core lects form one distinct subfamily of Bantu or whether Sb and Tt form a different subfamily with some other lects not studied here. (Chapter 4). Some of the innovations link neighbouring lects and point to diffusion of phonological features across a geographical continuum. This convergence is further illuminated by the discussion of sociolinguistic factors in Chapter 6.
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Tuohimaa, Amanda. "Den gudomliga människan : en komparativ studie av det tonganska hövdingadömet." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-1550.
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This essay will examine the social organization in the archipelago of Tonga. To accomplish this purpose, archaic societies and structures such as ancient Egypt and Hawaii will be examined to obtain a closer understanding of the building blocks which constitute a chiefdom or kingdom. Since Patrick V. Kirch (2010) recently redefined the Hawaiian archipelago as a kingdom this essay will examine if the same can be done with the chiefdom of Tonga since it have similarities to the Hawaiian social organization.To do this the essay will examine and describe both the geographical organization of the states and the social organization. Social organization in this essay will be defined as an archaic state organization that requires several levels of administration to rule the society.<br>Kandidatuppsats
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Melz, Fredrik. "Operation Tonga : En studie av förberedelsernas och förövningens betydelse utifrån de grundläggande förmågorna och de taktiska grundprinciperna." Thesis, Swedish National Defence College, Swedish National Defence College, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-149.
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<p>Operation Tonga var en del av de allierades invasion av Hitlers Fort Europa. Syftet med operationen var att skydda de landstigande styrkorna vid Normandies östra flank. Operationen genomfördes av major John Howard och hans glidflygplansburna trupper från Oxford and Buckinghamshires lätta infanteriregemente. Denna enhet genomförde en operation utan understöd eller underhåll från egna förband och hade en begränsad möjlighet att fysiskt kunna medföra utrustning, likt den svenska luftburna bataljonen.</p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka om förberedelser och förövning är nyckeln till framgång när en enhet skall anfalla en starkare försvarsgrupperad enhet.</p><p>Uppsatsen innehåller en analys av de förberedelser som gjordes inför operation Tonga utifrån de grundläggande förmågorna. Utifrån den analysen förs en diskussion över dessa förberedelsers betydelse utifrån de taktiska grundprinciperna för markarenan. Analysen och diskussionen visar att förberedelserna och förövningen ledde till att chefen fick en större handlingsfrihet och att enheten fick ett högre stridstempo och genom det höga stridstempot kunde upprätthålla sin överraskning som skapats genom en coup de main operation. Det höga stridstempot och överraskningen gjorde att major Howard kunde ta initiativet i striden och nå lokal överlägsenhet och på så vis slå den försvarsgrupperade fienden vid bron Pegasus bridge. Det höga stridstempot uppnåddes tack vare förbandets förövning och förberedelser samt de goda underrättelser som major John Howard hade tillgång till vid framtagandet av sin stridsplan.</p><br><p>Operation Tonga served a bigger purpose than to take control over Pegasus bridge. The purpose of the operation was to protect the flank of the allied troops at Normandy. The operation was carried out by Major John Howard and his troops from the Oxford and Buckinghamshire light infantry regiment. This unit had no support or supply assistance from other units and had limited capability to bring equipment, just like the Swedish air assault battalion.</p><p>The purpose of this essay was to examine if preparations is the key to success when one unit is about to bring out an assault against a stronger, dug in unit.</p><p>This essay contains an analysis of the preparations on the basis of the basic abilities. Those preparations are later discussed based on the principals of ground tactics in order to see the effects of the preparations in the operation. The analysis and the discussion show that the unit gained a higher tempo of combat and achieved a surprise element. The high tempo of combat and the surprise made it possible for Major Howard to take the initiative in the battle and achieve local superiority. That made it possible for Major Howard to defeat the dug in enemy at Pegasus bridge. The high tempo of combat was possible because of the units’ preparations and the intelligence reports Major John Howard got as support when planning for combat.</p>
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Swan, Thomas. "Distribution, occurrence, and identification of mosquito species in the Tongatapu Island Group, Kingdom of Tonga." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Waterways Centre for Freshwater Management, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10928.
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Mosquitoes pose a serious threat to the economy, health status, and biosecurity of countries around the world. Mosquitoes kill an average of 700,000 people per year. The global expansion of air, sea, and land transport networks has greatly enhanced the spread of mosquitoes internationally. In the Pacific, the number of mosquito-borne diseases occurring has been on the rise in recent years, possibly as a result of human-mediated dispersal of larvae and adult mosquitoes. The Kingdom of Tonga has had numerous outbreaks of dengue fever and chikungunya virus in recent years. Previous research has catalogued species occurrences and distributions throughout Tonga. However, it is unknown whether new species have arrived in Tonga, and if distribution of previously found species has changed since the last comprehensive survey in 2006. Present research aims to update the literature by conducting a mosquito survey at 84 sites across the four islands of Tongatapu, Pangaimotu, ‘Oneata, and ‘Eua to record the distribution and occurrence of mosquito larvae. Nine mosquito species were collected: Aedes aegypti Linnaeus, A. albopictus Skuse, A. tongae Edwards, A. horrescens Edwards, A. vexans nocturnus Theobold, Culex annulirostris Skuse, C. albinervis Edwards, C. quinquefasciatus Say and C. sitiens Wiedemann. The collection of A. albopictus is the second time that this species has been recorded in Tonga. Moreover, the spatial extent of this species throughout Tonga was far greater than previously recorded. A major outcome of this survey has been the creation of an identification key for the mosquito larvae species of Tonga. This key should increase the accuracy of positive mosquito larvae identifications in Tonga. Mosquitoes were more frequently collected in artificial (e.g., used car tyres, fuel drums, containers) than natural (e.g., pools, ponds, tree holes) habitats. Car tyres, water containers, fuel drums, fridges, washing machines, and ponds were the most common habitats in which mosquito larvae were found. Aedes aegypti, A. albopictus, and C. quinquefasciatus were the three most common mosquito species collected, whereas A. tongae, A. horrescens, A. vexans nocturnus, C. annulirostris, C. sitiens, and C. albinervis were less frequently found. Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that habitat volume had a significant positive effect on the presence of A. albopictus and A. tongae, whereas conductivity had a significant positive effect on the presence of C. annulirostris. Additionally, the volume by temperature interaction was a significant predictor of species presence for A. aegypti, A. albopictus, and C. annulirostris (as habitat volume increases, the effect of temperature went from neutral to negative). This suggests that larger, cooler habitats favour colonisation by these species. The number of artificial habitats (particularly used car tyres) present may have significantly increased since previous studies. Management should therefore focus on implementing community-run mosquito projects aimed at reducing the number of artificial habitats capable of being colonised by mosquito larvae. Covering, tipping out water, and infilling these habitats with soil to prevent mosquito oviposition is a pragmatic and straightforward mosquito control solution. This should immensely reduce the abundance of mosquitoes and may prevent disease outbreak in Tonga.
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Blankenship, Lesley Elizabeth. "Ecology of the Tonga and Kermadec Trench hadal zone : inferences from scavenging amphipods /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3208810.
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Lefèbvre, Marie R. "L'espace et les relations Nord-Sud : Tonga et les orbites de satellites géostationnaires." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/9026.
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A la déception d'INTELSAT, l'Union Internationale des Télécommunications (UIT) alloue, en 1995, six orbites de satellites géostationnaires à Tonga. En 1996, MIT lui en alloue une septième. Les décisions de l'UIT sont l'objet d'une controverse. Ce conflit est l'expression de la compétition qui existe entre les pays du Nord et les pays du Sud pour le contrôle des ressources naturelles, y compris l'espace extra-atmosphérique ainsi défini en droit international.
La compétition qui existe entre les pays industriels et les pays en développement vis-à-vis de l'espace, notamment les orbites de satellites géostationnaires, est expliquée en utilisant l'approche unidisciplinaire et la théorie du système-monde d'Immanuel Wallerstein. Des textes académiques, des documents officiels et des articles provenant de publications populaires ou retrouvés sur Internet serviront à reconstruire l'histoire de la dépendance de Tonga dans le système-monde et à dégager les enjeux reliés au développement qui dépend, de nos jours, des satellites géostationnaires.
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Lefebvre, Marie R. "L'espace et les relations Nord-Sud, Tonga et les orbites de satellites géostationnaires." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ52303.pdf.
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Johansson-Fua, Seu'ula Falelalava. "Values and leadership practices of secondary school principals in the Kingdom of Tonga." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ58713.pdf.
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Herlin, Cecilia. "Fakalakalaka : The impact of a Tongan notion of development in a contemporary transnational world." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Socialantropologi, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-2458.
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This paper aims to explore a Tongan notion of development –'fakalakalaka' – in light of Western notions of development. Two case studies of international development aid schemes illustrate the impact of Tongan development ideas in practice. Drawing on a number of ethnographers' work on Tonga, 'fakalakalaka' appears broader than the Western notion of development. The latter is characterised by influential ideals of controllability and industrialisation. The notion of development among Tongans, on the other hand, tends to be directed by an underlying persistence that, for instance, reflects Tongan core values regarding social organisation. The production of textile 'koloa', controlled by women, emerges as central to the accomplishment of this three-dimensional development notion of intertwined physical, mental and spiritual aspects. The importance attributed to this specific kind of textile has increased in recent years and found two additional roles, or development strategies, in Tongans' contemporary transnational world.
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Fonua, Louise Simone. "The prevalence of chlamydia and other sexually transmitted infections among women attending Vaiola hospital antenatal clinic in Tonga." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/16508.
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Objective: To determine the prevalence and risk factors for chlamydia, gonorrhoea, hepatitis B, HIV, and syphilis among pregnant women attending an antenatal clinic in Tonga. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among pregnant women attending for their first visit to the antenatal clinic at Vaiola Hospital in Tongatapu, Tonga, during the period August to November 2015. Sociodemographic and behavioural characteristics were collected by interviewer-administered questionnaire. These data were then linked to urine test results for the presence of chlamydia and gonorrhoea and serological results for hepatitis B, HIV and syphilis. Results: Data were collected from 500 women. Of the 486 (97.2%) and 96 (19.2%) women whose urine were screened for chlamydia and gonorrhoea, C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae were found in 79 (16.3%; 95% CI: 13.2-19.8) and 3 (3.1%; 95% CI: 1.1-8.8) cases respectively. Of the 500 women whose bloods were tested for hepatitis B, HIV and syphilis, hepatitis B surface antigen was found in 22 (4.4%; 95% CI: 2.9-6.6) cases and no HIV or RPR seropositive cases were found. Multivariate analysis showed that among women < 25 years, the risk of chlamydia infection was increased in those having more than one sexual partner in the past 12 months (AOR= 4.28 95% CI: 2.04-8.89 p<0.01), being nulliparous (AOR= 2.32 95% CI: 1.30-4.14 p<0.01) and having an unusual vaginal or anal discharge (AOR= 2.60 95% CI: 1.19-5.50 p<0.01). Conclusions: Chlamydia was the most common infection in this population, especially amongst women less than 25 years of age. This has the potential to significantly impact on the future health of both the women and neonates thus highlighting the need to prioritise chlamydia testing in pregnant women. Further studies are needed to evaluate STI specific testing guidelines and the roles of prevention strategies for pregnant women in this age group in Tonga.
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Dande, Suresh. "ESTIMATION OF DOWN-DIP LIMIT OF THE TONGA SEISMOGENIC ZONE FROM OCEAN BOTTOM SEISMOGRAPH DATA." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1239.
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The largest earthquakes occur along the subduction thrust interface known as the seismogenic zone. Until recently, erosive margins like Tonga and Honshu have been thought to be unable to support earthquakes with magnitudes higher than 8.5. However, Mw 9, 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake in Honshu requires a reevaluation of this notion. The seismic potential of Tonga is likely affected by the vertical spatial extent of the up-dip and down-dip limits, which confines the seismogenic zone. The larger the area of the seismogenic zone, the higher the potential for larger earthquakes. Some models suggest that down-dip limit coincides with the fore-arc Moho while others suggest that they are coincident with thermally controlled mineralogical phase changes during slab descent. Tonga is an ideal place to discriminate between these possibilities, as the incoming Pacific plate is cold and thick with rapid convergence, extending cool isotherms deep into the system. In contrast, the fore-arc Moho is only ~16 km deep. This study tests the hypothesis that the down-dip limit of the Tonga seismogenic zone coincides with the fore-arc Moho and thus ceases the seismicity by initiating a stable sliding between the mantle and the subducting crust. We determine the depth of the down-dip limit in Tonga by mapping the distribution of earthquakes recorded for a six-month period from January 1, 2010 to June 30, 2010 by a deployment of ocean bottom seismographs above the Tonga subduction zone. The earthquakes are located by a combination of grid-search method and least-square inversion of the observed arrival times. We identified a down-dip limit at a minimum depth of about 40 km below the sea level suggesting that the hypothesis is failed. Therefore, the commonly held idea that down-dip limit is coincides with the fore-arc Moho is not true in the Tonga case. It is likely controlled by the degree of serpentinization in the mantle wedge controlling the transition from stick-slip to stable sliding.
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Reichstein, Andrea. "Sustainable Problems of Development: Does the EU contribute to the sustainable development of Tonga?" Thesis, University of Canterbury. National Centre for Research on Europe, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4104.
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Sustainable development increasingly provides new norms in the international agenda for
development assistance. As an international development actor the European Union (EU)
integrates this notion into its objectives for development co-operation with African, Caribbean
and Pacific (ACP) countries. This study, therefore, investigates how effectively the EU
contributes to the sustainable development of Tonga, member of the Pacific ACP region. An
operational mode of sustainable development should adopt an agenda that addresses the needs of
the poor and adopts the objective to manage natural resources in a manner that allows economic
growth and social development without irreversible impacts on the environment. In the bilateral
development co-operation between the EU and Tonga the concept of sustainable development is
now firmly established as an overarching objective. This research therefore investigates the
correlation between Tonga’s agenda for sustainability and the development policy and co-
operation the EU provides. In the policy framework that the EU adopts, addresses effectively
many of the aspects of Tonga’s sustainable development. In the current framework of the tenth
European Development Fund (EDF), in particular, the EU adopts appropriate strategies for the
management of Tonga’s environment that support social and economic development. An analysis
of the allocation of funds, however, shows that the promised policy strategies do not result in
appropriate action. To contribute more successfully to the sustainable development of Tonga, the
EU needs to integrate the development of the country into its own interests. The notion of
cosmopolitan moral responsibility and distributive justice offers an incentive for the EU to do so.
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Kavapalu, Siaosi Duwai Rakai. "The Impact of Health on Economic Growth: The Case of Tonga from 1970-2011." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Economics and Finance Dept, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9564.
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The vast impact of globalization has resulted in more liberalization, economic integration, and increasing international trade among countries. These changes are leading to higher economic growth and consequent impacts on the health conditions of the country. Health can be regarded as an addition to economic growth models. There has been a widespread development in the health economics discipline. However, the research on the impact of health on economic growth has been concentrated mostly in developed and developing economies, but there has been marked neglect of small open economies. This study aims to focus on the Island Kingdom of Tonga - a small open economy and a country that falls within the upper middle income category (World Bank, 2012). The study seeks to verify empirically the impact of health on the economic performance of the country. The analysis is based on time series data, the econometric techniques of single, autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) and the multiple equations framework, vector error correction method (VECM).
The study found that there have been substantial impacts of health indicators (life expectancy, infant mortality and fertility rate) on the Tongan economy. A positive effect in terms of life ex-pectancy on economic growth led to an improvement of economic activity through additional years of longevity of the working age population. The dynamic, innovative technique also indi-cated a uni-directional causality between economic growth and life expectancy variable. The long run causality however, runs mainly from life expectancy to economic growth rather than in the opposite direction. A negative impact was found in the second health indicator (infant mortality) with uni-directional causality running from higher economic growth that may reduce the infant mortality rate. Finally, the fertility rate found a negative impact on economic growth in the long run with no Granger causality among the variables.
Amongst those frameworks, the ARDL and VECM suggest that in such a small developing coun-try the quantitative impacts are also a novel and important approach in Tonga and may result in a significant impact on the economy for the next decade. The policy implication is that maintaining good health through higher life expectancy is associated with a positive impact on economic growth and this can also channel to other innovations, technological contributions to the country at large.