Literatura académica sobre el tema "Tobacco habit Treatment"

Introduction: Oral cancer is cause mainly due to habits of tobacco consumption and it is a major health hazard across the world. The death rate due to the disease is also very high. However, the association of tobacco exposure with stage of the disease and treatment outcome is not reported. Therefore, we assessed correlation between levels of tobacco exposure with the disease status and treatment outcome in oral cancer patients. Materials and Methods: Urine samples were collected from enrolled pre-therapeutic oral cancer patients (N=96), healthy individuals with tobacco habits (N=19) and healthy individuals without tobacco habits (N=14). Urinary nicotine and cotinine levels were analyzed as indicators of tobacco exposure by HPLC methods. Data was statistically analyzed using the SPSS statistics version 20.0. Results: Present study revealed that tobacco exposure levels were significantly higher in oral cancer patients and healthy individuals with tobacco habits as compared to healthy individuals without tobacco habits. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve analysis revealed that tobacco exposure levels have a good discriminatory efficacy between healthy individuals without habit of tobacco and oral cancer patients as well as between healthy individuals without habit of tobacco and healthy individuals with habits of tobacco. Kaplan Meier survival curve analysis also revealed that patients who were having higher tobacco exposure levels at the time of diagnosis showed worse survival than patients who were having lower tobacco exposure levels. Conclusion: Tobacco exposure levels could be a simple, non-invasive and cost effective prognostic biomarker for management of oral cancer. Keywords: Tobacco exposure, Cotinine, Nicotine, HPLC, ELISA, Oral Cancer, Urinary biomarker.

The slum dwellers are generally suffering from various diseases with a high rate comparatively non-slum population in urban India. The women living in slum areas are mainly suffering from seasonal viral fevers, cough and cold, asthma, and other infectious diseases. The study shows that 39 % of slum women have poor health status. The reasons for poor health among slum women are malnutrition, unhygienic condition, lack of precautionary measures, and bad habits among them. About 37% of SC women, 30% each of ST and BC slum women, and 20% of OC women are frequently falling sick with various diseases. It is observed that 31% of the slum-dwelling women are getting treatment from RMP doctors, followed by 30% of slum women from private allopathy doctors, and only 18% of slum women are visiting Govt. hospital for their medical treatment. Only 29% of slum women are regularly visiting hospitals for their medical checkups. A majority of 62% of slum women have a habit of consuming alcohol and tobacco-related products, and out of them, 79% of women are facing health problems due to a habit of consuming alcohol and tobacco.

Background: It is the fact that, India consists of world’s largest tobacco chewer population, more prevalent in low income group. The effects of tobacco chewing on semen parameters have been widely studied. The study aim is to analyze the semen analysis parameters (oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, teratozoospermia, oligo-astheno-teratozoospermia -OATS and azoospermia) of tobacco chewer and non chewer infertile patients.Methods: A retrospective analysis of 639 patients was done out of which 150 were non-chewers and 489 were tobacco chewers. The percentage of population with particular semen abnormalities were compared between the two groups. The same comparison was performed between tobacco chewing primary infertility and secondary infertility patients in order to specifically assess the effect of tobacco chewing in sub-fertile patients.Results: OATS and azoospermia cases were significantly higher in the tobacco chewing infertile patients as compared to oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia and teratozoospermia cases. In case of sub-fertile patients also, the percentage of OATS and azoospermia were significantly higher.Conclusions: This finding suggest that tobacco chewing greatly affects every parameter of sperm i.e. concentration, motility and morphology collectively. Moreover, tobacco chewing may be less affecting the male fertility initially but prolonged exposures affects detrimentally resulting in serious semen parameter abnormalities such as OATS and even azoospermia. And such cases are difficult to treat even with higher and advanced infertility treatment options like ICSI, microfludics, etc. This reduces the chances of IVF success as well as increases the financial burden on the patients undergoing infertility treatment. Thus, infertility clinics must employ awareness programs for such patients to explain them the effects of tobacco chewing habit and reducing it can definitely enhance the treatment outcomes.

Objective: To assess awareness of oral cancer and OPMDs among patients attending for dental treatment at the University Dental Hospital, Peradeniya. Methods and materials: A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information from 500 randomly selected outpatients attended the University Dental Hospital, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. The questionnaire included questions to ascertain information on socio-demographic parameters, awareness of oral cancer and OPMDs, habits of betel chewing, smoking and alcohol consumption.Results: 43.2% of the respondents were satisfactorily aware of the possibility of occurrence of oral cancer and OPMDs. From all the individuals who were participated to this questionnaire, 16 (3.2%) of individuals have a habit of betel chewing, 4.2% of individuals have a habit of smoking and 8.3% of individuals have a habit of alcohol consumption, respectively while having a satisfactory awareness about oral cancer and OPMDs. Conclusions: This survey revealed that most of the patients attending the hospital were not in a satisfied level of awareness about oral cancer and OPMDs. Knowledge about the causal relationships with betel chewing was low compared to tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption.

ABSTRACT Introduction This study had twin objective first to determine the prevalence of dental caries and second to assess the correlation of duration of imprisonment, adverse habits and duration of adverse habits with dental caries status of prisoners in Central Jail, Jodhpur city, Rajasthan. Materials and methods This cross-sectional study was carried out on 131 male prisoners of Central Jail, Jodhpur city. A pre-designed questionnaire on general information, Tobacco consumption (frequency and duration of intake of Tobacco) and duration of imprisonment was used for the collection of data. The dental caries status was recorded using DMFT index (Henry T Klein, Knutson JW and Carole D Palmer; 1938). Results The total DMFT score was 180 and the average DMFT was 1.37 for the total prison population. A significant association was found between adverse habits and different age groups (χ2 = 16.77, p = 0.033) and between duration of adverse habits and different age groups of prisoners (χ2 = 16.58, p -value = 0.034). Significant correlation was found between adverse habit and duration of adverse habit (p < 0.05) in subjects having dental caries. Conclusion Though the prevalence of dental caries was so high, treatment for the same was not available due to lack of a dental unit in the jail. This highlights the urgent need of dental services in Central jail of Jodhpur city. How to cite this article Hans R, Thomas S, Dagli RJ, Solanki J, Arora G. Prevalence of Dental Caries among Prisoners of Central Jail, Jodhpur City, Rajasthan, India. World J Dent 2014;5(2):92-97.

Background and context: Presently estimated annual cancer cases in India are ∼1 million new incidences and 0.6 million deaths leading to a serious problem. Tobacco habit is very common in India with estimated 330 million tobacco users and is attributed to ∼45% of all cancers. Presently each year ∼0.9 million Indians die due to tobacco related diseases including cancer. Aim: Thus combined awareness programs on cancer and tobacco are essential to educate people for avoiding risks of cancer and other diseases. Strategy/Tactics: In our unique approach, we have included in the PowerPoint & other presentations anticancer and antitobacco philatelic items along with up-to-date data, pictures etc. Cancer awareness presentation is divided in 28 sections covering cause, treatment, detection etc. emphasizing prevention in respect of dietary and lifestyle habits. In our pioneer paper, we have demonstrated that anticancer and other stamps can be used to describe different aspects of cancer covering 12 sections. Further based on universally accepted “caution” describing seven danger signals of cancer, we have created equivalent words in two Indian languages namely Bengali and Hindi spoken by ∼215 and ∼490 million people worldwide. These are included in our presentations to aware people about its symptoms. Our philatelic display on tobacco is divided in 19 sections including tobacco associated diseases, tobacco and women and children, quitting tips etc. Outcomes: Since 2002, we have conducted ∼230 awareness programs in various organizations in urban and rural areas in individual capacity and as Principal Investigator, Tobacco Cessation Centre, Kolkata, during 2005-09. It is found that irrespective of age and educational status, everybody understands the message conveyed through this visual display. A section of people has quitted the tobacco habit while another section could reduce tobacco consumption significantly. Further we have published 70 and 40 write-ups on cancer and tobacco respectively in several widely circulated Indian newspapers, magazines etc. that have reached the community. We have also delivered radio and TV talks. All these efforts have helped, to some extent, to control cancer and tobacco in India. Based on this work I have received prestigious 'I'm like me' award in the preventive healthcare category of the most circulated Bengali newspaper group in West Bengal. This large collection of stamps on cancer has been recognized as the world Record and published in Limca Book of Records 2018 page 30. What was learned: It is learnt that along with other methods this philatelic approach may be adopted for getting excellent results.

Tobacco dependence is characterised as a chronic, relapsing disorder that typically requires multiple quit attempts before successful, long-term abstinence is achieved (Steinberg, Foulds, Richardson, Burke, & Shah, 2006). Best practice, evidence-based treatment includes multiple-session counselling and pharmacotherapy, or the combination of both (Fiore et al., 2008). The field has moved past the notion that tobacco dependence is simply a bad habit, a vice, or a moral deficiency that can be overcome by willpower or education alone (Mars & Ling, 2008). However, the language used in discussing treatment has not always been consistent with this evidence. Some words and phrases used lend themselves to varied meanings, and could lead to significant misunderstanding not only among professionals in the field, but also among the general public (O'Brien, 2010; Davis, 1992; Perkins, 1999; Hughes, 2013). In this paper, we discuss some commonly used, problematic terminology, and suggest more appropriate terms (Table 1).

Tobacco is an urgent problem in Russia and in the world. Recent years have seen increased prevalence of smoking among the population. Tobacco dependence is included in the international classification of diseases, the American Psychiatric Association. From habit associated increase in the frequency of chronic diseases, mortality. In Russia smokes about 30 % of women and half of them continue to smoke during pregnancy. Proved that chronic nicotine intoxication has a negative effect on the pregnancy and fetus, worsens perinatal outcomes. It is also known that when tobacco smoking increases the level of homocysteine in the body, which in turn have toxic effects on vasculature. With many gestational hyperhomocysteinemia associated complications (gestoses, placental insufficiency, miscarriage and other). Already, there are methods of prevention and treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia. However, studies on folate metabolism in pregnant smoking a little. No clear approaches to the maintenance and inspection of this group of patients. I would like to draw attention to the state of folate metabolism in pregnant women with nicotine intoxication, reveal features of pregnancy, methods of prevention and treatment of gestational complications.

In the pathogenesis of depressive disorders and the consequent suicidal behavior, an important role belongs to the neurochemical processes and structures of the central nervous system. An analytical study of Russian and foreign literature was carried out to obtain information about the relationship between neurochemical factors in the development of depressive disorders and to elucidate the causes and risk factors of suicidal behavior due to depression and an unhealthy habit common among young people, i.e. tobacco smoking. A systematic search of scientific publications on the neurobiological aspects of the research into the causes and risk factors of depressive spectrum disorders was carried out. The analysis of the results of relevant neurobiological studies in the field of etiology and formation of depressive disorders with suicidal behavior contributes to the development of effective means of prevention and treatment of depressive spectrum disorders.

In the pathogenesis of depressive disorders and the consequent suicidal behavior, an important role belongs to the neurochemical processes and structures of the central nervous system. An analytical study of Russian and foreign literature was carried out to obtain information about the relationship between neurochemical factors in the development of depressive disorders and to elucidate the causes and risk factors of suicidal behavior due to depression and an unhealthy habit common among young people, i.e. tobacco smoking. A systematic search of scientific publications on the neurobiological aspects of the research into the causes and risk factors of depressive spectrum disorders was carried out. The analysis of the results of relevant neurobiological studies in the field of etiology and formation of depressive disorders with suicidal behavior contributes to the development of effective means of prevention and treatment of depressive spectrum disorders.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of South Florida, 2003.
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ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine how to best motivate smokers with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder to seek treatment for tobacco dependence. Smokers with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (N=78) were randomly assigned to receive a Motivational Interviewing, Psychoeducational, or Minimal Control intervention. A greater proportion of participants receiving the Motivational Interviewing intervention followed through on a referral for tobacco dependence treatment within one-week and one-month post-intervention. Mixed model Analyses of Variance found no differences between groups at one-week or at one-month with respect to tobacco use or motivation to quit. Within group analyses indicated that participants in the Motivational Interviewing and Psychoeducational groups reported significant decreases in cigarettes smoked per day.
ABSTRACT: Only participants in the Motivational Interviewing group showed significant increases in confidence in their ability to quit smoking.
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Identificar as características e os conhecimentos relacionados ao tabagismo de adolescentes e as mídias eletrônicas mais utilizadas por este grupo. Estudo de característica exploratória onde foram realizadas entrevistas com 60 adolescentes, fumantes, ex-fumantes ou não-fumantes por meio de protocolo de entrevista específico com questões relacionadas ao tabagismo. Além do questionário, a intensidade da dependência foi avaliada por meio do teste de Fagerström, as fases de motivação pelo modelo de Prochaska e DiClemente e os sintomas sugestivos de ansiedade e depressão pela Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão de Zigmond e Snaith. A idade média dos adolescentes era de 15,8 ± 1,1 anos, 65% eram do sexo feminino, 41,7% fumantes ativos (60% meninas) e 28,3% ex-fumantes. Os adolescentes freqüentavam o ensino médio com 46,7% no primeiro ano. A maioria (73,8%) dos adolescentes fumantes e ex-fumantes iniciou o tabagismo com idades entre 14 e 16 anos e 26,2% entre 10 e 13 anos. O narguilé é popular entre os adolescentes tanto que 81% dos fumantes e ex-fumantes tiveram alguma experiência com esta forma de consumo do tabaco, desde a experimentação até o uso corrente. Entre os adolescentes que acreditavam que as pessoas começam a fumar por prestígio relacionado ao cigarro, 75% eram fumantes e daqueles que relataram que começam a fumar por influência dos pais e parentes, 83,3% eram fumantes. Os malefícios cardiovasculares foram identificados por apenas 5% dos adolescentes e, além disso, proporção considerável (20%) associa o tabagismo a algum “benefício”. A internet pelo computador (58,3%) é a mídia eletrônica mais utilizada para se divertir pelos adolescentes. Os conhecimentos dos adolescentes sobre tabagismo, sobre o uso de formas alternativas de tabaco e sobre dependência química da nicotina não são uniformes ou completos e, algumas vezes, equivocados. De acordo com os resultados deste estudo, é ...
Identify the characteristics and knowledge related to adolescents tabagism and the electronic media most used by this group. Exploratory study with interviews were done with 60 adolescents, smokers, ex-smokers or none smokers through specific interview approach with issues related to tabagism. In addition to questionnaire, the intensity of dependence was assessed through Fagerström test, motivation stages through Prochaska and DeClemente model and the suggested anxiety and depression symptoms by the hospital anxiety and depression scale of Zigmond & Snaith. The adolescent average age was 15,8 ± 1,1 years, 65% were female, 41,7% active smokers (60% girls) and 28,3% ex-smokers. The adolescents used to be in high school with 46,7% during their first year. Most of the adolescent smokers and ex-smokers (73,8%) started tabagism with ages between 14 and 16 years and 26,2 % between 10 and 13 years. Hookah smoking is popular between the adolescents to the extent that 81% of the smokers and ex-smokers had some experience with this form of tobacco consumption from tasting to current use. Between adolescents that believe that people start to smoke to show off with relation to cigarette 75% were smokers and between that believe that people start to smoke to parental influence 83,3% were smoker. The cardiac negative effect were identified by just 5% the kids and, in addiction, considerable proportion (20%) connect tabagism with some “benefits”. The internet through computers (58,3%) is an electronic media more used to have fun by the kids. The knowledge of adolescents on tabagism, non conventional way of tobacco and nicotine chemical dependence are not standardized or complete and, sometimes controversial. With respect to the result of this trial, is necessary to develop content coverage that by pass the errors of the knowledge on adolescents about tabagism, using internet tool as preference

Antecedentes: En España, hasta 3.200 defunciones anuales son atribuidas al tabaquismo pasivo. La exposición al humo ambiental del tabaco (HAT) aumenta el riesgo de padecer enfermedades crónicas como cáncer de pulmón, enfermedades cardiovasculares y enfermedades respiratorias. Hipótesis: 1) Existe una relación entre la exposición al HAT medida mediante cuestionario y la concentración de cotinina en saliva. 2) La exposición al HAT y la concentración de cotinina en saliva es mayor en los trabajadores del sector de la hostelería que en la población general. 3) El aumento de medidas de control del tabaquismo reduce la prevalencia de exposición al HAT. Objetivos: 1) Caracterizar la exposición al HAT en la población general no fumadora mediante un cuestionario y biomarcador antes de la entrada en vigor de la ley 28/2005 de medidas frente al tabaquismo. 2) Comparar la concentración de cotinina en población general y en trabajadores del sector de la hostelería antes de la entrada en vigor de la ley 28/2005 de medidas frente al tabaquismo. 3) Evaluar la correlación entre las medidas de control del tabaquismo y la prevalencia de exposición al HAT en 27 países de la Unión Europea. Metodología: Para conseguir los objetivos marcados se ha realizado un estudio transversal de la población general de Barcelona, un estudio de una cohorte de trabajadores del sector de la hostelería en 5 Comunidades Autónomas antes de la entrada en vigor de la ley (octubre-diciembre 2005) y seguidos durantes 2 años después de la ley (octubre-diciembre 2007) y un estudio ecológico a partir de los datos del Eurobarometro sobre tabaco. Conclusiones: 1) La prevalencia de exposición al HAT entre los no fumadores en España antes de la entrada en vigor de la ley 28/2005 es elevada y tiene una asociación inversamente con la edad. La concentración de cotinina en saliva se asocia con el número de fumadores en casa y la cantidad de cigarrillos fumados en presencia del no fumador. 2) La prevalencia de exposición al HAT y la concentración de cotinina en saliva en España es mayor entre los trabajadores de la hostelería en comparación con la población general antes de la entrada en vigor de la ley 28/2005. 3) El apoyo a la ley 28/2005, la percepción de su cumplimiento y el acuerdo en prohibir definitivamente el consumo de tabaco en todos los lugares públicos, incluidos bares y restaurantes, ha aumentado entre los trabajadores del sector de la hostelería 2 años después de la entrada en vigor de la ley. 4) A nivel ecológico, los países de la Unión Europea con mayor implementación de políticas sanitarias frente al tabaquismo (medidas mediante la escala propuesta por Joossens y Raw) presentan menor prevalencia de consumo de tabaco y menor prevalencia de exposición al HAT en casa y en el trabajo. Además estos países con mayores políticas frente al tabaquismo tienen un mayor apoyo a las medidas de regulación del consumo de tabaco en todos los lugares públicos.
Background: In Spain, up to 3,200 deaths per year were attributable to secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. SHS has been associated with a variety of health effects among non-smokers, especially lung cancer and ischemic heart disease, and respiratory diseases. Hypotheses: 1) There is a relationship between exposure to SHS measured by questionnaire and cotinine concentration in saliva. 2) Exposure to SHS and salivary cotinine concentration are higher in hospitality workers than in the general population. 3) The increasing of the tobacco control measures reduces the prevalence of exposure to SHS. Objectives: 1) To describe the exposure to SHS in non-smokers from the general population using a questionnaire and salivary cotinine concentration before the Spanish smoking ban. 2) To compare the salivary cotinine concentration between non-smokers from the general population and non-smokers hospitality workers before the Spanish smoking ban. 3) To assess the correlation between tobacco control policies and the prevalence of exposure to SHS in the 27 countries of the European Union. Conclusions: 1) The prevalence of exposure to SHS in general population was high before the Spanish smoking ban and it decreases with the age. Salivary cotinine concentration in the general population depends of the number of smokers and the number of cigarettes smoked in presence of non-smokers at home. 2) The prevalence of exposure and salivary cotinine concentration were higher among non-smoker hospitality workers than in the general population before the Spanish smoking ban. 3) Positive attitudes (in favour) towards smoking ban increased after the ban among hospitality workers. 4) At ecological level, the Tobacco Control Scale scores were strongly associated with a lower prevalence of smokers and a lower self-reported exposure to SHS. Moreover, countries with more tobacco control policies have higher support towards smoking bans in all workplaces (including restaurants, bars, pubs and clubs, and other indoor workplaces).

Antecedentes: Varios estudios han demostrado como las políticas de control del tabaquismo favorecen el abandono del consumo del tabaco entre los fumadores, incrementan la aceptabilidad y el cumplimiento de los espacios sin humo. Sin embargo, se desconoce el impacto que las diferentes medidas de control del tabaquismo tienen en los hospitales catalanes. Hipótesis: 1) La política de espacios sin humo en los hospitales reduce la prevalencia de consumo de tabaco entre los trabajadores, favoreciendo cambios en la actitud y el comportamiento en el cumplimiento de las normativas. 2) La Ley 28/2005 ha contribuido a la progresión y el avance de las políticas de control de tabaquismo en los hospitales y 3) ha fomentado cambios en la disminución del humo ambiental del tabaco (HAT) en los hospitales de Cataluña. 4) Los hospitales de 7 países europeos que han desarrollado el modelo de hospital sin humo de la Red Europea sin Humo (ENSH) presentan niveles bajos de HAT en distintas áreas de hospitalización. 5) El programa de cesación tabáquica dirigido a trabajadores fumadores de los hospitales miembros de la Red Catalana de Hospitales sin Humo (XCHsF) consigue una alta tasa de abstinencia. Objetivos: 1) Describir los efectos en el consumo de tabaco tras la implantación progresiva de las políticas de control de tabaquismo en un centro hospitalario: el Instituto Catalán de Oncología (ICO). 2) Valorar la progresión de las políticas de control de tabaquismo en los hospitales miembros de la XCHsF antes y después de la implantación de la Ley de medidas de control del tabaco 28/2005. 3) Evaluar el impacto de la Ley de control de tabaquismo 28/2005 en la exposición al HAT en los hospitales públicos catalanes, antes (2005) y después (2006) de su implantación. 4) Describir los niveles de HAT mediante la determinación de partículas PM2.5, en una muestra de hospitales europeos en el año 2007. 5) Evaluar la efectividad de un programa de cesación tabáquica dirigido a los trabajadores hospitalarios. Metodología: Para conseguir los objetivos marcados se han realizado cinco estudios que incluyen: una serie de encuestas transversales, un estudio pre-post de evaluación de las medidas de control del tabaco, dos estudios de determinación del HAT - uno realizado en Cataluña, y el otro en 7 países europeos- y un estudio de evaluación de la efectividad de un programa de cesación tabáquica coordinado por la XCHsF en 33 hospitales. Resultados: La prevalencia de consumo de tabaco en el ICO disminuyó del 34,5% en 2001 al 30,6% en el 2006. Entre los médicos la prevalencia descendió del 20,0% al 15,2%, entre las enfermeras del 34,0% al 32,6%, y entre los administrativos del 56,0% al 37,0%. Se produjeron cambios en el patrón de consumo como la reducción del número de cigarrillos y del número de fumadores diarios. La puntuación media de la implementación de las políticas de control del tabaco en los hospitales fue del 52,4 (IC 95%: 45,4-59,5) en 2005 y 71,6 (IC 95%: 67,0-76,2) en 2007 (aumento del 36,7%). Los hospitales con mayor incremento fueron los hospitales generales (48%), hospitales con >300 camas (41,1%), hospitales cuyos trabajadores fuman entre un 35-39% (72,2%), hospitales con un implantación reciente de políticas de control del tabaco (74,2%). En los hospitales de Cataluña la concentración media de nicotina disminuyó de 0,23 μg/m3 (rango intercuartil: 0,13-0,63) antes de la Ley 28/2005, a 0,10 μg/m3 (rango intercuartil: 0,02-0,19) después de la Ley (disminución del 56,5%). Tras la Ley se observaron reducciones significativas en la concentración mediana de nicotina en todas las localizaciones, aunque se continuaron detectando valores de HAT en las entradas de los hospitales, sala de urgencias, escaleras de incendios y cafeterías. La mediana de las concentraciones de PM2.5 en una muestra de 30 hospitales europeos fue de 3,0 μg/m3. La mitad de las medidas presentaron valores entre 2,0 a 7,0 μg/m3. Los niveles de PM2.5 fueron similares entre los diferentes países. Once medidas (5,5%) estaban por encima de 25,0 μg/m3, límite recomendado por la OMS para los espacios exteriores. Los trabajadores de una muestra de hospitales catalanes que entraron en el programa de cesación tabáquica coordinado por la XCHsF presentaron una probabilidad de abstinencia global a los 6 meses de 0,504 (IC 95%: 0,431- 0,570). Los hombres obtuvieron mejor abstinencia 0,526 (IC 95%: 0,398-0,651) que las mujeres (0,495 IC 95%: 0,410-0,581). Por grupos profesionales, los médicos obtuvieron una abstinencia más alta (0,659, IC 95%: 0,506-0,811) que las enfermeras (0,463, IC 95%: 0,349-0,576). Los trabajadores con mayor dependencia a la nicotina tuvieron una menor probabilidad de abstinencia (0,376, IC 95%: 0,256-0,495) que los trabajadores con baja dependencia (0,529, IC 95%: 0,458-0,599). Se observa una alta probabilidad de abstinencia en trabajadores que siguieron un tratamiento farmacológico combinado (bupropion y sustitutivos de la nicotina) (0,761, IC 95%: 0,588-0,933). Conclusiones: La introducción progresiva de políticas de control del tabaquismo en los hospitales se asocia con una ligera disminución del consumo de tabaco y la modificación del patrón de consumo entre los trabajadores fumadores. La política de espacios sin humo en los hospitales disminuye la percepción de la exposición al HAT e incrementa el cumplimiento auto reportado de la normativa entre los trabajadores. Los niveles de HAT disminuyen en los hospitales tras la entrada en vigor de la Ley 28/2005. La valoración de las concentraciones de nicotina en fase vapor ofrece un sistema de monitorización objetivo y fiable que refuerza el cumplimiento de los espacios sin humo. La presencia de HAT en los hospitales europeos monitorizada mediante PM2.5 es baja, a excepción de la hallada en lugares en los que se permite fumar cuya concentración es elevada. Los hospitales miembros de la XCHsF presentan un mayor control de tabaquismo (medidas mediante el cuestionario europeo selfaudit) tras dos años de implantación de la Ley 28/2005 (2007) que los obtenidos antes de la Ley (2005). El programa de cesación tabáquica coordinado por la XCHsF dirigido a los trabajadores hospitalarios fumadores obtiene una alta probabilidad de abstinencia a los seis meses. Los trabajadores tratados con dependencia baja o media, los fumadores de 10-19 cigarrillos al día y los tratados con terapia combinada obtuvieron mejores tasas de abstinencia
"Implementation and Evaluation of Tobacco control Policies in Hospitals" Background: Several studies have shown that tobacco control policies favour the cessation of tobacco use, increase population support and improve compliance with smoke free policies. However, the impact of tobacco control measures in Catalan hospitals is unknown. Hypothesis: 1) The smoke free policy in hospitals reduces the prevalence of tobacco consumption among workers and increases compliance with smoke free regulations; 2) Law 28/2005 has increased tobacco control policies in hospitals; 3) has decreased second-hand smoke (SHS) levels among Catalan hospitals; 4) European hospitals which have developed the European smoke free model (ENSH) have low levels of SHS in different areas; 5) the smoking cessation program addressed to hospital employees achieves a high rate of abstinence. Aims: 1) To describe the effects on tobacco consumption after the gradual implementation of tobacco control policies in a hospital; 2) to evaluate the progression of tobacco control policies in hospitals members of the XCHsF before and after the implementation of Law 28/2005, 3) To assess the impact of tobacco control Law 28/2005 on exposure to SHS in public hospitals in Catalonia, before (2005) and after (2006) its implementation. 4) To describe the levels of SHS by the assessment of PM2.5 particles in a sample of European hospitals in 2007; 5) to evaluate the effectiveness of a smoking cessation program addressed to hospital workers. Methodology: Five studies have been conducted, which were: a series of cross-sectional surveys, a pre-post evaluation of tobacco control measures, two studies for the assessment of SHS- one in Catalonia, and another in 7 European countries- and a study evaluating the effectiveness of a smoking cessation program. Results: The tobacco consumption at one hospital dropped from 34.5% in 2001 to 30.6% in 2006. Smokers changed their consumption patterns with the reduction of the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the decrease of daily smokers. The average score of the implementation of tobacco control policies in hospitals was 52.4 (95% CI 45.4 to 59.5) in 2005 and 71.6 (95% CI 67.0 to 76.2) in 2007 (up 36.7%). The average median concentration of nicotine decreased 56.5% after the implementation of Law 28/2005. However, nicotine was found in hospitals halls, emergency rooms, fire escapes and cafeterias. The median concentrations of PM2.5 in a sample of 30 European hospitals were low (3.0 ug/m3). The abstinence probability of the XCHsF tobacco cessation program at 6 months was 0.504 (95% CI 0.431 to 0.570). Workers with higher nicotine dependence showed a lower likelihood of abstinence (0.376, 95% CI: .256 to .495) than the low-dependence (0.529, 95% CI 0.458 to 0.599). There is a high probability of abstinence among workers treated with combined drug therapy (bupropion and nicotine replacement) (0.761, 95% CI 0.588 to 0.933). Conclusions: Tobacco control policies in hospitals are associated with a slight decline in smoking consumption, reduction of levels of SHS, and high probability of abstinence at 6 months.

The prevalence of smoking among the homeless is high. It is three or four times higher than in the general population. A combination of factors makes smoking among the population experiencing homelessness particularly dangerous with a higher possibility of health complications. Habits like tobacco scavenging and the high amount of money they have to spend, when considering the cost of cigarettes in a context of an extremely low income, to maintain the addiction and avoid the craving symptoms resulting from nicotine abstinence places this particular group in a vulnerable situation. This review chapter seeks a better understanding of what is known about tobacco use in its various forms within the homeless population. It summarizes the medical literature surrounding the topic and tries to understand if there are prevention or treatment strategies to approach smoking in this population.

Tobacco use remains the single most important preventable cause of premature death and disability in the United States and is a critical health issue for our nation’s youths. Cigarette smoking is the most common form of tobacco use among adolescents (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2001), with over 90% of adult smokers initiating smoking at or before age 19 years (Mowery, Brick, & Farrelly, 2000). Consequently, reduction of tobacco use during adolescence is especially critical before lifelong smoking habits are established. Current national health objectives for children and adolescents focus on reducing health risks related to tobacco use and exposure to secondhand smoke (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2000). Specific objectives include reducing the initiation of tobacco use among children and adolescents, reducing their average age of first use of tobacco products, increasing cessation attempts by current smokers, and reducing the proportion of children who are regularly exposed to tobacco smoke in the home. These health objectives are especially important for children and adolescents with cancer, who may be at even greater risk than their healthy peers for tobacco-related health problems because of their compromised health status (Hollen & Hobbie, 1996). Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has similar serious consequences for the child with cancer (Alligne & Stoddard, 1997; Cook & Strachan, 1999). Interventions that attempt to prevent, reduce, or terminate tobacco use and ETS exposure could therefore contribute to a decrease in the morbidity and mortality of patients treated for cancer. This chapter reviews the prevalence of tobacco use, the magnified health effects associated with tobacco use, and some of the correlates associated with tobacco use among young patients treated for cancer. We also describe tobacco interventions that have been conducted with this population and discuss how health care providers involved in the treatment or long-term care of childhood cancer patients can assist their high-risk patients in making healthy lifestyle choices, including the decision to abstain from, reduce, or quit smoking and to avoid environmental tobacco exposures. Tobacco use is a significant behavioral health problem that poses serious health risks for young patients treated for cancer.

Cancer disease is the second largest disease in the world with high death mortality. Cancer is an abnormal growth of a normal cell. There are more than 100 types of cancer like blood cancer, brain cancer, small intestine cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, etc. The type of cancer can be classified by the type of cell which is initially affected. When cancer grows it does not show any symptom. The symptom will appear when the cancer cell grows in mass and the symptom of cancer depends on the type of cancer. The cause of cancers is environmental pollutants, food habits, inherited genetics, tobacco, stress, etc., but in practice, it is not possible to prove the cause of cancer since various cancers do not have specific fingerprints. After the heart attack, cancer is a second killer disease in India. The death mortality is high in cancer because in most of the cases it is identified at the final stage which causes more death. According to ICMR, among 1.27 billion Indian populations, the incidence of cancer is 70-90 per 100,000 populations and 70% of cancer is identified in the last stage accounting for high morality. There are many types of treatment to treat cancer and they are surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, hormone therapy, stem cell transplant, etc. All cancer treatments will have side effects and the treatments will help only if the cancer cells are identified at the early stage. So time factor is important in diagnosing of cancer cells; hence, early detection of cancer will reduce the mortality rate. This chapter proposed the early detection of cancer cells using image processing techniques by the structure of circulating tumor cell. Early detection of cancer cells is very difficult because the concentration of cancer cells are extremely small and about one million malignant cell is encountered per billion of healthy cells. The circulating tumor cells, CTC, are shed into the bloodstream as a tumor grows, and it is believed these cells initiate the spread of cancer. CTC are rare, existing as only a few per one billion blood cells, and a highly efficient technology like chip-based biosensor platforms is required to capture the CTC, which in turn helps to detect cancer cell at an early stage before spreading. In proposed method, the circulating tumor cell has used a marker to detect cancer at early stage.

Sociodemographic and lifestyle aspects versus access to breast cancer treatment — Single Health System (SHS) and Supplementary Health — were evaluated in a prospective cohort of patients with breast cancer. This is a cross-sectional study with 705 patients. As compared with sociodemographic characteristics, 56.5% (n=398) of the patients were seen through Supplementary Health, and for both SHS and Supplementary Health patients, there is a higher frequency of women aged above 50 years, with 62.2% (n=191) and 51% (n=203) (p=0.002); married, 48.2% (n=148) and 66.6% (n=265) (p <0.001); white, 69.4% (n=213) and 82.1% (n=325) (p<0.001); and for the level of education, 37.1% (n=114) of those with SHS had completed high school and 55.7% (n=221) (p<0.001) of those with Supplementary Health had completed college. The first mammogram occurred between the ages of 18 and 40 years, 72.5% (n=206) of the SHS participants and 88.6% (n=342) (p<0.001) for Supplementary Health; own housing for 90.6% (n=278) and 89.4% (n=354) (p<0.001); denied tobacco use, 65.5% (n=201) and 74.7% (n=296) (p=0.005); and alcohol consumption, 87.6% (n=269) and 77.2% (n=305) (p<0.001). However, there was no difference regarding previous diagnosis of breast cancer in 55.3% (n=114) and 64% (n=178) (p<0.001) and the type of care; eutrophic body mass index was 38.4% (n=118) and 42.1% (n=167) (p=0.079), respectively. Access to SHS and supplementary health care, age above 50 years, married, white, level of education, age at first mammogram, home ownership, smoking habits, and consumption of alcoholic beverages were significantly different; BMI was not different in the two groups. Therefore, the lifestyle of SHS and Supplementary Health patients was statistically different in this cohort of patients.