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Mugiastuti, Endang, Loekas Soesanto, and Abdul Manan. "Penerapan Teknologi Pengendalian Penyakit Tanaman Yang Ramah Lingkungan Pada Tembakau." JPPM (Jurnal Pengabdian dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat) 2, no. 2 (October 19, 2018): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.30595/jppm.v2i2.1793.
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Tobacco is one of the most important plants which were cultivated by Farmers Groups "Darma Mukti Tani I" and "Karya Tani" of Wangon District, Banyumas Regency. However, several obstacles often interfere with the production of tobacco, including quite high tobacco pests and diseases. Socialization of plant pests diseases management by using Trichoderma sp. and Pseudomonas fluorescens biopesticides, needs to be done. The activity aimed was to increase knowledge and skills of farmers on pests and diseases in tobacco and their management measures with biological pesticides. Issues addressed farmers partners with several technology solution, which was conducted by the transfer of technology through education, training, demonstration plots, and mentoring. Dissemination activities were able to increase their knowledge of pests and diseases, their control, and the control of environmental friendly as 58,82, 62,5, and 67.67%, respectively. The training activities of P. fluorescens exploration was able to improve their ability as 166.67%. Propagation activity and application training could improve their ability for 100 and 73,33%, respectively. The training activities of Trichoderma sp. exploration were able to improve their ability as 94,44%, while the propagation and application training could improve their ability, respectively, as 73,33 and 88.23%. Application of biological pesticides P. fluorescens and Trichoderma sp. at demonstration plot was able to increase growth and reduced the intensity of bacterial and fusarium wilt disease by 40-50%.Keywords: Tobacco, technology transfer, pests and diseases, biological control.
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Siregar, Ameilia Zuliyanti. "LITERASI INVENTARISASI HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TEMBAKAU DELI DI PERKEBUNAN SUMATERA UTARA." Jurnal Pertanian Tropik 3, no. 3 (December 1, 2016): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jpt.v3i3.2978.
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Tobacco Deli" Sumatra, the belle of the European cigar tobacco is an economically valuable commodity exports as a source of foreign exchange. Deli tobacco leaf wrapper cigar known as the number one in the world, so it is still needed by plants producing high-quality cigars. Approach to literacy method in the inventory of the tobacco plant pest and disease appropriately in order to improve tobacco produktiviats to foreign countries. The main pests of tobacco plants were identified from the source of literacy is Thrips parvispinus, Spodoptera litura, Helicoperva armigera, Myzus persicae, Agrotis ipsilon, Heliothis, Meloydogyinae, Aphis sp, Thrips sp, Bemisia sp. While the types of diseases that often attack the tobacco plant was charred trunks, black shank, homeopathic leaf, spotting coelat, late blight and viruses. Preparation of seed healthy and productive; tillage seeding and planting land; Biological Control Agents consumption (BCA), rice husk ash, ash kitchen, liquid organic fertilizer and weed-free treatment that is an appropriate way to improve the productivity of tobacco as a commodity exporting country Indonesia.
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Cazé, Ana, Adriana Lacerda, Débora Lüders, Juliana Conto, Jair Marques, and Tony Leroux. "Perception of the Quality of Life of Tobacco Growers Exposed to Pesticides: Emphasis on Health, Hearing, and Working Conditions." International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology 23, no. 01 (July 5, 2018): 050–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1639606.
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Introduction Tobacco farming exposes workers to various health risks due to the high application of pesticides needed to control pests, weeds and fungal diseases that prevent the tobacco plant growth. Objective To analyze the perception of the quality of life of tobacco growers exposed to pesticides, with emphasis on general health, hearing, and working conditions. Method This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study using a quantitative approach with farmers from southern Brazil. Data were collected from November of 2012 to November of 2014. For data collection, we opted for the 36-item short form health survey (SF-36) questionnaire, and a questionnaire with closed questions about health, hearing and working conditions. We evaluated a total of 78 subjects; the study group, made up of 40 tobacco farmers exposed to pesticides, and a control group of 38 participants without occupational exposure to pesticides. Both groups are residents of the same municipality, and users of the federal public health system. Results The results showed that tobacco growers had lower quality of life scores compared with the control group. Significant differences were observed in the areas of pain and general health. There were correlations between physical elements and chronic diseases; hearing complaints and a lack of personal protective equipment use, occupation and hearing complaints, as well as general health and hearing complaints. Conclusion Tobacco farming is a risky activity for general and hearing health, and it can impact the quality of life of those working in this field.
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Kristiawan, Avrida, Suharto Suharto, and Wildan Jatmiko. "UJI EFEKTIVITAS INSEKTISIDA NABATI BERBAHAN BIJI MIMBA (Azadiractha indica A. Juss) DAN LIMBAH DAUN TEMBAKAU (Nicotiana tabacum L.) UNTUK MENGENDALIKAN Spodoptera litura F." Berkala Ilmiah Pertanian 2, no. 1 (February 12, 2019): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/bip.v2i1.16118.
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ABSTRACT
 Spodoptera litura F. is a pest that causes a decrease in production at various plant phases. S litura attacks the leaves and fruit of the plant, causing leaves to be slightly whitish because only the upper leaves are left behind. The cause of the high attack of pests is resistance to the use of chemical insecticides that are used continuously. The negative impact of the use of chemical insecticides can be reduced by the use of vegetal insecticides made from neem seeds and tobacco leaf waste. The study was conducted in May to June 2017, through two stages. The first stage is preparation includes the multiplication and maintenance of S litura, tool sterilization, and extraction of vegetal insecticides in the Laboratory of Pests and Diseases. The second stage of preparation includes the application of vegetal insecticides to S litura. The application of the treatment uses factorial Randomized Complete Design (RAL) with the first factor, which is neem seed (M), and vegetal insecticides made from tobacco leaf waste (T) and the second factor Concentration (D) includes 5 concentrations namely 15%, 12.5%, 10%, 7.5%, 5% plus controls as a comparison with an accuracy value of 95% and continued Duncan test 95%. The combination of treatment was the concentration of pulp seeds of 15%, neem seed concentration of 12.5%, neem seed concentration of 10%, neem seed concentration of 7.5%, pulp concentration of 5%, tobacco leaf waste concentration of 15%, tobacco leaf waste concentration of 12.5 %, 10% tobacco leaf waste concentration, 7.5% tobacco leaf waste concentration, 5% tobacco leaf waste concentration. Neem seeds are the best vegetal insecticides to control as many as S litura pests. The best concentration to increase production is 15%.
 Keywords : Tabacco Leaf Waste, Neem Seeds, Concentration, S. litura F.
 ABSTRAK
 Spodoptera litura F. merupakan hama pemakan daun hingga habis, sehingga hanya tertinggal bagian epidermis daun dan tulang-tulang daun saja (Kurmia, 2017). Penyebab tingginya serangan hama ini dikarenakan karena resistensi hama akibat penggunaan insektisida kimia yang digunakan secara terus menerus. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Mei sampai Juni 2017, melalui dua tahap. Tahap pertama adalah persiapan meliputi perbanyakan dan pemeliharaan S litura, sterilisasi alat, dan ektraksi insektisda nabati Labolatorium Hama dan Penyakit. Tahap kedua persiapanya meliputi aplikasi insektisida nabati pada S litura. Pengaplikasian perlakuan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) faktorial dengan faktor pertama yaitu insketisida nabati berbahan biji mimba (M), dan insektisida nabati berbahan limbah daun tembakau (T) dan faktor kedua Konsentrasi (D) meliputi 5 konsentrasi yaitu 15%, 12,5%, 10%, 7,5%, 5% ditambah kontrol sebagai pembanding dengan nilai ketepatan 95% dan dilanjutkan uji Duncan 95%. Kombinasi perlakuan yaitu konsentrasi biji mimba 15%, konsentrasi biji mimba 12,5%, konsentrasi biji mimba 10%, konsentrasi biji mimba 7,5%, konsentrasi mimba 5%, konsentrasi limbah daun tembakau 15%, konsentrasi limbah daun tembakau 12,5%, konsentrasi limbah daun tembakau 10%, konsentrasi limbah daun tembakau 7,5%, konsentrasi limbah daun tembakau 5%.
 Kata Kunci : Limbah Daun Tembakau, Biji Mimba, Konsentrasi, dan S. litura F
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Mamun, MSA, and M. Ahmed. "Prospect of Indigenous Plant Extracts in Tea Pest Management." International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 1, no. 1-2 (February 22, 2013): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v1i1-2.13924.
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Tea is a popular beverage made from the leaves of evergreen shrub or tree Camellia sinensis, under the family Theaceae. Tea plant is subjected to the attack of insects, mites, nematodes and some plant pathogenic diseases. Tea production is greatly hindered due to these maladies. About 10-15% crop loss occurred by these pests per annum. In severe cases, it would be 100%. To combat these problems different groups of pesticides have been used in the tea fields since 1960. As tea is a consumable commodity, the effect of residue of pesticides in made tea is harmful to human health. In this context, biopesticides are being considered as environmentally safe, selective, biodegradable, economical and renewable alternatives for use in IPM programmes. Biopesticides are natural plant products and may be grown by the planters with minimum cost and extracted by indigenous methods. Biopesticides are secondary metabolites, which include alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, and minor secondary chemicals. It is estimated that as many as 2121 plant species have been reported to posses pest control properties. Botanicals like neem, ghora-neem, mahogoni, karanja, adathoda, sweet flag, tobacco, derris, annona, smart weed, bar weed, datura, calotropis, bidens, lantana, chrysanthemum, artemisia, marigold, clerodendrum, wild sunflower and many others may be grown by planters with minimum expense and extracted by indigenous methods. These botanical materials can be used as an alternative to chemical pesticides. These botanical extracts will help in controlling major pests of tea such as Helopeltis, red spider mite, aphids, thrips, jassid, flushworm, termites, nematodes etc. The present note reviews the information of most widely available indigenous plants that may be used for the control of insect pests of tea as a component of IPM. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v1i1-2.13924 Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 1 (1&2): 16-23, December, 2011
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Nurindah. "Konsep dan Implementasi Teknologi Budi Daya Ramah Lingkungan pada Tanaman Tembakau, Serat, dan Minyak Industri Concept and Implementation of Environmentally-Friendly Technologies in Cultivation of Tobacco, Fiber, and Industrial Oil Crops." Buletin Tanaman Tembakau, Serat & Minyak Industri 1, no. 1 (October 10, 2016): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/bultas.v1n1.2009.41-54.
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<p>Penerapan teknologi ramah lingkungan budi daya tanaman pada suatu lahan akan dapat mempertahankan kelestarian lingkungan. Penciptaan teknologi budi daya tanaman tembakau, serat, dan minyak industri di-arahkan pada teknologi yang dapat meningkatkan produktivitas dan mutu hasil, efisiensi biaya usaha tani, dan ramah lingkungan. Teknologi ramah lingkungan difokuskan pada penemuan komponen teknologi prapa-nen yang mempunyai dampak minimal terhadap pencemaran atau perusakan lingkungan, yang meliputi va-rietas-varietas unggul, teknik pengendalian hama dan penyakit, teknik konservasi lahan tembakau. Varietas-varietas unggul tersebut adalah varietas-varietas yang mempunyai ketahanan terhadap hama dan penyakit, yaitu tembakau Prancak 95, Prancak N1, Prancak N2, Kemloko 2, dan Grompol Jatim 1; kapas: Kanesia 11–Kanesia 13; kenaf: Karangploso 14–Karangploso 15; wijen: Sumberrejo 4; dan jarak kepyar: Asembagus 81. Teknik pengendalian hama dan penyakit yang ramah lingkungan adalah teknologi pengendalian hama yang membatasi atau meniadakan penggunaan insektisida kimia sintetik dan menerapkan teknik pengendalian de-ngan memanfaatkan peran musuh alami serangga hama atau antagonis patogen penyebab penyakit, dan penggunaan pestisida nabati. Teknik konservasi lahan untuk mengendalikan erosi dan penyakit lincat dikem-bangkan pada lahan tembakau temanggung dengan menerapkan penggunaan varietas tahan penyakit, pem-buatan terassering dan penguatnya, pengolahan lahan minimal, dan aplikasi mikroba antagonis. Teknologi ramah lingkungan tersebut telah diterapkan di tingkat petani dan memberikan dampak yang positif terhadap pengembangan komoditas.</p><p>Technology innovations for tobacco, fibers, and industrial-oil crops are directed to increase production and quality of the products, efficiency, and environmentally-friendly technologies. The efficiency and environ-menttally-friendly technologies are focused on the pre-harvest technology innovations that have minimal im-pacts on environmental damages. The technologies include superior varieties, pest control, and land conser-vation. The superior varieties are those that resistant to either insect pests or diseases, i.e. tobacco: Prancak 95, Prancak N1, Prancak N2, Kemloko 2, and Grompol Jatim 1; cotton: Kanesia 11–Kanesia 13; kenaf: Ka-rangploso 14–Karangploso 15; sesame: Sumberrejo 4; and castor: Asembagus 81. Environmentally-friendly pest control is to limit or no use synthetic-chemical pesticides in pest control, but optimally make use the role of natural enemies and antagonists and use biopesticides. Land conservation technique to control erosi-on as well as ”lincat’ disease has been developed in fields of temanggung tobacco by using tobacco variety resistant to the disease, terracering, minimum tillage, and application of antagonist microbes. Those techno-logies has been implemented in the farmers’ fields and has a positive impacts for the commodity develop-ment.</p><p> </p>
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Koch, Claudia, Fabian J. Eber, Carlos Azucena, Alexander Förste, Stefan Walheim, Thomas Schimmel, Alexander M. Bittner, et al. "Novel roles for well-known players: from tobacco mosaic virus pests to enzymatically active assemblies." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 7 (April 25, 2016): 613–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.7.54.
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The rod-shaped nanoparticles of the widespread plant pathogentobacco mosaic virus(TMV) have been a matter of intense debates and cutting-edge research for more than a hundred years. During the late 19th century, their behavior in filtration tests applied to the agent causing the 'plant mosaic disease' eventually led to the discrimination of viruses from bacteria. Thereafter, they promoted the development of biophysical cornerstone techniques such as electron microscopy and ultracentrifugation. Since the 1950s, the robust, helically arranged nucleoprotein complexes consisting of a single RNA and more than 2100 identical coat protein subunits have enabled molecular studies which have pioneered the understanding of viral replication and self-assembly, and elucidated major aspects of virus–host interplay, which can lead to agronomically relevant diseases. However, during the last decades, TMV has acquired a new reputation as a well-defined high-yield nanotemplate with multivalent protein surfaces, allowing for an ordered high-density presentation of multiple active molecules or synthetic compounds. Amino acid side chains exposed on the viral coat may be tailored genetically or biochemically to meet the demands for selective conjugation reactions, or to directly engineer novel functionality on TMV-derived nanosticks. The natural TMV size (length: 300 nm) in combination with functional ligands such as peptides, enzymes, dyes, drugs or inorganic materials is advantageous for applications ranging from biomedical imaging and therapy approaches over surface enlargement of battery electrodes to the immobilization of enzymes. TMV building blocks are also amenable to external control of in vitro assembly and re-organization into technically expedient new shapes or arrays, which bears a unique potential for the development of 'smart' functional 3D structures. Among those, materials designed for enzyme-based biodetection layouts, which are routinely applied, e.g., for monitoring blood sugar concentrations, might profit particularly from the presence of TMV rods: Their surfaces were recently shown to stabilize enzymatic activities upon repeated consecutive uses and over several weeks. This review gives the reader a ride through strikingly diverse achievements obtained with TMV-based particles, compares them to the progress with related viruses, and focuses on latest results revealing special advantages for enzyme-based biosensing formats, which might be of high interest for diagnostics employing 'systems-on-a-chip'.
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Wiratno, Siswanto, and I. M. Trisawa. "Prospek Ekstrak Daun Tembakau Sebagai Nematisida Nabati." Buletin Tanaman Tembakau, Serat & Minyak Industri 5, no. 2 (October 10, 2016): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/bultas.v5n2.2013.91-98.
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<p>Nematisida nabati adalah salah satu jenis nematisida alami yang saat ini sedang banyak dipelajari peranan-nya dalam mengendalikan nematoda. Nematisida ini relatif aman bagi lingkungan dan organisme hidup karena bahan aktifnya berasal dari senyawa metabolit sekunder tanaman yang mudah terurai. Pemanfaatan senyawa metabolit sekunder tanaman sebagai bahan aktif nematisida nabati didasarkan pada fungsinya bagi tanaman, di antaranya sebagai sarana untuk perlindungan diri dari serangan hama dan penyakit. Salah satu tanaman yang berpotensi untuk dikembangkan adalah tembakau (Nicotiana tabacum). Daun tembakau mengandung senyawa nikotin dan secara in vivo mampu membunuh nematoda Meloidogyne incognita dengan nilai LC50 dan LC90 berturut-turut sebesar 1,9 dan 3,6 mg ekstrak/ml air. Nematoda yang mati terpapar ekstrak daun tembakau berbentuk keriting (curly), menyerupai bentuk nematoda yang mati terpapar insektisida organo-fosfat dan karbamat yang menghambat pembentukan senyawa acetylcholine dalam sistem syaraf organisme hidup. Fenomena ini dapat dijadikan salah satu indikator untuk mendeteksi cara kerja berbagai senyawa se-kunder tanaman dalam membunuh hama yang hingga kini masih belum banyak diketahui. Tujuan dari penu-lisan tinjauan ini adalah untuk mengkaji prospek ekstrak daun tembakau sebagai nematisida nabati, juga sebagai alternatif diversifikasi pemanfaatan tembakau selain untuk bahan baku rokok.</p><p> </p><p>Botanical nematicide is one type of natural pesticide, which is currently being studied for its role in the control of nematodes. This nematicide is safer for the environment and living organisms as the active ingredient de-rived from secondary metabolite of plants is biodegradable. Utilization of this compound as active ingredients of botanical nematicide is based on naturally used as a mean of self-protection against pests and diseases. One plant that potentially to be used as nematicide is tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Tobacco leaves extract is able to kill the root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, with LC50 and LC90 values are 1.9 and 3.6 mg extract/ml of water, respectively. Body of the dead nematodes exposed by this extract shows curly shape similar to that of exposed by an organophosphate and carbamate groups, which acts as acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors. Meanwhile the body of naturally dead nematode shows straight shape. This phenomenon can be used as an indicator to detect the mode of action of plant secondary metabolite compounds that have not been widely known. This paper would discuss about possibility of using extracted tobacco leaf as botanical nematicide, and also alternatife of tobacco diversification usage except cigarette.</p>
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Dervis, S., M. Arslan, C. U. Serce, S. Soylu, and I. Uremis. "First Report of a Root Rot Caused by Phytophthora palmivora on Lavandula angustifolia in Turkey." Plant Disease 95, no. 8 (August 2011): 1035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-11-0306.
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English Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) has been considered an alternative crop to tobacco in Hatay Province of Turkey because of its great production potential. As a new, nonnative crop, diseases and pests of lavender are not well known in the region. In summer 2010, root rot symptoms were observed with an average incidence of 45% in a 2-year-old lavender nursery in Hatay. Initial symptoms of chlorosis and wilting were followed by progressive death of the plants starting at the shoot tips. An oomycetous species was isolated consistently from the stems and roots of diseased plants on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with several fungicides and antibiotics. The culture of the single-zoospore isolate produced arachnoid growth on PDA. Chlamydospores of the isolate were approximately 35.0 μm in diameter. The isolate produced papillate, caduceus, hyaline sporangia in different shapes ranging from spherical to ellipsoidal. Sporangia with short pedicels (5 μm) were 35.0 to 57.5 × 27.5 to 42.5 μm with a length/width ratio of 1.2 to 1.8. On the basis of symptoms and morphology of the organism, the pathogen was identified as Phytophthora palmivora (E.J. Butler) E.J. Butler (3). Identification of the isolate was also confirmed by comparison of the sequence of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region with reference isolates. The ITS region of rDNA was amplified by PCR with primers ITS1/ITS4 and sequenced (GenBank Accession No. JF777117). BLAST analysis of the sequence obtained showed a 99 to 100% homology with P. palmivora. Pathogenicity tests were performed on 12 greenhouse-grown 2-year-old lavender plants in 2-liter pots containing a steamed sand/peat/soil mixture. After rooting, the plants were inoculated by placing mycelial plugs from a 1-week-old culture of the isolate into an incision made at the base of each plant. Control plants were treated with plugs of sterile PDA. Inoculated plants were kept at 27°C for 5 weeks. Similar symptoms developed on the inoculated plants within 4 weeks after inoculation. P. palmivora was consistently reisolated from symptomatic plants. No symptoms developed on control plants. P. palmivora attacks a wide range of crop species including lavenders (1,2,4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of a root rot caused by P. palmivora, a new pathogen of lavender in Turkey. References: (1) S. Davino et al. Plant Dis. 86:561, 2002. (2) D. C. Erwin and O. K. Ribeiro. Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. The American Phytopathological Society, St Paul, MN, 1996. (3) D. J. Stamps. C.M.I. Descr. Fungi Bact. 831:1, 1985. (4) G. A. Torres et al. Plant Dis. 94:1163, 2010.
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Chang-Sidorchuk, Lidia, Heidy González-Alvarez, and Yamila Martínez-Zubiaur. "Begomoviruses infecting common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in production areas in Cuba." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 16, no. 2 (July 11, 2018): e1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2018162-11735.
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Viral diseases caused by begomoviruses are economically important for their depressing impact on common bean production in Cuba. Mayabeque is a Cuban province where this crop is significantly grown and affectations by Bean golden yellow mosaic virus (BGYMV) have been detected in the last 30 years. Integrated pest management (IPM) programs in this crop have allowed controlling the disease for a long time. However, in prospections of the last years, an increase of the incidence of various yellowing symptoms typical of begomoviruses has been observed in common bean production areas. DNA was extracted from leaf samples taken from symptomatic plants. Non-radioactive nucleic acid hybridization and a specific PCR assay were used to detect BGYMV, Common bean severe mosaic virus, Common bean mottle virus, and Tobacco leaf curl Cuba virus. Of the 218 bean plants sampled, 89.5 % was positive to BGYMV; the presence of the rest of the begomovirus species was between 3 and 4% (3.08% of CBMoV, 3.08% of TbLCCuV and 4.32% of CBSMV). The viral DNA from some samples was analyzed by rolling circle amplification (RCA), by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis using restriction enzymes, and by cloning and sequencing of the viral components. The DNA sequences from BGYMV isolates showed 98% of identity with the isolates reported in Cuba in 2003. The infection by Tobacco leaf curl Cuba virus (TbLCCuV) was confirmed also in fields in the Cuban western region. This is the first work where the DNA-B of TbLCCuV is identified. These studies will help to strengthen phytosanitary surveillance and management programs implemented in the country to control the whitefly-begomovirus complex in this economically important crop.
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Kurniati, Ridha, Nurdin Saidi, and Rosnani Nasution. "ANTIFEEDANT ACTIVITY FROM NEEM LEAF EXTRACT (Azadirachta indica A Juss)." Jurnal Natural 18, no. 1 (January 24, 2018): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jn.v18i1.8781.
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Antifeedant activity of neem leaf (A. indica A. Juss) has been identified by against Tenebrio molitor bio-indicator. The highest activity was obtained on ethyl acetate extract at 0.5% concentration having Antifeedant Index (AI) of 51.53% and most active at 10% concentration of 82.05%. The method used to test the antifeedant activity is the no choice leaf disk method. Secondary metabolites contained in neem leaf extract (A. indica A. juss) include terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, saponins and phenolics. Keywords: Neem leaf (Azadirachta Indica A.Juss), No choice leaf disk method, Antifeedant ActivityREFFERENCES Benge, M.D. 1986. Neem the Cornucopia Tree. S and T/FENR Agroforestation Technical Series No. 5. Agency for International Development Washington, D.C.190p.Schumutterer., H. 2002. Properties and Potensial of Natural pPsticides from Neem Tree, Azadirachta indica Ann. Rev. Entomol. 35; 271-291Alzohairy, M.A. 2016. Review Article Therapeutics Role of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Their Active Constituents in Diseases Prevention and Treatment, Article ID 7382506, 11p.4. Patel, S.M., Venkata., K.C.N., Bhattacharyya, P., Sethi, G., Bishayee, A. 2016. Potential of Neem (Azadirachta indica) For Prevention and treatment of Oncologic Diseases Seminar In Cancer BiologyDiabate, D., Gnago, J.A., Tano, Y., 2014. Toxicity, Antifeedant and Repellent, effect of Azadirachta indica A. Juss and Jatropa carcus L. aqueous extracts agaianst Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res. 4 (11) : 51 – 60Jeyasankar, A., and Gokilamani, D., 2016. Biology and eco-friendly control of Amaranth pests, Hymenia recurvalis Fabricus and Psara basalis (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) Inter. J. Acad. Stud. 2 (4): 218 – 230.Pavunraj, M., Muthu, C., Ignacimuthu,S., Janarthanan, S., Duraipandiyan, V., Raja, N. and Vimalraj, S. 2011. Antifeedant Activity of a Novel 6-(4,7-hydroxyl-heptyl)Quinone From The Leaves of The Milkweed Pergularia daemia on The Cotton Bollworm Helicoverpa armegera (Hub.) and The Tobacco Armworm Spodoptera litura (Fab.) Phytoparasitica 39 : 145 – 150.Munoz, E., Lamilla, C., Marin, J.C., Alarcon, J., Cespedes, C.L.m 2012. Antifeedant, Insect Growth and Insecticidal Effec of Calceolaria talcana (Calceolariaceae) on Dropsopphila melanogaster and Spodoptera frugiperda Industrial Crops and Product, 42, 137 – 144.Saxena, M., Saxena, J., Nema, R., Singh, D and Gupta, A. 2013. Phytochemistry of Medicinal Plants Journal pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 1;6.Liu, L., Zhao, Y.L., Cheng, G.G., Chen, Y.Y., Qin, angX.J., C.C.W., Yang, X.W., Liu, Y.P., Luo, X.D, 2014. Antifeedant activity and effect of fruits and seed extract of Cabralea canjerana canjerana (Vell.) Mart. (Meliaceae) on the immature stages of the fall armworm Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Crops and Product. 65 ; 156 – 158.Schoonhven, LM. 1982. Biologycal Aspect of Antifeedant . Ent, Exp and Appl .31: 57 - 69Gahukar, R.T. 2014. Factor Affecting Content and Bioefficacy of Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) Phytochemicals used in Agriculture pest control A Review. Crop Protection. 62: 93 – 99.Pattanaik, S.J., Ranghupati, N.D.,Chary, P.2006.Ecomorphometric Marker Reflect Variation in Azadirachtin Contents of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae) in Select Regions of Andhra Pradesh India. Curr. Sci, 91:628 – 636.Adel, M.M., Sehnal, H., Jurzysta, M. 2000. Effects of Alfalfa safonin on the Moth Spodoptera litura Journal of Chemical Ecology, 26 : 7-14Shuklar, Y.N., Rani, A. Tripathi,A.K., Sharma, S. 1996. Antifeedant, Activity of Ursolic Acid Isolation from Duboisia myoporoides Phytotheraphy, 10 : 359 – 360Walter, J.F. 1999. Commercial With Neem Product, P. 155-170. In Franklin R, Hall and Julius J. Menn. Biopesticides Use and Delivery. Humana Press. Totowo, New Jersey.
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Nielsen, M. T. "Tobacco." Outlook on Agriculture 16, no. 2 (June 1987): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072708701600205.
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Despite concern about health hazards, tobacco is still not only the most widely grown non-food crop but annual production is rising: the last two decades have seen a 50 per cent increase worldwide. In many countries it is of major economic importance but because it is mostly grown on small plots using cheap labour, mechanisation and the use of herbicides for weed control is not usually rewarding, though the chemical control of insect pests is widely practised. For the small producer, the development of new resistant varieties is particularly important.
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Shelp, Barry J., Owen R. Van Cauwenberghe, and Alan W. Bown. "Gamma aminobutyrate: from intellectual curiosity to practical pest control." Canadian Journal of Botany 81, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 1045–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b03-105.
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The authors describe the development of gamma aminobutyrate (GABA) as a potential control agent in plant invertebrate pest systems. The evidence indicates that GABA accumulation in plants in response to biotic and abiotic stresses is mediated via the activation of glutamate decarboxylase. More applied research, based on the fact that GABA acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in invertebrate pests, indicates that ingested GABA disrupts nerve functioning and causes damage to oblique-banded leafroller larvae, and that walking or herbivory by tobacco budworm and oblique-banded leafroller larvae stimulate GABA accumulation in soybean and tobacco, respectively. In addition, elevated levels of endogenous GABA in genetically engineered tobacco deter feeding by tobacco budworm larvae and infestation by the northern root-knot nematode. It is concluded that genetically engineered crop species overexpressing glutamate decarboxylase and having high GABA-producing potential may be an alternative strategy to chemical pesticides for the management of invertebrate pests.Key words: gamma aminobutyrate, glutamate decarboxylase, invertebrate pests, plant defense.
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Wei, X., and G. Marks. "Tobacco control." International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 24, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.20.0013.
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Bayu, Marida Santi Yudha Ika, Yusmani Prayogo, and Gatut Wahyu Anggoro Susanto. "INTEGRATED BIOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGY TO CONTROL MUNGBEAN PESTS AND DISEASES." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 22, no. 1 (July 9, 2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v22n1.2021.p8-16.
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The main constraints to increase mungbean production in Indonesia are pests and diseases. The application of integrated biological agents can improve the efficacy of controlling the mungbean pests and diseases. The study aimed to determine the efficacy of integrated biological agents to suppress mungbean pests and diseases. This field research was conducted from May to July 2018 using a randomized block design with seven treatments and four replicates. The treatments were: T1 = Trichol + NSP, T2 = Trichol + SlNPV, T3 = Trichol + NSP + SlNPV, T4 = Trichol + NSP + SlNPV + BeBas, T5 = Trichol + NSP + SlNPV + BeBas + GE, T6 = chemical pesticides, and T7 = control. The results showed that the highest efficacy occurred in T4 and T5 treatments which saved the yield loss from major pests and diseases attack, and did not differ significantly with chemical pesticides (T6). Treatments T4 was able to reduce the development of soil borne diseases by 3% and suppress Spodoptera litura attack by 9.8% as compared to chemical treatment. T4 was also more efficient than T5 because it uses less biological agents. The advantage of biological agents is compatible if they were used together with predators such as Oxyopes sp., Paederus sp. and Coccinella sp; and also Telenomus sp. and Trichogramma sp. parasitoids. On the other hand, the chemical pesticides (T6) killed all existing natural enemies. Therefore, T4 could be recommended for controlling mungbean pests and diseases.
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Blanc, M., P. Kaelin, and F. Gadani. "Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) for the Control of Insect Pests in Stored Tobacco: A Review." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 20, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0727.
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AbstractAmong the insect species causing infestations and serious damages to stored commodities, the cigarette beetle,Lasiodermaserricorne(F.) and the tobacco moth,Ephestiaelutella(Hübner) are the major pests of both raw and manufactured tobacco. Post-harvest tobacco control is achieved through sanitation, insect monitoring, and fumigation with phosphine. However, insect resistance to phosphine and control failures have been reported, and increasing regulatory pressure is being exerted on fumigants. Biological control agents such asBacillus thuringiensis(Bt) appear to be environmentally sound and potentially viable alternatives to chemical control. Bt is a bacterium that produces insecticidal crystal proteins during the sporulation phase and has been, for more than 40 years, the microorganism of choice for the biocontrol of phytophagous insect pests. It produces insecticidal crystal proteins that display specific activity against certain orders of insects and become active upon ingestion by the insect. Our laboratory has conducted extensive research and worldwide surveys to evaluate the presence of Bt in stored tobacco and has confirmed previous findings indicating that Bt may be considered part of the naturally occurring phylloplanemicroflora. Several Bt strains were isolated from tobacco and characterized by DNA and protein profiling. The insecticidal activity of selected strains and of two commercial products against the larvae ofL. serricornewas determined by diet incorporation assays. Moreover, the stability of Bt spores and crystal proteins on cured tobacco leaves was assessed over a storage period of time of 30 months. Cigarette prototypes were made with Bt-treated tobacco. Standard cigarette and smoke evaluations did not show any significant difference between the test and control cigarettes. Although the tested Bt strains and products did not yield satisfactory levels of mortality at the required times and doses, the experimental results summarized in the present review indicate thatB. thuringiensishas potential for the control of the cigarette beetle. The integration of conventional control approaches with novel systems based on biological agents with different modes of action should offer new avenues for the effective management of stored tobacco pests in line with integrated pest management (IPM) concepts.
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Visutsak, Porawat. "Ontology-Based Semantic Retrieval for Durian Pests and Diseases Control System." International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing 11, no. 1 (January 2021): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijmlc.2021.11.1.1019.
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In Southeast Asia, durian is affectionately called the king of fruit. Durian is the most popular crop planted in eastern and southern of Thailand. The total crop is around 600,000 tons per year; among this, 500,000 tons of the total production were exported worldwide. In Thailand, the knowledge of durian production is based on experience from generation to generation, especially the knowledge of durian pests and diseases control. This paper presents the ontology knowledge based for durian pests and diseases retrieval system. The major contributions of the system consist of 1) the stored knowledge of durian pests and diseases and 2) the diagnosis of durian diseases and the suggestions for the treatments. The ontology knowledge consists of 8 main classes: 1) diseases, 2) pests, 3) cultivars, 4) symptoms of bunch, 5) leaf area symptoms, 6) symptoms of the branches and trunk, 7) symptoms of fruit, and 8) symptoms of root and growth. The experimental results yielded 100% of precision, 88.33% of recall, and 93.8% of overall performance.
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Syarief, Mohammad, Imamah Imamah, Husni Husni, and Akhmad Tajuddin Tholaby MS. "Mobile expert for Tobacco Disease Identification Using The Fuzzy Inference System Tsukamoto." Jurnal Edukasi dan Penelitian Informatika (JEPIN) 6, no. 1 (April 27, 2020): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/jp.v6i1.37258.
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Madura Island is a producer of aromatics tobacco known as Madura Tobacco. One type of Madura tobacco that has superior quality is tobacco Campalok. This tobacco is only in the village of Bakeong Guluk-Guluk district of Sumenep. Its price for each kilogram can penetrate up to two million rupiahs. But failing to harvest due to illness or pests can decrease the quality and price of tobacco Campalok, while the access to consult the agricultural experts in Sumenep district is far enough so the public difficulty getting information faster on tobacco disease treatment. This is the underlying research on the expert system for the identification of diseases in the Android-based tobacco crop.This Expert System was developed by utilizing Android-based mobile technology using the Fuzzy Inference System Tsukamoto method. Farmers who will use this application only enter the characteristics of tobacco leaves that are exposed to pests then the expert system will provide a way of overcoming the pest disease based on the expertise of agricultural experts in Sumenep district Using the Fuzzy method. The result of this research showed that 8 from 10 of diseases were successfully detected by the application so that the accuracy of this application compared to the human expert system is 80 %.
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Mathew, M., A. O. Goldstein, and K. Hampton. "Survivors of tobacco-related diseases and advocacy for tobacco control." Tobacco Control 17, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tc.2006.019612.
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Wada, Akaamaa C. "Some Important Diseases and Pests of Sugarcane in Nigeria and Their Control." Outlook on Agriculture 26, no. 2 (June 1997): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709702600207.
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Sugarcane smut (Ustilagoscitaminea), red rot (Glomerellatucumanensis), sugarcane leaf blast (Paraphaeosphaeriamichotil). sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) and Curvularia leaf spot are the prevalent diseases of sugarcane in Nigeria today. Sugarcane pests of economic importance include the stemborers, termites and nematodes. These diseases and pests can be managed by cultural and chemical methods pending the development of resistant varieties. The problems caused to sugarcane growers in some states of Nigeria by these diseases and pests, and some palliative measures which are used to contain them, are discussed.
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Chhetri, Vivek Thapa, Resham G.C., Sanup Chaudhary, Sachin Timilsina, and Subash Gautam. "Pests, pathogens, pathogenic diseases, and diseases control strategies of sal (Shorea robusta) in Nepal." Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science 6, no. 2 (June 25, 2021): 210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2021.0602013.
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Sal (Shorea robusta) is one of the most indispensable species in Nepal, both ecologically and economically. This paper aims to provide updated guidance for the management and protection of this species in the future from various pests and pathogens. We reviewed 38 articles from Google Scholar and Research gate with keywords "Shorea robusta”, “Hoplocerambyx spinicornis”, “Polyporus shoreae”, “Heart rot”. S. robusta has the most insect fauna among the forest tree species. Out of the 346 insects reported on S. robusta, around 155 species of insects are associated with living trees. Hoplocerambyx spinicornis is the most destructive insect pest, wreaking havoc on S. robusta. Polyporous shoreae is the main cause of root rot in S. robusta, and spreads through root contact or root grafting. Heart rot in S. robusta is caused by the fungi Hymenochaete rubiginosa, Fomes caryophylli, and F. fastuosus. During the harvesting of S. robusta, the majority of the tree was observed to be faulty, resulting in a large amount of waste wood. The best way to determine the pathogen's "Achilles' heel" is to consider its life cycle. The Nepalese famous saying "prevention is better than cure" may be applicable in the management of S. robusta insect pests and pathogens. The current paper critically addresses these issues and argues the need for an improvised package of activities for insect pests, pathogens, prevention, and their control.
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Jacob, Jens, Grant R. Singleton, and Lyn A. Hinds. "Fertility control of rodent pests." Wildlife Research 35, no. 6 (2008): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr07129.
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Ricefield rats (Rattus argentiventer) in south-east Asian rice fields and house mice (Mus domesticus) in Australian grain fields are major pest species. They cause damage before and after harvest and carry zoonotic diseases. For both species, management techniques have been pursued using the approach of immunocontraceptive vaccination. We review results from a series of enclosure and field studies conducted with these species to assess the effects of fertility control in small rodents. In the experiments, fertility control was simulated by tubal ligation, ovariectomy or progesterone treatment. A once-off sterilisation of 50–75% of enclosed founder females considerably reduced reproductive output of ricefield rat populations until the end of the reproductive period. In house mice, similar success was achieved when a sterility level of 67% of female founders and offspring was maintained. Repeated antifertility treatments are required because of the much longer breeding period of house mice versus ricefield rats. Comparing the results of enclosure trials with the outcome of simulation models suggests that partial compensation of treatment effects can occur through enhanced reproduction of the remaining fertile females and improved survival of juveniles. However, such compensatory effects as well as behavioural consequences of sterility in field populations are not likely to prevent the management effect at the population level. The challenge for effective fertility control of small rodents in the field is the wide-scale delivery of an antifertility treatment to founders at the beginning of the breeding season and to fertile immigrants that are recruited into the population, which otherwise contribute to the reproductive output at the population level. Future research efforts should focus on species-specific techniques and on agents that can be effectively delivered via bait.
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Klechkovskiy, Y., S. Glushkova, and O. Palagina. "Thrips are dangerous pests of vegetable crops." Karantin i zahist roslin, no. 7-8 (August 12, 2019): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/2312-0614.2019.7-8.5-10.
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Goal. To provide information about dangerous pests of vegetable crops — thrips. To describe the morphology and biology of the pest, the methods of spreading and harmfulness, provide information on the necessary phytosanitary measures to restrict its development and reduce the harmfulness, and to justify the need to use alternative biological methods to control the population of thrips in the conditions of the Southern steppe of Ukraine on an example of the most common of them — tobacco thrips (Thrips tabaci Lind.).
 Methods. Informational and analytical. The collection of information was carried out in accessible specialized literature and the Internet.
 Results. The information about sucking pests of vegetable crops - thrips is given. Thrips are known for a long time, they belong to wide polyphages, that is they harm a wide range of cultural and wild plants (from 100 to 400 spesies). On an example of the most common of them — tobacco thrips (Thrips tabaci Lind.) there is given information about the morphology and biology of the pest, the methods of its spreading and harmfulness, as well as the information on the necessary phytosanitary measures for restriction its development and reduction of the harm. This most widespread and dangerous polyphage, due to its close connection with plants, where its entire life cycle develops - from eggs to imago, has inhabited almost all greenhouses. In the natural conditions of the southern region of Ukraine, the tobacco thrips were found on large areas of vegetable crops with the seedling method of their cultivation, mainly cucumbers, tomatoes, onions, cabbage, watermelons, and the like. It harms bulbs in vegetable stores, which leads to a deterioration in the quality of garden plants and gardening material. The reaction of the plant to the damage by the trips is desensitization, which is manifested in growth retardation, distortion and loss of turgor of damaged leaves, which later become yellow and dries. Imago winter, mostly females, in greenhouses - in different slits, and in open ground - in the upper layer of soil at a depth of 7-10 cm, under plant remains or in the rootstock of perennials or weeds. At temperatures below 0 ° С and in the absence of snow cover, insects die. The pest spreads at all stages of development - eggs, larvae, imago - with planting material of vegetable crops (with plants or in soil), transport, containers, workers' tools, their clothes or footwear. This also occurs when collecting, packing and selling contaminated products. This is especially true for cabbage, with which the thrips can get to the greenhouse or indoor plants. In the conditions of the steppe and forest-steppe zones of Ukraine, the tobacco thrips can develop in open soil at temperatures over 10 ° C during the growing season from the second decade of May to the end of September, causing significant damage to vegetable crops. If this is the case, the pest can give 3-4 to 5-6 generations, depending on the weather conditions. In the population control of tobacco thrips, satisfactory results are received by systematic cultivation of plants with the following insecticides: Akketlik, Aktar, Phyitoverm, Karate Zeon, Confidor Maxi (with irrigation water) and others. It is obligatory to change preparations during the growing season. On the onion fields thrips is successfully reduced with insecticide of natural origin Spintor when using periodic spraying of plants. Because thrips are very resistant pests, therefore, in addition to insecticides, the use of predatory mites Amblyseius cucumeris, A. barken, A. derenerans, as well as predators of Orius laevigatus, O. magusaculus can be used to destroy them. Taking into account that nowadays the protection of vegetable crops takes the direction for the use of biological agents against pests - polyphages, special attention should be paid to the use of natural enemies of the tobacco thrips.
 Conclusions. In the natural conditions of the southern region of Ukraine, tobacco thrips were found on large areas of vegetable crops, therefore, there are all reasons for phytosanitary surveys of open-air vegetable crops to detect and eliminate this dangerous pest. Taking into account that nowadays the protection of vegetable crops takes the direction for the use of biological agents against pests - polyphages, special attention should be paid to the use of natural enemies of the tobacco thrips.
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Luo, She Zhou, and Cheng Wang. "Forest Pests and Diseases Forecasting Based on GIS." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 2945–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.2945.
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Geographic Information System (GIS) has been widely applied to the field of pest management, which provides the new ways and methods for integrated pest research, prevention and control. The main purpose of this study is to forecast and manage forest pests and diseases. For this purpose, I developed the forest pests diseases forecast system, by using ArcObjects (AO) and Visual Basic as the secondary development platform. The system is able to synthetically analyze and judge relevant data, such as weather forecast and tree species, according to the occurrence laws of the forest pests and diseases and the characteristics of biology. The system uses Markov chain and other methods to forecast the occurrence period, amount, scope and the degree of harm of pests and diseases. To validate the reliability of Markov chain model, the pests and diseases data of Liu'an City of Anhui Province, in China from 1975 to 2001, to be applied. The results show that the method used is reliable. The occurrence area and location of forest pests and diseases can be labelled and displayed on the electronic map with three-dimension.
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Matayoshi, Tetsutaro, Takahiro Tabuchi, Iwao Gohma, and Takahiro Shimizu. "Tobacco and Non-Communicable Diseases Control in Japan." Circulation Journal 82, no. 12 (November 24, 2018): 2941–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1253/circj.cj-18-1054.
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Islam, N. "Tobacco Control through Imams." Tropical Doctor 28, no. 2 (April 1998): 122–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947559802800233.
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Benedict, J. H., D. R. Ring, J. C. Correa, R. E. Buehler, E. M. Johnson, L. D. Bradshaw, and W. R. Deaton. "Efficacy of the Bollgard Gene in Transgenic Cotton Lines Against Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm, 1995." Arthropod Management Tests 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 433–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/22.1.433.
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Abstract Transgenic cotton lines expressing an insecticidal protein produced by the crylA(c) gene (i.e., BoUgard Gene), or cryllA gene (Monsanto Co.) from Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki, and the nontransgenic parent line Coker 312 (COK 312), were planted 25 Apr 1995 near Corpus Christi, Texas. Field plots were 4 row (38 inch centers) X 30 ft. Treatments (i.e., cotton lines) were arranged in a split plot RCB and each plot replicated 6 times. The main plot was lepidopteran control (i.e., with or without lepidopteran sprays of Karate (0.03 lb[AI]/acre) to suppress tobacco budworm, bollworm and other lepidopteran pests) and subplots were 6 cotton lines. Plots for lepidopteran suppression were sprayed on 6, 14, 21, 28 Jul with Karate using a backpack, CO2 powered sprayer and a 2 row handheld spray boom. The entire test was planted with in-furrow insecticide and oversprayed as needed for inseason control of insect pests such as thrips, aphids, boll weevil and cotton fleahopper. Efficacy of transgenic cottons to control target lepidopteran pests was determined by examining 20 flower buds and 20 capsules per plot on 5, 12, 19, 26 Jul for bollworm-tobacco budworm feeding injury, and taking lint yields per plot. Supplemental soil moisture was provided by sprinkler and furrow irrigation during the season but not within 48 h following a lepidopteran control spray. The plots were hand-harvested (13 ft 9 inches from middle 2 rows) and seedcotton ginned on a laboratory 10-saw gin.
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Gatehouse, Angharad M. R., Vaughan A. Hilder, and John A. Gatehouse. "Control of insect pests by plant genetic engineering." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 99, no. 3-4 (1992): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000005492.
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Crop protection against pests and diseases is of prime importance and plays a major role in agricultural production both in the Developed and Developing parts of the world.Although chemical pesticides have been in use for a long time it is only since the Second World War that a very heavy and almost exclusive reliance has been placed upon their use. This, in many cases, has resulted in the rapid build-up of resistance by insect pests to such compounds, as is illustrated by the rapidly developed resistance to the organochloride insecticides by the cotton bollworm, Heliothis virescens. Indeed, there are many examples of resistance in a major pest being observed within the first year of field use (Metcalf 1986). In some cases the indiscriminate application of pesticides has exacerbated the problem of insect herbivory where elimination of a wide range of predatory species along with the primary pests has resulted in secondary pests becoming primary pests themselves with even more devastating effects (Heinrichs & Mochida 1983).
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Buller, David B., Erwin P. Bettinghaus, Donald Helme, Walter F. Young, Ron Borland, Julie A. Maloy, Gary R. Cutter, Peter A. Andersen, and Joseph B. Walther. "Supporting Tobacco Control." Health Promotion Practice 12, no. 6_suppl_2 (November 2011): 186S—194S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524839911414563.
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A large and growing literature confirms that well-designed web-based programs can be effective in preventing or treating several chronic diseases. This study examined how the Internet can deliver information and train community activists and specifically tested the effects of web-based technical assistance on local tobacco control coalitions’ efforts to use media advocacy to advance their agendas. The authors compared a highly interactive, Enhanced website (intervention) to a noninteractive, Basic text-based website (comparison) in Colorado communities. A total of 24 tobacco control coalitions led by local county health departments and nursing services were enrolled in the project and randomly assigned to use either the intervention or comparison website. A total of 73 local daily and weekly newspapers were identified in the service areas of 23 of the 24 coalitions. A posttest assessment of newspaper coverage was conducted to locate all newspaper articles with tobacco control information published between January 1 and April 9, 2004, the last 3 months of the intervention. Although there was no evidence of a treatment effect on the frequency of newspaper articles on tobacco-related issues, there was, however, evidence that newspapers in counties where the coalition had access to the Enhanced website printed more stories focused on local/regional issues and more anti-tobacco local/regional stories than in the counties where coalitions had access to the Basic website. Coalitions can improve their influence on local media for community tobacco control when high-quality online technical assistance, training, and resources are available to them.
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Shyta, О. "The potato protection from major pests and diseases." Karantin i zahist roslin, no. 1-2 (January 20, 2019): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/2312-0614.2019.1-2.18-21.
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Goal. To study the effectiveness of pesticides in protecting potato plantations from major pests and diseases.
 Methods. Comparative, analytical and field.
 Results. The data of technical and economic efficiency of pesticides against the main pests and diseases of potatoes are given. It was noted that the most effective against the complex of pests were drugs from the group of neocotinoids, and against diseases — fungicides of systemic and systemic contact action of various classes of chemical compounds.
 Conclusions. The most common potato diseases during the growing season of the crop were Alternaria and blight, the development of which in 2016—2017. amounted to 12.6—36.4% and 10.6—48.6%, respectively. Two spraying of potatoes with fungicides ensured technical effectiveness against Alternaria — 26.4—64.8%, against late blight — 24.3—53.9%. The main disease of potato tubers in 2017—2018 there was a common scab, the proportion of which in the control was 15.6%, and in the variants with the use of disinfectants — 5.4—8.6% of the total mass of the infected tubers. Dry Fusarium rot in the variants of the experiment was 2.5—2.8%, in the control — 9.3%. The number of bastards damaged by wireworms in the control was 7.2%, in the variants with the use of insecticidal and insecticidal and fungicidal disinfectants — 1.0—2.2%. It was established that the treatment of tubers with insecticidal and insecticide antifungal preparations against the Colorado potato beetle was effective for 40—50 days after planting potatoes, and further it is necessary to additionally spray it with insecticide.
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Corbin, David R., Frederick J. Perlak, David A. Fischhoff, John T. Greenplate, Zhen Shen, and John P. Purcell. "New Proteins for the Control of Insects in Transgenic Crops." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 699b—699. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.699b.
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Genetically modified potato and cotton crops that express insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have recently been commercialized. These crops display autonomous resistance to specific insect pests, and thus offer major agricultural and environmental benefits. We have implemented a microbial screening program to discover new types of insecticidal proteins for use in transgenic crops. New proteins with diverse modes of action offer opportunities to control insect pests that are not susceptible to Bt insecticidal proteins and to delay or prevent the potential occurrence of resistance of insects to crops genetically modified with Bt genes. Cholesterol oxidase emerged from our screen as a new insecticidal protein with potent activity against the cotton boll weevil. Cholesterol oxidase was acutely toxic to boll weevil larvae, with an LC50 of 2–6 parts per million when ingested in artificial diet feeding assays, and caused marked reductions in fecundity when ingested by adult boll weevils. Cholesterol oxidase also exerted significant, though less severe, toxicity against several lepidopteran pests. The insecticidal action of cholesterol oxidase appears to be due to oxidation of midgut epithelial membrane cholesterol followed by membrane disruption. A cholesterol oxidase gene was cloned and expressed in transgenic tobacco plants to yield plant tissue that exerted potent activity against boll weevil. Expression of this cholesterol oxidase gene in cotton plants may offer significant protection against the cotton boll weevil and may also aid in the mitigation of resistance of cotton lepidopteran pests to Bt proteins.
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Syarief, Mohammad, and Imamah. "Mobile Expert System to Diagnose Diseases and Pests in Tobacco Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1477 (March 2020): 022024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1477/2/022024.
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Rahmawati, Dian, Samrin, Baharudin, and Warda. "Major pests and diseases of maize and availability of control technology." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 484 (June 20, 2020): 012105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/484/1/012105.
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de Boer, M. "PRODUCING BULBS AND PERENNIALS; SUSTAINABLE CONTROL OF DISEASES, PESTS AND WEEDS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 886 (January 2011): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2011.886.6.
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Rodríguez, E., M. González, D. Paredes, M. Campos, and E. Benítez. "Selecting native perennial plants for ecological intensification in Mediterranean greenhouse horticulture." Bulletin of Entomological Research 108, no. 5 (December 4, 2017): 694–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485317001237.
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AbstractNatural control by predators and parasitoids provides an important and often unnoticed ecosystem service to agricultural landscapes by reducing pest populations in crops. The current model of horticultural intensification in south-eastern Spain produces high yields but has also resulted in a landscape almost completely covered by plastic. Promoting natural areas among greenhouses could enhance biodiversity, by being beneficial insects, and reduce pest pressure outdoors. The first step is to ascertain how pests and their natural enemies (NEs) use Mediterranean vegetation for selecting the best plants for pest suppression outdoors. The abundance of the two major horticultural pests, the tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, and the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, together with their NEs, were assayed in 22 flowering perennial plants, which were newly planted in an experimental field surrounded by greenhouses. Eight plant species were identified as the most critical species for sustaining pest populations outdoors. A set of five plant species supported a medium level of pests, and another set of ten plant species supported the lowest level of both pests. Tobacco whitefly occurred in a few plants species, whereas western flower thrips occurred on almost all the plant species studied, and was favoured by the presence of flowers in perennial plants. The results suggest that plant diversity may provide relatively few acceptable host plants for tobacco whitefly than for western flower thrips. NEs were generally collected in plants that also supported abundance of pests, indicating that host/prey availability, more than food resources from flowers, was a stronger predictor of NE abundance in perennial plants. Field trials using the plants with the lowest host acceptance by pests are needed in order to ascertain whether pest abundance outdoors is reduced.
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Ibrahim, Fitiwy, Tsehaye Hadush, Gebretsadkan Abraha, and Araya Alemu. "Evaluation of Some Botanical Extracts Against Major Insect Pests (Leafminer, Armored scale and Woolly Whitefly) of Citrus Plants in Central Zone of Tigray, North Ethiopia." Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science 11, no. 2 (July 7, 2020): 258–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/mejs.v11i2.6.
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Citrus fruit production is suffering from various yield-limiting factors particularly the sucking pests viz, citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella, woolly whitefly, Aleurothrixus floccosus and scale insects especially armored scales Aonidiella auriantii. The present paper tries to identify the effective botanical insecticides against these insect pests on citrus orange. An experiment was conducted in the established citrus orange farm in Kolla Temben at two farmer’s fields, Adiha and Agibe during the off-season of 2018 under irrigation growing condition in a randomized complete block design with six treatments and replicated thrice. The findings in both experimental sites showed that the neem seed extract had a significantly (P=0.001) lower leafminer infestation levels compared to the untreated control which is on par to the insecticide treatment of dimethoate. On the other hand, in both areas, whitefly mortality of more than 81% on average was recorded from neem seed extract followed by Tree tobacco (70%) (P=0.001). For scale insects however, in both experimental sites, the highest mean percent mortality was recorded from the insecticide dimethoate 40% EC (86.9%, 87.2 & 86.0%on average) followed by neem seed and tree tobacco extracts,70.1 and 65.4% respectively. The botanicals particularly the neem seed extracts followed by tree tobacco are as effective as the chemical insecticide, dimethoate 40% EC, even superior in some cases, in controlling the target pests. Therefore, these botanicals could be used as an IPM component for against the target pests.
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Li, Jinyang, Qingdao Huang, and Bing Liu. "An SI integrated pest management model with pesticide resistance to susceptible pests." International Journal of Biomathematics 13, no. 05 (May 28, 2020): 2050037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793524520500370.
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In this paper, epidemic diseases among pests are assumed to occur, so pests are divided into susceptible pests and infected pests, and only susceptible pests are harmful to crops. Considering spraying pesticides and releasing of natural enemies and infected pests to control pests, as well as the long-term application of the same pesticide to induce resistance, an integrated pest management with pesticide resistance is established. The pollution emission model is introduced to model the action process of pesticides, which well reflects its residual and delay effects. By using comparison theorem of impulsive differential equation and analysis method, the threshold condition for eradication of susceptible pests is obtained. Then we analyze the frequency of spraying pesticide on the success of pests control. It shows that it is not that the more frequently pesticides are applied, the better the result of the susceptible pests control is. From the sensitivity analysis, the key factors on the threshold are obtained. Finally, the strategies to control susceptible pests are given, including switching pesticides and releasing infected pests and natural enemies elastically.
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Khotimah, Husnul. "PKM Pemanfaatan Batang Tembakau (Nicotiana Tabacum) sebagai Biopestisida di Bucor Wetan Pakuniran Probolinggo." GUYUB: Journal of Community Engagement 1, no. 2 (November 21, 2020): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33650/guyub.v1i2.1503.
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Tobacco is one of the important agricultural commodities in Bucor Wetan Village, Pakuniran District, Probolinggo Regency. However, tobacco stems (nicotiana tobacum) are often considered as agricultural waste, since a lack of effective treatment is given to them. This community service activity is to utilize tobacco stem waste to be useful by making it a biopesticide to treat pests and diseases in plants. To achieve these goals, this program is by counseling and training to farmer groups on how to make biopesticides from tobacco stems. The results of this activity were: a) the participants’ enthusiasm is more considerable, especially the Farmer Group, to involve with the training, and b) their knowledge of using tobacco stems is more increased, since they have highly today’s economic value.
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Wang, Yong Qing, Na Chong, Shi Yuan Wang, Lei Zhang, and Jing Feng Xiong. "Design of Diseases and Pests Therapeutic Instrument of Solar in Greenhouse." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 442–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.442.
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On account of pests and diseases in greenhouse, solar cells were used for energy. Ozone was generated by corona discharge during the day which used to kill bacteria, viruses, fungi in greenhouse. Use the phototaxis lure insects with blue-violet LED, high power electrical shock to kill flying insects in the evening. Thereby reduces crop diseases and pests and reduces pesticide use. Greenhouse diseases and pests therapeutic instrument of solar consist of power supply module, ozone generator module, high voltage pest control modules. Paper focuses on the principles of the design, tentative design, function test and measurement data analysis.
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Zhang, Yin’e, and Yong Ping Liu. "Identification of Navel Orange Diseases and Pests Based on the Fusion of DenseNet and Self-Attention Mechanism." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2021 (September 2, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5436729.
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The prevention and control of navel orange pests and diseases is an important measure to ensure the yield of navel oranges. Aiming at the problems of slow speed, strong subjectivity, high requirements for professional knowledge required, and high identification costs in the identification methods of navel orange pests and diseases, this paper proposes a method based on DenseNet and attention. The power mechanism fusion (DCPSNET) identification method of navel orange diseases and pests improves the traditional deep dense network DenseNet model to realize accurate and efficient identification of navel orange diseases and pests. Due to the difficulty in collecting data of navel orange pests and diseases, this article uses image enhancement technology to expand. The experimental results show that, in the case of small samples, compared with the traditional model, the DCPSNET model can accurately identify different types of navel orange diseases and pests images and the accuracy of identifying six types of navel orange diseases and pests on the test set is as high as 96.90%. The method proposed in this paper has high recognition accuracy, realizes the intelligent recognition of navel orange diseases and pests, and also provides a way for high-precision recognition of small sample data sets.
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Benedict, J. H., D. R. Ring, J. C. Correa, R. E. Buehler, E. M. Johnson, L. D. Bradshaw, and W. R. Deaton. "Efficacy Of The Bollgard Gene In Transgenic Cotton Lines Against Bollworm And Tobacco Bud-Worm, 1994." Arthropod Management Tests 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 432–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/22.1.432.
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Abstract Efficacy Of The Bollgard Gene In Transgenic Cotton Lines Against Bollworm And Tobacco Bud-Worm, 1994 Transgenic cotton lines expressing an insecticidal protein produced by the cryIA(c) gene (i.e., Bollgard Gene), or cryllA gene (Monsanto Co.) from Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and the nontransgenic parent line Coker 312, were planted 25 Apr near Corpus Christi, Texas. Field plots were 4 row (38 inch centers) X 30 ft. Treatments (i.e., cotton lines) were arranged in a split plot RCBD and each plot replicated 6 times. The main plot was lep-idopteran control (i.e., unsprayed or sprayed with Karate (0.03 lb[AI]/acre to suppress tobacco budworm, bollworm and other lepidopteran pests) and sub-plots were 8 cotton lines. Plots for lepidopteran suppression (with a conventional foliar insecticide) were sprayed on 29 Jun, 6, 14, and 20 Jul with Karate using a backpackCO2 powered sprayer and a 2-row handheld spray boom. The entire test was planted with in-furrow insecticide and oversprayed as needed in-season control of insect pests such as thrips, aphids, boll weevil and cotton fleahopper. Efficacy of transgenic cottons against target lepidopteran pests was determined by examining 20 flower buds and 20 bolls per plot on 28 Jun, 5, 12, and 19 Jul for bollworm-tobacco budworm feeding injury, and taking lint yields per plot. Supplemental soil moisture was provided by sprinkler irrigation during the season but not within 48-h following a lepidopteran con-trol application. The plots were hand-harvested (20 ft from middle 2 rows) and seedcotton ginned on a laboratory 10-saw gin.
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Rodríguez-García, Miguel Ángel, Francisco García-Sánchez, and Rafael Valencia-García. "Knowledge-Based System for Crop Pests and Diseases Recognition." Electronics 10, no. 8 (April 10, 2021): 905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10080905.
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With the rapid increase in the world’s population, there is an ever-growing need for a sustainable food supply. Agriculture is one of the pillars for worldwide food provisioning, with fruits and vegetables being essential for a healthy diet. However, in the last few years the worldwide dispersion of virulent plant pests and diseases has caused significant decreases in the yield and quality of crops, in particular fruit, cereal and vegetables. Climate change and the intensification of global trade flows further accentuate the issue. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an approach to pest control that aims at maintaining pest insects at tolerable levels, keeping pest populations below an economic injury level. Under these circumstances, the early identification of pests and diseases becomes crucial. In this work, we present the first step towards a fully fledged, semantically enhanced decision support system for IPM. The ultimate goal is to build a complete agricultural knowledge base by gathering data from multiple, heterogeneous sources and to develop a system to assist farmers in decision making concerning the control of pests and diseases. The pest classifier framework has been evaluated in a simulated environment, obtaining an aggregated accuracy of 98.8%.
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Scott, W. P., G. L. Snodgrass, R. Shaw, and D. A. Adams. "Impact of Insecticides Applied With/Without Bromoxynil Herbicide on Various Cotton Pests in Laboratory Bioassays." Journal of Entomological Science 31, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-31.4.365.
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Spray chamber tests with BXN cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (L.), plant terminals demonstrated that mixing bromoxynil herbicide with different classes of insecticides had no negative effects on the efficacy of the insecticides for boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis grandis (Boheman), tarnished plant bugs, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), or tobacco budworms, Heliothis virescens (F.). Efficacy of azinphos-methyl for control of tarnished plant bugs was significantly increased at 48 h when mixed with bromoxynil. A significant decrease in survival of the tobacco budworm occurred at 24 h when cyfluthrin was mixed with bromoxynil. Bromoxynil can be applied for weed control in cotton as early as the seedling stage. The ability to mix a herbicide with an insecticide can save on application costs.
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Nindhy Prastiwi, Maulidina, Uky Uky Yudatama, and Nugroho Agung Prabowo. "Sistem Pakar Diagnosis Hama dan Penyakit pada Tanaman Bunga Sedap Malam dengan Dempster Shafer." Jurnal Komtika (Komputasi dan Informatika) 3, no. 2 (April 26, 2020): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/komtika.v3i2.3470.
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Nightly flower plants are one of the flower plants that are much in demand by the public. However, as time goes by the production of savory flower plants determines which one of the causes is caused by pests and diseases. Introduction of pests and diseases and its control sometimes not all farmers know it. This research develops an expert system that can help farmers diagnose pests and diseases that attack night flowering plants with the Dempster Shafer method. The results of this study are the application of an expert system that uses pests and tuberose flower diseases. This system will issue this edition to the publication of night flower pests and diseases inputted by users. The amount of this trust value is the result of calculations using the Dempster Shafer method. The conclusion in this study is that an expert system using the Dempster Shafer method for approval to release pests and diseases of the nightly flower plants is very helpful in overcoming the problem of improving the quality of the nightly flower production.
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Okechukwu, Okpara. "Application of ICT in Pests Control and Diseases Management of Food Crops." International Journal of Computer Applications 125, no. 2 (September 17, 2015): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2015905836.
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Goel, Sonu, Sitanshu Sekhar Kar, Rana Jugdeep Singh, Rajeev Chaudhary, Neema Joseph, and Kanika Mehta. "National level E-Resource Centre for Tobacco Control (E-RCTC): One stop solution to information on tobacco control in India." Indian Journal of Tuberculosis 68 (2021): S115—S123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtb.2021.08.040.
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Silva, Gonçalo, Jenny Tomlinson, Nawaporn Onkokesung, Sarah Sommer, Latifa Mrisho, James Legg, Ian P. Adams, et al. "Plant pest surveillance: from satellites to molecules." Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 5, no. 2 (March 15, 2021): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/etls20200300.
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Plant pests and diseases impact both food security and natural ecosystems, and the impact has been accelerated in recent years due to several confounding factors. The globalisation of trade has moved pests out of natural ranges, creating damaging epidemics in new regions. Climate change has extended the range of pests and the pathogens they vector. Resistance to agrochemicals has made pathogens, pests, and weeds more difficult to control. Early detection is critical to achieve effective control, both from a biosecurity as well as an endemic pest perspective. Molecular diagnostics has revolutionised our ability to identify pests and diseases over the past two decades, but more recent technological innovations are enabling us to achieve better pest surveillance. In this review, we will explore the different technologies that are enabling this advancing capability and discuss the drivers that will shape its future deployment.
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Miller, J. Allen. "New approaches to the chemical control of arthropod pests of livestock." International Journal for Parasitology 17, no. 2 (February 1987): 689–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7519(87)90147-0.
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Jankovic, Ljiljana, Vladimir Draskovic, Stefan Pintaric, Milorad Mirilovic, Spomenka Djuric, Nada Tajdic, and Radislava Teodorovic. "Rodent pest control." Veterinarski glasnik 73, no. 2 (2019): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl190507020j.
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Background. Rodent pests are natural reservoirs and vectors of a vast array of human and animal diseases caused by bacteria, rickettsia, viruses, protozoans, fungi and some parasites. The most important risk factor for human infection with Trichinella is the rearing of pigs on small farms and by rural households, if rodent pest control is not conducted regularly. Rodent pests cause economic losses by consuming, contaminating and/or damaging foods intended for human or animal consumption. Scope and Approach. The aim of this work is to point out the epidemiological and epizootiological importance of regular rodent control, and the importance of integrated use of all measures in deratization, as well as mistakes which can be made in implementing this procedure. Key Findings and Conclusions. The control of populations of pest synanthropic and hemisynanthropic rodents is a very complex and delicate task to carry out. Given all characteristics of the majority of rodent pest species, e.g. high reproductive potential, extraordinary adaptation to life in a variety of habitats and ability to develop resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides, the issue of controlling the number of rodent pests is considerably more problematic than it might seem at first glance. Therefore, appropriate scientific and professional knowledge is necessary to accomplish effective rodent control, which if done improperly, can have far-reaching negative consequences for human populations, non-target species and workers performing the task.
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Chen, Simiao, Michael Kuhn, Klaus Prettner, and David E. Bloom. "Noncommunicable Diseases Attributable To Tobacco Use In China: Macroeconomic Burden And Tobacco Control Policies." Health Affairs 38, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 1832–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2019.00291.
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