Tesis sobre el tema "Tirreni"
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Mazzeo, Andrea. "Analisi chimica di sedimenti di mare profondo del SE Tirreno". Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/10585/.
Texto completoPittaluga, Federico. "Studio dei processi sedimentari profondi nel bacino del Vavilov (Mar Tirreno Centrale)". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/2320/.
Texto completoGuerrato, Aurora <1997>. "La riduzione dello spreco alimentare nella GDO: caso Unicoop Tirreno S.c. e Myfoody". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/19740.
Texto completoTorcolacci, Gaia. "Analisi chimica e mineralogica di sedimenti di fondo marino del Mar Tirreno sud-orientale". Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/7868/.
Texto completoCONIGLIO, LUCIA. "L'influenza della circolazione sinottica sul campo di vento locale in una zona costiera del Mar Tirreno". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/890.
Texto completoThe low level circulation is the result of non linear interaction between mesoscale and local circulations. The latter ones often prevail in the Mediterranean regions, especially in the warmer periods, and have important effects on agriculture and other forms of human activity. For example, it plays a major role in the processes of transport and diffusion of pollutants, in particular around and in the urban areas where they may affect the air quality and the health of the population. In this work , the local circulation in Rome and in the surrounding area is studied, by using the statistical analysis of the wind field. The time series of wind data used in this study are from different sites and refer to different periods. Some of the data are recorded by the Doppler Sodar systems operating in the area; the others are routine meteorological data. Moreover, meteorological information reported in the METAR (the international code to report routine, semi-hourly weather conditions at air terminals) files, collected from 1994 to 2003 at Fiumicino Airport, were used to determine different meteorological conditions. In the analysis daily behaviour of the wind direction and intensity, as a function of the season, is highlighted and the existence of two nocturnal alternative components of the local circulation is evidenced. Rawinsonde data were used to determine geostrophic wind values. The comparison between low level and geostrophic wind directions allowed to establish the influence of the synoptic scale forcing in determining both which of the two nocturnal currents can be observed and how their directions evolve during the day. The use of data from ECMWF analysis is proposed in cases in which rawinsonde data are not available to enquire on the synoptic scale forcing. The comparison among measurements at the different sites allowed to provide a reconstruction of the wind field evolution in the area.
Calabro', Monica <1984>. "Ecologia trofica di comunità pelagiche in due aree del Mediterraneo: stretto di Sicilia e Mar Tirreno". Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/6550.
Texto completoGabriele, Marzia. "La circolazione delle ceramiche del Neolitico nel medio e alto Tirreno e nell’area ligure-provenzale : Studi di provenienza". Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE2052.
Texto completoIntense seafaring and cultural/commercial exchanges took place in the region among the Central-Northern Tyrrhenian sea, Liguria and Provence during the VI millennium BCE; these contributed to the neolithisation of the western Mediterranean and were intimately linked to the exploitation and circulation of raw materials, such as obsidian, chert and greenstone. Within this framework, the assessment of ceramic circulation paths is obviously central to understand the economic and cultural relations between different Neolithic groups.Exchanges and potential interactions between different groups were assessed by characterising raw materials used in pottery production, as well as their provenance and diffusion, in order to contribute to research on the early Neolithic in the above mentioned areas.The methodology was aimed at sourcing raw materials and defining technical choices in pottery production by petrographic analyses (stereo- and / or optical microscope) of ceramic samples from some key sites of the Impressa-Cardiale Ware techno-complex, and on their comparison with geo-resources and archaeological pottery data.Pottery production and circulation among the Tyrrhenian, Liguria and Provence areas, in distinct chrono-cultural stages of Early Neolithic, was defined upon the results of these analyses
Dalmonte, Federica <1981>. "Come città dell'infanzia. Architettura, educazione e immagine in due colonie per i figli degli Italiani all'estero a Cattolica e Tirrenia". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2811/1/dalmonte_federica_tesi.pdf.
Texto completoLa tesi di dottorato di ricerca ha come oggetto lo studio della relazione tra l'immaginario proposto ai bambini dal regime fascista attraverso le colonie di vacanza e la soluzione architettonica offerta da due casi esemplari: la colonia marina "XXVIII ottobre per i Figli degli Italiani all'Estero" realizzata a Cattolica nel 1933-34 su progetto dell'ingegnere Clemente Busiri Vici, e la colonia marina femminile "per i Figli degli Italiani all'Estero" realizzata a Tirrenia nel 1934 su progetto degli architetti Mario Paniconi e Giulio Pediconi. Le colonie selezionate costituiscono i due soli edifici commissionati direttamente dalla Direzione Generale degli Italiani all'Estero del Ministro degli Esteri per l'accoglienza di bambini che vivevano lontano dall'Italia e che avrebbero visitato il paese forse solo una volta nella loro vita. Questo importante aspetto trova traccia nella stessa configurazione degli edifici. La metodologia di analisi, fondata sul confronto tra la conoscenza delle due opere architettoniche con le relazioni che esse intrattengono con il contesto culturale dell'Italia degli anni Trenta, si riflette nella struttura del lavoro. La ricerca affronta dapprima le strategie territoriali e localizzative che presiedono la diffusione di questi edifici, il progetto sociale, educativo e assistenziale che sta alla base della politica del regime fascista sulla vacanza dell'infanzia, e sul ruolo della cultura figurativa che accompagna la diffusione di questi edifici negli anni del fascismo. Successivamente viene esaminato il ruolo svolto dalla Direzione Generale dei Fasci Italiani all'Estero e viene esaminata la specifica vicenda progettuale e costruttiva delle due colonie di Cattolica e di Tirrenia, con particolare riferimento alla loro composizione ed agli specifici dispositivi spaziali sempre inseriti in una dimensione ad un tempo educativa e celebrativa. Infine la ricerca indaga le questioni insediative e tipologiche, e la relazione delle figure architettoniche della due colonie marine con i rituali e le pratiche sociali. Emerge come un tema di fondo l'esigenza di comunicare ai giovani ospiti "figli degli italiani emigrati all'estero" un'immagine nitida dell'Italia e del suo paesaggio; si tratta di un'esigenza di comunicazione che informa la progettazione delle due colonie di vacanza. A Cattolica come a Tirrenia le colonie si costituiscono come uno scenario attentamente articolato che contiene tutti gli elementi architettonici delle città italiane. La colonia viene quindi proposta coma una sorta di microcosmo autonomo che si mostri come una "evocazione" dei luoghi e degli spazi delle città italiane.
Dalmonte, Federica <1981>. "Come città dell'infanzia. Architettura, educazione e immagine in due colonie per i figli degli Italiani all'estero a Cattolica e Tirrenia". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2811/.
Texto completoLa tesi di dottorato di ricerca ha come oggetto lo studio della relazione tra l'immaginario proposto ai bambini dal regime fascista attraverso le colonie di vacanza e la soluzione architettonica offerta da due casi esemplari: la colonia marina "XXVIII ottobre per i Figli degli Italiani all'Estero" realizzata a Cattolica nel 1933-34 su progetto dell'ingegnere Clemente Busiri Vici, e la colonia marina femminile "per i Figli degli Italiani all'Estero" realizzata a Tirrenia nel 1934 su progetto degli architetti Mario Paniconi e Giulio Pediconi. Le colonie selezionate costituiscono i due soli edifici commissionati direttamente dalla Direzione Generale degli Italiani all'Estero del Ministro degli Esteri per l'accoglienza di bambini che vivevano lontano dall'Italia e che avrebbero visitato il paese forse solo una volta nella loro vita. Questo importante aspetto trova traccia nella stessa configurazione degli edifici. La metodologia di analisi, fondata sul confronto tra la conoscenza delle due opere architettoniche con le relazioni che esse intrattengono con il contesto culturale dell'Italia degli anni Trenta, si riflette nella struttura del lavoro. La ricerca affronta dapprima le strategie territoriali e localizzative che presiedono la diffusione di questi edifici, il progetto sociale, educativo e assistenziale che sta alla base della politica del regime fascista sulla vacanza dell'infanzia, e sul ruolo della cultura figurativa che accompagna la diffusione di questi edifici negli anni del fascismo. Successivamente viene esaminato il ruolo svolto dalla Direzione Generale dei Fasci Italiani all'Estero e viene esaminata la specifica vicenda progettuale e costruttiva delle due colonie di Cattolica e di Tirrenia, con particolare riferimento alla loro composizione ed agli specifici dispositivi spaziali sempre inseriti in una dimensione ad un tempo educativa e celebrativa. Infine la ricerca indaga le questioni insediative e tipologiche, e la relazione delle figure architettoniche della due colonie marine con i rituali e le pratiche sociali. Emerge come un tema di fondo l'esigenza di comunicare ai giovani ospiti "figli degli italiani emigrati all'estero" un'immagine nitida dell'Italia e del suo paesaggio; si tratta di un'esigenza di comunicazione che informa la progettazione delle due colonie di vacanza. A Cattolica come a Tirrenia le colonie si costituiscono come uno scenario attentamente articolato che contiene tutti gli elementi architettonici delle città italiane. La colonia viene quindi proposta coma una sorta di microcosmo autonomo che si mostri come una "evocazione" dei luoghi e degli spazi delle città italiane.
Scelza, Francesco Uliano. "Dinamiche di popolamento nel golfo tirrenico attraverso l'analisi del territorio tra il Sele e il Lao". Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/2024.
Texto completoThis research concerns the population dynamics of the territory between the Sele and Lao rivers. The territory includes the southern part of Campania, the coastal area of Basilicata and the northern portion of the Calabria region. The territorial sample does not dial an indistinct area. The reasons of uniformity are exhausted in a kind of spatial contiguity. If it is plausible to take direct considerations from a synoptic view of the geographical area, one must appreciate the elements of differentiation or discontinuity in historical processes marked by peculiar and distinct human experience. A macroscopic differentiation consists of the structural characteristics of the three cities that populate this area: Poseidonia, Elea and Laos, not excluding the indigenous element as a part of a morphogenetic phenomenon of the landscape, within a scheme of dialectical relationships, sometimes an opposition. According to an established pattern, Poseidonia is an agrarian polis, Velia is a commercially-oriented city and we know too little about the oldest settlement of Laos to be able to insert it in one of two classifications. We know however, that it was the seat of the sybaritic people, who lived there after the destruction of their polis. Compared to that framework the archaeological available documents reflect the land use just partially, in terms of exploitation of the basin, of settlement area, and of a place of contact and development. The representation of one or more pictures of the population has not only the value of showing the impact that human activities have had on the region. Rather, from the examination of the terms of the humans modeling capabilities of the environment is possible to know the anthropic structures and the evolutionary processes. Archaeological data of a territory, all the sources of a landscape research in archeology, are the signs of the organization of resources on the basis of political and social level of a community, its ability to exploit soils and types of production, to rule the defensive needs and traditional knowledge systems. Magna Greacia territory begins to be an integral part of the examination of the ancient city during the '50s and '60s of the twentieth century. [edited by Author]
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Saccardi, Laura. "Stima della fecondità del lotto in una specie ittica a deposizione parziale (Engraulis encrasicolus): due aree a confronto, il Mar Tirreno e lo Stretto di Sicilia". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/10024/.
Texto completoFerrari, Kevin <1981>. "Reciproche influenze tra geomorfologia e popolamento antico presso le piane di foce dei fiumi tirrenici. Il caso del Fiume Garigliano". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5082/1/Ferrari_Kevin_tesi.pdf.
Texto completoThe Garigliano plain (between Lazio and Campania) is characterized still recent times by an alternation of swamps or wet zones and well drained areas due to the presence of old beach ridges. The settlement system and the economy of the region were influenced by these natural conditions. Toponyms, cartography and aerial photos show all the signs of these typical coastal facies. This research wants to reconstruct the evolution of the coastal landscape and to study the relationship between the human presence, the organization of the territory, the historical events and the climatic changes thanks to the geoarchaeological methodologies. Before the Iron Age there is only one settlement on the top of Monte D’Argento, that is a little rocky promontory near the coastline. At the foot of this little hill there was a big swamp attested by a level of peats that was changing into a little lagoon communicating with the sea. This change terminated with the beginning of the Iron Age and contemporary a new settlements system started. The Roman control of the region started at the end of IVth century b.C. with the deduction of 3 colonies (Sessa Aurunca, Sinuessa, Minturno), and the centuriation of the territory. In this period there is a great number of archaeological areas that shows a widely spread population. Minturnae was located on the top of the most ancient beach ridge, from where it was possible to control an important crossing point on the river. After the IInd-IIIrd century A.D. there are few zones with pottery or archaeological sites and we can infer that a crisis of the settlement system was in act. The town was inhabitated till the end of the VIth or the beginning of the VIIth century A.D., then the population moved to the nearest hills.
Ferrari, Kevin <1981>. "Reciproche influenze tra geomorfologia e popolamento antico presso le piane di foce dei fiumi tirrenici. Il caso del Fiume Garigliano". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5082/.
Texto completoThe Garigliano plain (between Lazio and Campania) is characterized still recent times by an alternation of swamps or wet zones and well drained areas due to the presence of old beach ridges. The settlement system and the economy of the region were influenced by these natural conditions. Toponyms, cartography and aerial photos show all the signs of these typical coastal facies. This research wants to reconstruct the evolution of the coastal landscape and to study the relationship between the human presence, the organization of the territory, the historical events and the climatic changes thanks to the geoarchaeological methodologies. Before the Iron Age there is only one settlement on the top of Monte D’Argento, that is a little rocky promontory near the coastline. At the foot of this little hill there was a big swamp attested by a level of peats that was changing into a little lagoon communicating with the sea. This change terminated with the beginning of the Iron Age and contemporary a new settlements system started. The Roman control of the region started at the end of IVth century b.C. with the deduction of 3 colonies (Sessa Aurunca, Sinuessa, Minturno), and the centuriation of the territory. In this period there is a great number of archaeological areas that shows a widely spread population. Minturnae was located on the top of the most ancient beach ridge, from where it was possible to control an important crossing point on the river. After the IInd-IIIrd century A.D. there are few zones with pottery or archaeological sites and we can infer that a crisis of the settlement system was in act. The town was inhabitated till the end of the VIth or the beginning of the VIIth century A.D., then the population moved to the nearest hills.
Prada, Dacasa Manuel. "The structure and formation of the Tyrrhenian basin in the Western Mediterranean back-arc setting = Formación y estructura de la cuenca del Tirreno en el contexto de retrarco del Mediterráneo Occidental". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/245750.
Texto completoLa tesis que presento se centra en el estudio de la estructura cortical y de los procesos de formación de la cuenca del Tirreno, con el principal propósito de ampliar el conocimiento sobre los mecanismos involucrados en la evolución de márgenes divergentes. Para ello, en esta tesis se realiza el procesado, análisis, modelización, e interpretación geológica de dos perfiles geofísicos adquiridos durante la campaña de sísmica marina MEDOC (2010) en el mar Tirreno. Ambos perfiles geofísicos incluyen datos de sísmica de gran ángulo (SGA), de reflexión multicanal (SRM) y de gravimetría, a partir de los cuales he obtenido los resultados siguientes: 1.Dos modelos de velocidad de propagación de ondas P (Vp) y de la geometría del Moho. 2.Análisis estadístico de incertidumbre de los parámetros de cada modelo de velocidad. 3.Modelado gravimétrico a partir de la conversión a densidad de los modelos de Vp. Con este método se pretende constreñir la petrología de los diferentes dominios geológicos a partir del empleo de diferentes relaciones empíricas de velocidad-densidad para diferentes tipos de roca. 4.Dos perfiles de SRM stackados y migrados en tiempo, de los cuales procesé uno de ellos (MEDOC 4). La interpretación conjunta de estos resultados junto con un análisis exhaustivo de las velocidades de los modelos, e información geológica de las rocas del lecho marino, han permitido caracterizar la naturaleza cortical (continental/oceánico) de los principales dominios geológicos en la cuenca del Tirreno central, los cuales incluyen: corteza continental, corteza de retroarco de carácter magmático y manto exhumado. Estos resultados junto con observaciones de la geomorfología de la batimetría, han dado paso a la discusión de la distribución en planta de dichos dominios geológicos en toda el área de estudio. Finalmente, propongo un modelo de apertura de cuenca en el cual se especula sobre la formación de los diferentes dominios geológicos identificados anteriormente. Dicho modelo se basa en los modos de apertura de cuencas de retroarco propuestos para las cuencas del Pacífico occidental, y en estudios de modelización numérica realizados para explicar la exhumación del manto en los márgenes pasivos del Atlantico Norte.
Santaniello, Fabio. "Il Gravettiano dell’Italia tirrenica nel contesto mediterraneo : definizione delle strategie di insediamento e mobilità attraverso lo studio delle materie prime e delle industrie litiche". Thesis, Nice, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NICE2015.
Texto completoThe Gravettian is the second chrono-cultural complex of the Upper Paleolithic after the Aurignacian. The Gravettian diffusion, throughout Europe, took place in a short span of time between 30.000 and 20.000 years BP. During this period, the climate instability due to the LGM approach created different environments. Particularly, Italy was split in two regions separated by the Apennine mountains: the cold and arid Adriatic coast on the first hand and the more temperate Tyrrhenian coast on the other hand. The latter region is the main object of this research. With the aim to understand the development and the mobility strategies used by the Gravettian groups in this area, several lithic assemblages have been analyzed. Specifically, the Gravettian sequence of Riparo Mochi (Balzi Rossi, Liguria - Italy), providing one of the most important stratigraphy of the Italian Upper Paleolithic, has been entirely studied. Inside the Balzi Rossi archaeological complex a direct comparison has been provided by the Gravettian collection of Grotta dei Faniculli. Moreover, some other smaller collections coming from the Provence area have been studied, allowing a comparison with the Balzi Rossi area. Finally, the site of Bilancino located in Tuscany let to contextualize the Gravettian between the liguro-provençal arc and Italy. The relation between techno-typological aspects and the raw materials provenance gives important advances in our comprehension of the behavior of the hunter-gatherer groups who inhabited the sites, discussing the timing and territorial mobility of the Tyrrhenian Gravettian
COCCO, FABRIZIO. "Plio-pleistocene tectonic evolution of Southern Sardinia". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266411.
Texto completoDella, Bella Valentina. "COMPOSIZIONE TASSONOMICA, ORGANIZZAZIONE FUNZIONALE E STRUTTURA IN TAGLIA DELLA MACROFAUNA A INVERTEBRATI DI BIOTOPI TEMPORANEI E PERMANENTI DEL LITORALE TIRRENICO - TAXONOMIC COMPOSITION, FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION AND SIZE STRUCTURE OF MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES IN TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT PONDS OF THE TYRRHENIAN COAST". Doctoral thesis, La Sapienza, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/916841.
Texto completoValentina, Femia Rosanna. "Pitagora a Crotone: sviluppi politico – istituzionali e tradizione filosofica (VI – IV sec. a.C.)". Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1191327.
Texto completoLOPEZ, SERENA. "L’ecosistema del Mar Tirreno: aspetti strutturali, funzionali, effetti della pesca e delle interazioni trofiche". Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/768393.
Texto completoThe Tyrrhenian Sea is an area of great ecological and biological interest due to its high species and habitat diversity. The marine ecosystem of this area has been alterated in many ways due to the anthropic exploitation of biological resources, direct habitat modification of sea and coastal areas, introduction of exotic species, pollution and climate change. Notable changes in abundance of marine organisms and composition of communities have been described for the Tyrrhenian Sea over the last three decades, and several demersal and pelagic target species are known to be overexploited or subject to overexploitation. Fishing activities, anthropogenic and natural factors interact within a context, the whole ecosystem, where target and non-target species estabilish complex relationships. Therefore, there is a growing need to apply an integrative and multispecific approach to fisheries management in order to understand how fishing activity is impacting complex food web structure and functioning. A mass-balance model was developed using the Ecopath with Ecosim software to characterise the structure and functioning of the Central Tyrrhenian Sea ecosystem in terms of trophic flows and biomasses, to define ecological role and interactions among species, quantify the impacts of fishing, analyse the role of different fishing activity and compare results from other mediterranean ecosystems. The mass-balance modelling approach has been widely used to quantitatively describe aquatic systems and to assess the impact of fishing activities and environmental factors on marine ecosystems. Several Ecopath models have been built in the Mediterranean Sea since 2000 in order to describe coastal and shallow areas, marine protected areas, lagoones, gulfs and continental shelf and slope ecosystems. This work is the first ecosystem modelling approach in the Tyrrhenian Sea, taking into account the entire food web, and the first effort to study continental shelf and slope ecosystem separately using a mass balance model in the Mediterranean basin. The present model describes the exploited ecosystem from the continental shelf and upper slope of the Central Tyrrhenian Sea, between the Elba Island and the Gulf of Gaeta, covering a total area of soft bottom sediments of 13785 km2 (approximately 85% of shelf and 15% of slope), with a bathymetry between 12 and 750 m, and representing an average annual situation over the late-2000s (2007-2010). The coastal area, where the artisanal fleet maily operates was excluded. The model comprises 4 fleets (bottom trawler, purse seine, longline and passive polyvalents) and 62 functional groups, including 1 group of seabirds, 1 of seaturtles, 2 of cetaceans, 4 of cartilaginous fishes, 22 of bony fishes, 6 groups of cephalopods, 8 of crustaceans (shrimps and crabs), 6 of benthic invertebrates, 2 of euphausiids, 5 planktonic groups (phyto-, zoo- and bacterioplankton), 2 detritus groups and 1 group of fishing discard. 13 of the mentioned functional groups are distributed on the entire ecosystem domain, 26 only on the continental shelf and the remaining 23 only on the slope. Input data (biomass, landing an diet) were based on several recurrent scientific surveys, the IREPA and ICCAT datasets for fishing data, stock assessment outputs, stomach content analysis and published information. Input parameters were estimated from empirical equation and models or based on stock assessment outputs and literature. Results reveal a rather high quality of the model in terms of data sources and detail and show that the Tyrrhenian Sea has a complex food web structure, high number of energy pathways, trophic levels and functional groups, and high rates of matter cycling. The food web is organised in five trophic levels with phytoplancton and cyanobacteria as primary producers and tuna, swordfish, dolphins, hake, anglerfish and European conger as top predators. The dominant groups in terms of biomass are those from lower trophic levels: detritus, bacterioplankton, macrobenthic invertebrates (echinoderms, molluscs, tunicates, sponges and anthozoans), microzooplankton, heterotrophic nanoflagellates, polychaetes and phytoplankton, followed by cyanobacteria, euphausiids, mesozooplankton and small suprabenthic crustaceans (amphipods, isopods, cumaceans, mysidaceans). Results show differences in terms of biomass between continental shelf and slope at higher trophic levels. The shelf is dominated by small pelagic fishes (European anchovy and European pilchard), small benthic fishes (mullet, flatfish, dragonet, goby) and demersal fishes, followed by epipelagic and medium pelagic teleosteans (bogue, atlantic horse mackerel, mediterranean horse mackerel, atlantic mackerel); while the slope is dominated by mesopelagic (lightfish and lanternfish) and benthic fishes, followed by macrobenthic crustaceans, demersal bony fishes and sharks. Total consumption dominates the Total System Throughput (TST) with 43,51% of the total flows, followed by flow to detritus (39,22%), respiration (15,23%) and export (2,03%). The most comsumed groups in the food web are bacterioplankton, suspended detritus, bottom detritus, phytoplankton and zooplankton. Among fishes, the most comsumed were small benthic fishes (mullet, flatfish, dragonet, goby) and European anchovy and pilchard, followed by shelf epipelagic fishes, slope mesopelagic teleosteans and shelf demersal bony fishes including hake. Primary producers and bacterioplankton account for the most part of production (85,24%), followed by microzooplankton and hetertrophic nanoflagellates. Most flows are included within trophic level I and II, a small fraction involves TL III and flows from TL > III are pratically insignificant. Main flows thus, involve groups at the base of the food web which are distributed on the entire domain. Excluding these groups, flows of continental shelf exceed those of slope. Flows related to the pelagic groups were much higher than those related to benthic and demersal groups, and evidenced the importance of the pelagic domain. The estimated mean transfer efficiency of the Central Tyrrhenian food web is 9,7%. The low value of TE between TL III and IV shows that there is a high proportion of production which is not consumed within the system (mainly macrobenthic invertebrates). Several pelagic-demersal-benthic trophic interaction were identified, highlighting a coupling between these compartments. Functional groups of the Central Tyrrhenian Sea food web are organised from trophic level 1 to 4,87, and the TL estimates for the groups are generally higher than those from other Ecopath ecosystems and literature. This could be explained by the fact that the bacterioplankton has been represented as a separate group and not included in other detritus group, causing a shift upward of all higher TL. Results shows that euphasiids, small suprabenthic crustaceans and planktonic groups are among the most important groups in the Central Tyrrhenian ecosystem Euphasiids perform diel vertical migrations and contribute substantially to the vertical transport of organic matter and to the energy flow from lower to higher trophic level, being an important food resource for several species. Planktonic groups and suprabenthic crustaceans at the base of the food web have a positive impact on various functional groups, probably because they constitute the prey of many groups and can influence higher trophic level species through bottom-up control. European anchovy and European pilchard are also important species, representing a key link in terms of consumption and flows between pelagic primary producers and consumers from the pelagic and the demersal domain, and impacting both lower and higher trophic level groups (wasp-waist control). Groups with high keystoneness and less relative abundance are also small benthic fishes, octopuses, macrobenthic crustaceans, some demersal fishes, hakes, whales and sharks. Results evidence that fishery in the Central Tyrrhenian Sea is multi-specific and that it is an important component of the ecosystem, especially on continental shelf where exploitation rates and fishing mortality rates are higher than those from continental slope. Primary production required to sustain fishery (PPR) is a considerable part of total primary production within the system (22,2%). In addiction fleets are responsible for an important fraction of consumption (31%) of exploitable production, as also shown in other Mediterranean ecosystems. Fishing impact is higher on the Tyrrhenian continental shelf than on the slope (respectively 40% and 18% of consumption of production of commercial species). Bottom trawlers have the highest landing rates (59,63%), followed by purse seines (19,92%), passive polyvalents (18,46%) and longlines (1,99%). The majority of the catch is from demersal groups (43,72%), and to a lesser extent from benthic and pelagic species (respectively 29,08% and 27,65%). Purse seine and longline are the most selective fishing gear and they generally catch species with narrow trophic level range. The former mainly targets small pelagic fishes (European anchovy and European pilchard), the latter mainly targets swordfish and hake. Conversely, passive polyvalents and bottom trawlers are multispecific and generally catch a large number of demersal and benthopelagic species with wide trophic level range. Passive polyvalents are multispecific because they use different fishing gear depending on the period of the year, the availability of biological resourses at sea and their market price. Bottom trawlers catch a large spectrum of species because they have a low selectivity. Results show that this fleet has the highest and most widespread impact on the ecosystem, and that has important direct and indirect impacts on several ecological groups (rays, demersal sharks, hake, anglerfish, European conger, flatfish, Norway lobster, red shrimps, rose shrimps and mantis shrimp) and fleets. Catches on continental shelf are domineted by European pilchard, European anchovy, hake, red mullet, octopods, mantis shrimp and cuttlefish; while Norway lobster, rose shrimp, hake and red shrimps represent the main species caught on continental slope. Exploitation rates (F/Z) showed particularly high values for rays, adult hake, tuna and swordfish, octopods, Norway lobster, anglerfish, European conger, brills and mantis shrimp. Results reveal that exploitation rates for some groups exceed the reccomended rate for sustainable fishery management. These groups are hake, mantis shrimp, Norway lobster and red shrimps. Results suggested that there is a complex set of direct and indirect interactions among fisheries that should be considered when implementing fisheries plans, and thus, any management scheme based on a single-gear approach will lead to a suboptimal result. Fishing pressure and trophic interactions have a key role in the dynamics of several groups and in structuring the Central Tyrrhenian ecosystem. Comparisons with other Ecopath models developed in the Mediterranean Sea revealed that models from the western and central basin are generally more similar to each others than those from the eastern basin, according to the productivity gradient of the Mediterranean. The present model settles the basis to further develop dynamic simulations in order to explore the impacts of different fishing pressure scenarios and management strategies in an ecosystem contest.
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