Artículos de revistas: "Time perception, Numbers, Psychophysics"

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Nijhawan, Romi. "Visual prediction: Psychophysics and neurophysiology of compensation for time delays." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31, no. 2 (2008): 179–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x08003804.

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AbstractA necessary consequence of the nature of neural transmission systems is that as change in the physical state of a time-varying event takes place, delays produce error between the instantaneous registered state and the external state. Another source of delay is the transmission of internal motor commands to muscles and the inertia of the musculoskeletal system. How does the central nervous system compensate for these pervasive delays? Although it has been argued that delay compensation occurs late in the motor planning stages, even the earliest visual processes, such as phototransduction, contribute significantly to delays. I argue that compensation is not an exclusive property of the motor system, but rather, is a pervasive feature of the central nervous system (CNS) organization. Although the motor planning system may contain a highly flexible compensation mechanism, accounting not just for delays but also variability in delays (e.g., those resulting from variations in luminance contrast, internal body temperature, muscle fatigue, etc.), visual mechanisms also contribute to compensation. Previous suggestions of this notion of “visual prediction” led to a lively debate producing re-examination of previous arguments, new analyses, and review of the experiments presented here. Understanding visual prediction will inform our theories of sensory processes and visual perception, and will impact our notion of visual awareness.

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Borghuis, Bart, Duje Tadin, Martin Lankheet, Joseph Lappin, and Wim van de Grind. "Temporal Limits of Visual Motion Processing: Psychophysics and Neurophysiology." Vision 3, no. 1 (2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vision3010005.

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Under optimal conditions, just 3–6 ms of visual stimulation suffices for humans to see motion. Motion perception on this timescale implies that the visual system under these conditions reliably encodes, transmits, and processes neural signals with near-millisecond precision. Motivated by in vitro evidence for high temporal precision of motion signals in the primate retina, we investigated how neuronal and perceptual limits of motion encoding relate. Specifically, we examined the correspondence between the time scale at which cat retinal ganglion cells in vivo represent motion information and temporal thresholds for human motion discrimination. The timescale for motion encoding by ganglion cells ranged from 4.6 to 91 ms, and depended non-linearly on temporal frequency, but not on contrast. Human psychophysics revealed that minimal stimulus durations required for perceiving motion direction were similarly brief, 5.6–65 ms, and similarly depended on temporal frequency but, above ~10%, not on contrast. Notably, physiological and psychophysical measurements corresponded closely throughout (r = 0.99), despite more than a 20-fold variation in both human thresholds and optimal timescales for motion encoding in the retina. The match in absolute values of the neurophysiological and psychophysical data may be taken to indicate that from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) through to the level of perception little temporal precision is lost. However, we also show that integrating responses from multiple neurons can improve temporal resolution, and this potential trade-off between spatial and temporal resolution would allow for loss of temporal resolution after the LGN. While the extent of neuronal integration cannot be determined from either our human psychophysical or neurophysiological experiments and its contribution to the measured temporal resolution is unknown, our results demonstrate a striking similarity in stimulus dependence between the temporal fidelity established in the retina and the temporal limits of human motion discrimination.

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MITINA, OLGA V., and FREDERICK DAVID ABRAHAM. "THE USE OF FRACTALS FOR THE STUDY OF THE PSYCHOLOGY OF PERCEPTION: PSYCHOPHYSICS AND PERSONALITY FACTORS, A BRIEF REPORT." International Journal of Modern Physics C 14, no. 08 (2003): 1047–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183103005182.

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The present article deals with perception of time (subjective assessment of temporal intervals), complexity and aesthetic attractiveness of visual objects. The experimental research for construction of functional relations between objective parameters of fractals' complexity (fractal dimension and Lyapunov exponent) and subjective perception of their complexity was conducted. As stimulus material we used the program based on Sprott's algorithms for the generation of fractals and the calculation of their mathematical characteristics. For the research 20 fractals were selected which had different fractal dimensions that varied from 0.52 to 2.36, and the Lyapunov exponent from 0.01 to 0.22. We conducted two experiments: (1) A total of 20 fractals were shown to 93 participants. The fractals were displayed on the screen of a computer for randomly chosen time intervals ranging from 5 to 20 s. For each fractal displayed, the participant responded with a rating of the complexity and attractiveness of the fractal using ten-point scale with an estimate of the duration of the presentation of the stimulus. Each participant also answered the questions of some personality tests (Cattell and others). The main purpose of this experiment was the analysis of the correlation between personal characteristics and subjective perception of complexity, attractiveness, and duration of fractal's presentation. (2) The same 20 fractals were shown to 47 participants as they were forming on the screen of the computer for a fixed interval. Participants also estimated subjective complexity and attractiveness of fractals. The hypothesis on the applicability of the Weber–Fechner law for the perception of time, complexity and subjective attractiveness was confirmed for measures of dynamical properties of fractal images.

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Frassinetti, Francesca, Barbara Magnani, and Massimiliano Oliveri. "Prismatic Lenses Shift Time Perception." Psychological Science 20, no. 8 (2009): 949–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02390.x.

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Previous studies have demonstrated the involvement of spatial codes in the representation of time and numbers. We took advantage of a well-known spatial modulation (prismatic adaptation) to test the hypothesis that the representation of time is spatially oriented from left to right, with smaller time intervals being represented to the left of larger time intervals. Healthy subjects performed a time-reproduction task and a time-bisection task, before and after leftward and rightward prismatic adaptation. Results showed that prismatic adaptation inducing a rightward orientation of spatial attention produced an overestimation of time intervals, whereas prismatic adaptation inducing a leftward shift of spatial attention produced an underestimation of time intervals. These findings not only confirm that temporal intervals are represented as horizontally arranged in space, but also reveal that spatial modulation of time processing most likely occurs via cuing of spatial attention, and that spatial attention can influence the spatial coding of quantity in different dimensions.

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Mertens, Alica, Ulf K. Mertens, and Veronika Lerche. "On the difficulty to think in ratios: a methodological bias in Stevens’ magnitude estimation procedure." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 83, no. 5 (2021): 2347–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-021-02266-5.

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AbstractIn the field of new psychophysics, the magnitude estimation procedure is one of the most frequently used methods. It requires participants to assess the intensity of a stimulus in relation to a reference. In three studies, we examined whether difficulties of thinking in ratios influence participants’ intensity perceptions. In Study 1, a standard magnitude estimation procedure was compared to an adapted procedure in which the numerical response dimension was reversed so that smaller (larger) numbers indicated brighter (darker) stimuli. In Study 2, participants first had to indicate whether a stimulus was brighter or darker compared to the reference, and only afterwards they estimated the magnitude of this difference, always using ratings above the reference to indicate their perception. In Study 3, we applied the same procedure as in Study 2 to a different physical dimension (red saturation). Results from Study 1 (N = 20) showed that participants in the reversal condition used more (less) extreme ratings for brighter (darker) stimuli compared to the standard condition. Data from the unidirectional method applied in Study 2 (N = 34) suggested a linear psychophysical function for brightness perception. Similar results were found for red saturation in Study 3 (N = 36) with a less curved power function describing the association between objective red saturation and perceived redness perception. We conclude that the typical power functions that emerge when using a standard magnitude estimation procedure might be biased due to difficulties experienced by participants to think in ratios.

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Müller, Dagmar, István Winkler, Urte Roeber, Susann Schaffer, István Czigler, and Erich Schröger. "Visual Object Representations Can Be Formed outside the Focus of Voluntary Attention: Evidence from Event-related Brain Potentials." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 6 (2010): 1179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21271.

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There is an ongoing debate whether visual object representations can be formed outside the focus of voluntary attention. Recently, implicit behavioral measures suggested that grouping processes can occur for task-irrelevant visual stimuli, thus supporting theories of preattentive object formation (e.g., Lamy, D., Segal, H., & Ruderman, L. Grouping does not require attention. Perception and Psychophysics, 68, 17–31, 2006; Russell, C., & Driver, J. New indirect measures of “inattentive” visual grouping in a change-detection task. Perception and Psychophysics, 67, 606–623, 2005). We developed an ERP paradigm that allows testing for visual grouping when neither the objects nor its constituents are related to the participant's task. Our paradigm is based on the visual mismatch negativity ERP component, which is elicited by stimuli deviating from a regular stimulus sequence even when the stimuli are ignored. Our stimuli consisted of four pairs of colored discs that served as objects. These objects were presented isochronously while participants were engaged in a task related to the continuously presented fixation cross. Occasionally, two color deviances occurred simultaneously either within the same object or across two different objects. We found significant ERP differences for same- versus different-object deviances, supporting the notion that forming visual object representations by grouping can occur outside the focus of voluntary attention. Also our behavioral experiment, in which participants responded to color deviances—thus, this time the discs but, again, not the objects were task relevant—showed that the object status matters. Our results stress the importance of early grouping processes for structuring the perceptual world.

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Andrew, David, and Joel D. Greenspan. "Peripheral Coding of Tonic Mechanical Cutaneous Pain: Comparison of Nociceptor Activity in Rat and Human Psychophysics." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 5 (1999): 2641–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.5.2641.

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These experiments investigated temporal summation mechanisms of tonic cutaneous mechanical pain. Human volunteers provided psychophysical estimates of pain intensity, which were compared with discharge patterns of rat cutaneous nociceptors tested with identical stimulus protocols. Human subjects made either intermittent or continuous ratings of pain intensity during stimulation of the skin between the thumb and first finger. Stimulus intensities of 25, 50, and 100 g were applied with a probe of contact area of 0.1 mm2 for 2 min. Pain perception significantly increased during stimulation (temporal summation) for the 50- and 100-g stimulus intensities. Sequential conduction block of the myelinated fibers supplying the stimulated skin was used to investigate the role of A-fiber mechanoreceptors and nociceptors in this temporal summation. Conduction block of the Aβ fibers resulted in an increase in mechanically evoked pain estimates and an increase in temporal summation, consistent with loss of Aβ-mediated inhibition. When only conduction in the unmyelinated fibers remained, pain estimates were reduced to the preblock levels, but temporal summation was still present. Electrophysiological recordings were made from filaments of the sciatic nerve supplying receptors in the plantar skin of barbiturate-anesthetized rats. Forty units fulfilled the identification criteria for nociceptors: 20 A-fiber and 20 C-fiber nociceptors. Each unit was characterized by recording its responses to graded mechanical and heat stimuli. Nociceptors were also tested with stimuli identical to those applied to the human subjects. The responses of all units to sustained mechanical stimuli were adaptive—that is, they exhibited a gradual decline in response with time. However, the time course of adaptation varied among units. All the C-fiber nociceptors and one-half of the A-fiber nociceptors had rapidly adapting responses. The remainder of the A-fibers displayed slowly adapting responses. One-third of all units also showed short-duration increases in firing rate during stimulation. The latency after stimulus onset of this rate acceleration was inversely related to stimulus intensity. Despite the apparent disparity between perceptual temporal summation and nociceptor adaptation, central and peripheral mechanisms are proposed that can reconcile the relationship between nociceptor activity and pain perception.

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14

Alards-Tomalin, Doug, Alexander C. Walker, Alexa Kravetz, and Launa C. Leboe-McGowan. "Numerical Context and Time Perception: Contrast Effects and the Perceived Duration of Numbers." Perception 45, no. 1-2 (2015): 222–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006615594905.

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15

Schwan, Nicole, Peter Brugger, and Elisabeth Huberle. "Spatial Representation of Time in Backspace." Timing & Time Perception 6, no. 2 (2018): 154–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134468-20181120.

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Temporal information, numerical magnitude and space extension appear to share common representational mechanisms and be processed similarly in the brain. Evidence comes from the phenomenon of ‘pseudoneglect’, i.e. healthy persons’ orientation asymmetry toward the left side of space. Pseudoneglect is also evident along the mental number line which extends from small numbers on the left to large numbers on the right. In analogy to numbers, time is typically represented on a line extending from the left to the right side. It may thus be no surprise that pseudoneglect has been demonstrated in the temporal domain as well. Besides the perception of the space located anteriorly to our trunk (frontspace), we are able to represent the space behind us, which we cannot visually perceive (backspace). The translational model suggests a mapping of spatially defined information to the ipsilateral side of the egocentric reference frame in front- and backspace, while the rotational concept focuses on a 360° spatial representation around the midsagittal plane of the trunk. At the present stage of investigation, little is known about the representation of temporal information in backspace. In an attempt to fill this gap, we compared duration estimations of auditory stimuli in frontspace and backspace. Healthy right-handers were instructed to judge their duration relative to each other. We found a pseudoneglect-behavior not only in frontspace but also in backspace. The data are discussed in the context of common processing mechanisms for time, numbers and space and favor a translational over a rotational account for the representation of backspace. The results are further discussed with reference to potential consequences for the rehabilitation of hemispatial neglect.

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Sulistijono, Indra Adji, and Naoyuki Kubota. "Human Head Tracking Based on Particle Swarm Optimization and Genetic Algorithm." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 11, no. 6 (2007): 681–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2007.p0681.

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This paper compares particle swarm optimization and a genetic algorithm for perception by a partner robot. The robot requires visual perception to interact with human beings. It should basically extract moving objects using visual perception in interaction with human beings. To reduce computational cost and time consumption, we used differential extraction. We propose human head tracking for a partner robot using particle swarm optimization and a genetic algorithm. Experiments involving two maximum iteration numbers show that particle swarm optimization is more effective in solving this problem than genetic algorithm.

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Pins, D., M. Treisman, and R. Johnston. "Do Difficulties in Stimulus Discrimination Affect Luminance Processing?" Perception 25, no. 1_suppl (1996): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v96l0601.

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Simple reaction time is known to decay as a hyperbolic function of luminance (Piéron's function). An identical relationship has also been demonstrated recently (Pins and Bonnet, 1996 Perception & Psychophysics in press) with different choice-reaction-time tasks. Although mean choice reaction time increased with the complexity of the task, the exponents of the functions relating reaction time (RT) to luminance were found to be equal in each experiment. These results suggest that the task specific time required by the different tasks only adds to the time necessary for luminance processing. In these experiments, the different stimuli presented were easily discriminable. In the present study, we examined the effect of variation in luminance on a more difficult discrimination task involving variation in orientation. Five different luminance levels covering the entire mesopic range were used. In two conditions, tilted lines at nine different angles were used, at a spacing of 2°. In the first condition, the orientations were chosen on both sides of the vertical (the subject responded “left” or “right”); in the second condition, the orientations were on both sides of a line oriented at −40° to the vertical (the subject responded “high” or “low”). The results were compared to those of a second experiment in which only two easily discriminable orientations were used. The results show that RT is greater in the experiments in which nine orientations are used, while the effect of intensity on RT is lower. This effect does not depend on orientation.

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Yousefi, Bardia, and Chu Kiong Loo. "Comparative Study on Interaction of Form and Motion Processing Streams by Applying Two Different Classifiers in Mechanism for Recognition of Biological Movement." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/723213.

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Research on psychophysics, neurophysiology, and functional imaging shows particular representation of biological movements which contains two pathways. The visual perception of biological movements formed through the visual system called dorsal and ventral processing streams. Ventral processing stream is associated with the form information extraction; on the other hand, dorsal processing stream provides motion information. Active basic model (ABM) as hierarchical representation of the human object had revealed novelty in form pathway due to applying Gabor based supervised object recognition method. It creates more biological plausibility along with similarity with original model. Fuzzy inference system is used for motion pattern information in motion pathway creating more robustness in recognition process. Besides, interaction of these paths is intriguing and many studies in various fields considered it. Here, the interaction of the pathways to get more appropriated results has been investigated. Extreme learning machine (ELM) has been implied for classification unit of this model, due to having the main properties of artificial neural networks, but crosses from the difficulty of training time substantially diminished in it. Here, there will be a comparison between two different configurations, interactions using synergetic neural network and ELM, in terms of accuracy and compatibility.

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Van der Westhuyzen, Jacobus Gideon. "Repeatability of Colour Matching Tests using Psychophysical Methods." International Journal of Sustainable Lighting 21, no. 1 (2019): 20–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26607/ijsl.v21i1.88.

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The researcher working in the field of illumination can use a number of measurement methods, depending on the requirement. Many practical evaluation methods employ varieties of a configuration where test stations are positioned next to or opposite each other for comparison purposes. Test stations can consist of test booths or even full-sized test rooms when using indoor evaluations. The number of test booths for indoor application may differ from one to three. Most colour and light perception studies thus depend on human observers to provide some feedback or input. It is the human observer who uses illumination devices and it is important that human response to these products be measured. Results achieved from these measurements can, in turn, be used by the lighting designer to optimize the design of illumination products. Many studies in the field of colour perception and/or matching rely on the method of “psychophysics” where humans are used. Reliability of results achieved when using human observers can be questioned. Results achieved with psychometric testing cannot be compared with an established benchmark and/or standard as such a benchmark was itself generated using human observers, endangering the researchers to become entangled in a closed circle of cause and effect where one depends on the other. This study investigated the reliability of human observers when studying colour perception. Repeatability of results achieved when using human observers was measured. A test was repeated using the same set of observers. Even this approach is not safe as human memory may serve the observer so well, that results can be selected, or at least influenced, on the basis of memory and not perception. The solution was to implement extended time between measurements, thereby hoping that sufficient time will lapse to erase details from the observer’s memory. A colour matching task had to be completed to test observers of two distinct age groups. One group was older than 50 years of age and the second group was younger than 40 years of age. The two groups were tasked to complete the same colour matching test at the beginning of a year and after one year. Test procedures and test equipment were identical before and after the year.

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Bell, Eamonn. "Cybernetics, Listening, and Sound-Studio Phenomenotechnique in Abraham Moles’s Théorie de l’information et perception esthétique (1958)." Resonance 2, no. 4 (2021): 523–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/res.2021.2.4.523.

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In his Théorie de l’information et perception esthétique (1958), the sociologist of culture Abraham Moles (1920–92) set out to demonstrate the applicability of information theory—a mathematical linchpin of cybernetics—to the arts more generally. Moles drew on classical psychophysics, Gestalt psychology, more modern behavioral psychology, and contemporary psychoacoustic research to advocate a cybernetic model of the perception and creation of art. Moles repeatedly returned to musical examples therein to make his case, leveraging his dual expertise in philosophy and electroacoustics, drawing on formative experiences with Pierre Schaeffer in Paris and Hermann Scherchen at his Gravesano studio. Moles’s interdisciplinary text found many attentive readers across Europe and, following an English translation by the precocious Joel E. Cohen (1966), the Anglophone academic world, but it was valued more as an inspiration for the burgeoning area of “information aesthetics” than as a source of hard scientific evidence. Drawing lightly on positions in the history and philosophy of science articulated by Gaston Bachelard (who supervised Moles’s second PhD, in philosophy) and Hans-Jörg Rheinberger suggests a change of emphasis away from its apparent scientific infelicities and toward Moles’s use of sound-studio technique, which is described with reference to the technologies available to Moles in the years leading up to the publication of the Théorie. Moles manipulated and processed sound recordings—filtering, clipping, and reversing them—in his attempts to empirically estimate the relative proportions of semantic and aesthetic information in speech and music. Moles’s text, when understood in tandem with the traces of his practical experiments in the sound studio, appears as an influential and occasionally prescient exposition of the many possible applications of the principles of information theory to the production, perception, and consumption of sound culture that makes ready use of the latest technical innovations in the media environment of its time.

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Kamachi, Miyuki, Vicki Bruce, Shigeru Mukaida, Jiro Gyoba, Sakiko Yoshikawa, and Shigeru Akamatsu. "Dynamic Properties Influence the Perception of Facial Expressions." Perception 30, no. 7 (2001): 875–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p3131.

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Two experiments were conducted to investigate the role played by dynamic information in identifying facial expressions of emotion. Dynamic expression sequences were created by generating and displaying morph sequences which changed the face from neutral to a peak expression in different numbers of intervening intermediate stages, to create fast (6 frames), medium (26 frames), and slow (101 frames) sequences. In experiment 1, participants were asked to describe what the person shown in each sequence was feeling. Sadness was more accurately identified when slow sequences were shown. Happiness, and to some extent surprise, was better from faster sequences, while anger was most accurately detected from the sequences of medium pace. In experiment 2 we used an intensity-rating task and static images as well as dynamic ones to examine whether effects were due to total time of the displays or to the speed of sequence. Accuracies of expression judgments were derived from the rated intensities and the results were similar to those of experiment 1 for angry and sad expressions (surprised and happy were close to ceiling). Moreover, the effect of display time was found only for dynamic expressions and not for static ones, suggesting that it was speed, not time, which was responsible for these effects. These results suggest that representations of basic expressions of emotion encode information about dynamic as well as static properties.

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Hazeltine, Eliot, Russell Poldrack, and John D. E. Gabrieli. "Neural Activation During Response Competition." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12, supplement 2 (2000): 118–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892900563984.

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The flanker task, introduced by Eriksen and Eriksen [Eriksen, B. A., & Eriksen, C. W. (1974). Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Perception & Psychophysics, 16, 143-149], provides a means to selectively manipulate the presence or absence of response competition while keeping other task demands constant. We measured brain activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during performance of the flanker task. In accordance with previous behavioral studies, trials in which the flanking stimuli indicated a different response than the central stimulus were performed significantly more slowly than trials in which all the stimuli indicated the same response. This reaction time effect was accompanied by increases in activity in four regions: the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, the supplementary motor area, the left superior parietal lobe, and the left anterior parietal cortex. The increases were not due to changes in stimulus complexity or the need to overcome previously learned associations between stimuli and responses. Correspondences between this study and other experiments manipulating response interference suggest that the frontal foci may be related to response inhibition processes whereas the posterior foci may be related to the activation of representations of the inappropriate responses.

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Kisina, A. A., and E. B. Filippova. "Characteristics of psychophysiological indicators of students with different interhemispheric asymmetry." Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 20, no. 2 (2018): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma12312.

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Abstact. Psychophysiological parameters (short-term visual memory, speed of successive addition of numbers in visual perception, indicators in the Raven progressive matrices test and the Stroop test) were investigated among left-handed and right- handed men (aged 19-25 years). It was found that the verbal stimuli perception in competition with the corresponding sensory perception of right-handers are more pronounced. At the same time, sense perception of the image and its indicating verbal stimuli associated to a greater extent for left-handed persons. The advantage of the left-handers in the test of the Raven progressive matrices test and the advantage of the right-handers in the sequential addition of single-valued numbers were noticed. All indicators of short-term visual memory demonstrated the advantage of left-handers. The use of factor analysis showed that right-handers have greater productivity in performing the proposed tests. This is mainly due to the functions of the left hemisphere - verbal thinking and consistent processing of information. The second important factor is visual spatial thinking. Productivity of left-handers is largely determined by the function of the right hemisphere: sensory perception and spatial thinking. The third most important factor is the interaction between figurative and verbal thinking and the attentional set-shifting. Thus, right-handers in a greater extent than left-handed people, have more success in intellectual activity because of the development of the functions of the dominant hemisphere.

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Shelestin, Vladimir Yu. "Mythological Time of the Hittites." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 2 (2022): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080017859-1.

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Scholars usually consider the Hittite mythological and epic texts to reflect the narrative traditions of Anatolia, Mesopotamia and Syria, the same as could be said for many other elements of the Hittite culture. Despite the epic texts found in the Hittite archives are often labeled to be foreign or translated literature, the Hittite scribes worked a lot to adapt them to their own worldview. The paper will discuss the temporal aspect of these texts to understand the peculiarities of the Hittite time perception. These texts show little attention to small units of time like day. The only mention of the seven-day-term in the Song of Release can be the feature of Syrian and not Hittite culture. The positive distinction of these texts from their analogues in the rest of the Ancient Near East is the detailed description of the multi-month processes like gestation that can find its counterpart in the ritual texts. The Song of Going Forth have shown the limits of time in the Hittite worldview and gave life to the vivid discussion about how long were the nine years of kingship for the primeval gods. The detailed analysis of all attestations of time periods in the Hittite mythological and epic texts shows that the Hittites had no passion to the great numbers measuring their real or mythological past even with the availability of tools for it, in contrast with other Ancient Near Eastern and Indo-European traditions. These features of time perception in the Hittite myth and epic fit well to our knowledge of the Hittite calendar, based on the periods of one month and of one or several years.

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Hettinger, Thomas, and Marion Frank. "Stochastic and Temporal Models of Olfactory Perception." Chemosensors 6, no. 4 (2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors6040044.

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Olfactory systems typically process signals produced by mixtures composed of very many natural odors, some that can be elicited by single compounds. The several hundred different olfactory receptors aided by several dozen different taste receptors are sufficient to define our complex chemosensory world. However, sensory processing by selective adaptation and mixture suppression leaves only a few perceptual components recognized at any time. Thresholds determined by stochastic processes are described by functions relating stimulus detection to concentration. Relative saliences of mixture components are established by relating component recognition to concentration in the presence of background components. Mathematically distinct stochastic models of perceptual component dominance in binary mixtures were developed that accommodate prediction of an appropriate range of probabilities from 0 to 1, and include errors in identifications. Prior short-term selective adaptation to some components allows temporally emergent recognition of non-adapted mixture-suppressed components. Thus, broadly tuned receptors are neutralized or suppressed by activation of other more efficacious receptors. This ‘combinatorial’ coding is more a process of subtraction than addition, with the more intense components dominating the perception. It is in this way that complex chemosensory mixtures are reduced to manageable numbers of odor notes and taste qualities.

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Kováčik, Peter. "The Alternative Model of Simplified Estimation of Measured Variables." Journal of Education, Technology and Computer Science 33, no. 3 (2022): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/jetacomps.2022.3.11.

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The article analyse errors which occur when airborne instruments are used and it creates basic idea about a chance of a man (pilot) to receive correct indication to his activity. The article introduces simplified model of numbers of measured values perception at short time and some possibilities of activity simplification which can lead to bigger lucidity and efficiency of measured values using. As a result is an alternative design of optimization of measured values estimation by a man who is influenced by stress situation, mostly by time.

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Nkrumah, Bright, and Raymond Asamoah. "Ghanaian Chinese Language Learners’ Perception of Chinese Characters." Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Learning 7, no. 2 (2022): 329–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/ftl.v7i2.14077.

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This paper investigated students’ perception of learning Chinese characters at the University of Ghana. The Chinese writing system is an exclusive indispensable script that forms part of the Chinese culture. However, the complexity, forms, strokes, pronunciation, radicals, and orthography structure of the characters makes it difficult for Ghanaian students to learn the Chinese language. A qualitative and quantitative design was used for the study. Of 338 students, 183 participated in the study from the first to the fourth year. Purposive sampling was used to select the students to respond to the questionnaire and share their opinions about the Chinese characters in interviews. The findings showed that (a) reading and writing of the Chinese characters were perceived to be more difficult than speaking. (b) the Chinese character radicals, forms, remembering of strokes, orders, numbers, and the orthography structure of the Chinese characters were a hurdle for Chinese language learners. Suggestions were made to urge students to cultivate the habit of consistently practicing the characters through collective participation and learning. The language learners need to do away with excuses, fear, and make-believe obstructions and spend more time in the learning process to enhance their skills in the Chinese writing system.

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Khan, Atikur R., Sumaiya Abedin, Md Mosiur Rahman, and Saleheen Khan. "Effects of corruption and income inequality on the reported number of COVID-19 cases and deaths: Evidence from a time series cross-sectional data analysis." PLOS Global Public Health 2, no. 11 (2022): e0001157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001157.

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Corruption-income inequality nexus is likely to affect the healthcare services, which in turn affect a country’s ability to suppress an epidemic. Widespread corruption in public sectors may influence the data inventory practices to control the recording and sharing of official statistics to avoid political disturbance or social problems caused by an epidemic. This empirical study examines the effects of income inequality, data inventory, and universal healthcare coverage on cross-country variation in reported numbers of COVID-19 cases and deaths in the presence of corruption in public sectors. Daily numbers of COVID-19 cases and deaths of selected 29 countries are integrated for the first 120 days of the epidemic in each country. COVID-19 dataset is then integrated with a dataset of different indices. Fixed effect panel model is applied to explore the effects of corruption perception, income inequality, open data inventory practice, and universal health coverage on the daily numbers of COVID-19 cases and deaths per million. Income inequality, corruption perception and open data inventory are found to significantly affect the number of confirmed cases and deaths. Countries with alarming income inequality are found to report 39.89 more COVID-19 cases per million, on average. Under a lower level of corruption, countries with lower level of open data inventory are expected to report 74.31 more COVID-19 cases but 1.43 less deaths per million. Given a higher level of corruption, countries with lower level of open data inventory are expected to report lower number of COVID-19 cases and deaths. Corruption demonstrates a significant influence on the size of the epidemic in terms of the number of COVID-19 cases and deaths. A country with higher level of corruption in public sector along with lower levels of open data inventory is expected to report lower number of COVID-19 cases and deaths.

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Raghupathi, Viju, Jie Ren, and Wullianallur Raghupathi. "Studying Public Perception about Vaccination: A Sentiment Analysis of Tweets." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10 (2020): 3464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103464.

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Text analysis has been used by scholars to research attitudes toward vaccination and is particularly timely due to the rise of medical misinformation via social media. This study uses a sample of 9581 vaccine-related tweets in the period 1 January 2019 to 5 April 2019. The time period is of the essence because during this time, a measles outbreak was prevalent throughout the United States and a public debate was raging. Sentiment analysis is applied to the sample, clustering the data into topics using the term frequency–inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) technique. The analyses suggest that most (about 77%) of the tweets focused on the search for new/better vaccines for diseases such as the Ebola virus, human papillomavirus (HPV), and the flu. Of the remainder, about half concerned the recent measles outbreak in the United States, and about half were part of ongoing debates between supporters and opponents of vaccination against measles in particular. While these numbers currently suggest a relatively small role for vaccine misinformation, the concept of herd immunity puts that role in context. Nevertheless, going forward, health experts should consider the potential for the increasing spread of falsehoods that may get firmly entrenched in the public mind.

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Randjelovic, Danijela, and Miroslav Pavlovic. "The effect of acceleration on color vision." Vojnosanitetski pregled 75, no. 6 (2018): 623–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp160622288r.

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Background/Aim. Over 80% of all information a pilot receives during the flight is visual with color perception being one of the most important visual functions for managing an aircraft. The reception of color is of high significance in aviation due to the importance of signal tracking on instrument panels as well as the importance of visual stimulus and environment signs. There is no sufficient number of papers and studies that deal with this issue, although recent studies have shown that the connection between acceleration and color perception exists. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the correlation between pilot exposure to +Gz acceleration in human centrifuge and color perception before and after acceleration exposure. Methods. Subjects of the study were 40 military pilots, aged 35?45, with 10 and 20 years of flying experience. Pilots were exposed to +Gz acceleration (inertial force acts from head to feet) in the human centrifuge for pilot training with accelerations of +2Gz, +5.5Gz up to +7Gz. The tests focused on color perception before and after the exposure to the acceleration. Results. Out of 40 pilots examined for color vision, in 35 (87.50%) had normal results in color identification before and after +Gz; 5.00% (2 subjects) had two mistakes ? reading number 5 instead of number 3, which falls within the normal trichomes, and reading number 16 instead of number 26. Three subjects (7.50%) gave their answers slower than the accepted response time. After the +7Gz exposure, 34 (85%) persons had normal results in color identification, 2 (5%) subjects made three mistakes ? at numbers 5, 74 and 26; one (2.50%) pilot made four mistakes on numbers 5, 7, 74 and 26; 7.50% (3 pilots) of the subjects identified colors slower. Conclusion. Color perception in pilots is unstable on high +Gz accelerations. Exposure to +5.5Gz acceleration does not lead to significant changes in color perception, while exposure to +7Gz acceleration showed a significant percentage of reversible disturbance in color perception which lasted for 10 minutes.

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Peter Mlawa, Kassim, and Evaristo Andreas Mtitu. "Perception of School Stakeholders on Shadow Education in Iringa Municipality, Tanzania." EAST AFRICAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 3, no. 1 (2022): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.46606/eajess2022v03i01.0150.

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This study investigated on the perception of school stakeholders on shadow education in Iringa Municipality through mixed approach and descriptive design. A sample of 50 participants was drawn out of 58 Education Stakeholders from six Education Centers. Participation was voluntary and participants had the right to withdraw any time. Questionnaire and interview schedule were sources of data. Qualitative data was treated thematically in that common themes were assembled together to address the research question. Quantitative data was presented descriptively through numbers. The study established that school stakeholders held a positive perception toward the shadow education as compared to the mainstream education as the shadow education system boosted the academic performance of the students. It is therefore recommended that the government through the ministry of Education and Vocational Training needs to make much greater attention to shadow education centers which seem to affect the performance of teachers in mainstream education system.

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Prisiazhnaia, N. V. "THE IMAGE OF «IDEAL» FAMILY IN NOTIONS OF MUSCOVITES." Sociology of Medicine 18, no. 1 (2019): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1728-2810-2019-18-1-28-34.

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The article considers concepts of Moscow residents related to the issue of «ideal» family. The generalized character of the «ideal» family in view of respondents is presented as follows: complete family with two children living in their own apartment, family relationship is based on love, mutual assistance, support, mutual understanding, domestic duties are distributed fairly and taking into account «female» and «male» types of domestic life. Furthermore, both parents are working and devote their free time to children. At that, joint leisure is mostly organized as active rest (walks, travel, sports). The study established serious gap between factual characteristics of transformation of social institution of family at present stage (increasing numbers of divorces and single parenthood, leveling of family values, decreasing of numbers of children in family, wide range of problems of modern family) and perceptions by respondents of the «ideal» family as it is. It is noted that perception of respondents of the «ideal» family may indicate preservation of value of family as social (and vital) construct. This perception also may act as intentional sources of motivation and striving for achievement of the «ideal» of family relations.

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33

Best, Virginia, Lucas S. Baltzell, and H. Steven Colburn. "Effects of Hearing Loss on Interaural Time Difference Sensitivity at Low and High Frequencies." Trends in Hearing 26 (January 2022): 233121652210953. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23312165221095357.

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While many studies have reported a loss of sensitivity to interaural time differences (ITDs) carried in the fine structure of low-frequency signals for listeners with hearing loss, relatively few data are available on the perception of ITDs carried in the envelope of high-frequency signals in this population. The relevant studies found stronger effects of hearing loss at high frequencies than at low frequencies in most cases, but small subject numbers and several confounding effects prevented strong conclusions from being drawn. In the present study, we revisited this question while addressing some of the issues identified in previous studies. Participants were ten young adults with normal hearing (NH) and twenty adults with sensorineural hearing impairment (HI) spanning a range of ages. ITD discrimination thresholds were measured for octave-band-wide “rustle” stimuli centered at 500 Hz or 4000 Hz, which were presented at 20 or 40 dB sensation level. Broadband rustle stimuli and 500-Hz pure-tone stimuli were also tested. Thresholds were poorer on average for the HI group than the NH group. The ITD deficit, relative to the NH group, was similar at low and high frequencies for most HI participants. For a small number of participants, however, the deficit was strongly frequency-dependent. These results provide new insights into the binaural perception of complex sounds and may inform binaural models that incorporate effects of hearing loss.

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Fraunhofer, Hedwig. "Spatiotemporality in the Anthropocene: Deleuzoguattarian Philosophy, Quantum Physics, and the German Netflix Series Dark." KronoScope 21, no. 1 (2021): 28–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685241-12341486.

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Abstract Crises alter our perception of time. For medical personnel faced with treating unprecedented numbers of critically ill patients under conditions of personal threat, COVID-19 has most recently accelerated the subjective perception of time. For millions of others, social isolation has decelerated our lives. For all of us, at least in the short term, the future has become more uncertain. Theoretical physicists tell us, however, that under any conditions, the human perception of the flowing of time is only a result of our blurred, limited, macroscopic vision. As the quantum physicist Carlo Rovelli writes, therefore, “[t]o understand ourselves is to reflect on time” (2018: 179). Potentially caused by humans’ failed interactions with wild animals, the contemporary global pandemic, as well as previous outbreaks such as SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related coronavirus) or the bird flu, has led to calls to reevaluate humans’ relationships with nonhuman life, with the natural environment that includes us, in the epoch that may soon be named for our very failure – the Anthropocene. In an era in which our usual, day-to-day certainties and desire for human control have been upended, not only by the current medical crisis but also by the continuing existential threat to terrestrial life that is climate change, a rethinking of the category of the human, a new conceptualization of the entangled (human and nonhuman) material relationships on our planet and beyond, requires reflecting on time. This article engages in such reflection through a conversation with the philosophical writings of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari.

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Fuhrmeister, Pamela. "Examining group differences in between-participant variability in non-native speech sound learning." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 83, no. 5 (2021): 1935–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-021-02311-3.

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AbstractMany studies on non-native speech sound learning report a large amount of between-participant variability. This variability allows us to ask interesting questions about non-native speech sound learning, such as whether certain training paradigms give rise to more or less between-participant variability. This study presents a reanalysis of Fuhrmeister and Myers (Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics, 82(4), 2049-2065, 2020) and tests whether different types of phonetic training lead to group differences in between-participant variability. The original study trained participants on a non-native speech sound contrast in two different phonological (vowel) contexts and tested for differences in means between a group that received blocked training (one vowel context at a time) and interleaved training (vowel contexts were randomized). No statistically significant differences in means were found between the two groups in the original study on a discrimination test (a same-different judgment). However, the current reanalysis tested group differences in between-participant variability and found greater variability in the blocked training group immediately after training because this group had a larger proportion of participants with higher-than-average scores. After a period of offline consolidation, this group difference in variability decreased substantially. This suggests that the type and difficulty of phonetic training (blocked vs. interleaved) may initially give rise to differences in between-participant variability, but offline consolidation may attenuate that variability and have an equalizing effect across participants. This reanalysis supports the view that examining between-participant variability in addition to means when analyzing data can give us a more complete picture of the effects being tested.

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Lea-Carnall, Caroline A., Nelson J. Trujillo-Barreto, Marcelo A. Montemurro, Wael El-Deredy, and Laura M. Parkes. "Evidence for frequency-dependent cortical plasticity in the human brain." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 33 (2017): 8871–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620988114.

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Frequency-dependent plasticity (FDP) describes adaptation at the synapse in response to stimulation at different frequencies. Its consequence on the structure and function of cortical networks is unknown. We tested whether cortical “resonance,” favorable stimulation frequencies at which the sensory cortices respond maximally, influenced the impact of FDP on perception, functional topography, and connectivity of the primary somatosensory cortex using psychophysics and functional imaging (fMRI). We costimulated two digits on the hand synchronously at, above, or below the resonance frequency of the somatosensory cortex, and tested subjects’ accuracy and speed on tactile localization before and after costimulation. More errors and slower response times followed costimulation at above- or below-resonance, respectively. Response times were faster after at-resonance costimulation. In the fMRI, the cortical representations of the two digits costimulated above-resonance shifted closer, potentially accounting for the poorer performance. Costimulation at-resonance did not shift the digit regions, but increased the functional coupling between them, potentially accounting for the improved response time. To relate these results to synaptic plasticity, we simulated a network of oscillators incorporating Hebbian learning. Two neighboring patches embedded in a cortical sheet, mimicking the two digit regions, were costimulated at different frequencies. Network activation outside the stimulated patches was greatest at above-resonance frequencies, reproducing the spread of digit representations seen with fMRI. Connection strengths within the patches increased following at-resonance costimulation, reproducing the increased fMRI connectivity. We show that FDP extends to the cortical level and is influenced by cortical resonance.

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Scott, David, Michael Kelsch, and Daniel Friesner. "Impact of Achieved Tenure and Promotion on Faculty Research Productivity at a School of Pharmacy." INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 10, no. 4 (2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v10i4.2153.

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Objective: Critics of the promotion and tenure system contend that promotion and tenure may lead to a decline in research productivity (“dead wood phenomena”) by those faculty. To assess this perception, we compiled the publications and grants at the time of application for promotion, and again through 2017 for the same faculty following promotion and/or tenure. Methods: Promotion documents at a school of pharmacy at a public Midwestern university were assessed. Mean publication rates and grant dollars per year per faculty member were compared to the same group of faculty (n=13) pre and post-promotion. Results: At the time of promotion to associate professor, mean numbers of total publications per year per faculty in the pharmacy practice department were 1.1, compared to 1.4 post-promotion. For pharmaceutical sciences department faculty, corresponding means were 5.0 and 4.1, respectively. At the time of promotion to full professor, mean numbers of total publications per year for pharmacy practice faculty were 7.0, compared to 7.2 post-promotion. For pharmaceutical sciences faculty, corresponding means were 3.5 and 4.7, respectively. For grant activity, both associate professors and full professors increased the mean total dollars per year from pre-promotion to post-promotion for both departments. Conclusion: Research productivity at this school of pharmacy continues to be either maintained or increased since promotion for the collective group of faculty. This evidence runs counter to the perception that promotion and tenure may lead to decreased scholarly productivity. The study provides a roadmap for other schools/colleges to quantify research productivity and make comparisons to national mean levels reported in the literature.   Article Type: Original Research

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Lukela, Jennifer Reilly, Aditi Ramakrishnan, Nicole Hadeed, and John Del Valle. "When perception is reality: Resident perception of faculty gender parity in a university-based internal medicine residency program." Perspectives on Medical Education 8, no. 6 (2019): 346–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40037-019-00532-9.

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Abstract Introduction Although women have entered medical school and internal medicine residency programs in significant numbers for decades, women faculty remain underrepresented in senior and departmental leadership roles. How residents perceive this gender disparity is unknown. We sought to assess resident perception of gender parity among departmental leadership and teaching faculty in our internal medicine department, and to determine the actual gender distribution of those faculty roles. Methods An anonymous cross-sectional survey was distributed to evaluate resident perception of gender representation of various faculty roles. Using conference schedules, resident evaluations, and our department website, we determined the actual representation of women faculty in department leadership roles, and in clinical and educational activities. Results 88 of 164 residents (54%) responded. Women residents were less likely than men to perceive that women faculty were equally represented in department leadership (45% men agreed vs. 13% women, p < 0.05), clinical teaching roles (55% men agreed vs. 28% women, p < 0.05), or facilitating educational conferences (45% men agreed vs. 28% women, p = 0.074). In 2017, the internal medicine department at our institution comprised 815 faculty members, 473 men (58%) and 342 women (42%). At that time, women faculty held 5% of senior departmental leadership positions and 21% of educational leadership positions. During the year preceding survey distribution, women faculty attended on internal medicine inpatient wards for 33% of the total number of weeks, staffed 20% of morning reports, and facilitated 28% of noon conferences. Discussion Women residents in our internal medicine training program perceived a gender disparity among faculty in leadership and educational positions to a greater extent than male residents. The perception of women trainees was accurate. In addition to disproportionate underrepresentation in leadership positions, women faculty were underrepresented in prominent educational positions, including attending on inpatient services and serving as discussants at educational conferences.

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Witkowska-Zaremba, Elzbieta. "The Medieval Concept of Music Perception. Hearing, Calculating and Contemplating." Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis 16 (January 1, 1996): 369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30674/scripta.67239.

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Seeking to indicate the most salient features of the medieval perception of music, we must first of all point to the close relationship between the sensual and intellectual elements. This relationship is most conspicuous in the term "harmonica" introduced in the Latin Middle Ages by Boethius and defined as follows: "harmonica is the faculty of perceiving through senses and the intellect the differences between high and low sounds". The same definition reveals another significant feature of the perception of music, namely, that the importance is attached not to individual sounds, but to the differences or relationships between them, that is to the intervals. Since - in accordance with the Pythagorean tradition, which was a major force in medieval music theory - the relationship between sounds can be expressed numerically, it may therefore be considered in terms of the relationship of two numbers, apart from actual sound and beyond physical time. The question arises whether this concept of music could influence the perception of a medieval listener. For instance, can listening to music be understood as a process which engages both cognitive powers and concerns reducing in some unspecified manner the data perceived and processed by the senses to abstract categories which can be conceived only by the intellect?.

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Tamrat, Elsabet, and Malcolm Smith. "Telecommuting and Perceived Productivity: An Australian Case Study." Journal of Management & Organization 8, no. 1 (2002): 44–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1833367200005149.

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AbstractThe concept of widespread “telecommuting” in a community envisages the presence of large numbers of employees who, instead of commuting to work, perform either all or a significant fraction of their tasks at home. It is widely accepted that large-scale adoption of telecommuting is just a matter of time in those countries with the necessary telecommunications infrastructure.This paper reports on the conduct of a telecommuting project in a large Australian organisation. The data and the analyses demonstrate that, overall, the telecommuting project has been successful and brought benefits to both the employees and the organisation. The results also indicate the presence of strong positive links between the relationship/interactions telecommuters had with their supervisors, and the telecommuters' perception both of their own productivity, and their levels of satisfaction with the telecommuting experience. The tasks which telecommuters performed were also related to the employees' perception of productivity and job satisfaction.

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Tamrat, Elsabet, and Malcolm Smith. "Telecommuting and Perceived Productivity: An Australian Case Study." Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management 8, no. 1 (2002): 44–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/jmo.2002.8.1.44.

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AbstractThe concept of widespread “telecommuting” in a community envisages the presence of large numbers of employees who, instead of commuting to work, perform either all or a significant fraction of their tasks at home. It is widely accepted that large-scale adoption of telecommuting is just a matter of time in those countries with the necessary telecommunications infrastructure.This paper reports on the conduct of a telecommuting project in a large Australian organisation. The data and the analyses demonstrate that, overall, the telecommuting project has been successful and brought benefits to both the employees and the organisation. The results also indicate the presence of strong positive links between the relationship/interactions telecommuters had with their supervisors, and the telecommuters' perception both of their own productivity, and their levels of satisfaction with the telecommuting experience. The tasks which telecommuters performed were also related to the employees' perception of productivity and job satisfaction.

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42

Roussin, Christopher Jay. "Age differences in the perception of new co-worker benevolence." Journal of Managerial Psychology 30, no. 1 (2015): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmp-07-2014-0214.

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Purpose – Large numbers of older workers are remaining in the global workforce, raising questions concerning age-related differences in perception and behavior. The purpose of this paper is to examine the interplay between employee age, gender and ethnicity on benevolence perceptions of new co-workers. Design/methodology/approach – Data were obtained through scenario methods from a sample of 215 full-time, team-based employees across nine North American business organizations. Participants evaluated three provocative scenarios depicting initial meetings with new colleagues. Findings – Workers of greater age perceived significantly less benevolence in all three scenarios. In evaluating a new boss, women perceived lower benevolence than men, and gender moderated the relationship between age and perceived benevolence, where aging was associated with significantly lower levels of perceived benevolence only among men. Research limitations/implications – Deeper understandings are needed concerning the behavioral and cognitive mechanisms related to age and workplace perceptions. Practical implications – Older employees, guided by experience, are skeptical of the intentions of a wide variety of newly acquainted colleagues, signaling organizational leaders to customize behaviors and develop programs to encourage awareness and positive relationships across age- and gender-diverse employee groups. Originality/value – This research uniquely explores age influences, and interactions with gender and ethnicity, on benevolence perceptions of diverse new coworkers. The results are robust, considering that age was related to lower benevolence perception across three disparate scenario interpretations.

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Chen, Jing, Matteo Valsecchi, and Karl R. Gegenfurtner. "Saccadic suppression measured by steady-state visual evoked potentials." Journal of Neurophysiology 122, no. 1 (2019): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00712.2018.

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Visual sensitivity is severely impaired during the execution of saccadic eye movements. This phenomenon has been extensively characterized in human psychophysics and nonhuman primate single-neuron studies, but a physiological characterization in humans is less established. Here, we used a method based on steady-state visually evoked potential (SSVEP), an oscillatory brain response to periodic visual stimulation, to examine how saccades affect visual sensitivity. Observers made horizontal saccades back and forth, while horizontal black-and-white gratings flickered at 5–30 Hz in the background. We analyzed EEG epochs with a length of 0.3 s either centered at saccade onset (saccade epochs) or centered at fixations half a second before the saccade (fixation epochs). Compared with fixation epochs, saccade epochs showed a broadband power increase, which most likely resulted from saccade-related EEG activity. The execution of saccades, however, led to an average reduction of 57% in the SSVEP amplitude at the stimulation frequency. This result provides additional evidence for an active saccadic suppression in the early visual cortex in humans. Compared with previous functional MRI and EEG studies, an advantage of this approach lies in its capability to trace the temporal dynamics of neural activity throughout the time course of a saccade. In contrast to previous electrophysiological studies in nonhuman primates, we did not find any evidence for postsaccadic enhancement, even though simulation results show that our method would have been able to detect it. We conclude that SSVEP is a useful technique to investigate the neural correlates of visual perception during saccadic eye movements in humans. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We make fast ballistic saccadic eye movements a few times every second. At the time of saccades, visual sensitivity is severely impaired. The present study uses steady-state visually evoked potentials to reveal a neural correlate of the fine temporal dynamics of these modulations at the time of saccades in humans. We observed a strong reduction (57%) of visually driven neural activity associated with saccades but did not find any evidence for postsaccadic enhancement.

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Chen, Wan-Hui, Chih-Yung Lin, and Ji-Liang Doong. "Effects of Interface Workload of In-Vehicle Information Systems on Driving Safety." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1937, no. 1 (2005): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105193700111.

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Driver distraction and lack of awareness of the driving situation are major causes of accidents in the urban areas in Taiwan; failing to obey traffic signals is the third leading accident cause. Numerous innovative in-vehicle information systems (IVIS) could be used collectively to provide drivers with a variety of information, such as messages from intersection collision warning systems (ICWS) by way of different in-vehicle interfaces. How the different IVIS interfaces influence driver workload and safety is always an important issue. This study investigates the effects of auditory ICWS messages on driver performance while the driver's visual, hearing, or mental processing attention resources (or all three) are engaged by secondary tasks. This type of engagement or distraction commonly occurs when a driver uses IVIS. The secondary tasks used to distract drivers were created by different types of mathematical questions presented with different types of display devices (e.g., voice from a speaker or numbers shown on a liquid crystal display screen or head-up display). Mixed linear models were employed to examine the factors influencing driver perception–reaction time with the consideration of repeated measures. Several factors, including several main factors and an interaction, were found to be significant. The most important finding was that the interaction between provision of ICWS information and the display format indicated that an auditory warning message could increase driver perception–reaction time while a driver was distracted by an auditory task. In addition, it was found that driver distraction due to different mental processing tasks had a significant impact on driver perception–reaction time.

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45

Ullah, Farman, Yigang Wu, Khalid Mehmood, et al. "Impact of Spectators’ Perceptions of Corporate Social Responsibility on Regional Attachment in Sports: Three-Wave Indirect Effects of Spectators’ Pride and Team Identification." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (2021): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020597.

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The professional sports events industry is becoming immensely popular due to a global social shift toward larger numbers of spectators at sports events and an ever-increasing variety of such events. This study aimed to investigate the impact of spectators’ perception of corporate social responsibility on regional attachment by applying social identity theory. The present study introduces two mediators, namely, spectators’ pride and team identification, to enlighten the relationship between spectators’ perception of corporate social responsibility and regional attachment, thus contributing to the literature on corporate social responsibility in sports. This quantitative study used a time-lagged approach to collect data in three waves at a time interval of one week and the final sample consisted of 511 respondents (i.e., spectators). Hierarchical regression analysis bootstrapping approach was utilized to analyze the hypothesis. We found that the spectators’ perceptions of corporate social responsibility positively influenced their team identification, and this relationship was mediated by spectators’ pride. In addition, spectators’ pride positively influences regional attachment, and this relationship is mediated by team identification. These findings provide new directions for understanding corporate social responsibility, team identification, spectators’ pride, and regional attachment in sports contexts. The practical and theoretical implications are discussed.

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46

Ullah, Farman, Yigang Wu, Khalid Mehmood, et al. "Impact of Spectators’ Perceptions of Corporate Social Responsibility on Regional Attachment in Sports: Three-Wave Indirect Effects of Spectators’ Pride and Team Identification." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (2021): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020597.

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The professional sports events industry is becoming immensely popular due to a global social shift toward larger numbers of spectators at sports events and an ever-increasing variety of such events. This study aimed to investigate the impact of spectators’ perception of corporate social responsibility on regional attachment by applying social identity theory. The present study introduces two mediators, namely, spectators’ pride and team identification, to enlighten the relationship between spectators’ perception of corporate social responsibility and regional attachment, thus contributing to the literature on corporate social responsibility in sports. This quantitative study used a time-lagged approach to collect data in three waves at a time interval of one week and the final sample consisted of 511 respondents (i.e., spectators). Hierarchical regression analysis bootstrapping approach was utilized to analyze the hypothesis. We found that the spectators’ perceptions of corporate social responsibility positively influenced their team identification, and this relationship was mediated by spectators’ pride. In addition, spectators’ pride positively influences regional attachment, and this relationship is mediated by team identification. These findings provide new directions for understanding corporate social responsibility, team identification, spectators’ pride, and regional attachment in sports contexts. The practical and theoretical implications are discussed.

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47

Shrestha, Susmita, and Bibek Khadka. "Assessment of Patients’ Knowledge, Perception and Safety Regarding MRI Scan." Journal of Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences 6, no. 1 (2020): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmmihs.v6i1.30532.

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Correction: The page numbers on this article were changed from 4-20 to 3-19 on 31/08/2020. Introduction: We presume that the knowledge of patients about Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) scan is of utmost importance for smooth workflow, patient comfort, patients’ safety and to mitigate patients’ compliance and save valuable scan time. Therefore, the purpose ofthis study was to determine the awareness of patients undergoing MRI scan regarding Knowledge, Perception and Safety. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital from April to September, 2018. Total of 310 patients referred to undergo MRI scan were assessed by a questionnaire form covering 4 parts: Part 1- aimed to gather the socio demographic data such as age, sex, occupation and educational status of patients, Part 2- included the knowledge regarding MRI and its safety, Part 3- comprised the patient perception before MRI scan and Part 4 constituted the patient perception after MRI scan.The form was filled by an investigator oneself in a face to face interview with the patients. Results: Among 310 patients, 35.2% were illiterate and 19.4% graduated from high school. Majority of 85.5% patients answered that MRI uses harmful ionizing radiation like CT scan and radiography. Almost 43 patients who answered MRI functions in disease treatment also answered decreased in pain after MRI scan (Male = 15 and Female = 28) were in age group between 25 years and 50 years. This study also revealed that majority of 26.8% (i.e. n = 83) patients faced problem as claustrophobia along with anxiety during the scan, out of which 13 patients have history of previous MRI scan. Conclusions: In our study decrease in pain was higher in diagnosis and treatment answer. Majority of the patients faced anxiety along with claustrophobia during the MRI scan. Assessment of patient knowledge, perception and safety regarding MRI scan can be the key to increase patient compliance and save valuable scan time.

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Searing, Caroline, and Hannah Zeilig. "Fine Lines: cosmetic advertising and the perception of ageing female beauty." International Journal of Ageing and Later Life 11, no. 1 (2017): 7–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ijal.1652-8670.16-290.

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Fine Lines is a study investigating the language used in adverts for female facial cosmetics (excluding makeup) in UK Vogue magazine. The study queries whether this has been affected by the introduction and rise in popularity of minimally invasive aesthetic procedures to alleviate the signs of facial ageing. The contemporary cultural landscape is explored: this includes the ubiquitous nature of advertising as well as the growth of the skincare market. Emergent thematic analysis of selected advertisements showed a change in the language used before the introduction of the aesthetic procedures (1992 and 1993) compared with later years (2006 and 2007). We have noted a decline in numbers of advertisements within some themes (nourishing in particular showed a marked fall in number of mentions) while others have shown increases (those offering protection against UV radiation and pollution increased by 50% in the later data set). The remaining thematic categories were relatively constant over the period of study, though the emphasis shifted within the themes over time. This article concludes by asserting that the language has changed, that the vocabulary has become more inventive and that skincare products appear to be marketed as complementary to cosmetic procedures. In addition, some of the products appear to be being marketed as luxury items, something to be bought because owning and using it gives you pleasure and bestows prestige on the owner.

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Nunes Vaz, Fabiano, Homero Dewes, Antônio Domingos Padula, and Edson Talamini. "Meat market reaction towards mass media and science communication on Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy." Journal of Science Communication 12, no. 02 (2013): A02. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/2.12020202.

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This study assesses the correlation between reports on food risk published in scientific journals and in the printed mass media and changes in the meat market. It focuses on the case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the United Kingdom. The findings suggest that during the time BSE and its related human disease were of noticeable public concern, there was a predominantly negative correlation between the number of reports on BSE published in the British printed mass media and meat market variables. In contrast, reports of scientific research on the disease contributed to reducing the perception of food risk because these numbers correlated positively with the meat market.

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50

Blešić, Ivana, Milan Ivkov, Jelena Tepavčević, et al. "Risky Travel? Subjective vs. Objective Perceived Risks in Travel Behaviour—Influence of Hydro-Meteorological Hazards in South-Eastern Europe on Serbian Tourists." Atmosphere 13, no. 10 (2022): 1671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13101671.

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In terms of climate related security risks, the region of South-Eastern Europe (SEE) can be identified as one of the world’s hot spots. As weather-related hazards continue to increase in numbers and spatial distribution, risk perception in the tourism industry becomes even more important. Additionally, people’s perception of natural hazards is one of the key elements in their decision-making process when choosing a travel destination. Although a vast number of studies have examined aspects of risk perception, an integrated approach which considers both objective and subjective factors related to the tourism industry and hydro-meteorological hazards remains relatively scarce. This pioneering study inspects the causality between objective perceived risks, as well as subjective risk factors. A methodological approach and the obtained results present a certain novelty since the previous conceptualized Psychological Preparedness for Disaster Threat Scale (PPDTS) was applied for the first time in the tourism industry. The obtained results reveal the presence of a statistically significant relationship between objective risks and certain subjective risk factors (gender, age, education, prior experience, anticipation, and awareness). Therefore, this study may offer a conceptual platform for both theoretical and practical implications for enhanced approaches oriented toward more qualitative risk management at a given travel destination, in regions prone to hydro-meteorological hazards.

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