Literatura académica sobre el tema "Three paradoxes of set theory"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Three paradoxes of set theory"
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OMORI, HITOSHI. "REMARKS ON NAIVE SET THEORY BASED ONLP". Review of Symbolic Logic 8, n.º 2 (12 de febrero de 2015): 279–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020314000525.
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AbstractDialetheism is the metaphysical claim that there are true contradictions. And based on this view, Graham Priest and his collaborators have been suggesting solutions to a number of paradoxes. Those paradoxes include Russell’s paradox in naive set theory. For the purpose of dealing with this paradox, Priest is known to have argued against the presence of classical negation in the underlying logic of naive set theory. The aim of the present paper is to challenge this view by showing that there is a way to handle classical negation.
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WEBER, ZACH. "TRANSFINITE NUMBERS IN PARACONSISTENT SET THEORY". Review of Symbolic Logic 3, n.º 1 (14 de enero de 2010): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020309990281.
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This paper begins an axiomatic development of naive set theory—the consequences of a full comprehension principle—in a paraconsistent logic. Results divide into two sorts. There is classical recapture, where the main theorems of ordinal and Peano arithmetic are proved, showing that naive set theory can provide a foundation for standard mathematics. Then there are major extensions, including proofs of the famous paradoxes and the axiom of choice (in the form of the well-ordering principle). At the end I indicate how later developments of cardinal numbers will lead to Cantor’s theorem, the existence of large cardinals, and a counterexample to the continuum hypothesis.
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Kreis, Guido. "The Challenge of Paradox: Infinity and Contradiction in Western and Chinese Philosophy". Journal of Chinese Philosophy 44, n.º 3-4 (3 de marzo de 2017): 193–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15406253-0440304008.
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Kant claimed that it is impossible for us to have a consistent notion of the infinite. I shall concentrate on three versions of the paradoxes of the infinite: Kant’s first antinomy, the paradoxes of Cantorian set theory, and applications of Cantorian arguments to the metaphysics of the world. I shall dare two side-glance looks at Ancient Chinese Philosophy, where analogies to the Western paradoxes can be found. I shall first discuss key passages from the Chinese sophists, and then consider the formulation of the Law of Non-Contradiction in the Moist Canons. I conclude that the paradoxes of the infinite remain a major challenge for reason.
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Xue, Yang. "Reflection on Set theory: Is the barber example a genuine illustration of Russell's paradox?" Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 8 (7 de febrero de 2023): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v8i.4283.
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Since the formulation of Russell’s paradox, many people have created more accessible models while trying to understand and solve the paradox. The Barber paradox is the most famous one, but it is not the case that this paradox was not proposed by Russell. This paper will demonstrate the nature of both paradoxes through truth-functional language and propose possible solutions (theory of types) for Russell’s paradox. The reason why the Barber paradox is a pseudo paradox will also be illustrated with a possible solution. There is a huge difference between the paradoxes due to the fundamental difference in the set, and more reasons will be clarified in the paper.
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Nescolarde-Selva, Josué-Antonio, José-Luis Usó-Doménech, Lorena Segura-Abad, Kristian Alonso-Stenberg y Hugh Gash. "Solutions of Extension and Limits of Some Cantorian Paradoxes". Mathematics 8, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 2020): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8040486.
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Cantor thought of the principles of set theory or intuitive principles as universal forms that can apply to any actual or possible totality. This is something, however, which need not be accepted if there are totalities which have a fundamental ontological value and do not conform to these principles. The difficulties involved are not related to ontological problems but with certain peculiar sets, including the set of all sets that are not members of themselves, the set of all sets, and the ordinal of all ordinals. These problematic totalities for intuitive theory can be treated satisfactorily with the Zermelo and Fraenkel (ZF) axioms or the von Neumann, Bernays, and Gödel (NBG) axioms, and the iterative conceptions expressed in them.
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Swart, Barbara. "Fair pricing, and pricing paradoxes". South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 19, n.º 2 (13 de mayo de 2016): 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v19i2.1136.
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The St Petersburg Paradox revolves round the determination of a fair price for playing the St Petersburg Game. According to the original formulation, the price for the game is infinite, and, therefore, paradoxical. Although the St Petersburg Paradox can be seen as concerning merely a game, Paul Samuelson (1977) calls it a “fascinating chapter in the history of ideas”, a chapter that gave rise to a considerable number of papers over more than 200 years involving fields such as probability theory and economics. In a paper in this journal, Vivian (2013) undertook a numerical investigation of the St Petersburg Game. In this paper, the central issue of the paradox is identified as that of fair (risk-neutral) pricing, which is fundamental in economics and finance and involves important concepts such as no arbitrage, discounting, and risk-neutral measures. The model for the St Petersburg Game as set out in this paper is new and analytical and resolves the so-called pricing paradox by applying a discounting procedure. In this framework, it is shown that there is in fact no infinite price paradox, and simple formulas for obtaining a finite price for the game are also provided.
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Kakkar, Shiva. "The goblet and two faces". Learning Organization 26, n.º 4 (13 de mayo de 2019): 412–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tlo-04-2018-0052.
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Purpose Paradox theory looks at ambidexterity as a set of paradoxical yet interrelated demands. A form of response to such paradoxes is transcendence. Currently, there is limited understanding of the concept among researchers. Using concepts from the Indian philosophy of Advaita Vedanta, this paper aims to provide a deeper understanding of transcendence, highlight some of the epistemological challenges it presents and suggest ways in which the concept can be used by practitioners and ambidexterity researchers. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses concepts and theories from advaitic episteme to look at concepts of paradox and transcendence. The method of adhyaropa–apavada is introduced as a way to help individuals get a transcendental perspective of paradoxes. The application of the method is demonstrated using secondary data from published research on ambidexterity management. Findings It is postulated that transcendence is an “intuitive experience” born out of reflexive thinking. The dialectic of adhyaropa–apavada (affirmation followed by recension) is suggested as a pedagogical tool that can promote reflexive thinking. Originality/value The paper significantly adds to the theoretical understanding of paradoxes and transcendence in ambidexterity literature. The paper also makes a strong pedagogical contribution to literature by suggesting the dialectic of adhyaropa–apavada that can be used by managers to promote reflexive thinking among subordinates when faced with paradoxical situations.
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Niizato, Takayuki, Kotaro Sakamoto, Yoh-ichi Mototake, Hisashi Murakami, Takenori Tomaru, Tomotaro Hoshika y Toshiki Fukushima. "Four-Types of IIT-Induced Group Integrity of Plecoglossus altivelis". Entropy 22, n.º 7 (30 de junio de 2020): 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22070726.
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Integrated information theory (IIT) was initially proposed to describe human consciousness in terms of intrinsic-causal brain network structures. Particularly, IIT 3.0 targets the system’s cause–effect structure from spatio-temporal grain and reveals the system’s irreducibility. In a previous study, we tried to apply IIT 3.0 to an actual collective behaviour in Plecoglossus altivelis. We found that IIT 3.0 exhibits qualitative discontinuity between three and four schools of fish in terms of Φ value distributions. Other measures did not show similar characteristics. In this study, we followed up on our previous findings and introduced two new factors. First, we defined the global parameter settings to determine a different kind of group integrity. Second, we set several timescales (from Δ t = 5 / 120 to Δ t = 120 / 120 s). The results showed that we succeeded in classifying fish schools according to their group sizes and the degree of group integrity around the reaction time scale of the fish, despite the small group sizes. Compared with the short time scale, the interaction heterogeneity observed in the long time scale seems to diminish. Finally, we discuss one of the longstanding paradoxes in collective behaviour, known as the heap paradox, for which two tentative answers could be provided through our IIT 3.0 analysis.
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Halabi, Dana L. y Mitra Saamira. "Paradoxes in Policy Practice: Signaling Postsecondary Pathways in the Rust Belt". Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 114, n.º 1 (enero de 2012): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811211400106.
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Context Research increasingly suggests that the high school diploma has lost its meaning as a symbol of life preparation. Having faced economic struggles earlier and longer than most regions of the United States, the “Rust Belt” region offers important lessons for the broader nation regarding how high schools might prepare youth for stable futures. Much like in towns in India and China, communities in the United States’ Rust Belt experience a paradox of wanting youth to find successful careers but not leave the area. Focus of Study Recent research connections between high school and college have focused on the role of signaling strategies in preparing young people for postsecondary opportunities. High-quality signals that are clear, aligned, and consistent can positively influence student outcomes. This article examines the types of policy signals that local Rust Belt communities are trying to develop to both improve postsecondary attendance of young people and retain young people in their home communities as they choose career pathways. Research Design Three cases—”Steeltown,” “Milltown,” and “Railtown”—were chosen using a comparative case study design intended for the purpose of explanation building. Data-collection strategies consisted of a combination of semistructured interviews and document collection to ascertain the visions, intentions, and implementation of the reform efforts of the selected communities. Interview protocols explored the actors, problem definitions, collaborative patterns, and implementation of initiatives. Extensive written documentation from each city that served as validity checks of the interview data. Data analysis involved a grounded theory approach of moving from raw data to conclusions using a data reduction process that involved an extensive coding strategy and case histories. Findings The strategies of the three cases suggest that three specific signaling strategies were most often used to address individual and community policy needs in these Pennsylvania communities: achievement, alignment, and awareness. The focus on academic achievement was the most consistent strategy, but weak in terms of providing a connection to postsecondary signaling. Awareness strategies consisted of teaching youth and their families about the growing fields of industry in a local area. Alignment strategies provided a way for youth to see the full pathway to potential careers. They included a focus on creating easier transitions between traditional high school, vocational-technical high schools, community colleges, technical schools, and four-year institutions. Conclusions The alignment strategies presented in these cases were not always consistent with the awareness strategies that encouraged youth to stay local in job searches. Alignment strategies therefore often prioritized youth needs over community needs. If alignment efforts are paired with building awareness of local career opportunities, however, they could help to strengthen and rebuild Rust Belt communities. A combined strategy could both increase understanding of careers and provide a pathway to get the training necessary to compete for these available jobs.
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VINCENT, THOMAS L. "THE G-FUNCTION METHOD FOR ANALYZING DARWINIAN DYNAMICS". International Game Theory Review 06, n.º 01 (marzo de 2004): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198904000083.
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Darwinian dynamics refers to the dynamical processes underlying natural selection that drives evolution. We are interested in the evolution of strategies used by biological entities. There are two dynamical processes involved, population dynamics (relationship between population density and the agents affecting density) and strategy dynamics (relationship between strategy values and the agents affecting these values). Darwinian dynamics is a total dynamic obtained through the coupling of these two processes, the modeling of which, involves dynamical systems, optimization, stability, and game theory. Using a method called the G-function approach, we explore how an evolutionary process can take place in a set of differential equations, and we examine some interesting links between evolutionary stability and optimization as embodied in the ESS maximum principle. One of the interesting paradoxes is how a "hill-climbing" algorithm can end up at a stable local minimum and why this might have important implications in understanding speciation (the creation of new species from a homogeneous population). Finally, we will examine how these concepts are currently being applied to model the development of tumors in humans.
Tesis sobre el tema "Three paradoxes of set theory"
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Chakravarty, Alo. "A Statement and examination of three paradoxes of set theory". Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/584.
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Kieftenbeld, Vincent. "Three Topics in Descriptive Set Theory". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc28441/.
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This dissertation deals with three topics in descriptive set theory. First, the order topology is a natural topology on ordinals. In Chapter 2, a complete classification of order topologies on ordinals up to Borel isomorphism is given, answering a question of Benedikt Löwe. Second, a map between separable metrizable spaces X and Y preserves complete metrizability if Y is completely metrizable whenever X is; the map is resolvable if the image of every open (closed) set in X is resolvable in Y. In Chapter 3, it is proven that resolvable maps preserve complete metrizability, generalizing results of Sierpiński, Vaintein, and Ostrovsky. Third, an equivalence relation on a Polish space has the Laczkovich-Komjáth property if the following holds: for every sequence of analytic sets such that the limit superior along any infinite set of indices meets uncountably many equivalence classes, there is an infinite subsequence such that the intersection of these sets contains a perfect set of pairwise inequivalent elements. In Chapter 4, it is shown that every coanalytic equivalence relation has the Laczkovich-Komjáth property, extending a theorem of Balcerzak and Głąb.
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Rieger, Adam. "Circularity and universality". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321727.
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Badía, Guillermo. "Possible Worlds and Paradoxes". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú - Departamento de Humanidades, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113009.
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Robert Adams' definition of a possible world is paradoxical according to Selmer Bringsjord, Patrick Grim and, more recently, Cristopher Menzel. The proofs given by Bringsjord and Grim relied crucially on the Powerset Axiom; Christoper Menzel showed that, while this continued tobe the case, there was still hope for Adams' definition, but Menzel he undustedan old russellian paradox in order to prove that we could obtain the same paradoxical consequences without appealing to any other set theory than the Axiomof Separation. Nevertheless, Menzel's result only showed that there was no actualworld. In this paper we try to generalize Russell's paradox to arbitrary possible worlds without introducing an irreducible modal component in the discussion.La definición de un mundo posible” de Robert Adams es paradójica, de acuerdo con Selmer Bringsjord, Patrick Grim y Cristopher Menzel. Las pruebas de Bringsjord y Grim utilizaban el axioma del Conjunto Potencia; Cristopher Menzel objetó que, mientras este fuese el caso, todavía existía esperanza para la definición de Adams, pero Menzel desempolvó una vieja paradoja de Russell para demostrar que podíamos obtener las mismas conclusiones sin apelar a otra teoría de conjuntos que el Axioma de Separación. Sin embargo, el resultado de Menzel mostraba solo que no existía el mundo actual. En este trabajo intentamos generalizar la paradoja de Russell a mundos posibles arbitrarios sin necesidad de introducir conceptos modales en la discusión.
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Eldridge-Smith, Peter y peter eldridge-smith@anu edu au. "The Liar Paradox and its Relatives". The Australian National University. Faculty of Arts, 2008. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20081016.173200.
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My thesis aims at contributing to classifying the Liar-like paradoxes (and related Truth-teller-like expressions) by clarifying distinctions and relationships between these expressions and arguments. Such a classification is worthwhile, firstly, because it makes some progress towards reducing a potential infinity of versions into a finite classification; secondly, because it identifies a number of new paradoxes, and thirdly and most significantly, because it corrects the historically misplaced distinction between semantic and set-theoretic paradoxes. I emphasize the third result because the distinction made by Peano [1906] and supported by Ramsey [1925] has been used to warrant different responses to the semantic and set-theoretic paradoxes. I find two types among the paradoxes of truth, satisfaction and membership, but the division is shifted from where it has historically been drawn. This new distinction is, I believe, more fundamental than the Peano-Ramsey distinction between semantic and set-theoretic paradoxes. The distinction I investigate is ultimately exemplified in a difference between the logical principles necessary to prove the Liar and those necessary to prove Grellings and Russells paradoxes. The difference relates to proofs of the inconsistency of naive truth and satisfaction; in the end, we will have two associated ways of proving each result. ¶
Another principled division is intuitively anticipated. I coin the term 'hypodox' (adj.: 'hypodoxical') for a generalization of Truth-tellers across paradoxes of truth, satisfaction, membership, reference, and where else it may find applicability. I make and investigate a conjecture about paradox and hypodox duality: that each paradox (at least those in the scope of the classification) has a dual hypodox.¶
In my investigation, I focus on paradoxes that might intuitively be thought to be relatives of the Liar paradox, including Grellings (which I present as a paradox of satisfaction) and, by analogy with Grellings paradox, Russells paradox. I extend these into truth-functional and some non-truth-functional variations, beginning with the Epimenides, Currys paradox, and similar variations. There are circular and infinite variations, which I relate via lists. In short, I focus on paradoxes of truth, satisfaction and some paradoxes of membership. ¶
Among the new paradoxes, three are notable in advance. The first is a non-truth functional variation on the Epimenides. This helps put the Epimenides on a par with Currys as a paradox in its own right and not just a lesser version of the Liar. I find the second paradox by working through truth-functional variants of the paradoxes. This new paradox, call it the ESP, can be either true or false, but can still be used to prove some other arbitrary statement. The third new paradox is another paradox of satisfaction, distinctly different from Grellings paradox. On this basis, I make and investigate the new distinction between two different types of paradox of satisfaction, and map one type back by direct analogy to the Liar, and the other by direct analogy to Russell's paradox.
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Sun, Ying. "Surface reconstruction using gamma shapes". Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2006. http://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2006p/sun.pdf.
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Eldridge-Smith, Peter. "The Liar Paradox and its Relatives". Phd thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/49284.
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My thesis aims at contributing to classifying the Liar-like paradoxes (and related Truth-teller-like expressions) by clarifying distinctions and relationships between these expressions and arguments. Such a classification is worthwhile, firstly, because it makes some progress towards reducing a potential infinity of versions into a finite classification; secondly, because it identifies a number of new paradoxes, and thirdly and most significantly, because it corrects the historically misplaced distinction between semantic and set-theoretic paradoxes. I emphasize the third result because the distinction made by Peano [1906] and supported by Ramsey [1925] has been used to warrant different responses to the semantic and set-theoretic paradoxes. I find two types among the paradoxes of truth, satisfaction and membership, but the division is shifted from where it has historically been drawn. This new distinction is, I believe, more fundamental than the Peano-Ramsey distinction between semantic and set-theoretic paradoxes. The distinction I investigate is ultimately exemplified in a difference between the logical principles necessary to prove the Liar and those necessary to prove Grelling’s and Russell’s paradoxes. The difference relates to proofs of the inconsistency of naive truth and satisfaction; in the end, we will have two associated ways of proving each result. ¶ ...
Libros sobre el tema "Three paradoxes of set theory"
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Bertrand Russell and the origins of the set-theoretic 'paradoxes'. Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag, 1992.
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van der Linden, Wim J. Handbook of Item Response Theory, Three Volume Set. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2015-: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315119144.
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Higgins, Nadia. Three town. Mankato, Minn: Child's World, 2010.
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Cantone, D. Decision procedures for elementary sublanguages of set theory. XIV. Three languages involving rank related constructs. New York: Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, 1988.
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Cvetkov, Viktor. Basics of complexity theory. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2110856.
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The monograph reveals the basics of complexity theory and methods for assessing complexity. The concept of complexity consideration is based on the analysis of complexity as a common attribute in processes and systems. The monograph describes the main methods for assessing different types of complexity. The concept of considering complexity in this monograph is also based on the fact that complexity is a comparative characteristic. It is given on a relative scale of difficulty. Therefore, complexity must be defined on a relative scale of “simplicity-complexity.” This concept motivates the consideration and analysis of the concept of “simplicity” as a complement to the concept of “complexity”. These concepts set the scale of complexity. The monograph provides a comparative analysis of the related concepts of simplicity and complexity. Three methods for assessing complexity are described: expert assessment of complexity, assessment of complexity using mathematical metrics, comparative assessment of complexity based on the theory of comparative analysis. The monograph contains a taxonomy of the main types of complexity. The content of the main types of complexity is revealed in detail: descriptive complexity, system complexity, modeling complexity, computational complexity. algorithmic complexity, deterministic complexity. Specific cognitive difficulties are described in detail. For cognitive complexity, special assessment methods are used. An interpretation of the concept of cognitive filter is given. Complexity is associated with the concept of complex systems. In most monographs on complex systems, the complexity aspect has not been considered or is viewed in a simplified manner. This monograph examines complexity as a characteristic of complex systems and the basis for their classification. Emergence is described as a characteristic of the complexity of systems and complex processes. The monograph contains a taxonomy of complex systems with characteristics of the complexity of different systems. Complex data systems have been explored. An analysis of organizational complex systems is given. Various types of complex ergatic systems have been described. An analysis of complex technical systems is given. Self-developing complex systems are described. autopoiesis of a complex organizational and technical system has been studied as a principle of systems development. Cyber-physical systems are described as an example of the development of complex systems. The monograph is intended for specialists in the field of computer science, systems analysis, artificial intelligence and philosophy of information.
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Pruss, Alexander R. The Axiom of Choice Machine. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810339.003.0006.
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This is a mainly technical chapter concerning the causal embodiment of the Axiom of Choice from set theory. The Axiom of Choice powered a construction of an infinite fair lottery in Chapter 4 and a die-rolling strategy in Chapter 5. For those applications to work, there has to be a causally implementable (though perhaps not compatible with our laws of nature) way to implement the Axiom of Choice—and, for our purposes, it is ideal if that involves infinite causal histories, so the causal finitist can reject it. Such a construction is offered. Moreover, other paradoxes involving the Axiom of Choice are given, including two Dutch Book paradoxes connected with the Banach–Tarski paradox. Again, all this is argued to provide evidence for causal finitism.
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Wim J. van der Linden. Handbook of Item Response Theory: Three Volume Set. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.
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Wim J. van der Linden. Handbook of Item Response Theory: Three Volume Set. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.
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Wim J. van der Linden. Handbook of Item Response Theory: Three Volume Set. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.
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Wim J. van der Linden. Handbook of Item Response Theory: Three Volume Set. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.
Buscar texto completoCapítulos de libros sobre el tema "Three paradoxes of set theory"
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Dasgupta, Abhijit. "Paradoxes and Resolutions". En Set Theory, 361–67. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8854-5_20.
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Moschovakis, Yiannis N. "Paradoxes and Axioms". En Notes on Set Theory, 19–32. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4153-7_3.
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Booth, David y Renatus Ziegler. "On the Solution of Paradoxes". En Finsler Set Theory: Platonism and Circularity, 56–62. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9031-1_5.
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Cross, Valerie V. y Thomas A. Sudkamp. "Comparison Among the Three Classes". En Similarity and Compatibility in Fuzzy Set Theory, 183–87. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-1793-5_15.
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Kharazishvili, A. B. "Three aspects of the measure extension problem". En Applications of Point Set Theory in Real Analysis, 55–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0750-3_4.
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Yao, Yiyu. "Three-Way Decision: An Interpretation of Rules in Rough Set Theory". En Rough Sets and Knowledge Technology, 642–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02962-2_81.
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Pagliani, Piero. "Three Lessons on the Topological and Algebraic Hidden Core of Rough Set Theory". En Trends in Mathematics, 337–415. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01162-8_4.
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Cantone, D., V. Cutello y A. Ferro. "Decision procedures for elementary sublanguages of set theory. XIV. Three languages involving rank related constructs". En Symbolic and Algebraic Computation, 407–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-51084-2_39.
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Kee, Kerk F., Amy Koerber, Jesse C. Starkey, Karin Ardon-Dryer, R. Glenn Cummins y Lyombe Eko. "2. Open Science, Open Data: The ‘Open’ Movement in Scholarly Publishing". En The Predatory Paradox, 73–102. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0364.03.
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In Chapter 2, ‘Open Science, Open Data,’ Kerk F. Kee takes a broader look at ‘openness’ as it has been used in conversations about scientific research and publishing. ‘Openness’ is often touted as an antidote for all the problems that exist in scholarly publishing. The rationale is that if we can achieve greater transparency in publishing practices, there will be no more impetus for predatory publishers to go on. More specifically, the reasoning goes, predatory publishing has been able to thrive because so much of academic publishing occurs in a black box, behind closed doors. We have trusted double-blind peer review for many centuries as the gold standard that ensures the quality of scientific knowledge. But most of the time, in the way peer review traditionally operates, the readers of a scientific article simply must trust in blind faith that reviews are taking place. This practice allows predatory publishing to thrive because it creates the possibility that a journal can advertise itself as a peer-reviewed journal but then publish articles without putting them through the peer-review process. ‘Open data’ and ‘open science’ are touted as antidotes because they require researchers to share their actual data so that readers can judge the quality of the science for themselves. ‘Open peer review’ is another variation on this—this entails publishing the reviewer reports along with the article so, again, readers can see for themselves that peer review did occur. Chapter 2 explores how our interview participants articulated claims such as these, but also, how some interviewees push back against such claims, pointing out the limitations of openness as a solution to the predatory publishing problem.
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Tschebann, Saskya. "Cemetery Enchanted, Encore: Natural Burial in France and Beyond". En Bioarchaeology and Social Theory, 249–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-03956-0_11.
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AbstractOver the past three decades, a silent revolution in funerary practices and cemetery design known as the ‘natural burial movement’ has swept over various national contexts and created a transnational narrative that is embedded in local funerary cultures. Seeking out environmentally-friendly burial alternatives, new cemetery and commemoration concepts take into account the urban lack of space and changing family structures and combine these with a desire for autonomy from economically and ecologically costly burial practices. A salient feature of these new burial sites are their naturalistic design and enchanting appeal. Presenting ethnographic research at France’s first natural cemetery« Cimetière naturel de Souché », which opened in 2014, this chapter examines and reflects on the changes in material as well as immaterial funeral settings within a contemporary European context. The research reveals insights into a heterogenous set of values concerning human body disposal, nature and culture, gift giving and reciprocity, and purity and respect. The main objectives of the cemetery officials originally were geared towards the creation of a place as close to nature’s makeup as possible, a reduction of the ecological footprint of burials, and cost decrease. The most significant aspects for the bereaved and other visitors are, however, an appeal beyond economic and ecologic objectives. Spiritualities, therapeutic death contemplation, and continuous kin care point to an enduring enchantment: meditations veiled in a green hue.
Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Three paradoxes of set theory"
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Jacquet, Nicolas, Nicolas Tardif, Thomas Elguedj y Christophe Garnier. "Elasto-Visco-Plastic Buckling of Thick Anisotropic Shells: Numerical Buckling Predictions and Experiments". En ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2020-21491.
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Abstract This work is focused on elasto-visco-plastic (EVP) buckling of thick shell structures. In particular we are interested in predicting accurately the buckling risk of stainless steel components of nuclear fast sodium reactor working under high pressure and at high temperature (around 180 bar and 500 °C). We follow a modeling/experimental approach to solve this problem. The set-up of relevant experiments at such high temperature being complex, we work with a representative material that shows similar EVP and buckling behavior at room temperature. The representative material is an alloy mostly composed of tin, silver and copper, commonly named Sn 3.0 Ag 0.5 Cu. The elasto-visco-plastic constitutive model of the material was first characterized using tensile tests on notched specimen at room temperature under various strain rates, and the model parameters identified using finite element model updating (FEMU). In a second step we performed in plane compressive buckling tests of thick plates for various displacement rates. Surface 3D displacements were acquired using three cameras and digital image correlation. It is well known for thick plates that linearized tangent moduli derived from Levy-Mises flow theory does not give accurate elasto-plastic buckling prediction. Linearized tangent moduli derived from Hencky’s deformation theory gives more accurate buckling prediction for thick plates. This numerical phenomenon known as buckling paradox was well correlated to experiments in the literature. This paradox is applied here to thick plates, with EVP constitutive model, in order to predict buckling. Finally, finite element (FE) modeling of the buckling experiments was performed. Plates are modeled using SHB8PS solid shell elements. Solid shell elements allow direct displacement correlation with experiments and accurate through the thickness behavior with a 3D material model. The numerical modeling includes real plate geometry obtained using post machining measurements, experimental boundary conditions derived from the DIC (Digital Image Correlation) results and the previously identified constitutive material law. Buckling risk is tested at each loading step of the incremental algorithm using the tangent operator derived with the Hencky’s deformation theory. Numerical results show a very good correlation with the experimental results on load and displacement history as well as buckling critical load and buckling mode.
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Pandey, Vijitashwa. "Flaws Lurking in Engineering Design-Decision Making: The Attribute Set Dissociation Problem". En ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-59628.
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The applicability of theoretical decision analysis, while rationally sound, has eluded mainstream engineering design. A reason commonly overlooked is that basic concepts in decision analysis do not scale naturally to multiple attributes — which are encountered in, by far, most design problems. In this paper, we document a paradox when dealing with transactions involving multiple attributes. We show the possibility of a money pump where if we dissociate part of an attribute from a design, the rest of the design can be manipulated to get either a better design or create wealth out of nothing. To reconcile with paradox, it is argued that there is a fundamental problem dealing with multiple attributes where a frame of reference chosen (purposefully) ignores external inputs, assuming that design decisions happen in the vacuum of the frame chosen. For example, in a simple design valuation decision, the money amount committed does not necessarily come from a fixed range of negotiability (upper and lower limits) but is subject to change if significant changes in other attributes are possible. The root cause of this issue is that fungible attributes such as money can form a part of the attribute set or be trivially dissociated from it, if needed. We argue that this is rational behavior on a decision maker’s part. However, most utility formulations do not model it and lead to the paradox. We call this the attribute dissociation problem. A specific definition is provided as well as implications on design as well as preference elicitation methods are considered. Finally, formulations are presented that avoid this problem and recommendations are provided.
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Ivanov, Konstantin S. "Theory of Continuously Variable Transmission With Two Degrees of Freedom: Paradox of Mechanics". En ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-85762.
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Recently creation continuously variable transmission (CVT) having property of the adaptation to variable technological loading develops. Traditional CVT contains the hydraulic converter and gear differential with two degrees of freedom (patents of Crockett, Volkov). The hydraulic converter imposes differential constraint on movement of links of the mechanism with two degrees of freedom. It provides definability of movement of transmission. Take place progressive CVT without use of the hydraulic converter (Harries’s patent, Ivanov’s patent). Such transmission contains only gear differential with two degrees of freedom. However the theoretical substantiation of serviceability of such transmission is not convincing for the lack of the proof of static definability of the mechanism with two degrees of freedom, having only one input. Ivanov K.S.’s theoretical researches do not contain enough convincing arguments of presence of definability of such mechanisms. Mechanisms with two degrees of freedom are considered disabled because of their contradiction to a key rule of mechanics that the number of the generalized coordinates should be equal to number of degrees of freedom of the mechanism (that is it should be equal to two, instead of to one). In Ivanov K.S.’s early works it was mentioned presence of paradox of the mechanics reflecting essence of the specified discrepancy. However in these works there was no the elementary demonstrative base of essence of the phenomenon resulting in static definability. The purpose of the present work to describe essence of the phenomenon which in certain conditions result to static definability of the mechanism with two degrees of freedom at presence only of one input, to receive the theoretical description of paradox of mechanics and its authorization using the elementary laws of theoretical mechanics. In the work the presence of paradox of mechanics is proved. The paradox of mechanics takes place in the kinematic chain having the closed contour, and it consist in the following. The structural group with two degrees of freedom having two consistently connected links is statically definable at presence only one entrance link. The paradox of mechanics is authorized by the account of additional constraint which is imposed by kinematic chain with the closed contour and two degrees of freedom on movement of links by a principle of possible works. Use of the equations of a statics and additional constraint allows to receive the equations of interrelation of parameters of transmission and to execute synthesis of transmission on the set conditions of motion. The found laws will allow creating the transfer mechanisms having property of mechanical adaptation to variable technological loading. Mechanical adaptation provides an opportunity of motion of an output link with a speed inversely force of resistance at constant input power.
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SHIMA, AKIKO. "A KLEIN BOTTLE WHOSE SINGULAR SET CONSISTS OF THREE DISJOINT SIMPLE CLOSED CURVES". En Proceedings of the International Conference on Knot Theory and Its Ramifications. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812792679_0025.
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Pereira, Silvania F., K. C. Peng y H. J. Kimble. "Quantum correlations of quadrature amplitudes in nondegenerate parametric downconversion". En OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1989.thii1.
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For measurements describable by a discrete set of possibilities, numerous demonstrations of the violation of Bell's inequalities have been reported in optical physics based on observations of polarization correlations for photon pairs. By contrast for observables with a continuous spectrum, there appears to be no general inequalities corresponding to those of Bell and no experimental realization of the original Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox. Following Reid and Drummond,1 we are attempting to demonstrate the EPR paradox in the context of the measurement of continuous quantum variables with a subthreshold optical parametric oscillator operated in a frequency degenerate but polarization nondegenerate mode. In this case, the EPR paradox is formulated in terms of two sets of quadrature phase amplitudes for the spatially separated signal and idler fields. As the parametric gain is increased toward threshold, the quadrature amplitudes of the signal and idler beams become increasingly faithful quantum copies of one another. Our measurements of quadrature amplitudes are carried out using independent balanced homodyne detectors at two sites. When operated for the detection of squeezing at one site, noise reductions of 4 dB relative to the vacuum state limit are observed, which is most encouraging since noise reductions >3 dB in the difference photocurrent from the two sites are sufficient for inference at a distance of a signal observable from a measurement of the corresponding idler variable.
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Zhang, Sai, Yunian Shen y Jiongcan Yang. "Theoretical, Experimental and Numerical Analyses for Painlevé Paradox of Two-Link Robotic Manipulator System". En ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-10789.
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Abstract When multi-rigid-body come into contact with a rough surface in certain configurations, multiple solutions or no solution would occur in the theoretical derivation of the dynamic equation, which is termed Painlevé paradox. In this paper, two-link robotic manipulator system as a kind of Painlevé paradox model is studied from theory, experiment and simulation. The theoretical solution is obtained by the linear complementary problem (LCP) method, which offers guidance to the experiment. Then the feasibility of experiment is validated by numerical simulation. For experiment, two-link robotic manipulator set-up is built. The apparatuses verify the continuity of two-link system motion as a function of initial configuration. The two-link robotic manipulator model is also built in LS-DYNA. The experiment and simulation results show that Painlevé paradox is always accompanied with dynamic jam. Meanwhile, there is no clear boundary between dynamic jam region and non-dynamic jam region derived as the LCP solution indicates. Instead, it tends to be a gradual change process with certain transformation law. Sticking-bounce motion is found in the experiment and simulation. Several different motion characteristics are concluded corresponding to the initial angles of the two links. The summary of the variation of dynamic responses is given for further studying the mechanism of tangential impact of similar robotic manipulator system, especially for guiding how to avoid such universal but unexpected action existing in robotic manipulator system.
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Bal, Harun, Neşe Algan y Mehmet Demiral. "Why do Developing Countries Fail to Attract Global Capital? Reinvestigation of the Lucas Paradox for the Balkan Countries". En International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00937.
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The neoclassical theory predicts that capital should flow from developed (rich) to developing (poor) countries until the differences of investment returns are equalized. However, in his famous example, Lucas (1990) pointed out that, even the marginal product of capital in India was roughly calculated as 58 times that of the United States in 1988, such a capital flow did not occur in practice. This observation somewhat still exists in general. This study tries to find out some possible explanations to why Lucas Paradox is still seen in such an increasingly integrated world and demonstrate what foreign direct investments (FDIs) really pursue, focusing on selected nine Balkan countries. The study performs gravity model estimation using annual balanced panel data sets covering the period of 2000-2012. Overall results demonstrate that there is some evidence supporting Lucas paradox for the Balkan countries investigated. Main findings show that, regulations, country risk and China’s increasing attraction of global FDI tend to hinder Balkan countries’ performances, while improvements in human capital, infrastructures and logistic services can help these countries increase their global shares in FDI. Besides, increases in the research and development investments and progress in the path of the European Union membership processes seem to promote attracting global FDI.
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Remesh K M y Latha R. Nair. "Rough set theory and three way decisions: Refinement of boundary region in the decision making process". En 2016 International Conference in Information Science (ICIS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/infosci.2016.7845318.
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Mu¨ller, Andreas. "Geometric Characterization of the Configuration Space of Rigid Body Mechanisms in Regular and Singular Points". En ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-84712.
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The kinematics of rigid body mechanisms is considered from a differential-geometric perspective. Geometric properties of a mechanism are intrinsically determined by the topology of its configuration space — the solution set of closure functions. The mechanism kinematics is usually characterized by the tangent space and tangent cone to the configuration space, i.e. by locally considering its topology. There are, however, mechanisms for which this is not sufficient. Generally, beside the topology, a complete picture of the kinematics needs both, the configuration space and the ideal generated by the closure functions. Tangent spaces/cones are differential-geometric objects associated to a variety. Two additional objects are introduced in this paper: the kinematic tangent space and the kinematic tangent cone. Three locally equivalent models for the mechanism kinematics are introduced. Due to their different mathematical nature the different models admit to apply specific mathematical tools. The analysis of model I is based on Lie group and screw algebraic methods, while model II and III are analyzed using methods from algebraic geometry. A computationally efficient algorithm for the construction of the kinematic tangent cone is presented. Its application is shown for several examples. A novel mechanism is presented of which the differential and local degree of freedom are different in regular points, so-called ‘paradox-in-the-small’.
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Zhang, Honghua, Liunian Harold Li, Tao Meng, Kai-Wei Chang y Guy Van den Broeck. "On the Paradox of Learning to Reason from Data". En Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-23}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/375.
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Logical reasoning is needed in a wide range of NLP tasks. Can a BERT model be trained end-to-end to solve logical reasoning problems presented in natural language? We attempt to answer this question in a confined problem space where there exists a set of parameters that perfectly simulates logical reasoning. We make observations that seem to contradict each other: BERT attains near-perfect accuracy on in-distribution test examples while failing to generalize to other data distributions over the exact same problem space. Our study provides an explanation for this paradox: instead of learning to emulate the correct reasoning function, BERT has, in fact, learned statistical features that inherently exist in logical reasoning problems. We also show that it is infeasible to jointly remove statistical features from data, illustrating the difficulty of learning to reason in general. Our result naturally extends to other neural models (e.g. T5) and unveils the fundamental difference between learning to reason and learning to achieve high performance on NLP benchmarks using statistical features.
Informes sobre el tema "Three paradoxes of set theory"
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Baader, Franz, Pavlos Marantidis y Alexander Okhotin. Approximately Solving Set Equations. Technische Universität Dresden, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.227.
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Unification with constants modulo the theory ACUI of an associative (A), commutative (C) and idempotent (I) binary function symbol with a unit (U) corresponds to solving a very simple type of set equations. It is well-known that solvability of systems of such equations can be decided in polynomial time by reducing it to satisfiability of propositional Horn formulae. Here we introduce a modified version of this problem by no longer requiring all equations to be completely solved, but allowing for a certain number of violations of the equations. We introduce three different ways of counting the number of violations, and investigate the complexity of the respective decision problem, i.e., the problem of deciding whether there is an assignment that solves the system with at most l violations for a given threshold value l.
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Kislev, Yoav, Ramon Lopez y Ayal Kimhi. Intergenerational Transfers by Farmers under Different Institutional Environments. United States Department of Agriculture, abril de 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604936.bard.
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This research studies the issues of intergenerational transfers in general and farm succession in particular in two different institutional environments. One is the relatively unregulated farm sector in the United States, and the other is the heavily regulated family farms in Israeli moshavim. Most of the analysis is based on modern economic theory dealing with inheritance and other intergenerational issues. However, we start with two background studies. One is a review of the legal system affecting farm succession in the moshav, which, as we claim throughout the report, is of major importance to the question in hand. The second is an ethnographical study aimed at documenting various inheritance and succession practices in different moshavim. These two studies provide insight for most of the economic studies included here. The theoretical studies mostly deal with various aspects of two major decisions faced by farmers: who will succeed them on the farm, and when will succession take place. The first decision clearly depends on the institutional structure: for instance, Israeli farmers are limited to one successor while American farmers are not. The second decision can be taken in three stages: sharing farm work with the successor, sharing farm management, and eventually transferring the ownership. The occurrence and length of each stage depend on the first decision as well as on the institutional structure directly. The empirical studies are aimed at analyzing the practices and considerations of Israeli and American farmers regarding various intergenerational transfers-related issues. We found that American farmers' decisions are mainly driven by the desire to let the farm prosper in future generations and by a preference for equal treatment of heirs, and not at all by old-age support considerations. In contrast, we demonstrate the significant effect of old-age support on the value of the transferred farm in a sample of Israeli farms. Using Israeli census data, we find that the time of farm ownership transfer responds to economic incentives. A smaller Israeli panel data set shows that controlling for the occurrence of succession, farm size rises with operator's age and eventually falls, while intensity of production seems to decline steadily. This explains another finding, that farm transfer contributed significantly to farm growth when farming was attractive to successors. This finding supports our main conclusion, that the succession decisions are of major importance to the viability and profitability of family farms over the long run.