Tesis sobre el tema "Theory of tragedy"

Although most literary critics tacitly acknowledge that suffering is the ground of all tragedy, I have not seen a satisfactory examination of this idea's implications. My aim, while not challenging that basic assumption, is to explore whether a reasonably systematic questioning of the implications can help our understanding and appreciation of tragedy and, more importantly, of individual tragedies. I have found most help in philosophical writings, not so much by those who have written directly about literary tragedy as by those who have written with illumination about suffering in life. Amongst them I have found the greatest help from the Russian Christian existentialist Nikolai Berdyaev (1874-1948), whose books deal with the varying causes of the suffering entailed in the human condition, the possible responses of the sufferer and the possible effects of those responses. The thesis is an attempt to find whether his various approaches to and comments on life's suffering can be transferred to and illuminate literary tragedy. I begin by examining those aspects of Berdyaev's philosophy that seem most likely to achieve such illumination and then, chapter by chapter, to discover whether one particular aspect of his philosophy (cause, response, or effect) can cast light on a particular tragedy or sometimes a group of tragedies, the aim being always to concentrate on individual tragedies, so seeking depth rather than breadth. In two senses the entire thesis can be claimed to be original, in that no critic has made an adequate attempt to analyze suffering in tragedy, nor has anyone applied Berdyaev's philosophy of life's suffering to literature. In addition I would claim that some of the resulting interpretations of individual tragedies make a contribution to critical discussion. Lastly, it may be thought that the examination of the reader/audience tragic response that features throughout and forms the basis of the Conclusion provides a distinctive focus for the thesis and can inform future debate.

Why has the United States, given its status as the sole remaining superpower following its Cold War victory, been unable to translate its preponderance of power into the outcomes it desires? The system established by the United States over the course of the Cold War does not effectively translate its power into influence in the post-Cold War world. In fact, the way US-Soviet competition shaped global affairs created systemic problems, weak and failing states, terrorism, autocracy and human rights abuse, that cannot be solved by the mechanisms of influence the US relied upon to win the Cold War. However, precisely these issues now dominate the American foreign policy agenda as its strategic objective shifted from defeating communism to maintaining the stability of the liberal world order that resulted from communism’s defeat. The United States, reliant on Cold War era mechanisms of influence, lacks the tools to accomplish these new objectives because these mechanisms were designed to exploit or accept the problems of statehood that now plague the liberal world order. Therefore, for the United States to make effective use of its abundance of power, it must either change its tools or its objectives.

Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Defense Decision-Making and Planning))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2007.
Thesis Advisor(s): Rafael Biermann, Abbas Kadhim. "March 2007." Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-110). Also available in print.

The thesis is an attempt to refute the indictment of Storm's work as being sentimental and melancholy, arguing that such a judgment fails to take account of the writer's portrayal of tragedy in the final seventeen years of his life. Chapter One analyses a number of aspects of Storm's thought and experience which disposed him towards a tragic view of the world: this includes an examination of the possible impact of the popular philosophies of Feuerbach, the Materialists, Darwin and Schopenhauer, as well as the significance of his educational background, his career as a judge, and his attitude to family life, religion, politics and society. Chapter Two considers the aesthetic convictions underlying Storm's conception and portrayal of tragedy, looking also at the idea of the Novelle as a suitable medium for tragedy and at the relationship between the author's later work and the tragedies of Naturalism. Chapters Three to Five present a detailed study of six individual Novellen which treat themes representative of Storm's work. Chapter Three focuses on Storm's attitude to the destructive potential of prejudice and superstition in society, taking Renate (1878) and Ein Doppelganger (1886) as examples of "The Tragedy of Social Compulsion". Chapter Four investigates his pessimistic preoccupation with the subject of heredity, discussing John Riew' (1885) and Der Herr Etatsrat (1881) as cases of "The Tragedy of Genetic Compulsion". Chapter Five is entitled "The Tragedy of Personal Responsibility": it examines Ein Bekenntnis (1887) and Zur Chronik von Grieshuus (1883) as Novellen in which the leading characters incur specific moral guilt, and considers the nature and results of their attempts to atone for their crime.

The thesis focuses on the theory of tragedy in Germany around 1800, and has two primary aims: to demonstrate the importance of idealist thought for contemporary approaches to tragedy and the tragic; and to revise the intellectual historiography of the classic phase in German letters. It traces reflection on Greek tragedy from the Querelle des anciens et des modernes in France around 1700 through the aesthetic systems formulated in Germany around 1800. Two intellectual developments are emphasized: the historicist consciousness that develops throughout the eighteenth century and places Greek tragedy more radically in its cultural context than ever before; and the idealist philosophy of art, which seeks to restore a measure of universality to the ancient genre, seeing it as the manifestation of a timeless quality of ‘the tragic.’ These two impulses, historicizing and universalizing, it is argued, are fundamental to modern understanding of Greek tragedy. The genealogical method seeks to establish a greater continuity with earlier eighteenth-century thought than is generally recognized, and to refute the teleologies that dominate accounts of idealist thought. A reconstruction of the central texts of Schiller, Schelling, Hegel, and Hölderlin reveals that the theory of tragedy around 1800 is in large part a reflection on history, an effort to understand how ancient literature can be meaningful in modernity. Greek tragedy becomes the ground for an engagement with the pastness of antiquity and its possible presence. Idealist theories, far from dissolving particularity in abstraction, seek a mediation between philological historicism and philosophical universalism in considering Greek tragedy. A genealogy of the tragic suggests that such mediation remains a vital task for scholars of the Classics.

Philosophy
Ph.D.
This dissertation argues that Hegel’s theory of tragedy is best understood in combination with his theory of the historical progress of subjective freedom, and that this progress is manifested as the heroes of tragic drama in its different stages of antiquity, early modernity, and late modernity. The truth of tragedy for Hegel, like the content of all art, progresses concomitantly with human freedom, reason, and subjectivity. Likewise, humanity’s self-understanding of these aspects of itself also historically progresses. In this light, I further argue that Hegel’s theory shows tragedy to be not only a historically contextualized cultural practice and form of self-understanding but also a presentation of absolute truth: the truth of a culture at a particular historical moment is presented in its tragedy, yet that culture is a part of a larger narrative, so that a common thread running through tragic drama of all eras comes to light when tragedy is examined through the lens of Hegel’s philosophy. Specifically, I show that Hegel views self-contradiction, alienation, and the drive to reconcile these as underlying universal human conditions, and in tragedy this universal truth is embodied in the tragic hero. This appears in tragic heroes as they take responsibility for unintentional actions, or as they remain fixed to their cause although it brings about their own downfall. In consideration of our own historical standpoint and of my agreement with Hegel’s view that tragedy retains an important role in our cultural self-understanding, this dissertation shifts the focus from ancient Greek tragedy, the prevailing theme in Hegel scholarship and in wider discussions of Hegel’s theory of tragedy, and instead directs more attention to modern tragedy. According to Hegel, a key aspect of all tragic heroes is that they either freely will their actions or take responsibility for them, or both. Additionally, as subjective freedom historically progresses, so does our awareness of our freedom to choose our actions or to take responsibility for them. I show how this progress is manifested in ancient, early modern, and late modern tragic heroes—in works by Sophocles, Shakespeare, and Schiller, respectively—and, finally, in the tragic heroes of some contemporary works of film. The historical grounding of my reading of Hegel’s theory of tragedy combined with my focus on the tragic hero lends a unique perspective to our understanding of Hegel’s theories of tragedy and of subjectivity, and to our interpretations of the tragic works themselves. This dissertation thus sheds new light on Hegel’s theory of tragedy, an important endeavor in itself, with the larger aim of showing how Hegel’s philosophy of tragedy helps us better understand both tragedy and ourselves, as inheritors of and participants in philosophical discussions of tragedy, and as contemporary audiences that engage with tragic dramas in a variety of venues.
Temple University--Theses

L’héroïne de tragédie joue-t-elle le même rôle aristotélicien que le héros?Cette thèse examine six pièces, les Andromaque, Iphigénie en Aulide et Hippolyte d’Euripide et les Andromaque, Iphigénie et Phèdre et Hippolyte de Racine. Les trois héroïnes, examinées dans les trois premiers chapitres, ont des limites de représentation tragique spécifiques, les rendant moins présentes à l’action héroïque que les héros-type. Mais leur présence, même contrainte, ouvre la question de la condition féminine, que les Grecs ont été les premiers à conceptualiser, et que le XVIIème siècle en France a également mise en avant, du moins pour les femmes éduquées.Ensuite sont étudiés quelques exemples plus ponctuels de représentation d’héroïnes tragiques.Au cinquième chapitre est considéré l’impact de la présence et des absences des héroïnes sur la tragédie en tant que forme culturelle récurrente (tenant compte des éléments du modèle aristotélicien de la tragédie, muthos, hamartia, hubris, anagnorisis, katharsis, et l’interaction des héroïnes avec ces valeurs), contribuant à l’évolution des mentalités. En conclusion, la transmission culturelle de l’héroïne (mythe, épopée, culte, tragédie antique et classique, récurrences contemporaines) peut se conceptualiser en employant une récente théorie syntaxique et cognitive, la théorie X-barre. La théorie de la structure et de la contrestructure est articulée, qui suggère un modèle cognitif, rendant compte de l’évolution sociale des rapports entre hommes et femmes, qui sortirait des oppositions binaires. Les stratégies contrestructurales que les héroïnes de tragédie mettent en œuvre, dans ces pièces, marquent une évolution cognitive de la condition humaine. Les « études héroïniques » sont une voie de nouvelles recherches et un apport potentiel au futur des études littéraires
Does the tragic heroine play the same Aristotelian role as the hero? Six plays are examined: Euripides’ Andromache, Iphigeneia in Aulis and Hippolytos, and Racine’s Andromaque, Iphigénie and Phèdre et Hippolyte.The three pairs of heroines, considered in turn, have specific limits to their capacity for direct heroic action, compared to typical heroes. At the same time, their presence and actions, even constrained, open the question of women’s condition – which the Greeks were the first to conceptualise, and which the French XVIIth c. also foregrounded, at least for educated women. The fourth chapter looks at some further examples of heroines, illustrating aspects of their representation in tragedy.Fifthly is considered the impact, of the presence and absence of the tragic heroine, on tragedy as a form of cultural inscription which has contributed to the evolution of the imaginaire. Different aspects of the Aristotelian model of tragedy such as muthos, hamartia, hubris, anagnorisis, catharsis are explored in terms of how the tragic heroine represents these functions.The conclusions reflect on the cultural transmission of the heroine from myth to epic, cult, the tragedy of antiquity and of French classicism, to contemporary forms). A recent linguistics theory, the X-bar theory is mentioned as a possible cognitive model to conceptualise this continuity in discontinuity, through societies which have so differently validated the female, but may all have been affected by the performative heroine. The author’s own theory of structure and counterstructure is a possible model for observing the evolution of men-women relations, beyond polarising or binary-oppositional cognitive frames. Finally, “heroine studies” are a possible fruitful research area for literature and cultural studies

This essay uses Gerard Genette’s theory of intertextuality – in particular, architextuality - in order to establish the connection between Shakespearean tragedies and F. Scott Fitzgerald’s last novel, The Last Tycoon. The essay relies mainly on known Shakespeare critic A.C Bradley and the categories he uses in order to establish what makes a Shakespearean tragedy a Shakespearean tragedy. This framework will then be used to further elaborate upon the architextual connection between Shakespeare and Fitzgerald. The essay also compares the characters from The Last Tycoon directly to characters from Shakespeare’s tragedies in order to further show the intertextual connections. For example, Fitzgerald's main character Monroe Stahr is compared to Julius Caesar, from Shakespeare's play of the same name, while the antagonist Mr Brady is compared to both Cassius from the previously mentioned Julius Caesar, as well as Iago from Othello

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The main objective of this work is to develop a comparative study of the signs that compose the narrative of the digital game trilogy God of War with that ones presents on Greek myths and tragedies. It is intended to understand the tragic narrative in God of War trilogy from the perspective of CS Peirce s semiotics, with the support off specific theories about the Greek tragic period. Were chosen philosophical theories, and historical literature about the tragic period of ancient Greece, by authors such as Albin Lesky, Jean-Pierre Vernant, Pierre Vidal-Naquet and Friedrich Nietzsche. To this end, it starts from a general discussion about the media, especially digital ones. The aim of this approach is to demonstrate how certain aspects of a media pass to another. The content of a medium is always another medium, and thus, over time, the media are in constant interplay. This is an important notion because it is how the tragic sign could reach our age. It is possible to understand this appropriation of a philosophical concept, distant in time and space, through the behavior of the media. The method used to verify the hypothesis of the tragic sign embodiment by the God of War franchise will be the second pragmatism of Charles Sanders Peirce, emphasizing phenomenology and the first branch of logic - the speculative grammar. With this support, we intend to map the signs of the narrative of God of War, as well as verifying the adequacy of theories of the Greek tragedy applied to the game. Though the game to do a free reading of mythology and Greek tragedy, it s possible to see similar elements between the narrative of God of War and the tragic period. Characteristic features of the tragedy appear many times in the trilogy, like the Ares immature to the Kratos dark victory
compõem a narrativa do jogo digital God of War II e os signos presentes nas tragédias e mitos gregos. Pretende-se com o trabalho compreender a questão da narrativa trágica na trilogia God of War, sob a perspectiva da semiótica de C.S. Peirce, ao mesmo tempo em que se utilizam teorias específicas sobre o período trágico grego. Foram escolhidas as teorias filosóficas, históricas e literárias sobre o período trágico da Grécia antiga, de autores como Albin Lesky, Jean-Pierre Vernant, Pierre Vidal-Naquet e Friedrich Nietzsche. Para tanto, parte-se de uma discussão geral sobre as mídias, em especial as digitais. O objetivo dessa abordagem é demonstrar como certos aspectos de uma mídia passam para outra. Todo o conteúdo de uma mídia é sempre outra mídia, e dessa forma, ao longo do tempo, as mídias estão em constante inter-relação. Isto é uma noção importante, pois é desta forma que o signo trágico pode alcançar a nossa era. É possível entender essa apropriação de um conceito filosófico distante no tempo e espaço através do comportamento das mídias. O método utilizado para se verificar a hipótese da corporificação do signo trágico na franquia God of War será o segundo pragmatismo de Charles Sanders Peirce, dando ênfase na fenomenologia e no primeiro ramo da lógica a gramática especulativa. Com esse suporte, pretende-se mapear os signos da narrativa de God of War, assim como verificar a adequação das teorias sobre a tragédia grega aplicadas ao jogo. Apesar de o jogo fazer uma leitura livre da mitologia e tragédia grega, é possível ver elementos similares entre a narrativa de God of War e o período trágico. Traços característicos da tragédia aparecem em muitos momentos da trilogia, da tolice imatura de Ares à sombria vitória de Kratos

Cette thèse explore le phénomène de whistleblowing et comment il a été encadré, principalement du point de vue anglo-saxon, à travers des lectures proches de récits culturels et une vue critique sur l'érudition existante sur whistleblowing. À travers des lectures rapprochées d'une sélection de cas, la poursuite, l'importance et l'impact de la vérité apparaîtront comme le thème central dans les récits culturelles explorées, mais aussi les moments où la vérité est rendu impuissante, en raison de sa nature coercitive comme factualité. L'impuissance de la vérité vécue par les lanceurs d'alerte ("les whistleblowers") est ce qui relie d'autre part les récits culturels à l'art tragique. Les diseurs de vérité ne sont pas reconnus, et ils entrent dans un conflit tragique parce qu'elles révèlent des vérités qui ne sont pas pratiques pour les gens au pouvoir. En d'autres termes, les whistleblowers, en disant la vérité, cherchent à élargir l'espace épistémique dans la sphère publique et à tenir les gens et le pouvoir responsables. Cependant, ils sont continuellement négativement encadrés avec des métaphores conceptuelles qui obstruent la perception d'eux en tant que conteurs de la vérité
This dissertation posits that whistleblowing is factual truth-telling, or truthful public denunciation. In scholarship, media, and in the popular perception of whistleblowing, the truth-claim is often overlooked, and in many occasions hampered by the dominant ways it is framed (e.g. as leak, which is explored among other frames as a problematic conceptual metaphor). Interestingly, the representation of the whistleblower is different in cultural narratives. Through close readings of a selection of cases, the pursuit, importance, and impact of truth will appear as the central theme in the explored plots, but also the moments where truth becomes impotent, due to its coercive nature as factuality - a process that furthermore connects whistleblowing with the idea of the tragic. Put differently, the special literary interest of narratives of whistleblowing is to turn ignorance into knowledge, knowledge into telling, and how the unraveling of truth becomes a reversal of fortune for the truth-teller who enters a particular tragic conflict. As frame, as narrative, and as a modern phenomenon of truthful public denunciation, whistleblowing offers particular moments of truth, often about moments of falsehood, and ultimately seeks to be a moment of impetus: for the public to restore justice, and for readerships and audience of narrative and dramatic configurations to choose or to distance themselves from multiple proposals of justice emplotted - not only ethical justice, but also epistemic, hermeneutical, and testimonial justice. In other words, whistleblowers, by telling the truth, seek to expand the epistemic space in the public sphere and hold people and power accountable

Les motivacions entorn al programari lliure han estat sempre un tema de gran interès, sent la pregunta més obvia, "perquè les persones treballen de forma gratuïta?". Les motivacions dels desenvolupadors han estat establertes (per exemple, von Hippel (2001), Lerner and Tirole (2002)). De la mateixa manera que ho han estat per a les empreses grans i petites que adopten programari lliure basat en models de negoci (per exemple, Lakhani and von Hippel, 2003; Fitzgerald, 2006; Krishnamurthy, 2004). No obstant això, un nombre cada vegada més elevat de les PIMES amb estratègies que no estan directament relacionades amb aquest model de negoci estan contribuint a les comunitats de programari lliure. En aquest estudi s'investiga les motivacions d'aquestes empreses des d'un punt de vista de comportament mitjançant un model d'investigació basat en TPB (Theory of Planned Behavior). Hem demostrat que factors com la "obertura" d'una PIME, la importància percebuda del programari lliure, els desenvolupadors (empleats) d'una PIME, juntament amb l'ambient extern, podrien influir en la decisió d'una PIME a participar en comunitats de programari lliure. A més, hem demostrat que es poden identificar algunes diferències entre empreses d'alta base tecnològica i empreses amb poca base tecnològica. Aquestes conclusions poden ajudar governs nacionals o regionals per millorar el disseny de polítiques per tal d'incentivar l'ús i la participació de les empreses en les comunitats de programari lliure. Especialment ara, degut a la forta crisi econòmica que pateix Europa, el programari lliure pot ser una solució adequada per a fomentar la innovació.
Motivations in FLOSS have always been a subject of great interest, by starting with the most obvious question, “why people work for free?”. The motivations of developers have been well established (eg von Hippel (2001), Lerner and Tirole 2002). The same exists also for big and small companies adopting FLOSS based Business Models (eg Lakhani and von Hippel, 2003; Fitzgerald 2006; Krishnamurthy, 2004). However an increasing number of SMEs with strategies not directly related to the Business Model are contributing to FLOSS communities. In this study we try to investigate these motivations under a behavioral perspective by using a research model based on TPB (Theory of Planned Behavior). We demonstrated that factors like the “openness” of a SME, the perceived importance of FLOSS, the developers (employees) of a SME along with the external environment of a SME, could influence the decision of a SME to participate in FLOSS communities. Also, we have demonstrated that some differences can be identified between high tech firms and non high tech firms. These findings can help national or regional governments to design better policies in order to better promote the use and the participation of firms to FLOSS communities. Especially now, in times of heavy economical crisis in Europe, FLOSS can be an adequate solution to foster innovation.

La figure de l’épouse fait partie intégrante du genre épique, dont les œuvres homériques ont élaboré le modèle pour la littérature gréco-romaine. L’importance accordée à l’eros féminin, et particulièrement conjugal, est l’un des aspects sur lesquels repose l’évolution de la généricité épique, d’œuvre en œuvre. À l’époque flavienne, Valérius Flaccus et Stace confèrent un rôle déterminant à deux figures féminines, celle de Médée dans les Argonautiques et celle d’Argie dans la Thébaïde, et présentent, tous deux, d’autres facettes de l’eros conjugal dans leur épisode lemnien, dont Hypsipyle est l’héroïne centrale. Cette présence accentuée du féminin peut être rapprochée de la réflexion contemporaine sur l’éthique conjugale menée dans le domaine philosophique, notamment par Musonius Rufus. Sur le plan littéraire, dans le contexte de la latinité d’argent, elle manifeste un questionnement des normes du genre, qui se traduit par une représentation de l’épouse selon des modèles autres qu’épiques : celui du genre tragique et de l’élégie romaine, particulièrement des Héroïdes d’Ovide. À la confluence de trois traditions littéraires, épique, tragique et élégiaque, le rôle des figures féminines témoigne d’un renouvellement de l’épopée, dont l’élaboration de critères d’analyse portant sur les notions de genre, de généricité et d’intergénéricité permet de donner l’entière mesure
The character of the wife is a central feature of the epic genre, for which Homer's poems stand as a model in Greek and Latin literature. The major role the feminine eros, especially towards a husband, plays in those works is one of the aspects on which the evolution of epic genericity relies, evolving from one poem to another. During the Flavian Age, Valerius Flaccus and Statius gave two feminine characters a major part in their poems : one is Medea in The Argonautics, the other Argia in Statius' Thebaid. Besides, both poets also illustrate other aspects of husband and wife eros in the Lemnian episode, which stages Hypsipyle as its heroine. From a philosophical point of view, we can see how this emphasized presence of feminine characters matches contemporary philosophers' theories on ethics within marriage, such as Musonius Rufus' thoughts. From the point de view of literature however, considering its setting in the Age of Silver latinity, we can consider this presence as a questioning of epic generic codes, which shows in the way wives are represented, according to the patterns of tragedy and of the Roman elegy, particularly of Ovid's Heroids. Therefore in the wake of three literary traditions - epic, tragedy, elegy -, the role of feminine characters shows the renewal of the epic, which we can fully study by creating criteria of analysis bearing on the notions of genre, genericity and intergenericity

Cette thèse porte sur la poétique du roman de Victor Hugo, Theodor Fontane et Thomas Hardy en s'appuyant plus spécifiquement sur l'étude de L'Homme qui rit (1869), Errements et Tourments (1888) et Tess d'Urberville (1891). En rapprochant ces trois romanciers majeurs mais tenus à l'écart des théories générales du roman, il s'agit de montrer le maintien d'une conception du roman moderne comme forme poétique du monde, s'inscrivant dans un horizon de pensée idéaliste, progressiste et critique. Hugo, Fontane et Hardy, romanciers qui se disent avant tout poètes, font le choix de faire du roman une tragédie, forme poétique du monde qui va à l'encontre du prosaïsme moderne et romanesque théorisé par Lukacs, à la suite de Hegel. Face au nihilisme et aux théories du roman réaliste qui voient le jour dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle et tentent de définir – au sens restrictif du terme – le genre romanesque, ils retrouvent le modèle du roman romantique et le redéfinissent face au roman réaliste. Leur poétique est alors fondée sur la « poiétisation » de la prose, autrement dit, sur l'imagination, le symbolique et le métaphorique. Ils affirment ainsi la spécificité et la possibilité d'une expérience poétique, c'est-à-dire subjective, héroïque et morale du monde, ainsi que la capacité du roman à produire un savoir poétique sur le monde et l'histoire
This thesis deals with the poetics of the novel in Victor Hugo, Theodor Fontane and Thomas Hardy, with a specific focus on The Man who Laughs (1869), Trials and Tribulations (1888) and Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891). By bringing together these three novelists who are widely acknowledged as major writers yet ignored by general theories of the novel, this study will show how a vision of the modern novel as a poetic rendition of reality, with an idealist, progressive and critical background, has maintained itself. Hugo, Fontane and Hardy, three novelists who considered themselves to be poets first and foremost, opted to turn the novel into a tragedy, a poetic rendition of reality which stands in contrast with Lukacs’ post-Hegelian theories of the modern novel as a prosaic literary genre. In the face of nihilism and the theories of the realist novel which surfaced in the second half of the XIXth century and attempted to define – in the restrictive sense of the word – the genre of the novel, they turned back to the model of the Romantic novel and reinvented it at a time when the realist novel was preeminent. Their poetics was therefore based on the “poietisation” of prose, in other words, based on the imaginary, the symbolic and the metaphoric. This enabled them to assert the specificity and possibility of a poetic, that is to say subjective, heroic and moral experience of the world, as well as the ability of the novel to generate poetical knowledge about the world and history

L'efecte hipnòtic en el cinema postmodern desenvolupa una aproximació al discurs postmodern a través de la categoria estètica d'allò sinistre (das unheimliche), com el camí que senyala l'ombra i el fantasma, el desplaçament del subjecte i la representació de l'inconscient, el real del desig, per mitjà de la metàfora de la hipnosi aplicada al cinema.
Hypnotic effect in postmodern cinema develops an approach to postmoden theories throught the sinister aesthetic category (das unheimliche), understood as the way that shows the shadow and the ghost, the subject displacement and the unconsciousness representation, the real of the desire, by the metaphor of hypnosis applied to cinema.

Studien belyser hur kvinnor upplever ungt moderskap och möjligheter till att fullfölja gymnasiestudier. Intervjuer har genomförts med fyra kvinnor som blivit föräldrar under sin tid i grundskolan/kring 15/16 års ålder. Undersökningen bygger på kvalitativa intervjuer i form av gruppintervju samt individuell intervju som metod. Resultaten visar att kvinnorna upplever att ansvaret moderskapet medfört har bidragit till att de blivit motiverade till att få ordning på sitt liv och att barnet blivit en symbol för mognad som i flera fall stärkt självbilden. Självkänslan har dock påverkats negativt om man inte lever upp till förväntningarna på sig själv som mamma, vilket dock inte kan kopplas direkt till kvinnornas ålder. En negativ påverkan på självbilden är också om det sociala nätverket kännetecknas av instabila relationer. Resultatet visar att ingen av de intervjuade kvinnorna har fullföljt sina gymnasiestudier. Det har framkommit att den främsta anledningen till avhopp är den ekonomiska situationen. Kvinnornas sociala nätverk som omfattas av både familjemedlemmar, samt aktörer inom utbildningsväsendet möjliggjorde gymnasiestudier för den tid de hade möjlighet att gå. Unikt i denna studie är att mammorna återger att skolorna har anpassats för dem. Vidare har vi analyserat materialet och tolkat att de unga mammorna har skapat sig strategier till hur de förhåller sig till först sina egna föreställningar om andras åsikter och sedan samhällets och omgivningens faktiska åsikter om ungt moderskap.
In this study we examined how Swedish women experience young motherhood in relation to their perceived ability to complete their gymnasium studies. We have interviewed 4 women who became mothers around 15-16 years of age.  The investigation is based mainly on qualitative group and individual interviews. None of the women interviewed had completed their studies, despite that three of the women expressed desire to do so, and the acknowledgement of the existence of a social network of family and community actors making this goal achievable.  Unique to this study’s findings was the perception among the women that the schools themselves had been adapted for them and thus did not present a barrier.  Rather, economic difficulties were cited to be the most common reason for dropping out, with mental health and class identity also cited as complicating factors. We then provide an analysis from feminist and normative perspectives in order to provide a framework for understanding how social norms of gender, age, motherhood can constitute perceived barriers for young mothers who wish to complete their gymnasium education. In particular, this study highlights the importance of further investigation of how economic factors can complicate young parenthood.

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This paper deals with the theme 'The Institute of Unitization,' or even 'Individualization of Production,' as national classification, terms that describe what happens to be a joint and coordinated from a reservoir of oil or gas by all parties with property rights on the areas where the reservoir stretches. The concepts of Unitization will be studied and discussed according to context of the oil industry in its entirety technical, legal and economic issues. In light of Economic Theory, will be analyzed the Fundamentals of the Institute of Unitization and evolution of its application in national and international context.
O presente trabalho aborda o tema 'Instituto da Unitização', ou mesmo 'Individualização da Produção', conforme nomenclatura nacional, termos que designam o que vem a ser uma operação conjunta e coordenada de um reservatório de petróleo, gás natural ou ambos por todas as partes com direitos de propriedade sobre as áreas por onde se estende o reservatório. Os conceitos de Unitização serão estudados e abordados segundo contexto da indústria do petróleo em seus elementos técnicos, jurídicos e econômicos. À luz da Teoria Econômica, serão analisados os Fundamentos do Instituto da Unitização e a evolução de sua aplicação no contexto nacional e internacional.

E' possibile approfondire la conoscenza del pensiero senecano tenendo conto delle conoscenze mediche del filosofo. L'influenza della scuola medica Pneumatica, di ispirazione stoica, consente di dimostrare che le passioni come l'ira non sono per Seneca solo malattie dell'anima, ma sindromi psicofisiche che coinvolgono tutti i livelli dell'individuo, alla luce di un monismo corpo- anima possibile solo alla luce delle dottrine Pneuamtiche. Malattie come la mania e la melancolia, inoltre, hanno un decorso particolare che oltre ad influenzare la visione senecana dell'ira, permette anche di comprendere il carattere apparentemente incoerente di alcuni personaggi delle tragedie (Clitennestra, Atreo, Fedra e Medea), che possono essere considerati traduzioni drammaturgiche di sindromi maniaco- depressive.
It's possible to deepen our knowledge of Senecan thought by considering his medical knowledge. The influence of the Pneumatic school, inspired by Stoic philosophy, makes possible to show that passions like anger are for Seneca not only soul diseases, but also a kind of psycho- physical syndrome that concerns every aspect of the individual in the light of a psycho- physical monism that is possible to understand only through the Pneumatic doctrines. Diseases like mania and melancholy, moreover, have a peculiar development which, influencing Senecan view of anger, let us understand the apparently incoherent features of some characters of the tragedies (Clitaemestra, Atreus, Phaedra, Medea) who can be considered dramatic translations of manic- depressive syndromes

E' possibile approfondire la conoscenza del pensiero senecano tenendo conto delle conoscenze mediche del filosofo. L'influenza della scuola medica Pneumatica, di ispirazione stoica, consente di dimostrare che le passioni come l'ira non sono per Seneca solo malattie dell'anima, ma sindromi psicofisiche che coinvolgono tutti i livelli dell'individuo, alla luce di un monismo corpo- anima possibile solo alla luce delle dottrine Pneuamtiche. Malattie come la mania e la melancolia, inoltre, hanno un decorso particolare che oltre ad influenzare la visione senecana dell'ira, permette anche di comprendere il carattere apparentemente incoerente di alcuni personaggi delle tragedie (Clitennestra, Atreo, Fedra e Medea), che possono essere considerati traduzioni drammaturgiche di sindromi maniaco- depressive.
It's possible to deepen our knowledge of Senecan thought by considering his medical knowledge. The influence of the Pneumatic school, inspired by Stoic philosophy, makes possible to show that passions like anger are for Seneca not only soul diseases, but also a kind of psycho- physical syndrome that concerns every aspect of the individual in the light of a psycho- physical monism that is possible to understand only through the Pneumatic doctrines. Diseases like mania and melancholy, moreover, have a peculiar development which, influencing Senecan view of anger, let us understand the apparently incoherent features of some characters of the tragedies (Clitaemestra, Atreus, Phaedra, Medea) who can be considered dramatic translations of manic- depressive syndromes

碩士
中國文化大學
哲學系
106
Medea, which tells the story of a woman who is abandoned by the man she loves and for whom she has surrendered everything, is one of Euripides’ famous tragedies. It analyzes this play with a feminist reading. By analyzing the image of Medea in the play, provoking the psychological development of her revenge and stating the status of women today, it wants to emphasize that every human being has the responsibility and right to fight for freedom, respect and equality.

Yeung Ka-chung, Lorraine.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves viii-xii (3rd gp.)) and index.
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Chapter Chapter One: --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter Chapter Two: --- Aristotelian Tragedy or Greek Tragedy? --- p.6
Chapter 1. --- Modern Criticism on Aristotle's Poetics --- p.6
Chapter 2. --- Aristotle's Theory of Greek Tragedy --- p.10
Chapter 2.1 --- Mimesis and Action --- p.11
Chapter 2.2 --- Plot-Structure --- p.12
Chapter 2.3 --- The Principle of Probability and Necessity --- p.13
Chapter 2.4 --- Tragedy and History --- p.13
Chapter 2.5 --- "Pity, Fear and Katharsis" --- p.14
Chapter 2.6 --- Recognition and Reversal --- p.15
Chapter 2.7 --- The Proper Kind of Agent --- p.16
Chapter 2.8 --- The Proper Kind of Circumstances --- p.17
Chapter 3. --- The Exclusion --- p.18
Chapter 3.1 --- Does Aristotle exclude the Divinity? --- p.19
Chapter 3.2 --- Aristotle on Oedipus Tyrannus --- p.21
Chapter 4. --- The Role of Divinity in Greek Tragedy --- p.22
Chapter 5. --- The Problem of Tragic Action in Greek Tragedy --- p.24
Chapter 5.1 --- Aristotle on Tragic Action --- p.24
Chapter 5.2 --- The Duality of Tragic Action in Greek Tragedy --- p.26
Chapter 5.3 --- The Tragic Sense of Responsibility --- p.28
Chapter 6. --- The Different Conception on Happiness --- p.30
Chapter 7. --- The Problem of Pathos in Greek Tragedy --- p.31
Chapter 7.1 --- Pathos and Truth --- p.31
Chapter 7.2 --- The Religious Significance --- p.33
Chapter 7.3 --- Pathos and Pity among Mortals --- p.34
Chapter 8. --- The Problem of Conflicts in Greek Tragedy --- p.37
Chapter 8.1 --- Aristotle and Greek Tragedy on Conflict --- p.38
Chapter 8.2 --- Agamemnon ´ؤ Killing Among Family --- p.40
Chapter 8.3 --- The Nature of Tragic Conflicts --- p.42
Chapter 9. --- Conclusion: Aristotle's Silence --- p.43
Chapter Chapter Three: --- Aristotle on Tuche --- p.45
Chapter 1. --- Aristotle and the Moral Luck Problem --- p.45
Chapter 2. --- Tuche in Aristotle's Physics --- p.48
Chapter 2.1 --- "Tuche and ""What Happens for the Most Part""" --- p.50
Chapter 2.2 --- "Tuche and ""For the Sake of Something""" --- p.51
Chapter 2.3 --- The Implications --- p.52
Chapter 2.4 --- Remarks --- p.56
Chapter 3. --- Tuche in Aristotle's Two Ethics --- p.57
Chapter 3.1 --- Tuche in Eudemian Ethics -- Natural Impulse in the Soul --- p.58
Chapter 3.2 --- Tuche in Nicomachean Ethics: External Goods and Tuche; Happiness and Blessedness --- p.65
Chapter 4. --- Tuche in Aristotle's Poetics --- p.78
Chapter 4.1 --- Hamartia - A Cause in Human Terms --- p.80
Chapter 4.2 --- Errors and Misfortune --- p.82
Chapter 5. --- Conclusion: Aristotle's Silence on Tuche in Greek Tragedy --- p.85
Chapter Chapter Four: --- Tuche in Greek Tragedy --- p.88
Chapter 1. --- A Deeper Sense of Exposition --- p.88
Chapter 2. --- Tuche as a Goddess --- p.90
Chapter 3. --- Tuche and Moira in Greek Tragedy -- The Religious Significance --- p.92
Chapter 3.1 --- Tuche and Moira in Oedipus Tyrannus --- p.94
Chapter 3.2 --- The Problem of Necessary Chance --- p.97
Chapter 4. --- Tuche in Oedipus Tyrannus --- p.99
Chapter 4.1 --- Tuche and Sophoclean Irony --- p.99
Chapter 4.2 --- Tuche abd Oedipus --- p.103
Chapter 5. --- Tuche in Euripides' Tragedies --- p.105
Chapter 5.1 --- Tuche in Heracles --- p.106
Chapter 5.2 --- Ironic Unconcern - The Tragic Response to Tuche --- p.109
Chapter 6. --- The Tragic Views --- p.113
Chapter 6.1 --- The Tragic Views on Man - The Mortal Limitation --- p.114
Chapter 6.2 --- The Role of the Messenger --- p.115
Chapter 6.3 --- The Symbolic Meaning of Nature (Physis) --- p.119
Chapter 7. --- Conclusion: Tuche and Nature --- p.123
Chapter Chapter Five: --- Tragedy and Philosophy --- p.125
Chapter 1. --- From Particular to Universal -- The Significance of the Chorus --- p.125
Chapter 2. --- The Different Way of Formulation Question --- p.129
Chapter 3. --- The Different Conception Truth - Plato's Simile of the Cave and Oedipus Tyrannus --- p.130
Chapter 4. --- Conclusion: Greek Tragedy as Philosophy --- p.132
Chapter Chapter Six: --- Conclusion --- p.133
Appendix: Related Pictures
Chapter 1. --- The Image of Goddess Tuche (of Antioch) on a Coin --- p.i
Chapter 2. --- The Image of Goddess Tuche (of Ephseus) on a Coin --- p.i
Chapter 3. --- Athena Between Two Warriors --- p.ii
Chapter 4. --- Oedipus and Sphinx --- p.ii
Chapter 5. --- The Images of Achilles and Priam in a Vase Painting --- p.iii
Chapter 6. --- The Images of Achilles and Priam in a Vase Painting --- p.iv
Chapter 7. --- The Images of Ajax and Odysseus in a Vase Painting: Side A: argument between Odysseus and Aja over the possession of the arms of Achilles --- p.x v
Chapter 8. --- Side B: the casting of votes to award the arms --- p.vi
Chapter 9. --- Tondo: Tecmessa covers body of Ajax --- p.vii
Bibliography --- p.viii
Index --- p.xii
Acknowledgement --- p.xv

碩士
南華大學
哲學研究所
94
In this thesis will the following question be discussed, namely whether the tragic thought of Nietzsche is completely provable in Wagner''s music drama The Niblungen''s Ring. I focus my discussion both on Nietzsche''s first important work The Birth of Tragedy, which was dedicate to Richard Wagner, and Wagner''s music drama: The Niblungen''s Ring. Schopenhauer''s metaphysic, especially his thought of music metaphysic played an important role on both of them, therefore it will also be discussed as common root in this thesis. Besides, the cultural background of their time in which the Germany wanted to build their own cultural tradition after the paradigm of ancient Greek has great influences on Nietzsche and Wagner. The thesis will retrace their tragic thoughts to the origin in Greek culture , especially in the Poetica of Aristotle. 　 　　At last, it also refers to the other Nietzsche''s writing, for example, Wagner in Bayreuth and The Case of Wagner in order to clarify the problems of the breaking of their friendship.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--State University of New York at Buffalo, 2005.
Title from PDF title page (viewed Mar. 15, 2006). Available through UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Thesis adviser: Hack, Daniel. Includes bibliographical references.

My dissertation is in two parts. First, it develops a philosophical concept of “tragic uncertainty,” derived from early twentieth-century Spanish philosopher Miguel de Unamuno. Secondly, it demonstrates ethical application of tragic uncertainty to human societal events. The ethical imperative created from tragic uncertainty—and not either tragedy or uncertainty alone—is the following. Given a tragic situation with a great degree of uncertainty, people living with doubt, mental despair, and perpetual anguish because of it should be provided relief. Generally, this relief should be in the form of therapy, by which I mean an affective and emotional release. Two important case studies are explored. One on corrupted political systems in the USA-Mexico border. The other in Honduras, on both climate change and corrupted political systems. These are explained and categorized as tragically uncertain. Corresponding, minimal practical solutions accompany the ethical imperative created to remedy tragic uncertainty.

The Concept of Politics in the Realist Tradition of the Theory of International Relations. Juraj Laššuth Abstract: Aim of this thesis is a reconstruction of the notion of politics in the school of classical realism in Theory of International Relations, using the texts of Hans Morgenthau primarily. This aim is followed in four steps - four chapters. First chapter describes relation between antropological/moral background of Morgenthau's political thinking and political sphere. Four images of the relations between anthropology and the evaluation of political sphere are identified and compared ("emacipation", "gay politics", "katechon" and "circles and antinomies") - the final one will be shown as connected with the notion of Hans Morgenthau's realism. Morgenthau's work, built up on tradition of the Pauline epistles, treats evil (defined by lust for power) as inherently present, indispensable from any human acts. Political sphere, defined according "the second principle of realism" by interest defined in terms of power, is a place, where morally ambivalent logic of power stands as the reason of acting. Second chapter addresses Morgenthau's notion of political science by comparing it with the project of Weberian social science, analyses its reason, ethos, complicated relations with its subject, dilemmas which...

This paper is focused on the concept of catharsis in classic Greek tragedy. In the first part, it traces historical context of this term particularly trough the work of Plato; and later, the main effort is devoted to Aristotle. It looks closely in Aristotle's Poetics and Politics, which are the only works where he mentions catharsis. After research of the Aristotle's texts, the study presents variety of interpretations that have arisen over centuries, examines them and derives an elementary understanding of catharsis. The second part of this work tries to trace catharsis in a sample of preserved tragedies of main Greek dramatists. It investigates tragic characters, plot and tragic emotions (i.e. pity and fear). The scope is to compare the Aristotle's theory and practice of dramatists, who lived one century before the theory had rised. Last but not least the study concludes by bringing forward an evaluation of this approach to the theory of Aristotelian catharsis.

abstract: This dissertation discusses the Cournot competition and competitions in the exploitation of common pool resources and its extension to the tragedy of the commons. I address these models by using potential games and inquire how these models reflect the real competitions for provisions of environmental resources. The Cournot models are dependent upon how many firms there are so that the resultant Cournot-Nash equilibrium is dependent upon the number of firms in oligopoly. But many studies do not take into account how the resultant Cournot-Nash equilibrium is sensitive to the change of the number of firms. Potential games can find out the outcome when the number of firms changes in addition to providing the "traditional" Cournot-Nash equilibrium when the number of firms is fixed. Hence, I use potential games to fill the gaps that exist in the studies of competitions in oligopoly and common pool resources and extend our knowledge in these topics. In specific, one of the rational conclusions from the Cournot model is that a firm's best policy is to split into separate firms. In real life, we usually witness the other way around; i.e., several firms attempt to merge and enjoy the monopoly profit by restricting the amount of output and raising the price. I aim to solve this conundrum by using potential games. I also clarify, within the Cournot competition model, how regulatory intervention in the management of environmental pollution externalities affects the equilibrium number of polluters. In addition, the tragedy of the commons is the term widely used to describe the overexploitation of open-access common-pool resources. Open-access encourages potential resource users to continue to enter the resource up to the point where rents are exhausted. The resulting level of resource use is higher than is socially optimal, and in extreme cases can lead to the collapse of the resource and the communities that may depend on it. In this paper I use the concept of potential games to evaluate the relation between the cost of resource use and the equilibrium number of resource users in open access regimes. I find that costs of access and costs of production are sufficient to determine the equilibrium number of resource users, and that there is in fact a continuum between Cournot competition and the tragedy of the commons. I note that the various common pool resource management regimes identified in the empirical literature are associated with particular cost structures, and hence that this may be the mechanism that determines the number of resource users accessing the resource.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Applied Mathematics for the Life and Social Sciences 2017

Since the post-positivist turn in critical political theory, many scholars of political science have tried to reimagine the discipline through feminist, Marxist, and postcolonial critiques. However, even critical scholars often overlook that all forms of critique are aesthetic- as is the mainstream of political science that they criticize. Despite these proliferating critiques, much of political science is still shaped by a robust epistemological orientation towards scientific aspirations, which I describe as a scientific epistemic mode. The argument of this thesis is that the dominance of a scientific epistemic mode in political science orients this discipline erroneously against aesthetic receptivity and production. The relationship between political science and aesthetics is often characterized by affects of discomfort and shame, so that aesthetic qualities in research are associated with unscientific, and therefore illegitimate outcomes. The claim that aesthetics is not suited to the study of politics is longstanding, but not necessarily legitimate. Rather than conceive of aesthetics and science as essentially opposed, this thesis considers how this dualism can be understood as a discursive formation. The notion of aesthetics as a threat to science exists as far back as Plato’s Republic, where poetry is banished for the sake of philosophy. Contra Plato, Kant acknowledges aesthetics as a relevant epistemic mode in The Critique of Judgment, but determines aesthetics to be irreconcilable with a reason-based, scientific epistemology. Finally, in The Birth of Tragedy Nietzsche’s reading of Attic Tragedy suggests that, like the figures of Dionysus and Apollo, aesthetics and science can be thought of as two forces in a relation of productive antagonism rather than mutual exclusion or domination. In response to the naturalized, scientific epistemic mode in political science, an aesthetic epistemic mode acknowledges the fusion of aesthetics and science in the production of political analysis. Following Isabelle Stengers, this thesis tries to slow down the sense that aesthetics is inferior, excluded and dominated by science, suggesting that political science begin to cultivate a receptive awareness of its own aesthetic value. In making aesthetics a legitimate focus in political science, an aesthetic epistemic mode is practised by seeking out relevant questions rather than demanding immediate, “scientific” answers.
Graduate
0615
0422
anctil.laura@gmail.com

Taking as its starting point Nietzsche’s and Foucault’s theses on liberalism and war, and Dillon and Reid’s extensive engagement thereof, this thesis offers a critical conceptualization of drones and drone warfare. I argue that deployment of drones specifically over and against bodies and communities in conflict zones in and between Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Yemen, Somalia, and until recently, Libya, is the material practice of a legal and political doctrine and precedent that has been established and policed most prominently by the United States and its military and intelligence apparatuses since the end of the Cold War. This novel precedent, however - due to its necessarily mutually constitutive relationship with a perceived danger said to be emerging from specific spaces, bodies, and communities in the decolonized and still-colonized worlds - locates its ontological and thus political genealogy in the anthropological knowledge that legally justified the (in)humanity of peoples and communities in these spaces during the era of high imperialism that lasted roughly from the nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries. I theorize this as a mode of political, tragic nihilism through a reading of some key theories of Deleuze and Guattari, Foucault, and Nietzsche and specifically, their import to the field of critical security and international relations theory. I demonstrate that the semiotic image of the drone is a highly pertinent point of departure through which we can understand these political stakes of strategic discourses enunciating the imperatives of both the Revolution in Military Affairs as well as recent global counterinsurgency/counterterrorism operations, specifically as they relate to claims about what it is drones are said to productively offer such militaristic projects. Ultimately, I argue that it is through the semiotic image of the drone as a clean, precise tactic that furthers the strategic goals of counterterrorism to target specific bodies that we can begin to politically theorize a particularly malignant political nihilism symptomatic of contemporary liberal societies. However, I also suggest that it is through Nietzsche’s politics of nihilism that we can begin to think about radical critical interventions that resist such a dangerous mode of politics.
Graduate

Pourquoi faire un effort pour la communauté sans rien recevoir en retour? C’est habituellement par conviction ou pour répondre à une norme sociale. En s’intéressant au problème du recyclage, nous définissons un modèle de comportement qui intègre ces deux facteurs. Nous déterminons sous quelles conditions un individu décide d’agir bénévolement, puis nous étudions comment ce comportement se propage dans la population. Cela nous permet de déduire comment un gouvernement doit pondérer ses efforts entre la publicité et la consigne pour tendre vers un taux de recyclage parfait au coût minimal. Nous prouvons aussi que dans certaines circonstances, il est préférable de ne pas encourager la participation au bien public. En effet, à mesure que plus de gens y participent, des tensions sociales émergent entre ceux qui font un effort et ceux qui n’en font pas. Celles-ci peuvent être assez fortes pour contrebalancer les bénéfices attendus du bien public
The commons need not be a tragedy: impact of peer-pressure and opinions Why do people help the community without getting anything in return? Usually, they either hold the firm belief they should do so or they want to follow a social norm. The behavioural model of this paper takes those two factors into account and applies them to recycling issues. It shows under which condition people act selflessly and how this behaviour spreads across the population. This paper then determines how governments must balance advertising and packaging refunding in order to increase recycling rate at minimal cost. It also proves that under certain circumstances it is preferable not to start transition toward cooperation. Indeed, as people progressively start cooperating, the population becomes divided between followers and opponents to this new attitude. As long as this heterogeneity remains, peer-pressure causes a cost that may outweigh the expected benefits of cooperation.

In recent decades, it was shown that belowground competition for some plants may take form of the tragedy of the commons (TOC). In these plants, the competing neighbours invest more in root systems than would be appropriate for optimal nutrient uptake for the group and also more than they do when grown alone. However, there is also strong evidence that other species do not follow TOC, and tailor their root system to best nutrient exploitation irrespectively of competitor presence. The root investment strategy of these plants should correspond to the ideal free distribution (IFD). In my thesis I focus on two aspects:  I use game theoretical models to explore, whether those strategies can coexist within species and also whether different species can coexist if they have different strategy. From this model I draw predictions, which I test by meta-analysis.  Using Agrostis stolonifera as a model, I test assumptions on nutrient and neighbour perception, which underlie TOC and IFD models. I show that according to mathematical models, those two strategies can coexist in different species in a community, but cannot coexist within a species. Within a species, the TOC strategy should always dominate, once it appears. This can be extrapolated to macroevolutionary scale - once TOC occurs in certain clade, it should...

Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Especialidade em Física
This dissertation reports the main work I developed during my Ph.D. program. It contains my contributions to the field of population dynamics and a study of a global problem of cooperation. Evolutionary game theory (EGT) and stochastic population dynamics have proven to be powerful tools to describe frequency-dependent dynamics in evolutionary biology. More recently, EGT has become increasingly popular in the study of social settings and conflict resolution among humans, calling for an extension of the initial framework towards the boundless complexity of human reasoning. Here, I discuss the necessity of introducing different levels of rationality and prospective strategies, proving under which circumstances the equations that govern both rational and rationally-bounded players coincide. Moreover, since decision-making often relies in a continuum of possible options, I propose a novel equation to describe the evolution of populations with a continuum of strategies, analyzing why and when we can discretize the sets of possible strategies. Finally, when finite populations and stochastic effects are considered, the increasing population size or increasing number of individual configurations rapidly renders the analysis of stationary states prohibitive. Here, I also discuss a novel framework that allows us to define a hierarchy of approximations to the stationary distribution of any population dynamics described by a Markov process, overcoming the limitations of existing approaches. These results and methods are general in the sense that they are applicable to the study of different dilemmas and their respective gametheoretical representation. In the last part of this dissertation, I focus on problems related with global coordination for the preservation of a common good, such as climate change governance. Indeed, preventing global warming requires overall cooperation. Contributions will depend on uncertainty of future losses, which plays a key role in decision-making. Here, I discuss an evolutionary game theoretical model – and its stochastic dynamics in finite populations – in which decisions within small groups under high risk and stringent requirements toward success are shown to significantly raise the chances of coordinating to save the planet’s climate. This result calls for a decentralized or polycentric way of coordinating efforts to tame the planet’s climate. I further discuss whether a polycentric structure of multiple small-scale sanctioning institutions provides a viable solution to solve global dilemmas. Such structure is shown to help deterring non-cooperative behavior (when compared with a single global institution), even though it suffers, to a smaller extent, from most of the same problems as the top-down approach: sensitivity to risk perception and to overall uncertainty. Furthermore, I also discuss how world’s wealth inequality may influence the outcome of this type of collective dilemmas, studying how the segregation between rich and poor players harms cooperative behavior, even if rich tend to, at first, compensate for contributions (or lack of them) from the poor. Finally, I discuss in which conditions the establishment of pre-play contracts may help to overcome part of these problems. The results indicate that contracts are more effective if voluntary and more prevalent if small, acting as a costly signaling mechanism for a naturally cooperative group of individuals sharing common goals. This, in turn, if combined with some partnership advantages, creates more incentives to join, allowing both cooperation and the total membership to grow.
Esta dissertação é uma coletânea do principal trabalho desenvolvido durante o meu doutoramento. Contém as minhas contribuições para o ramo da dinâmica de populações e o estudo de um problema global de cooperação. A Teoria de Jogos Evolutiva (EGT) e a dinâmica estocástica de populações são identificadas como ferramentas poderosas para descrever a dinâmica evolutiva em Biologia Evolutiva. Mais recentemente, a EGT tem-se tornado mais popular no estudo de sistemas sociais de resolução de con- flitos entre humanos pedindo por uma extensão das ferramentas originais de forma a acomodar a grande complexidade humana. Nesta dissertação, eu discuto a necessidade de introduzir diferentes níveis de racionalidade e estratégias que recorrem a previsões, mostrando em que circunstâncias as equações que governam estratégias racionais e com racionalidade limitada coincidem. Além disso, uma vez que a tomada de decisão muitas vezes incide num contínuo de estratégias possíveis, proponho uma nova equação para descrever a evolução de populações com um contínuo de estratégias. Finalmente, quando as populações são finitas e são considerados os seus efeitos estocásticos, o aumento do tamanho da população ou do número de configurações individuais possíveis rapidamente torna impraticável a análise de estados estacionários. Aqui, eu também discuto uma nova ferramenta que permite definir uma hierarquia de aproximações para a distribuição estacionária de qualquer dinâmica de populações descrita por um processo de Markov, ultrapassando as atuais limitações. Estes resultados e métodos são gerais, no sentido de serem aplicáveis ao estudo de diferentes dilemas e da respetiva representação em termos de teoria de jogos. Na última parte desta dissertação, foco-me em problemas relacionados com a coordenação global para a preservação de um bem comum, como a prevenção das alterações climáticas. De facto, a prevenção do aquecimento global requer cooperação a nível global. Contudo, as contribuições vão depender da incerteza sobre as perdas futuras, o que joga um papel crucial na tomada de decisão dos responsáveis. Aqui discuto um modelo de EGT – e os seus efeitos estocásticos em populações finitas – com o qual mostro que as hipóteses de coordenação para salvar o clima do planeta aumentam significativamente se as decisões forem tomadas no seio de pequenos grupos sobre problemas locais que, por um lado, reflitam menor incerteza e, por outro, onde os requisitos para a tomada de ação possam ser apertados. Este resultado pede uma forma de coordenar os esforços para domar o clima do planeta que seja descentralizada, ou policêntrica. Ainda nesta parte, discuto se uma estrutura policêntrica de múltiplas instituições para sancionar comportamentos de pequena escala providencia uma solução viável para resolver problemas globais. Mostro que essa estrutura ajuda a prevenir comportamentos não cooperativos (quando comparada com uma única instituição global), mesmo que sofra, em menor escala, dos mesmos problemas da alternativa top-down: sensibilidade à perceção do risco de desastre e incerteza, em geral. Além disso, também discuto como é que a desigualdade de capacidade contributiva no mundo pode influenciar o resultado deste tipo de dilemas coletivos, estudando como é que a segregação entre jogadores ricos e pobres prejudica a cooperação, mesmo que os ricos, a princípio, tendam a compensar a falta de contribuições dos pobres. Finalmente, discuto em que condições a criação de contratos pode ajudar a ultrapassar parcialmente estes problemas. Os resultados indicam que os contratos são mais eficientes se voluntários e mais prevalentes se entre poucos membros, funcionando como um mecanismo de sinalização com custo para grupos de indivíduos naturalmente cooperativos. Isto, por sua vez, combinado com vantagens intra-contrato, cria mais incentivos para novas adesões o que torna possíveis o aumento tanto da cooperação como do número de membros.