Artículos de revistas: "Testis Thermography"

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Fernandez, Nicolas, Armando Lorenzo, Anne-Sophie Blais y Clyde Matava. "Thermographic Patterns for Real-time Intraoperative Monitoring of Testicular Reperfusion Following Surgical Testicular Detorsion". Revista Urología Colombiana / Colombian Urology Journal 27, n.º 03 (29 de mayo de 2018): 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1656559.

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AbstractA 5-year-old patient presents to the emergency department with testicular torsion. Intraoperative sequential infrared thermographic images were registered in real-time using a FLIR One (FLIR Systems, Inc., Wilsonville, OR, US) infrared camera. The temperatures of the scrotum and the testis prior to scrotal exploration were 43.6°C on the affected side, and 41.7°C on the contralateral side. The core temperature of the patient was 36.8°C. Immediately after the tunica vaginalis had been opened and the testis had been brought out through the incision, the temperature of the testicle was 31.5°C. After 30 seconds of being detorted, the temperature increased to 34.3°C. The use of intraoperative infrared thermographic imaging helps to detect discrete changes in testicular temperature, which suggests it may be useful to objectively assess reperfusion. Future studies will require more patients to correlate postoperative blood flow to the injured testis as well as volume changes after surgery to see if the intraoperative thermography findings can be used as a predictive tool for postoperative outcomes.

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Paranzini, C. S., G. S. Cardoso, A. K. Souza, F. M. Perencin, C. A. A. Melanda, A. P. F. R. L. Bracarense y M. I. M. Martins. "Use of infrared thermography to evaluate the inflammatory reaction in cat testis after intratesticular injection of 0.9% NaCl or 20% CaCl2 with 1% lidocaine". Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 71, n.º 3 (junio de 2019): 929–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-10741.

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ABSTRACT Due to the doubts and questions about the inflammatory reaction caused by chemical castration, this study aimed to use infrared thermography to detect, evaluate and monitor the inflammatory reaction caused by the intratesticular injection of calcium chloride (CaCl2) 20% with lidocaine 1%. For this, thermographic measurements were taken before (M0), 10 minutes (M1), 1 and 6 hours (M2 and M3), for 7 consecutive days (M4 to M10), at 15 (M11), 30 (M12) and 60 (M13) days after intratesticular injection. Additionally, changes to testicular tissue and effects over spermatogenesis were evaluated by andrological exam before (M0) and 60 days (M13) after intratesticular injection. All cats were orchiectomized at M13, and testicles were submitted to histological analysis. CaCl2 (20%) with lidocaine (1%) administration produced testicular tissue damage and interfered with the spermatogenesis in 70% of treated cats without exacerbating the inflammatory reaction or impairing the cat’s welfare. It was concluded that thermographic evaluation is a useful, efficient, easy and quick method to diagnose and monitor cat testicular inflammatory reactions.

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Vieira Neto, Maurício Francisco, Bruna Farias Brito, Marcimar Silva Sousa, Maria Gorete Flores Salles, Aderson Martins Viana Neto, José Ferreira Nunes, Vicente José de Figueirêdo Freitas y Airton Alencar de Araujo. "Testicular thermography and seminal quality in bucks submitted to intermittent scrotal insulation in a tropical climate". Semina: Ciências Agrárias 42, n.º 2 (24 de febrero de 2021): 721–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n2p721.

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Testicular degeneration is highly prevalent in ruminants reared in a tropical climate in Brazil. It is therefore necessary to assess semen quality periodically in this animals. The objective of this work was to define standards images (thermograms) by using infrared thermography (TIV), associated with computerized seminal evaluation (CASA) to predict testicular alterations in a non-invasive way. For this, 10 goat males were selected, and testis insulated to evaluate the seminal quality and testicular superficial temperature recorded in four different moments: before, during and early and later after insulation. Semen collections and rectal temperatures (TR) and superficial testis (TS) by TIV were assessed for 60 days after insulation. Data were expressed in media and standard errors and analysis of variation (ANOVA) with comparison between the moments using Tukey test at 5% of probability. Changes in seminal quality followed the same standard of changes in TS, with no influence of the latter one on rectal temperature. The mean testicular temperature increased more than 2 degrees above the normal mean testis temperature, with significant increasing (p <0.05) in the moment during in relation to the moments before and post insulation, and concomitantly reduction in seminal parameters and almost normal return to 60 days post insulation. These changes in testis surface temperatures associated with semen analysis allowed to get patterns images of testicular degeneration, permitting to predict by TIV testis alterations for later assess of seminal quality.

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Nowakowski, Antoni. "Problems of Active Dynamic Thermography Measurement Standardization in Medicine". Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka 25, n.º 3 (13 de septiembre de 2021): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14313/par_241/51.

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Reliability of thermographic diagnostics in medicine is an important practical problem. In the field of static thermography, a great deal of effort has been made to define the conditions for thermographic measurements, which is now the golden standard for such research. In recent years, there are more and more reports on dynamic tests with external stimulation, such as Active Dynamic Thermography, Thermographic Signal Reconstruction or Thermal Tomography. The subject of this report is a discussion of the problems of standardization of dynamic tests, the choice of the method of thermal stimulation and the conditions determining the credibility of such tests in medical diagnostics. Typical methods of thermal stimulation are discussed, problems concerning accuracy and control of resulting distributions of temperature are commented. The best practices to get reliable conditions of measurements are summarized.

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Garrido, Iván, Susana Lagüela, Stefano Sfarra, Hai Zhang y Xavier P. V. Maldague. "Automatic Detection and Delimitation of Internal Moisture in Mosaics from Thermographic Sequences. Experimental Tests". Proceedings 27, n.º 1 (17 de septiembre de 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019027007.

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InfraRed Thermography, IRT, is one of the most recent techniques to monitor heritage elements, finding existing pathologies in order to implement the required maintenance tasks. However, most IRT results on cultural heritage are interpreted subjectively. Then, this work presents a methodology for the automatic detection and delimitation of moisture inside a heritage element, a mosaic in this case, from a thermographic sequence, based on the analysis of the temperature distribution of the thermal images acquired. Comparing the experimental test results with typical thermographic algorithms, the detection performance of the algorithm proposed was similar, but the new method is able to delimit and automate the whole process.

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Chudzicka-Adamczak, Marta. "Thermal insulation of a public transport vehicle - tram with the use of thermal imaging measurements". AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 20, n.º 1-2 (28 de febrero de 2019): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2019.030.

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The article presents the possibility of using thermography to assess the quality of thermal insulation of public transport vehicles on the example of a tram. Such tests are aimed at detecting places where there is an uncontrolled heat loss. Thermographic tests were carried out for two trams: from the eighties of the twentieth century and from the present.

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Galla, Stanisław y Alicja Konczakowska. "Application of Infrared Thermography to Non-Contact Testing of Varistors". Metrology and Measurement Systems 20, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2013): 677–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mms-2013-0058.

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Abstract Testing of varistors using thermography was carried out in order to assess their protective properties against possible overvoltage phenomena in the form of high-level voltage surges. An advantage of the thermography technique is non-contact temperature measurement. It was proposed to assess the properties of varistors working in electronic devices as protective elements, on the basis of estimating temperature increments on varistor surfaces, registered by an infrared camera during surge resistance tests with standard voltage levels. To determine acceptable temperature increments on a tested varistor, preliminary testing was performed of P22Z1 (Littelfuse) and S07K14 (EPCOS) type varistors, working first at a constant load and presently during surge tests,. The thermographic test results were compared with measured varistor capacity values before and after tests. It was found that recording with thermography temperature increments greater than 6°C for both P22Z1 and S07K14 varistor types detects total or partial loss of varistor protective properties. The test results were confirmed by assessment of protective properties of varistors working in output circuits of low nominal voltage devices.

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Lipski, Adam y Dariusz Boroński. "Use of Thermography for the Analysis of Strength Properties of Mini-Specimens". Materials Science Forum 726 (agosto de 2012): 156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.726.156.

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This paper presents sample applications of passive infrared thermography for research on temperature changes of mini-specimens resulting from monotonously increasing or cyclically variable mechanical load. The MFS system developed in the Department of Machine Design at the University of Technology and Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz (Poland) and designed for testing mechanical properties of microelements were used for tests. The MFS system ensures nanometric measurement accuracy of many static and fatigue-related material properties, including, i.a., static tension curves, cyclic strain curves, fatigue life curves as a function of force, stress and strain. Measurements of the mini-specimens temperature were performed using thermographic camera equipped with microscope lens. The tests have shown that research on the passive infrared thermography may be successfully applied for determining strength properties of materials in micro scale. The used research instrumentation is characterized by sufficient sensitivity and resolution (camera with the microscope lens), while the MFS system ensures accurate load and position control.

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Kaledin, V. O., E. A. Vyachkina, D. A. Galdin, O. N. Budadin y S. O. Kozelskaya. "ELECTRIC POWER THERMOGRAPHY CONSTRUCTIONS MADE OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS". Kontrol'. Diagnostika, n.º 254 (2019): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2019.08.pp.022-027.

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A new control technology for electrically conductive composite materials (electric power thermography) is proposed, based on the excitation of a thermal field in the defect area (cracks) by passing an electric current with simultaneous application of a power load, which makes it possible to detect “stuck” cracks in composite materials using rather simple technical means. Theoretical and experimental studies have shown the possibility of identifying delaminations and cracks in the grids of a complex structure of composite materials using electrodiagnosis with temperature field measurement. The resulting temperature anomalies in the process of monitoring the proposed method (electric power thermography) reach a value of several degrees (regardless of the initial characteristics of cracks – before the application of a power load), which allows you to record temperature fields with quite simple and, therefore, cheap thermographic devices. The applied power load to the monitored product can be carried out simultaneously with the workload of the product, which allows them to be monitored in the process of strength power-producing tests.

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Liu, Kaixin, Fumin Wang, Yuxiang He, Yi Liu, Jianguo Yang y Yuan Yao. "Data-Augmented Manifold Learning Thermography for Defect Detection and Evaluation of Polymer Composites". Polymers 15, n.º 1 (29 de diciembre de 2022): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15010173.

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Infrared thermography techniques with thermographic data analysis have been widely applied to non-destructive tests and evaluations of subsurface defects in practical composite materials. However, the performance of these methods is still restricted by limited informative images and difficulties in feature extraction caused by inhomogeneous backgrounds and noise. In this work, a novel generative manifold learning thermography (GMLT) is proposed for defect detection and the evaluation of composites. Specifically, the spectral normalized generative adversarial networks serve as an image augmentation strategy to learn the thermal image distribution, thereby generating virtual images to enrich the dataset. Subsequently, the manifold learning method is employed for the unsupervised dimensionality reduction in all images. Finally, the partial least squares regression is presented to extract the explicit mapping of manifold learning for defect visualization. Moreover, probability density maps and quantitative metrics are proposed to evaluate and explain the obtained defect detection performance. Experimental results on carbon fiber-reinforced polymers demonstrate the superiorities of GMLT, compared with other methods.

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Dziarski, Krzysztof, Arkadiusz Hulewicz y Grzegorz Dombek. "Thermographic Measurement of the Temperature of Reactive Power Compensation Capacitors". Energies 14, n.º 18 (12 de septiembre de 2021): 5736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185736.

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An excessive increase in reactive power consumption is unfavorable from the point of view of a power system. For this reason, devices compensating reactive power consumption are used. The capacitor is one such device. Capacitors must be tested regularly during their exploitation. One of the activities that should be performed is testing the degree of heating of the cells of a capacitor bank. Thermography can be used to perform such tests. This non-contact method has its limitations. Due to the angular emissivity and the change in the distance between the lens and the object under observation, the temperature measured with a thermographic camera may differ from the actual temperature. This phenomenon is visible on cylindrical capacitor cases. Consequently, depending on the location of the observation point on the capacitor case, the result of the thermographic temperature measurement may be different. To investigate this phenomenon, experimental work has been undertaken.

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Samborski, Tomasz y Andrzej Zbrowski. "The Use of Thermography in Verification Tests of a Prototype Calorimeter Chamber". Solid State Phenomena 223 (noviembre de 2014): 238–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.223.238.

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The article discusses the use of thermography in verification tests of a prototype calorimeter chamber constituting a part of a test stand for actuators used in smoke and ventilation systems. Based on the prototype control methodology developed at the ITeE – PIB, the authors identified areas posing a potential threat to the proper functioning of the system. The measurements of the temperature distribution on the outer surface of the chamber in the identified areas (trouble spots) are shown. The measurements were taken in thermal conditions related to tests conducted in compliance with the procedures of normative environmental investigations. The article also discusses the scope of activities that need to be taken in order to eliminate the adverse effects of heat transfer (thermal bridges, welds, etc.). Based on the thermographic tests, the authors proposed some guidelines to be included in the knowledge base used in the design of similar systems.

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Meng, Dewei, Shibin Lin y Hoda Azari. "Reducing Thermal Reflections for Infrared Thermography Applications on Tunnel Liners with Reflective Finishes". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, n.º 41 (20 de junio de 2018): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118780711.

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Infrared thermography (IRT) has been employed as a non-destructive evaluation (NDE) method to detect delaminations in bridge decks by ASTM standards since 2003. Compared to other NDE methods, IRT is fast in data acquisition and processing. In addition to applications on bridge decks, IRT can be employed to detect defects in other structures such as roadway pavements and tunnel liners. Recent IRT applications on tunnel liners with reflective finishes such as ceramic tiles show that the IRT results can be severely contaminated by infrared reflections of the vehicles and the illuminating systems in the tunnels. In this study, an algorithm is developed to mitigate the contamination caused by the thermal reflections in the IRT results. The reflection is reduced by combining thermal data from multiple thermographs. Perspective projection is employed to map thermal data to the same coordinates if the thermographs are taken with an infrared camera moving in the space. The algorithm is proved to be successful by the results from the lab experiments and field tests. The algorithm can work with IRT data collected by vehicle-mounted infrared cameras to achieve high-speed IRT for tunnel liners with reflective finishes.

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Barbosa, JS, AMAM Amorim, MJALLA Arruda, GBS Medeiros, APLF Freitas, LEM Vieira, DP Melo y PM Bento. "Infrared thermography assessment of patients with temporomandibular disorders". Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 49, n.º 4 (1 de mayo de 2020): 20190392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/dmfr.20190392.

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Objectives: To assess patients with and without temporomandibular disorders (TMD) infrared thermography according to the differences in thermal radiance using quantitative sensitivity and specificity tests; and to evaluate the thermal asymmetry and the correlation of the thermal intensity with the intensity of pain upon palpation. Methods: This cross-sectional study performed a quantitative evaluation of clinical and thermographic examinations. The volunteers were evaluated for the presence of TMD using RDC/TMD (Diagnostic Research Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders), and were divided into two groups: TMD group (n = 45); control group (n = 41), composed of volunteers without TMD, according to the Fonseca Anamnestic Index. The images were assessed for selected regions of interest for the masseter, anterior temporal and TMJ muscles. The mean values of the areas of both groups were compared under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Spearman correlation analysis (non-parametric data) between pain level and mean temperature, by region, and the Pearson's χ2 test was used to verify the association between the presence of temperature and pain asymmetry. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Both Groups, with and without TMD, presented with absolute and non-dimensional mean temperature without statistical differences (p>0.05). When correlating temperature with intensity of pain upon palpation, a negative correlation was observed for the masseter muscle. Conclusion: Infrared Thermography resulted in low area under the curve, making it difficult to differentiate TMD via thermographic analysis. The intensity of pain upon palpation in patients with TMD may be accompanied by a decrease in local temperature.

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Pinheiro, Andressa Mella, Angélica Tamara Tuono, Nathália Arnosti Vieira, Tiago Marques de Rezende, Sérgio Henrique Borin, Charlini Simoni Hartz, Carlos Roberto Padovani, Fernando Carmelo Torres y João Paulo Borin. "ACUTE EFFECT OF SPEED TEST ON THE SKIN TEMPERATURE OF ELITE SOCCER PLAYERS". Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 27, n.º 1 (enero de 2021): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-8692202127012020_0060.

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ABSTRACT Introduction Infrared thermography has been used in several areas, mainly in sports training, and specifically in soccer. Objectives The objectives of the study were to verify the acute effect of a displacement speed test on the skin temperature of elite female soccer players, to observe pre- and post-test thermal asymmetries, and to compare responses in the anterior and posterior regions of lower limbs. Methods Cross-sectional study that evaluated 17 soccer players of the 2018 Brazilian Championship. They were submitted to thermography before and 10 minutes after performing the displacement speed test. Thermographic images were collected using a FLIR® model 8 thermal imager and changes in skin temperature in the anterior and posterior regions of the lower limbs were analyzed, according to the areas of interest. Descriptive statistics were performed and mean and standard deviation of the temperatures of the areas of interest were analyzed. The normality of the data was verified, and then the Student’s t test for normal paired and independent samples and the Mann-Whitney test for non-normal samples were conducted, with p <0.05 being adopted for significance level. Results It was possible to observe that after the test there was an increase in skin temperature in all the regions analyzed, both on the dominant and non-dominant sides (p <0.05). Regarding the analysis of the anterior region, it was possible to observe a higher temperature (p <0.05) in the region of the tibial muscles than in the region of the quadriceps muscles. Conclusion It is concluded that thermography helps to understand the thermal responses of lower limbs after applying the displacement speed test. The study shows that thermographic evaluation can guide the organization of the training session when motor tests have previously been applied, and in the detection of abnormal overloads, helping to prevent injuries. Level of evidence IV; Therapeutic studies - Investigation of treatment results.

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Dindorf, Carlo, Eva Bartaguiz, Elena Janowicz, Michael Fröhlich y Oliver Ludwig. "Effects of Unilateral Muscle Fatigue on Thermographic Skin Surface Temperature of Back and Abdominal Muscles—A Pilot Study". Sports 10, n.º 3 (8 de marzo de 2022): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports10030041.

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The present study aimed to assess the effects of asymmetric muscle fatigue on the skin surface temperature of abdominal and back muscles. The study was based on a pre-post/follow-up design with one group and included a total of 41 subjects (22 male, 19 female; age, 22.63 ± 3.91; weight, 71.89 ± 12.97 kg; height, 173.36 ± 9.95). All the participants were asked to perform side bends in sets of 20 repetitions on a Roman chair until complete exhaustion. The pre-, post- and follow-up test (24 h after) skin surface temperatures were recorded with infrared thermography. Subjective muscle soreness and muscle fatigue were analyzed using two questionnaires. The results of the post hoc tests showed that skin temperature was statistically significantly lower in the post-tests than in the pre- and follow-up tests, but no meaningful differences existed between the pre- and follow-up tests. Asymmetric side differences were found in the post-test for the upper and lower areas of the back. Differences were also noted for the front in both the upper and lower areas. No thermographic side asymmetries were found at the pre- or follow-up measurement for either the back or the front. Our results support the potential of using thermographic skin surface temperature to monitor exercise and recovery in athletes, as well as its use in rehabilitational exercise selection.

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Dihtiar, V. A. y D. H. Vernihora. "Varicocele in children and adolescents. History and current view and state of problem (literature review)". Paediatric Surgery. Ukraine, n.º 1(70) (29 de marzo de 2021): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/ps.2021.70.68.

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A literature review on the subject of varicocele in children which include historical data and question about: etiopathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnostics, treatment and long-term outcomes. The diagnostic method of varicocele unchanged until the XX century and consisted of visual examination and palpation with or without Valsava maneuver. But after entering in diagnostic protocol contrast venography, thermography of testis and ultrasound examination, this protocol have significant changes. For a long time, phlebography has been considered the «gold standard» for the diagnosis of varicocele. But the big disadvantage of this procedure is high invasiveness. Doppler ultrasound mapping has given a new impuls to the diagnosis of varicocele due to minimally invasiveand accessible. G. Liguori, C. Trombetta in their work showed that surgical treatment of varicocele should begin when the testicle size is reduced by more than 20%, or 2 ml of volume in ultrasound examination. Also, the visualization of reflux into the seminal vein is more specific in the ultrasound examination. G. Sigmund et al. introduced the concept of stop-type, shunt-type reflux into the seminal vein. However, in the case of unexplained recurrent varicocele, only antegrade venography can provide sufficient information. The review presents the classic and alternative surgical treatments of varicocele in children. Today it is safe to say that the treatment of varicocele has entered to the era of modern evidence-based medicine. A large number of studies indicate that the expansion of the testicular plexus has a progressive detrimental effect on testicular tissue and leads to a deterioration in sperm count. The methods witch used to correct varicocele earlier was traumatic, but modern surgery has brought many innovative technologies and methods of surgical correction. In addition, there have been impressive developments in bimolecular and functional sperm tests. Nowdays gold standard of surgical treatment varicocele is microsurgical subgingival varicocelectomy but this operation has one big disadvantage. This is possible damage of the testicular artery. The solution of this problem can be obtained by finding new intraoperative way of visualization and defending testicular artery and lymphatic vessels. No conflict of interest was declared by the authors. Key words: varicocele, microsurgical subgingival varicocelectomy, children.

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Gordiyenko, E. Yu, M. I. Glushchuk, Yu V. Fomenko, G. V. Shustakova, I. I. Dzeshulska y Yu F. Ivanko. "Nondesructive Testing of Composite Materials of Aircraft Elements by Active Thermography". Science and innovation 14, n.º 2 (11 de mayo de 2018): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/scine14.02.037.

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Velázquez-López, J., M. A. Cruz-Gómez, M. A. Ruelas-Oronia, F. Dipp-Velázquez, A. Dib-Kanan y Z. Méndez-Mancilla. "Analysis and simulation of heat transfer in human tooth during the curing of orthodontic appliance and food ingestion". APOS Trends in Orthodontics 6 (30 de mayo de 2016): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2321-1407.183153.

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The aim of this study was to analyze and simulate the heat transfer in the human tooth undergoing fixed orthodontic appliances and food intake. An in vivo representative mathematic model of a layered thermographic profile was developed during the LED curing of Gemini bracket 0.022 in slot (conventional ligating system) and Transbond XT adhesive. The characterization of the layered thermic response allowed to identify if during the LED curing process, according to manufacturer’s specification (light curing unit, adhesive) can induce pulpar necrosis. The profile’s thermographic model was the simulation basis of many conditions such as food intake, due to in vivo metrology is affected by the impossibility of a correct apparatus position and the physiologic function of the oral cavity which is exposed to uncontrollable temperature changes. The metrology was carried out with a T-440 thermographic camera during LED curing bracket, using a LED curing light (Elipar S10) placed at 3 ± 1 mm for 5 s at each mesial and distal surface. The thermography outcomes were analyzed in the FLIR Tools Software, Microsoft Excel 2013 and SPSS 22. To adjust the mathematic model error, in vitro studies were performed on third molars for the purpose of realizing extreme exposition temperature condition tests caused by the LED curing unit without jeopardizing the human tooth vitality as would it be on in vivo experimentation. The bracket curing results according to manufacturer’s conditions reached 39°C in vivo temperatures and 47°C on in vitro tests, which does not jeopardize human tooth vitality as said by previous researches, although, an LED curing precise protocol established by the manufacturer’s LED curing light is sustained.

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Pauline, Elizabeth, Carreño-Alvarado y Gilberto Reynoso Meza. "Water Leak Detection by Termographic Image Analysis, In Laboratory Tests". Proceedings 48, n.º 1 (15 de mayo de 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecws-4-06440.

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One of the most undesirable failures is water loss due to leaks in the supplying system; there are mainly two types of water losses: the visible and the non-visible. Within the non-visible we have those that are detectable by acoustic methods and those that are not. Here we decide to study new techniques for leak detection, since non-visible leaks are more difficult to find (detect). This is the aim of this paper. In a previous stage we have been studying the possibility of obtaining thermographic images to develop visualization techniques on pipes as an option for leak detection. Analyzing this possibility, with previous studies we have established conditions for taking images for later analysis, which has confirmed the benefits of the use of thermography as a tool. Here we present a case study where images were taken in a controlled atmosphere in a laboratory, using a physical model that contained a buried pipe with a simulated loss of water. During the entire duration of the test, images were taken at a certain interval of time and afterwards the images were analyzed. The results show the benefits and limitations of the technique, which should continue to be studied since thermal imaging cameras and computers to process the images are becoming more powerful and accessible by the day.

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Liu Yingtao, 刘颖韬, 许路路 Xu Lulu, 何方成 He Fangcheng, 李硕宁 Li Shuoning y 杨党纲 Yang Danggang. "环境因素对闪光灯激励红外热成像外场检测的影响". Infrared and Laser Engineering 50, n.º 12 (2021): 20210711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/irla20210711.

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Cruz-Segura, Alejandro, María P. Cruz-Domínguez, Luis J. Jara, Ángel Miliar-García, Alejandro Hernández-Soler, Pedro Grajeda-López, Michel A. Martínez-Bencomo y Daniel H. Montes-Cortés. "Early Detection of Vascular Obstruction in Microvascular Flaps Using a Thermographic Camera". Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery 35, n.º 07 (8 de mayo de 2019): 541–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1688749.

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Background In microsurgical reconstruction, vascular obstruction occurs in approximately 20% of patients. Close monitoring is central to their care. Clinical/Doppler detection of vascular obstruction could be enhanced by thermography. Methods A diagnostic test design included consecutive cases of hospitalized patients, ≥18 years old, who underwent surgery with free flaps. Two researchers separately evaluated patients with clinical/Doppler methods and thermographic camera hourly for 24 hours, every 2 hours for the next 24 hours, and then every 3 hours until discharge. The gold standard was visualization of thrombus or vascular obstruction during surgical reintervention. Sensitivity, specificity, positive/negative predictive value (PPV/NPV), and a delta temperature receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were calculated. Results A total of 2,364 tests were performed with a thermographic camera in 40 patients (31 females, 9 males) aged 50.12 ± 9.7 years. There were 28 deep inferior epigastric perforator, 5 anterolateral thigh, 3 radial, 2 scapular, 1 fibular, and 1 anteromedial thigh flaps included. Six (15%) had postoperative vascular obstruction (5 venous and 1 arterial). One flap developed partial necrosis and one total necrosis (overall survival 97.5%). ROC curve (area 0.97) showed the best results at ≥ 1.8°C of difference to the surrounding skin. Considering two consecutive positive evaluations, the sensitivity was 93%, specificity 96%, PPV 57%, and NPV 99%. The thermal imaging camera allows to identify the obstruction between 2 and 12 hours before the clinical method. Conclusion Utilizing a thermographic camera can reduce detection time of vascular obstruction by several hours in microvascular free flaps that include the cutaneous island. This method proves useful for early diagnosis of postoperative vascular obstruction.

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Lerma, C., Á. Mas, E. Gil, J. Vercher y M. J. Peñalver. "Pathology of Building Materials in Historic Buildings. Relationship Between Laboratory Testing and Infrared Thermography". Materiales de Construcción 64, n.º 313 (1 de abril de 2013): e009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.2013.06612.

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Redivo Júnior, Nildo, Camila Dutra de Souza, Ellyn Amanda Fonseca Martins, Tatiana Issa Uherara, Milton Mendes Cattini, Daniel Oliveira Creste, Felipe Rydygier de Ruediger y Marcelo George Mungai Chacur. "Scrotal thermography to assess the seminal quality in Nelore and Girolando bulls". Semina: Ciências Agrárias 41, n.º 1 (10 de enero de 2020): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n1p131.

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Bull selection by andrological examination aims to estimate the reproductive capacity of the male. Bulls of zebu origin adapt better to high temperatures than bulls of taurine origin, which may influence scrotum temperature and seminal quality due to the imbalance of testicular thermoregulation. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between bioclimatic variables, the temperature of body and scrotal areas, assessed with infrared thermography, and the quality of fresh and post-thawed semen in zebu Nelore bulls (Bos taurus indicus) and Girolando bulls (Bos taurus taurus x Bos taurus indicus). Bulls were kept in pickets with access to water, mineral mix and a diet supplemented with concentrate. Infrared thermographs of the scrotum, orbital globe and muzzle were performed twice a week with a Flir E40 thermal imager. For scrotal thermograms, we analyzed the temperatures of the spermatic cord, proximal and distal portion of the testes and tail of the epididymis using the Flir Tools software. Samples were collected using an artificial vagina and the ejaculates were processed and frozen in liquid nitrogen until further analyses. Data were analyzed with the Tukey test or the Kruskall-Wallis test, depending on their normal distribution. Our results showed differences (p < 0.05) between the two breeds regarding the temperature in the ocular globe, spermatic cord and proximal portion of the scrotum. Nelore bulls presented lower temperature in the body and in certain regions of the scrotum compared to Girolando bulls. Seminal characteristics varied between breeds, with the Nelore breed presenting better semen. Positive correlations were observed between minor sperm defects and ventral regions of the testes and tails of the epididymis in Girolando bulls. Nelore bulls were less influenced by climatic variables and presented lower temperature in skin surface areas in the infrared thermography examination compared to Girolando bulls. Nelore bulls presented superior semen quality in both fresh and thawed samples than Girolando bulls.

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Sinan Şahin, Ömer, Murat Selek y Şirzat Kahramanlı. "Investigation of Bending Fatigue of Composite Plates by Using Infrared Thermography". Advanced Materials Research 268-270 (julio de 2011): 406–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.268-270.406.

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In this study, the temperature rise of composite plates with a hole during fatigue loading was investigated. Woven glass/epoxy composite plates with eight plies were subjected to bending fatigue loading and materials were observed by using a thermal camera during the test. Previous works showed that a heat generation can form due to internal friction and damage formation. Therefore, a thermographic infrared imaging system was used to detect the temperature rise of composite specimens. During the tests, the thermal images of the specimens have been recorded by a thermal camera and then transferred to the image processing program which has been developed by using MATLAB. By using these thermal images, the spot temperatures of the specimen were obtained by using artificial neural networks. The obtained temperatures show local increase at places where the heat generation localized. These regions considered being the probable damage initiation sites. It is shown in this study that most probable damage initiation zones in the woven glass/epoxy composite material can be detected by using infrared thermography (IRT) approach prior to failure.

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26

Synaszko, Piotr, Michał Sałaciński y Łukasz Kornas. "The Effect of Environmental Flight Conditions on Damage Propagation in Composite Sandwich Structure". Fatigue of Aircraft Structures 2015, n.º 7 (1 de diciembre de 2015): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fas-2015-0004.

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Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the traceability of damage growth caused by inclusions of water in the composite sandwich structure. It was assumed that as a result of temperature changes during the flight and accompanying phase transformation, the zone containing water inclusions increases. The growth is caused by the destruction (mainly the tearing of walls) of the core. As part of the work, this assumption was verified experimentally. For the experiment to be successful it was necessary to simulate actual flight conditions. The simulation involved inducing phase transformations of water in the core cell as a function of time and temperature. Before and after the experiments the non-destructive tests using pulsed thermography were performed. The test results revealed an increase in the number of cells occupied by water. Adequate specimens were designed and manufactured. The study showed that cyclical changes in temperature affected the propagation of water in core sandwich structures. Further, it was found that the increase in the surface area of water-containing inclusions could be monitored using thermographic techniques.

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27

Meola, Carosena, Giovanni Maria Carlomagno, Carmela Bonavolontà y Massimo Valentino. "Monitoring Composites under Bending Tests with Infrared Thermography". Advances in Optical Technologies 2012 (7 de noviembre de 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/720813.

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The attention of the present paper is focused on the use of an infrared imaging device to monitor the thermal response of composite materials under cyclic bending. Three types of composites are considered including an epoxy matrix reinforced with either carbon fibres (CFRP) or glass fibres (GFRP) and a hybrid composite involving glass fibres and aluminium layers (FRML). The specimen surface, under bending, displays temperature variations pursuing the load variations with cooling down under tension and warming up under compression; such temperature variations are in agreement with the bending moment. It has been observed that the amplitude of temperature variations over the specimen surface depends on the material characteristics. In particular, the presence of a defect inside the material affects the temperature distribution with deviation from the usual bending moment trend.

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Ramos Silva, António José, Mário Vaz, Sofia Leite y Joaquim Mendes. "Infrared Lock-in Thermography Tests with Optical Feedback". U.Porto Journal of Engineering 8, n.º 6 (28 de noviembre de 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2183-6493_008.006_0001.

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Thermography using a period light stimulation. However, the results are highly dependent on the accuracy of the stimulation source and its dynamic response. This work aimed to evaluate the quality of a light source as a thermal stimulation and its influence on the quality of the lock-in tests performed in PMMA samples. For this purpose, it was developed an enhanced technique, feedback lock-in thermal testing (FLTT), which uses a light sensor to measure the real light stimulation. With this solution, it was possible to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the amplitude and phase images by approximately 2.5 times. Although only one commercial stimulation source has been tested, others may present similar behavior. Thus, this technique may be considered for lock-in systems using light stimulation, as the increment of the cost is rather small.

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Park, Jung Yul, Juno Park, Sang Dae Kim, Se Hoon Kim y Dong Jun Lim. "Role of Intraoperative Infrared Thermography for Prediction of Successful Percutaneous Radiofrequency Sympathectomy for Palmar Hyperhidrosis". Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (octubre de 2006): 813–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.813.

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Tests for successful surgical results for refractory palmar hyperhidrosis in the past usually involve starch test, plethysmograpy, and direct measurement of skin temperature. However, these tests are either inconvenient, inadequate or unable to be used during operation. Authors have used IR thermography during percutaneous radiofrequency sympathectomy to verify its usefulness as guide for evaluating the successful results. A total of 14 patients with persistent palmar hyperhidrosis were included. Average age was 28.2 years (range 21-36 years). Average duration of symptom was 24 months. All procedures were percutaneously performed under local anesthetics. Procedures include position the patient in prone position and introduction of three 21-guage RF TIC needles with 10 mm bared tip electrode to T2 and T3 ganglion in each side under C-arm guidance. After obtaining correct placement of electrode, a series of three lesions at each level with 90 °C for 120s were done. Successful lesioning was confirmed by from marked widening of pulse amplitude with an increase in hand skin temperature (>2 °C) by thermographic examination during operation. Average follow up period was 14.4 months. All patients tolerated the procedure and responded immediately to have dryness sensation of hands, most of which remained for rest of follow up period. Twelve patients (85.7%) reported as having about 80% of initial responses and one patient about 60% at 12 months postoperatively. Another patient who lost about 30-40% of initial response had undergone second procedure 3 months later with similar success. There were no complications related to the procedures and there were no rebound phenomenon. With regards to the role of intraoperative thermography in determining the successful results, it seems to provide clear-cut information whether these patients received proper treatments for future successful outcome. Thus, authors believe IR thermogrpahic examination is simple, feasible way of demonstration of completeness of sympathectomy in object way during surgical procedure that can be used as a guide for successful outcome.

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30

Köhn, Horst, Adolf Mostbeck, Otto Lofferer, Beatrix König y Christa Swetly. "Non-Invasive Screening for Deep Vein Thrombosis: Comparison between 99mTc-labelled Compounds, Thermography, 131 I-Fibrinogen Uptake Test and X-Ray Phlebography". Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 1, n.º 1 (junio de 1986): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026835558600100113.

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In 81 patients with clinically suspected deep vein thrombosis, the diagnostic accuracy of thermography, 99m Tc-plasmin and 99m Tc-fibrinogen uptake tests for detecting and localizing DVT was compared with a routinely used 131 I-FUT and X-ray phlebography as reference method. Sensitivity of these tests for detection of DVT was high (0.86–1.0). 99m Tc-labelled compounds and thermography should be used for detecting rather than for localizing DVT, since sensitivity of these tests was somewhat lower in the thigh. Clinical examination and exclusion of patients with inflammatory processes, hematoma or trauma markedly increases the specificity. Uptake tests with 99m Tc-labelled compounds are fast, reliable and suitable as bedside tests.

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31

Haraszti, Ferenc. "Thermographic Inspection in the Electric Industry". Acta Materialia Transilvanica 1, n.º 2 (1 de octubre de 2018): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amt-2018-0026.

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Abstract The traditional inspection of fittings used in the electrical industry is a cumbersome, dangerous process in terms of safety and operation. However, with the spread of thermography, these tests can be performed simpler, faster, and more safely through electrical connections. This article presents the possibilities, measurement difficulties and the advantages of thermography analysis [1-2].

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32

Addepalli, Sri, Yifan Zhao, John Ahmet Erkoyuncu y Rajkumar Roy. "Quantifying Uncertainty in Pulsed Thermographic Inspection by Analysing the Thermal Diffusivity Measurements of Metals and Composites". Sensors 21, n.º 16 (14 de agosto de 2021): 5480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165480.

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Pulsed thermography has been used significantly over the years to detect near and sub-surface damage in both metals and composites. Where most of the research has been in either improving the detectability and/or its applicability to specific parts and scenarios, efforts to analyse and establish the level of uncertainty in the measurements have been very limited. This paper presents the analysis of multiple uncertainties associated with thermographic measurements under multiple scenarios such as the choice of post-processing algorithms; multiple flash power settings; and repeat tests on four materials, i.e., aluminium, steel, carbon-fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) and glass-fibre reinforced plastics (GFRP). Thermal diffusivity measurement has been used as the parameter to determine the uncertainty associated with all the above categories. The results have been computed and represented in the form of a relative standard deviation (RSD) ratio in all cases, where the RSD is the ratio of standard deviation to the mean. The results clearly indicate that the thermal diffusivity measurements show a large RSD due to the post-processing algorithms in the case of steel and a large variability when it comes to assessing the GFRP laminates.

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33

Constantin, Nicolae, Viorel Anghel, Mircea Găvan y Ştefan Sorohan. "Contributions in the Study of Hybrid Layered Composites under Static and Variable Loads". Key Engineering Materials 385-387 (julio de 2008): 485–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.385-387.485.

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The research work behind this paper focused a rather extensive assessment of hybrid composites made of pure aluminium sheets, alternating with GFRP and CFRP layers. Static, fatigue and low velocity impact tests were performed, combined with NDI on damaged samples, using Lockin thermography, on specimens obtained from the two hybrid laminates and from genuine GFRP and CFRP laminates, all having five layers. The static and fatigue tests were made on parallel specimens, un-notched and having a central 5 mm drilled hole, with various failure modes. The low velocity impact tests were followed by CAI tests, meant to evaluate residual mechanical performance and damage tolerance. Lockin thermography was used for prior assessment of damage.

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34

Lai, Hong-Shiee, Yuan-Chao Duh, Wen-Shiung Tsai y Wei-Zen Sun. "Role of Thermography in the Diagnosis of Undescended Testes". European Urology 33, n.º 2 (1998): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000019538.

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35

XUE, H., D. WAGNER, N. RANC y E. BAYRAKTAR. "Thermographic analysis in ultrasonic fatigue tests". Fatigue Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures 29, n.º 7 (julio de 2006): 573–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.2006.01024.x.

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36

Kamińska, Paulina, Jarosław Ziemkiewcz, Piotr Synaszko y Krzysztof Dragan. "Comparison of Pulse Thermography (PT) and Step Heating (SH) Thermography in Non-Destructive Testing of Unidirectional GFRP Composites". Fatigue of Aircraft Structures 2019, n.º 11 (1 de diciembre de 2019): 87–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fas-2019-0009.

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AbstractThis paper presents two techniques of active thermography i.e. the pulsed thermography technique and the step heating technique. The aim of this article is to compare these two techniques and present the possibilities, advantages and limitations of their use in the context of non-destructive testing of composite materials. The experimental section presents the results of tests carried out on samples of the polymer composites reinforced with glass fiber.

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Risitano, Giacomo. "Fatigue strength evaluation of PPGF35 by energy approach during mechanical tests". Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 16, n.º 59 (22 de diciembre de 2021): 537–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.59.35.

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Thanks to the progress of research on thermoplastic materials, the properties of composite materials have improved considerably. The aim of this study is the evaluation of fatigue strength of glass-fibre-reinforced polypropylene composite (PPGF35) by applying both the Risitano Thermographic Method (RTM) and the new Static Thermographic Method (STM).

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38

Wei, Wei, Cheng Li, Yibo Sun, Hongji Xu y Xinhua Yang. "Investigation of the Self-Heating of Q460 Butt Joints and an S-N Curve Modeling Method Based on Infrared Thermographic Data for High-Cycle Fatigue". Metals 11, n.º 2 (29 de enero de 2021): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11020232.

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In this study, we investigated the fatigue behavior of Q460 welded joints using tensile fatigue tests. Furthermore, real-time temperature profiles of the examined specimens were recorded by infrared thermography. Based on the obtained thermographic data, we calculated the entropy production rate of the specimens under different stress amplitudes. Hypothetically, the entropy production during high-cycle fatigue (HCF) could be divided into two parts. The first is induced by inelastic behavior that corresponds to damage accumulation, and the second originates from anelasticity associated with recoverable non-damaging microstructural motions. The turning point of entropy production under different stress levels represents an index for fatigue limit estimation. Then, considering the average damage threshold that exists during HCF, the entropy production related to damage accumulation (cumulative damage entropy) is obtained by testing three specimens under the same stress amplitude above the fatigue limit. Finally, a rapid three-parameter S-N curve with a survival probability rate of 50% is obtained. Then, combined with the maximum likelihood method, the 5% and 95% survival probability rate S-N curves are established. Most of experimental data are distributed in the area between S-N curves that correspond to 5% and 95% survival probability rate, indicating good accordance with the test data.

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39

Mendioroz, Arantza, Lorenzo Fuggiano, Pablo Venegas, Idurre Sáez de Ocáriz, Umberto Galietti y Agustín Salazar. "Characterizing Subsurface Rectangular Tilted Heat Sources Using Inductive Thermography". Applied Sciences 10, n.º 16 (6 de agosto de 2020): 5444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10165444.

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In this study, we characterize the lateral dimension, depth, and inclination of buried tilted rectangular heat sources from time domain temperature data measured at the surface. The heat sources are representative for planar defects that emit heat in thermographic tests with internal burst excitation. We present a semi-analytical expression for the evolution of the surface temperature distribution. The emitted flux, dimensions and inclination of the heat source are determined by fitting the model to two perpendicular surface temperature profiles and the temperature history at one point of the surface. We show that the sensitivity of the data to the geometrical parameters of the heat source decreases as the angle it makes with the surface increases. The study also shows that the optimum duration of the excitation corresponds to a thermal diffusion length covering the distance from the surface to the deepest end of the heat source. The accuracy and precision of the results for different noise levels and inclinations have been tested by fitting the model to synthetic data with added noise. Fittings of experimental induction thermography data on 3D printed photo-polymeric resin samples containing calibrated Cu slabs confirm that it is possible to characterize tilted rectangular heat sources from surface temperature data.

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40

Gusella, Vittorio, Federico Cluni y Riccardo Liberotti. "Feasibility of a Thermography Nondestructive Technique for Determining the Quality of Historical Frescoed Masonries: Applications on the Templar Church of San Bevignate". Applied Sciences 11, n.º 1 (30 de diciembre de 2020): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010281.

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Thermography is a non-destructive and non-contact technique allowing, without taking samples, gaining information about several aspects of heritage buildings. This contribution presents the last phase of a research path, started with laboratory tests and now aimed at a real case of great cultural value, which involved the use of the thermal imaging camera to unveil in-depth defects and the wall texture, hidden by valuable plasters or frescoes, in order to correlate the quality of the masonry to its mechanical properties. For this, a method has been devised, made of an original integration of thermographic and post-processing techniques, and recently was applied for the first time to a real case study: the Italian Templar church of San Bevignate, part of an architectural complex from the 13th century located in the city of Perugia. The opportunity to establish the masonry quality of a historical building using non-destructive testing (NDT) represents a little-known possibility to frame not only important factors for the conservation of the frescoes but also information on the seismic vulnerability of historical masonry architectures in order to preserve the artefact from being damaged during the surveys and to plan any effective intervention of restoration and structural reinforcement.

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41

Sales, Rosemary Bom Conselho, Maria Teresa Paulino Aguilar, Fernando Augusto Sales, Sebastiana Bragança Lana y Paulo Roberto Cetlin. "Concrete Study Using Infrared Thermography and Forced Resonant Frequency". Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (diciembre de 2010): 778–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.778.

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The performance of materials made from Portland cement is usually evaluated by tensile strength under compression loads, elastic modulus and porosity. Modulus of elasticity is usually determined from compression tests, and the results show large dispersions. With the advances in data acquisition and signal processing, the infrared thermography and forced resonant frequency have been increasingly used in the study of materials. However, these studies are devoted almost entirely to metals. In this paper it is evaluates the use of the method of forced longitudinal resonance frequency and infrared thermography as a tool for characterization of the buildings cementitious materials. The results show that thermography and forced resonant frequency are Able to detect changes in concrete macrostructure as well as the nature of its constituents.

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42

Majano, Carlos, Jorge García-Unanue, Antonio Hernandez-Martin, Javier Sánchez-Sánchez, Leonor Gallardo y Jose Luis Felipe. "Relationship between Repeated Sprint Ability, Countermovement Jump and Thermography in Elite Football Players". Sensors 23, n.º 2 (5 de enero de 2023): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23020631.

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Football is a very demanding sport which requires players to exert maximum effort, producing fatigue and eventually injuries. Thermography can be used to detect fatigue and prevent its consequences through thermal asymmetries in the bilateral body areas; however, its adequacy for elite footballers has not been widely studied. Therefore, the objective of the present investigation was to determine the suitability of thermography to detect fatigue in male football players. For this reason, twenty participants were gathered into a pair of subgroups (low [<0.2 °C] vs. high thermal asymmetry [≥0.2 °C]) based on a thermography session of the lower limbs (thighs, calves, and hamstrings). After the thermography session, players performed CMJs before and after an RSA test (6 × 30 m/20″). A mixed two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc pairwise comparisons were undertaken to analyse the results. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found in any of the RSA test variables between low and high thermal asymmetry groups for thighs and calves. On the other hand, the low thermal asymmetry hamstring group reported a smaller percentage difference in sprints for the first sprint (%Diff) and a larger percentage difference in sprints two and three with respect to the best sprint (%Best). For CMJs, the low thermal asymmetry hamstring group reported significantly higher values post-RSA test, indicating better performance. Accordingly, thermography can provide information about performance in CMJ and RSA tests through hamstring asymmetries over 0.2 °C. Meanwhile, larger asymmetries than 0.2 °C in calves and thighs do not seem to be related to performance in these tests; therefore, coaches should consider if it is optimal to align players with high hamstring asymmetries.

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43

Trevisiol, Francesca, Ester Barbieri y Gabriele Bitelli. "Multitemporal Thermal Imagery Acquisition and Data Processing on Historical Masonry: Experimental Application on a Case Study". Sustainability 14, n.º 17 (24 de agosto de 2022): 10559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710559.

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The recent improvement of infrared image quality has increased the use of thermography as a non-destructive diagnostic technique. Amongst other applications, thermography can be used to monitor historic buildings. The present work was carried out within the framework of the Horizon 2020 European project SHELTER, which aims to create a management plan for cultural heritage subject to environmental and anthropogenic risk. Among the chosen case studies is the Santa Croce Complex in Ravenna (Italy), which is exposed to different hazards, including flooding. The church has a peculiar architecture that develops below the street level, so the internal walls are affected by the deterioration caused by rising humidity. In such a case of advanced degradation, passive thermography cannot be used to its full potential. For this reason, an innovative methodology involving active thermography was first developed and validated with laboratory tests. Secondly, we conducted its first application to a real case study. With this purpose, an active thermography survey with forced ventilation was carried out to enhance different stages of material degradation by means of automatic classification of multitemporal data. These experiments have resulted in a method using an active thermal survey in a high moisture content environment to detect masonry degradation.

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44

Patil, Yashashri, S. Khirwadkar, S. M. Belsare, Rajamannar Swamy, M. S. Khan, S. Tripathi y K. Bhope. "R&D on divertor plasma facing components at the Institute for Plasma Research". Nukleonika 60, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2015): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nuka-2015-0053.

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Abstract This paper is focused on various aspects of the development and testing of water cooled divertor PFCs. Divertor PFCs are mainly designed to absorb the heat and particle fluxes outflowing from the core plasma of fusion devices like ITER. The Divertor and First Wall Technology Development Division at the Institute for Plasma Research (IPR), India, is extensively working on development and testing of divertor plasma facing components (PFCs). Tungsten and graphite macro-brush type test mock-ups were produced using vacuum brazing furnace technique and tungsten monoblock type of test mock-ups were obtained by hot radial pressing (HRP) technique. Heat transfer performance of the developed test mock-ups was tested using high heat flux tests with different heat load conditions as well as the surface temperature monitoring using transient infrared thermography technique. Recently we have established the High Heat Flux Test Facility (HHFTF) at IPR with an electron gun EH300V (M/s Von Ardenne Anlagentechnik GmbH, Germany) having maximum power 200 kW. Two tungsten monoblock type test mock-ups were probed using HHFTF. Both of the test mock-ups successfully sustained 316 thermal cycles during high heat flux (HHF) tests. The test mock-ups were non-destructively tested using infrared thermography before and after the HHF tests. In this note we describe the detailed procedure used for testing macro-brush and monoblock type test mock-ups using in-house transient infrared thermography set-up. An acceptance criteria limit was defined for small scale macro-brush type of mock-ups using DTrefmax value and the surface temperature measured during the HHF tests. It is concluded that the heat transfer behavior of a plasma facing component was checked by the HHF tests followed by transient IR thermography. The acceptance criteria DTrefmax limit for a graphite macro-brush mock-up was found to be ~3°C while for a tungsten macro-brush mock-up it was ~5°C.

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45

Addab, Y., M. Richou, M. Ramaniraka, N. Vignal, E. Visca, G. Dose, S. Roccella, H. Greuner, M. Missirlian y J. H. You. "Typology of defects in DEMO divertor target mockups". Physica Scripta 96, n.º 12 (24 de noviembre de 2021): 124065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ac3875.

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Abstract We analyzed data from ultrasonic testing and infrared thermography non-destructive examinations performed on a subset of 25 small scale water-cooled target mockups of four target designs developed in the 2nd R&D phase of WPDIV. Examinations were performed before high heat flux tests for the 25 mockups and after high heat flux tests for 18 of them. The detected manufacturing defects are various in size and location. Widths of defects range from 0.2 to 12 mm, which is the entire block width. Angular sizes of defects range from few degrees to 360°. Defects having an angular size less than 50° or a width less than 4 mm are likely to be missed by infrared thermography examinations. After high heat flux tests at 20 MW m−2 up to 500 cycles, we noticed no significant evolution of pre-existing defects.

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46

Bauer, Elton, Vasco Peixoto de Freitas, Niubis Mustelier, Eva Barreira y Sara Stingl de Freitas. "Infrared thermography – evaluation of the results reproducibility". Structural Survey 33, n.º 1 (13 de abril de 2015): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ss-05-2014-0021.

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Purpose – Infrared thermography is increasingly being used to diagnose pathologies in buildings, such as façade defects. The purpose of this paper is to assess the results reproducibility and the equipment influence on the measurements. To do so, it was defined as case study the assessment of rendering delamination. Design/methodology/approach – Two infrared cameras of different makers were used to detect the presence of defects deliberately created in specimens. The tests were done in the laboratory with a heat source. The defects were detected through a temperature gradient between the zones with and without defect. Findings – With this thermographic imaging, it was possible to identify the defects in the specimen both qualitatively and quantitatively. The results were found to be reproducible in the three cycles performed. The influence of the equipment on the results was of little significance for the quantitative assessment criterion “temperature difference between zones with and without defect”, but for the criterion “absolute surface temperature”, the difference in the results yielded by the two cameras was around 1.8°C. Originality/value – The results suggest that there is reproducibility of the measurements, considering both the qualitative and quantitative approach, when assessing delamination, irrespective of the maker of the equipment used. The influence of the equipment on the results depends on the quantitative assessment criterion used.

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47

Seppey, M., C. Hessler, M. Bruchez, M. Savary y A. Pécoud. "Facial thermography during nasal provocation tests with histamine and allergen". Allergy 48, n.º 5 (julio de 1993): 314–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1993.tb02399.x.

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Tartarini, P., M. A. Corticelli y L. Tarozzi. "Dropwise cooling: Experimental tests by infrared thermography and numerical simulations". Applied Thermal Engineering 29, n.º 7 (mayo de 2009): 1391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2008.06.011.

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Kucharska, Milena y Justyna Jaskowska-Lemańska. "Active Thermography in Diagnostics of Timber Elements Covered with Polychrome". Materials 14, n.º 5 (28 de febrero de 2021): 1134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14051134.

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The contribution of natural wood defects such as knots is an important factor influencing the strength characteristics of structural timber. This paper discusses the use of active thermography in the timber diagnostics, particularly in the determination of the knot area ratio (KAR) in elements covered with paint coatings. Moreover, on the basis of thermal images, the localization for the subsequent semi-destructive tests (SDTs) was established. Three different sources of external energy supply were used in the studies: laboratory dryer, air heater and halogen lamps. The active thermography tests were performed on elements made of three wood species (fir, pine and spruce). The specimens were covered with varying layers of paint coatings and primers, to reflect the actual condition of the historic structural elements. The obtained thermal images enabled the estimation of the KAR, due to the difference in temperature between solid wood and knots occurring therein. It should be noted that the results were affected by an external energy source and subjective judgement of the operator. Moreover, active thermography could be an effective method for the indication of the regions within which SDTs should be performed in order to properly assess the technical state of an element covered with polychrome.

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Żaba, Krzysztof, Sandra Puchlerska, Marzanna Książek, Ryszard Sitek, Paweł Wiśniewski y Jarosław Mizera. "Investigations of Model Multilayer Ceramic Casting Molds in a Raw State by Nondestructive Methods". Materials 14, n.º 24 (15 de diciembre de 2021): 7761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14247761.

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This article presents the results of research on the use of modern nondestructive methods such as 3D scanning, thermography and computed tomography (CT) to assess the quality of multilayer ceramic molds. Tests were performed on spherical samples of multilayer ceramic molds in the raw state. Samples were made of molding sands composed of quartz and molochite powders, the alcoholic binder hydrolyzed ethyl silicate (ZKE) and an aqueous binder based on colloidal silica. Thickness measurements of spherical forms were made using a 3D scanner. Porosity measurements were made using CT. Additionally, thermography observations of the mold cooling process were made with controlled temperature and humidity. The results of temperature measurements of samples were compared with measurements of thickness and porosity. The practical goal was to determine the possibility of using thermography, 3D scanning and CT as a quick method for detecting mold defects by varying their thickness, porosity and cracks and for final verification of the ceramic molds’ condition before casting.

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