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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Test Erichsen"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 25 de mayo de 2024

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1

Şener, Bora, and E. S. Kayali. "Effectiveness of Stamping Lubricants in Erichsen Test." Key Engineering Materials 549 (April 2013): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.549.325.

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In the present work, formability of ultra low carbon steel sheets (uncoated interstitial free and galvanized steel sheet) has been characterized and the effectiveness of dry and liquid lubricants on formability of these steel sheets was evaluated by using the standard Erichsen test. Primarily, some important mechanical properties of materials like strain hardening coefficient (n), normal anisotropy (r) were determined using the tensile test and formability of these steel sheets has been correlated with these mechanical properties. Then these steel sheets were subjected to the Erichsen test using four different lubricants. Teflon, PVC, Polyethylene films and mineral oil were used in the experiments. Finite element simulations were done using various friction coefficients. Erichsen tests were conducted at 1 kN blank holder force and 2.4 mm/min punch velocity. Values of the Erichsen index and punch force-displacement curves were determined for each lubricant. PVC film proved to be the most effective lubricant for both materials.

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2

Giuliano, Gillo, and F. Samani. "Effect of Lubrication on the Erichsen Test." Applied Mechanics and Materials 365-366 (August 2013): 425–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.365-366.425.

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This study analyzes experimentally the influence of the friction between the sheet metal and the die surfaces on the results of the Erichsen test in terms of load-displacement curve of the punch, the normalized thickness measured at the specimen apex and the distance measured between the thinnest area of the specimen and the lateral surface of the blankholder. Two types of aluminium alloys, AA 2017 Al-Cu alloy (Al-4.5%Cu-1.0%Mn-1.0%Mg) and AA 5083 Al-Mg alloy (Al-4.5%Mg-1.0%Mn-0.15%Cr), with thickness of 1.0 mm are selected as the experimental materials for Erichsen test.

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3

Uriya, Yu, and Jun Yanagimoto. "Erichsen cupping test on thermosetting CFRP sheets." International Journal of Material Forming 10, no. 4 (2016): 527–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12289-016-1298-3.

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4

Giuliano, Gillo. "Evaluation of the Coulomb Friction Coefficient by the Erichsen Test." Applied Mechanics and Materials 365-366 (August 2013): 1190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.365-366.1190.

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In this study, the Erichsen test is used to identify the friction coefficient of the Coulomb friction model coupling experimental tests results with numerical ones. The evaluation of the Coulomb friction coefficient is based on the distance measured between the thinnest area of the specimen and the lateral surface of the blankholder. Two types of aluminium alloys, AA 2017 Al-Cu alloy and AA 5083 Al-Mg alloy, with thickness of 1.0 mm are selected as the experimental materials for Erichsen test. Specimens are tested in unlubricated condition as well as using two different lubricants, namely Grease LB4 and Mexmoly.

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5

Gillo, Giuliano. "Influence of the Metal Sheet Parameters on the Results of the Erichsen Test." Applied Mechanics and Materials 217-219 (November 2012): 2444–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.217-219.2444.

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Considering an isotropic rheological law of the sheet material and the power law relationship between the stress and the plastic strain, the present paper by using the finite element method analyzes the influence of the material parameters on the results of the Erichsen test in terms of force-displacement curve of the punch and the normalized thickness measured at the specimen apex also varying the coefficient of the Coulomb friction law. Moreover for an AA5083 aluminum alloy the results of the numerical simulation of the Erichsen test will be compared to those obtained experimentally.

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6

Reddy, M. Rama Narasimha, M. Saran Theja, and M. Gangadhar Tilak. "Modified Erichsen Cupping Test for Copper, Brass, Aluminium and Stainless Steel." SIJ Transactions on Industrial, Financial & Business Management 06, no. 02 (2018): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.9756/sijifbm/v6i2/0102550102.

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7

Kumar, S. Ramesh, S. Senthil Kumaran, M. Sree Arravind, and D. Venkateswarlu. "Effect of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steel 1.6mm Butt Welded by Plasma Arc Welding." Materials Science Forum 969 (August 2019): 619–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.969.619.

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Plasma Arc Welding (PAW) is more tolerant to joint misalignment than Laser Beam Welding (LBW) at a lower cost [1]. The present study deals with the assessment of mechanical and metallurgical properties of butt welded 1.6 mm thick austenitic stainless steel similar (SS304 and SS304) by using plasma arc welding technique. Similar butt-Welded joints were analyzed by using mechanical (Bend test, Erichsen cup test, tensile test) and metallurgical (Optical macroscopic and microscopic images) characterization methods. The bead width and depth of the butt welded 1.6mm thick butt joined SS304 was analyzed by macroscopic and microscopic images [2]. The Erichsen cup test was conducted on the weld specimens. The indentation was made on the weld specimens. In the similar metal joint the depth of indentation is high, which shows that the similar metal joint has better formability. This makes them appropriate for practicing in the aircraft industries (engine parts), automotive sector (engine-parts and assemblies) chemical processing, food processing, turbine buckets, pumps and valve parts [3]. Keywords: SS304, PAW, Butt weld, Erichsen Cup Test, Microstructure

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8

Nasri, Mohamed Toumi, Slimani Faouzi, A. Ayadi, Abel Cherouat, Mohamed Ali Rezgui, and Ali Zghal. "Inverse Identification Method to Characterize the Behavior of Coupled Elasto-Plastic Coupled to Damage Model Using Modified Erichsen Test." Advanced Materials Research 698 (May 2013): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.698.21.

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This study presents experimental and numerical approaches to study the thermo-elasto-plastic behavior coupled to ductile damage of thin sheet. The study highlights the influence of temperature on the mechanical properties affecting the ability of forming aluminum sheet 1050A. The properties of the Swifts model hardening coupled to isotropic ductile damage variable and the Erichsen Index are obtained using inverse approach (Nelder-Mead method). The obtained results have established a correlation between the Index Erichsen formability of the material.

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9

Mansouri, L. Z., J. Coër, S. Thuillier, H. Laurent, and P. Y. Manach. "Investigation of Portevin-Le Châtelier effect during Erichsen test." International Journal of Material Forming 13, no. 5 (2019): 687–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12289-019-01511-5.

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10

Zhang, Run Qi, Yi Qin Cai, Hao Xu Wang, Zhuang Li, and Qi Zhou. "Effects of Rolling Reduction on Cold Forming Properties of Commercially Pure Titanium Sheet." Materials Science Forum 960 (June 2019): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.960.9.

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Different cold rolling reductions were adopted for commercially pure titanium sheet. Cold forming properties were investigated by a microstructural analysis, Vickers microhardness and erichsen value measurements. The results have shown that Cold rolling resulted in refined alpha grains. Alpha grain size was refined further by greater cold reduction. Alpha grain sizes of the specimens of processing 1, 2 and 3 reached 30.90 μm, 26.48 μm and 20.58 μm, respectively. Cold forming properties were affected by different alpha grain sizes. The hardness and erichsen value reached the lowest and the highest values for the specimens in processing 1. The hardness increased and erichsen value decreased due to the finer alpha grain size for the specimen which was cold-rolled at a reduction of 50% in processing 2. Erichsen test results of the specimens of processing 3 had the lowest values due to the deformation of a reduction of 70%. Cold forming properties of the specimens of processing 3 were deteriorated, this is because deformation leads to the high dislocation density and the stored energy increases with accumulated strain after deformation.

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11

Singh, Monika, Ajay Kumar Choubey, and C. Sasikumar. "Formability Analysis of Aluminium Alloy by Erichsen Cupping Test Method." Materials Today: Proceedings 4, no. 2 (2017): 805–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.01.089.

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12

Aydin, Murat, Xin Wu, Kerim Cetinkaya, Mustafa Yasar, and Ibrahim Kadi. "Application of Digital Image Correlation technique to Erichsen Cupping Test." Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 21, no. 4 (2018): 760–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2018.06.004.

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13

Sree Arravind, M., S. Ramesh Kumar, S. Senthil Kumaran, and D. Venkateswarlu. "Effect of Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behaviour of Martensitic Stainless Steel 410 1.6mm Butt Welded by Plasma Arc Welding." Materials Science Forum 969 (August 2019): 601–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.969.601.

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Plasma Arc Welding (PAW) is one of the important arc welding processes used in electronics, medical, automotive and aerospace industries due its high accuracy and ability of welding any hard materials which is more tolerant to joint misalignment than Laser Beam Welding (LBW) at a lower cost. Thickness of 1.6mm plates were used to obtain full penetration and a strong joint with a very narrow Heat Affected Zone. The present study deals with the effect of mechanical and corrosion resistance properties of butt welded 1.6 mm thick martensitic stainless steel-similar (SS410 and SS410) joints made by plasma arc welding technique. Similar butt Welded joints were analyzed by using mechanical (Bend test, Erichsen cup test, Tensile test) characterization methods. Their corresponding corrosion resistance properties were also investigated by potentiodynamic polarization corrosion testing technique. The tensile strength was found to be 341 MPa for similar SS410 weld. During tensile test the failure occurred on the base metal on both similar joints Keywords: SS304; SS410; PAW; Butt weld; Erichsen Cup Test; Microstructure.

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14

Song, Yan Li, and Lin Hua. "Formability of Tailor Welded Blanks Based on the Improved Rule of Mixture Considering the Welding Residual Strain and Stress." Applied Mechanics and Materials 152-154 (January 2012): 1406–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.152-154.1406.

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In this paper, the rule of mixture, which is often used to derive the weld properties from the uniaxial tension test of a subsize welded specimen, was improved by taking the residual welding strain/stress into account and assuming iso-strain increment across the welded specimen. Based on this improved method, hardening data of two different tailor welded blanks were determined. Erichsen cupping tests were performed experimentally and numerically to evaluate the effects of welding residual strain and stress on TWB formability. The results indicate that: (1) the residual strain and stress affect the formality of TWBs to some extent and (2) neglecting the welding residual strain and stress may predict a delayed crack onset and relatively large values in the maximum punch load and Erichsen index.

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15

Suzuki, Tetsu, Daisuke Ando, Hidetoshi Somekawa, Yuji Sutou, and Junichi Koike. "Crystal Orientation Changing Behavior During Erichsen Test in Mg-Y Dilute Alloy." Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals 80, no. 8 (2016): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet.j2016018.

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16

Gillo, Giuliano. "AA5083 Aluminium Alloy Constants Identification through Inverse Analysis of the Erichsen Test." Applied Mechanics and Materials 271-272 (December 2012): 208–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.271-272.208.

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In this paper, considering an isotropic rheological law of the sheet material and the power law relationship between the stress and the plastic strain, the Erichsen test is used to identify the material constants of AA5083 aluminium alloy coupling experimental tests results with numerical ones obtained by using the finite element method. The function which is minimized by inverse analysis includes simultaneously the load-displacement curve of the punch, the normalized thickness measured at the bulge apex and the distance measured between the thinnest area of the metal sheet and the inner surface of the blankholder.

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17

Kocańda, A., and C. Jasiński. "Extended evaluation of Erichsen cupping test results by means of laser speckle." Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering 16, no. 2 (2016): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2015.10.007.

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18

Sunil, SalunkheUjwala. "Investigation of formability of CRCA Steel sheet by Erichsen Cupping Test analysis." IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 11, no. 2 (2014): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/1684-11215255.

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19

Santos, Rafael O., António B. Pereira, Marilena C. Butuc, Gabriela Vincze, António J. Festas, and Luciano P. Moreira. "Development of a Device Compatible with Universal Testing Machine to Perform Hole Expansion and Erichsen Cupping Tests." Machines 8, no. 1 (2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines8010002.

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The material characterization regarding sheet metal formability is usually assessed by the forming limit curve (FLC). The FLC requires specialized and expensive equipment, several samples with different geometries, and can be a very time-consuming procedure for data treatment. Alternatively, the hole expansion test (HET) and the Erichsen Cupping Test (ECT) can be used for routine evaluations of sheet metal mechanical behavior. These formability tests require fewer quantities of material and easy specimen preparation with a fast analysis of results. The HET and ECT procedures provide a proper evaluation of sheet material stretch-flangeability, formability, strength, and ductility. In this work, we developed a low-cost mechanical device capable of performing the HET and ECT tests using a universal testing machine. The equipment is designed to meet the test parameters set by ISO 16630 (HET) and ISO 20482 (ECT) standards. In order to verify its functionality, tests were carried out with the dual-phase steels DP600 and DP780. The corresponding values determined for the hole expansion ratio and the Erichsen index provided reliable results in terms of the accuracy and repeatability of the proposed testing device.

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20

Järvenpää, Antti, Matias Jaskari, Pentti Karjalainen, and Mikko Hietala. "Enhancing Mechanical Properties and Formability of AISI 301LN Stainless Steel Sheet by Local Laser Heat Treatment." Key Engineering Materials 554-557 (June 2013): 885–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.885.

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This study demonstrates applying local laser heat treatment to produce ultrafine-grained austenite (UFGA) structures in an AISI 301LN type commercial austenitic steel. Pieces of 50% cold-rolled sheets containing more than 90% strain-induced martensite were heated locally by a laser beam to various peak temperatures to obtain different degrees of martensite reversion to austenite. Mechanical properties and formability of grain-refined and coarse-grained structures were measured by tensile and Erichsen cup tests. In addition to standard Erichsen cup test, additional interrupted tests were carried out, where cups were first stretched close to the critical strain. Drawn cups were then heated locally by a laser beam to revitalize the structure and thereby enhance the formability in the following cupping test until failure. Results showed that local laser heat treatment is suitable for the reversion treatment to refine the austenite grain size. Various structures were produced: completely reverted microstructures (T > 700 °C) with grain sizes 0.9 - 2 µm in addition to partially reverted structure (T < 700 °C) containing nano- and ultrafine-grained austenite (0.6 µm) with some martensite. The grain refinement by local annealing improved the strength properties. The Erichsen cup tests showed that the formability was equal in the completely reverted ultrafine-grained structures to that of the coarse-grained sheets. It was demonstrated that the local laser treatment restored formability of the drawn cups, allowing stretching to be continued. The second forming step after the laser-treatment provided an enhancement of 19 and 14% in the cup depths in coarse-grained and ultrafine-grained steels, respectively, even though the laser-treatment parameters were not optimized yet.

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21

Xiao, Tong Mei, Jian Zhang, Zhi Hua Wang, and Da Sen Bi. "The Experimental Research of Tension and Performance of Press for 6061 Aluminum Alloy." Materials Science Forum 704-705 (December 2011): 1519–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.704-705.1519.

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Tensile properties of 6061 aluminum alloy sheet were investigated by means of electric universal test machine, scanning electron microscopy ( SEM) etc．and compared with those parameters of 6010 aluminum alloy; By using machine performance parameters of 6061 aluminum alloy ,finite element software eta/DYNAFORM of Sheet Forming made the numerical simulation of Erichsen tester process of 6061 aluminum alloy sheet ,and the result of numerical simulation compared with actual Erichsen tester. The press forming performance of 6061 alloy sheet have been analyzed．The results show that compared with 6010 aluminum alloy, proof strength σs and tensile strength σb of 6061 aluminum alloy sheet exhibits worse,but even percentage elongation δ of 6061 alloy sheet exhibits similar; The value IE of numerical simulation exhibits similar with actual value IE. So 6061 aluminum alloy sheet have formability in a certain extent and apply in some fields of automobile instead of 6010 aluminum alloy.

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22

Aktarer, Semih Mahmut, and Tevfik Küçükömeroğlu. "Formability behavior of friction stir processed dual phase steel." Metallurgical Research & Technology 118, no. 6 (2021): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2021083.

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This study investigated the formability behavior of dual-phase (DP) steel subjected to friction stir process (FSP), using a miniaturized Erichsen test. The friction stir process yielded a refined microstructure, which consisted of lath martensite and fine ferrite, as a result of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) and phase transformation. Both yield and tensile strength were significantly increased via the grain refinement and increasing martensite fraction. Biaxial formability behavior of the friction stir processed sample exhibited a decline as the Erichsen index (EI) decreased from 2.7 mm to 2.2 mm. However, the required punch load (FEI) increased compatibly with the strength value after FSP. The grain refinement caused by FSP led to an improvement in the orange peel effect, defined as a negative effect of increased surface roughness after metal forming. The value of mean roughness in the free dome surface of the FSPed sample decreased from 4.90 μm to 2.62 μm. It can be concluded that the roughening with the orange peel effect on free surfaces of stretched metal can be eliminated by the friction stir process.

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23

Gavrus, A., M. Banu, E. Ragneau, C. Maier, and V. Oleksik. "An inverse analysis approach of the Erichsen test starting from a finite element model." International Journal of Material Forming 1, S1 (2008): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12289-008-0058-4.

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24

CHEN, Yong, Hong YAN, Dan WANG, and Rong-shi CHEN. "Microstructure evolution and deformation mechanism of Mg−Zn−Gd sheet during Erichsen cupping test." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 33, no. 3 (2023): 728–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(22)66141-7.

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25

Tomáš, Miroslav, Ján Slota, Emil Spišák, and Juraj Hudák. "Measurement of the Limit Strains on TS 245 Tinplate." Materials Science Forum 818 (May 2015): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.818.213.

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The paper deals with measurement of limit strains for tinplate TS 245 made by US Steel with nominal thickness 0.3 mm. The FLC curve has been measured by implementation of Nakajima test on testing device Erichsen 145-60. The Nakajima test has been measured according to EN ISO 12004-2. Limit strains have been measured using 3D photogrammetric system Argus by GOM. Forming limit curve was evaluated in the software Argus. During test, some problems have been solved concerning friction on hemispherical punch which affected fracture position on the dome. Reached FLC curve was implemented in material database of PAM-Stamp 2G simulation software.

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26

Cao, Yang, Bo Wang, Lin Zhao, et al. "Formability of Medium Mn Steel Welded Joints." Metals 10, no. 6 (2020): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10060706.

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In this study, a new-generation high-strength and high-ductility medium Mn steel (0.1C-5Mn-Fe) for the automotive industry was joined by the fiber laser and gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) methods. Formability testing of the welded joints was done by the Erichsen cupping test and finite element (FE) analysis. The results showed that the formability of medium Mn steel welded joints was sensitive to the welding parameters and inferior to that of the base metal (BM). The hardening zone (HZ) was formed in the welded joint, which was composed of the fusion zone and two symmetrical parts of the heat-affected zone. The width of the HZ was one of the primary factors affecting the formability of the welded joints, while the tensile strength and ductility of the HZ were secondary factors. FE simulation of the Erichsen cupping test results indicated that the forming strain of the welded joint with narrow HZ concentrated on the BM, while the forming strain of the welded joint with wide HZ concentrated on the HZ. The HZ strain reached the deformation limit first due to its weak ductility; therefore, the welded joint with wide HZ had the worst formability. It was also observed that adopting high-velocity and high-laser power welding could greatly improve the formability of the welded joint as a result of reducing the width of the HZ.

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27

Sun, Qian, Hong-Shuang Di, Xiao-Nan Wang, et al. "Effect of heat input on microstructure and properties of dissimilar laser welded joints between TWIP and TRIP steels." Metallurgical Research & Technology 116, no. 6 (2019): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2019043.

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In this present, the experimental steels were produced by different rolling and heat treatment processes. After that, dissimilar laser tailor welding was carried out with different heat inputs (40, 60 and 100 J/mm2) using IPG YLR 6000 fiber laser with Ar gas shielding. Hitachi SU5000 scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Zeiss Axio Vert.Al optical microscope were used to observe the microstructure of the welded joints after being polished and etched with 4% nital. HV-1000 microhardness tester was used to measure the microhardness of welded joints. Tensile test was carried out using DNS-100 universal material testing equipment, and Erichsen test was conducted using CTM604 Erichsen test machine. Five groups of repeated experiments were selected for the performance test. Tensile fracture surface morphology of welded joint was observed by SEM. The effect of heat input on microstructure and properties of dissimilar welded joints between high manganese TWIP steels and low manganese TRIP steels was studied. The results showed that weld width and penetration were increased and complete penetration was obtained when the heat input increased to 60 J/mm2. With heat input increased, the microstructure of welded seam was more inhomogeneous. The distribution of Mn content in welded seam was inhomogeneous such that columnar/equiaxed austenite was formed in rich Mn zone and lath martensite was formed in barren Mn zone. Heat input had no influence on the microstructure and hardness on the HAZ. The mechanical properties of welded joints of 60 J/mm2 were superior and its strength-ductility balance was greater than TRIP BM (23 GPa%) and was 82% of TWIP BM (36 GPa%). The formability of 60 and 100 J/mm2 was similar.

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28

Sangkharat, Thanapat, and Surangsee Dechjarern. "Using image processing on Erichsen cup test machine to calculate anisotropic property of sheet metal." Procedia Manufacturing 29 (2019): 390–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2019.02.153.

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29

Kamikawa, Naoya, and Haruka Morino. "Quantitative Analysis of Load–Displacement Curves in Erichsen Cupping Test for Low Carbon Steel Sheet." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 50, no. 11 (2019): 5023–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-019-05418-3.

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30

Taylor, Adam S., Matthias Weiss, Tim Hilditch, Peter D. Hodgson, and Nicole Stanford. "Cryo-Rolling and Formability of 2024 Aluminium." Materials Science Forum 765 (July 2013): 434–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.765.434.

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Sheets of precipitate hardenable 2024 aluminium have been processed by rolling at liquid nitrogen temperature in order to refine the microstructure. A number of different aging/heat treating procedures have been utilised that have resulted in significantly different mechanical properties. The cryo-rolled material was heat treated at 150 °C for varying times and the resulting mechanical properties evaluated as a function of this holding time. The resulting properties were found to be strongly influenced by precipitates that formed either during the aging step, rolling process or the subsequent heat treatment. The formability of the cryo-rolled and heat treated material has been investigated using a limiting dome height test (Erichsen cupping test).

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31

Gavrus, Adinel, Mihaela Banu, Eric Ragneau, and Catalina Maier. "An Inverse Analysis of the Erichsen Test Applied for the Automatic Identification of Sheet Materials Behavior." Engineering 02, no. 07 (2010): 471–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/eng.2010.27062.

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32

OKIZAKI, Tomohiro, Takasi KAWAKAMI, and Takahiro KINOSITA. "GS0103-196 A study on stresses during the Erichsen test with 6000 series aluminum alloy plate." Proceedings of the Materials and Mechanics Conference 2015 (2015): _GS0103–19—_GS0103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemm.2015._gs0103-19.

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33

Hyun, C. S., M. S. Kim, S. H. Choi, and K. S. Shin. "Crystal plasticity FEM study of twinning and slip in a Mg single crystal by Erichsen test." Acta Materialia 156 (September 2018): 342–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.06.042.

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34

Petrov, M. A., D. A. Romashov, and V. V. Isakov. "Estimation of Sheet Deformation of Aluminium Blank using Non-Contact Methods on the Example of Erichsen Cupping Test." Scientific Visualization 15, no. 4 (2023): 124–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26583/sv.15.4.10.

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In the present study, non-contact techniques for estimating the deformation of a sheet specimen of aluminium alloy AA5051 (AMg2) subjected to Erichsen cupping test are considered. It is shown that it is possible to get reliable information by numerical simulation, however, for the case when the coefficients of the yield and fracture equations of the material are well-known and validated. This requires the application of confirmatory techniques based on the results of real experiments, for example, through optical 3D-scanning. The realization of the techniques requires preparing the blank prior the experimental stage. The combined technique of speckle interferometry and digital image correlation allows estimating deformations on the outer linear surfaces, but does not indicate deformations of products with curved surfaces and inside the specimen, which requires performing an additional numerical simulation.

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35

Korouyeh, R. Safdarian, Hassan Moslemi Naeini, M. J. Torkamany, and J. Sabaghzadee. "Effect of Laser Welding Parameters on Forming Behavior of Tailor Welded Blanks." Advanced Materials Research 445 (January 2012): 406–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.445.406.

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Tailor Welded Blanks (TWB) are blanks in which two or more sheets of similar or dissimilar materials, thicknesses, coatings etc. are welded together to form a single sheet before forming. Forming behavior of TWBs is affected by thickness ratio, strength ratio, weld conditions such as weld properties, weld orientation, weld location etc. In this work, Nd:YAG laser welding will be use to weld TWB with different thickness in experimental test. Nd:YAG laser welding parameters such as pulse duration, welding velocity, frequency and peak power will affect formability of TWBs. Taguchis design of experiments methodology is followed to design of experiment and obtain the percentage contribution of factors considered. Erichsen formability test and uniaxial tensile test (ASTM-E8) will be use in experiment setup to compare result of different welding parameters on formability quality of TWBs.

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36

Kang, Dae H., D. W. Kim, S. Kim, Geun Tae Bae, K. H. Kim, and Nack J. Kim. "Room Temperature Formability of Mg Alloys." Materials Science Forum 618-619 (April 2009): 463–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.618-619.463.

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Room temperature formability of twin-roll cast Mg alloys has been investigated and correlated with their work hardening behavior. Tensile properties of these alloys were measured and their work hardening behaviour was analysed by using constitutive equations. Room temperature formability of the alloys was evaluated by the limiting dome height (LDH) value, obtained by the Erichsen cupping test. It shows that there is a linear relationship between LDH value and the inverse of yield ratio, which is a function of work hardening exponents. An increase in grain size increases work hardening exponent and concurrently increases LDH.

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37

Prakash, Anand, S. Deepak Kumar, Sanjay Kumar Jha, and Shailesh Dewangan. "Prediction of formability of MIG and TIG welded joints by Erichsen cupping test and fuzzy-logic technique." International Journal of Materials Engineering Innovation 12, no. 3 (2021): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmatei.2021.10039983.

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38

Dewangan, Shailesh, S. Deepak Kumar, Sanjay Kumar Jha, and Anand Prakash. "Prediction of formability of MIG and TIG welded joints by Erichsen cupping test and fuzzy-logic technique." International Journal of Materials Engineering Innovation 12, no. 3 (2021): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmatei.2021.116947.

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39

Kim, Y. I., J. H. Kim, Y. Kim, M. Y. Lee, Y. H. Moon, and D. Kim. "Formability Evaluation of Tailor Welded Blanks of Boron Steel Sheets by Erichsen Cupping Test at Elevated Temperature." Transactions of Materials Processing 20, no. 8 (2011): 568–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5228/kstp.2011.20.8.568.

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40

Cheong, Zhao, Fabian S. Sorce, Sonny Ngo, Chris Lowe, and Ambrose C. Taylor. "The effect of substrate material properties on the failure behaviour of coatings in the Erichsen cupping test." Progress in Organic Coatings 151 (February 2021): 106087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2020.106087.

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41

Jeong, Ha Guk, Jong Beom Lee, and Yong Geun Kim. "Control of Microstructure and Texture for Mechanical Properties of Mg-Al-Zn Alloys." Materials Science Forum 695 (July 2011): 206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.695.206.

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In Mg-Al-Zn alloy sheets, the grains were refined from 30 mm to 2 mm during the process of differential speed rolling at 473 K, having approximately the same size dominate at a high thickness reduction rate of 60 %. In addition to these microstructural changes, the rolled sheets showed a weaker texture characterized by pole than those of commercial sheets. The DSR sheets have equal value of elongation at 0, 45, and 90 degrees from the rolling direction. With the mechanical properties, the results of Erichsen test indicate that DSR process remarkably enhanced ductility of the present Mg alloy sheets at room temperature.

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42

Szalai, Szabolcs, Hanna Csótár, Dmytro Kurhan, Attila Németh, Mykola Sysyn, and Szabolcs Fischer. "Testing of Lubricants for DIC Tests to Measure the Forming Limit Diagrams of Aluminum Thin Sheet Materials." Infrastructures 8, no. 2 (2023): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures8020032.

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We investigated lubricants and thin teflon foils that can be applied in the formability testing of the thin aluminum sheets used in the electronics and automotive industries. For the tests, thirteen different industrial lubricants (oils and greases) (i.e., L1–L13) and two Teflon films (i.e., 0.08 and 0.22 mm thick) were applied. The authors conducted an Erichsen test, and the thickness reduction of the discs was measured first. In forming-limit curve (FLC) tests, it is crucial that the stresses are localized in the central area of the specimen during forming and that biaxial deformation is maintained throughout, if possible. We aimed to achieve and fulfill this task. To perform this measurement, the GOM ARAMIS measuring system was utilized. It is an optical measuring system based on the digital image correlation (DIC) principle, capable of measuring both stresses and displacements in real time. A specific validation method was also developed to qualify the DIC system. We concluded that there was a 5% difference in Erichsen indentation (IE) number diagrams between the best (L12) and worst (L4) cases for the lubricants and oils tested, which is a significant difference for thin plates. We found that this value could be increased and improved by using Teflon discs. Furthermore, the localization of stress maxima, i.e., the centering of cracks in the specimen, could be achieved by combining Teflon discs and L12 lubricant (with appropriate layer order), which significantly aids in the recording of standard FLC diagrams. Using foils is also advantageous because they are readily available, have no expiry date, and are of less environmental concern.

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43

He, Hongmei, Tao Yang, Yi Ren, Yi Peng, Song Xue, and Lixuan Zheng. "Experimental Investigation on the Formability of Al-Mg Alloy 5052 Sheet by Tensile and Cupping Test." Materials 15, no. 24 (2022): 8949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15248949.

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Aiming at the enhancement of the lightweight formability potential of aluminum alloy, the bulging and tensile properties of a 5052 Aluminum alloy sheet were tested on a microcomputer controlled sheet metal forming tester and tensile testing machine. The effects of different blank holder force, punch velocity and lubrication conditions were investigated on bulging properties by the experimental analysis. The cupping values (Erichsen Cupping Index: IE) of sheets with a thickness of 1.2 mm at room temperature were obtained under different process parameters. Meanwhile, the anisotropic property of the material was analyzed in different rolling directions. The results show that the sheet cupping values increase with the increase of blank holder force and punch velocity, and the stress state was changed due to the changing of the blank holder force and strain rate. Moreover, the use of lubricating conditions with a lower coefficient of friction allows the sheet to exhibit a larger cupping value. The effect of rolling direction on the anisotropy of 5052 aluminum alloy sheet is distinct, which means in the aluminum alloy sheet forming process the anisotropy factor should be carefully considered.

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44

Brandaleze, Elena, and Mykhaylo Romanyuk. "STUDY ON DEEP DRAWING BEHAVIOR OF THE INTERSTITIAL FREE STEEL IN CORRELATION WITH THE MICROSTRUCTURE." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 28, no. 2 (2022): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/ams.28.2.1416.

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The objective of this paper was to present results obtained about the behaviour of the IF steel associated with high deformation. To evaluate the deep drawing aptitude, samples were subjected to tensile test, n and r values determination, hole expansion and Erichsen tests. The results were correlated with a microstructural study. Through thermodynamic simulation, the phase transformation temperature (Tg®a) and the precipitates formation were estimated. The Tg®a value was also determined by dilatometry test. The failure of the material during deep drawing or stamping process is evidenced through the formation of cracks in areas with critical angles changes. It was relevant to understand the mechanisms of fracture nucleation and propagation of the IF steel. A fractography study was carried out and was possible to verify the presence of cavitation mechanism as results of the superplastic flow at high deformation conditions, promoting necking and fracture after a high plastic deformation achieved.

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45

Więckowski, Wojciech, Janina Adamus, Marcin Dyner, and Maciej Motyka. "Tribological Aspects of Sheet Titanium Forming." Materials 16, no. 6 (2023): 2224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16062224.

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Friction, wear, and lubrication are inherent to all metal-forming processes. Unfortunately, they are particularly troublesome when forming titanium materials, which tend to form titanium buildup on the working surfaces of the forming tools. Lubrication is one of the most effective ways to separate contacting surfaces and eliminate galling, thus reducing tool wear. The paper presents the tribological aspects of titanium sheets forming using environmentally friendly lubricants with the addition of boric acid. The lubricant’s effectiveness was assessed on the basis of technological tests, such as the strip drawing test, the Erichsen cupping test, and the formation of spherical drawn parts in industrial conditions. Moreover, the results of the numerical simulation of forming a titanium hat-shaped part are presented. Numerical calculations of forming processes were performed using the PamStamp 2G system based on the finite element method. Both experiments and numerical analyses showed the positive effect of lubricants with boric acid on sheet titanium forming.

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46

Veeman, Dhinakaran, N. Siva Shanmugam, T. Sathish, Vijay Petle, and Gokulakrishnan Sriram. "Experimental investigation of plasma arc welded Ti–6Al–4V sheets." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 44, no. 3 (2020): 471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2019-0149.

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In the present work, experimental trials were conducted with Ti–6Al–4V sheet. The influence of process parameters on the weld bead geometry of bead on joint welding and butt joint configuration was studied. It was concluded that at high current and low travel speed, the heat input was found to be maximum. This led to a higher linear heat input over the base metal that subsequently yielded a full depth of penetration. The strength and integrity of the welded butt joint configuration were ascertained by tensile and bend tests. The microhardness values of the fusion and heat-affected zones were concluded to be higher compared to the base metal. In addition, an Erichsen cupping test ensured that the formability of the welded specimen was comparable to that of the base metal.

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47

Singh, Jaiveer, Min-Seong Kim, Seong-Eum Lee, et al. "Heterogeneity in deformation and twinning behaviors through the thickness direction in E-form Mg alloy sheets during an Erichsen test." Materials Science and Engineering: A 729 (June 2018): 370–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.05.072.

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48

Kang, Gyeong Pil, Kyounghoon Lee, Yong Hwan Kim, Sang Jun Park, and Kwang Seon Shin. "Implementation of VPSC polycrystal model into rigid plastic finite element method and its application to Erichsen test of Mg alloy." Metals and Materials International 23, no. 5 (2017): 930–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12540-017-6877-4.

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49

Wang, Y., P. Lava, S. Coppieters, P. V. Houtte, and D. Debruyne. "Application of a Multi-Camera Stereo DIC Set-up to Assess Strain Fields in an Erichsen Test: Methodology and Validation." Strain 49, no. 2 (2013): 190–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/str.12027.

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50

Haga, Toshio, Kentaro Okamura, Shinichi Nishida, Hisaki Watari, and Kunio Matsuzaki. "Casting of an Mg Alloy Clad Strip Using a Twin Roll Caster Equipped with a Scraper." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 671–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.671.

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Casting of an Mg alloy clad strip was attempted with a twin roll caster equipped with a scraper in an oxidizing atmosphere. The base strip was AM60 and the overlay strip was AZ121. The AM60 strip was cast with a roll, and the upper side of the strip was scribed by the scraper. The molten AZ121 was poured on the scribed AM60 strip. The scribed surface of AM60 contacted the molten metal of AZ121 without exposure to the atmosphere. Therefore, the scribed surface was not oxidized. Most of the AZ121 strip was solidified by the other roll. The casting speed was 30 m/min. The roll load was 0.05 kN/mm. The roll speed was very high and the roll load was very small. However, the strips were bonded, and they did not peel with bending until breaking. The interface between the two strips was clear. When AM60 was on the outer side, the results of the V-bending test and the Erichsen test were better. These results mean that the ductility of AZ121 was improved by cladding with AM60.

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