Tesis sobre el tema "Températures atmosphériques"
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Bouillon, Marie. "Températures atmosphériques homogènes dérivées des observations satellitaires IASI : restitution, variations spatio-temporelles et événements extrêmes". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUS317.pdf.
Texto completoThe IASI instruments, launched in 2006, 2012 and 2018, observe radiance spectra from the Earth-atmosphere system, allowing us to retrieve atmospheric temperatures. The EUropean organisation for the exploitation of METeorological SATellites (EUMETSAT) computes surface and atmospheric temperatures from IASI observations since 2007. To improve the quality of the retrieved temperatures, EUMETSAT has performed several updates on the temperature processing algorithm. In this work, we show how the EUMETSAT temperature record is inhomogeneous and therefore not adapted to the study of temperatures on the long term. Therefore, a new atmospheric temperature product was computed from IASI spectra with an artificial neural network, using IASI radiances as input and ERA5 reanalysis temperatures as output. The temperatures retrieved with the neural network were validated against ERA5 temperatures and radiosounding temperatures. The validation showed good agreement between the three datasets from 750 to 7 hPa. At 2 hPa, the quality of the temperature products decreases because of the low amount of information on temperature within the IASI spectra at this altitude. This new homogeneous temperature record was then used to study extreme events, in particular Sudden Stratospheric Warmings (SSW). This work studies several SSWs that have happened since 2007, and shows that IASI is perfectly suited to study both temperature and ozone changes during these events. The temperatures were also used to observe the cold and heat waves that happened in the past few years. Finally, the temperatures were used to compute trends over the 2008-2020 period. The troposphere is warming, especially in the upper equatorial troposphere and in the Arctic. The stratosphere north of 50°S is also warming due to the slow ozone hole recovery. In the rest of the stratosphere, the temperatures are decreasing. This thesis presents an homogenous and independent temperature data record from IASI. The methods developed can and will be applied to the rest of the IASI mission and to its successor, the IASI-New Generation mission, which will launch in 2024
Varizat, Laurent. "Circuit de lecture d'un magnétomètre à induction pour l'étude de plasmas atmosphériques sur la mission JUICE". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066536.
Texto completoInduction magnetometers are used in many fields of scientific exploration from geophysics to astrophysics. In these two fields, the study of the magnetic components of natural electromagnetic waves requires particularly powerful instruments: sensitive and with low intrinsic noises to access magnetic fields of some fT/ . In the case of scientific instruments carried on satellites, constraints on temperature, consumption, congestion and radiation resistance are added to the other constraints. Integrated circuit technologies allow technological breakthrough, which results in a reduction in the size of embedded electronic circuits by a factor greater than 1000, while improving electrical and instrumental performances (reduction in consumption, noise sources, bandwidth and hardening of the electronics). A first thesis at the L2E (A. Rhouni) showed the relevance of a CMOS technology for this type of instrumentation. In this thesis, we describe the study conducted on integrated circuits subject to environmental constraints related to the future missions in which this type of instrument must be embarked (Mission JUICE of ESA). These constraints are becoming more and more severe (radiation dose > 300krad, temperature less than 100 Kelvin ...), taking into account throughout the design process is necessary. A modeling of the effects of these constraints on the components of the integrated circuits technology has been carried out in order to be able to take these effects into account from the design stage. Finally, these models were used to design an induction magnetometer readout circuit for space instrumentation
Varizat, Laurent. "Circuit de lecture d'un magnétomètre à induction pour l'étude de plasmas atmosphériques sur la mission JUICE". Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066536/document.
Texto completoInduction magnetometers are used in many fields of scientific exploration from geophysics to astrophysics. In these two fields, the study of the magnetic components of natural electromagnetic waves requires particularly powerful instruments: sensitive and with low intrinsic noises to access magnetic fields of some fT/ . In the case of scientific instruments carried on satellites, constraints on temperature, consumption, congestion and radiation resistance are added to the other constraints. Integrated circuit technologies allow technological breakthrough, which results in a reduction in the size of embedded electronic circuits by a factor greater than 1000, while improving electrical and instrumental performances (reduction in consumption, noise sources, bandwidth and hardening of the electronics). A first thesis at the L2E (A. Rhouni) showed the relevance of a CMOS technology for this type of instrumentation. In this thesis, we describe the study conducted on integrated circuits subject to environmental constraints related to the future missions in which this type of instrument must be embarked (Mission JUICE of ESA). These constraints are becoming more and more severe (radiation dose > 300krad, temperature less than 100 Kelvin ...), taking into account throughout the design process is necessary. A modeling of the effects of these constraints on the components of the integrated circuits technology has been carried out in order to be able to take these effects into account from the design stage. Finally, these models were used to design an induction magnetometer readout circuit for space instrumentation
Tizniti, Meryem. "Études de réactions d'intérêts atmosphérique et astrophysique à très basses températures". Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1S071.
Texto completoIn the present work, we focused our attention on two reactions involving a radical and a molecule, both neutral species at low temperatures. These reactions have been studied with the CRESU (Cinétique de Réaction en Ecoulement Supersonique Uniforme) technique allowing the gas flow to be guided in order to create a supersonic flow at low temperature, associated with PLP-LIF (Pulsed Laser Photolysis- Laser Induced Fluorescence) technique in order to measure rate constants. The thermodynamical study of the OH + O2 = HO3 reaction gave us the possibility to estimate the dissociation energy of the HO3 radical in order to evaluate its capacity to trap OH radicals. Indeed, if HO3 possesses a high dissociation energy, it represents an eventual sink for OH radicals. Kinetics of this reaction has also been studied. The kinetics of the reaction F + H2 → HF + H have been studied for the first time at very low temperatures (down to 11 K). This reaction has a non-negligible energetic barrier (6 kJ. Mol-1) which indicates that if it occurs at low temperatures, it is mainly because of quantum effects. These quantum effects are due to the presence of hydrogen atoms which permits the crossing of the barrier by the tunnelling effect
Montandon, Véronique. "Un modèle neuronal pour la simulation opérationnelle des radiances observées par l'interféromètre spatial à haute résolution spectrale IASI". Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066442.
Texto completoDeremble, Bruno. "Dynamique atmosphérique basse fréquence : influence d'un front de température océanique". Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066277.
Texto completoIn a first part, we focus on the origin of the atmospheric low-frequency variability. We investigated the problem of defining unambiguously weather regimes. Indeed, while we might have a pretty good idea of the physical states associated with a particular weather regime, the edge of such a regime - and hence the transitions from one regime to another - is very poorly defined. In a quasi-geostrophic (QG), barotropic, highly truncated atmospheric model, we find that the stable manifolds associated with a saddle point are good candidates to be the boundaries between the regimes. In fact, our model is designed to reproduce the topographic instability that contributes to atmospheric LFV. In our model, we find a clear correspondence between the fixed points and the weather regimes. In a second part, we focus on the ocean-atmosphere interaction and its consequences on the atmospheric low-frequency variability. Recent high-resolution observations provide new insights into extratropical ocean atmosphere interactions. Particular attention has been devoted to measure the response of the atmosphere to zones of strong sea surface temperature (SST) grandients. Indeed, the marine atmospheric boundary layer above the ocean's mid-latitude currents (e. G. , the Gulf Stream) is largely influenced by the sharp SST fronts associated with them: these gradients produce significant changes of temperature and humidity fluxes in the lower layers of the atmosphere. In my thesis, I focus on the connection between the strong SST gradients and the atmospheric dynamics and more precisely on atmospheric low-frequency variability. In a first step, we quantify the modifications in the atmospheric dynamics due to the presence of the SST front (position and amplitude of the atmospheric jet; intensity of the storm track intensity). Then, using a simple parametrization of the boundary layer, we decribe the atmospheric dynamics using the equilibrium states of a barotropic coupled model. We use the limit cycle identified in this model to explain the basin-scale atmospheric low-frequency variability
Foletto, Marc. "Les micro-jets de plasma à pression atmosphérique et température ambiante". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30026/document.
Texto completoMicroplasma jets propagating in a helium flow surrounded by air at ambient pressure and temperature have attracted the attention of many researchers over the past decade. These microplasma jets are ignited in a cylindrical dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) powered by impulse or sinusoidal voltage pulses with an amplitude of several kilovolts and then propagate as an ionization wave in the helium flow outside the DBD. The plasma so-generated is confined to the region where helium is the dominant species because ionization of the surrounding air requires a significantly higher electric field strength than is present at the ionization front in the plasma jet. The putative biomedical applications of microplasma jets are particularly promising because they provide a way of producing reactive oxygen and nitrogen species some centimeters downstream from the DBD without significant gas heating. The objective of the work reported in this thesis has been to develop a better understanding of the influence of the operating conditions and geometry on the properties of the plasma jets. To this end, experimental and numerical studies of the hydrodynamics of the helium flow and simulations of the generation and propagation of the microplasma jet have been carried out
Lesage, Sébastian. "Correction atmosphérique d'images hyperspectrales infrarouges et découplage émissivité-température de surface". Toulouse, ISAE, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ESAE0005.
Texto completoAlbessard, Eric. "Etude de la structure et du métabolisme lipidique de l'euphausiacé Meganyctiphanes norvegica : influence d'un gradient tropho-climatique". Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10045.
Texto completoTandjigora, Diénaba. "Etude des phénomènes d’adsorption et de désorption du trans-resvératrol sur polymères : études en réacteur fermé et sur colonne à lit fixe". Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066735.
Texto completoResveratrol is a polyphenol produced by several plant species in response to a biotic or abiotic stress. This compound has been associated to the concept of French paradox, which reflects the reduction of heart diseases with red wine consumption. The resveratrol has several biological activities related to its antioxidant property. Because of this, the recovery of resveratrol from plant matrices is interesting, especially from wine which is an important dietary source. In this thesis, adsorption and desorption studies have been conducted on pure resveratrol solutions to evaluate the process feasibility. The results showed that polyamide 6. 6 has good adsorption capacity and allowed resveratrol recovery. Batch adsorption studies showed that the process follows an exothermic and physical multilayer adsorption. The solute is adsorbed via mono-sites and bi-sites hydrogen bonds. A desorption yield of 97% was obtained for 34 mL of a solvent containing 95% of ethanol at a temperature of 42°C. In addition, the process can be performed at room temperature and wine can be used without any further transformation. Finally, a preliminary study suggested an effective adsorption and rapid desorption using a fixed-bed column. The development of this technique will require further investigations
Haj, Mohamad Rami. "Etude de la convection naturelle dans une enceinte dont l'une des parois verticales est constituée d'un matériau poreux saturé d'eau". Perpignan, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PERP0461.
Texto completoBerton, Benoît. "Etude du comportement de matériaux composites haute température en ambiance de rentrée atmosphérique". Mulhouse, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MULH0139.
Texto completoLadoy, Philippe. "Approche non-standard des séries climatologiques : invariance d'échelle et intermittence". Paris 4, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA040156.
Texto completoWe study the fluctuations of temperature data over various time and space scales we characterize the fluctuations regimes, the similarities of the behavior and the scales. We state scale invariance and intermittency. Associated with the idea of fractal dimension, these notions are relevant to learn extreme variability of atmospheric phenomena over a wide range of space and time scales. To analyse fluctuations, we use power-spectra of the fast fourier transform. Regimes over which the spectrum varies in simple power law manner have noncharacteristic time scale and thus scale invariant. We show that fluctuations are large (associated with strong intermittency) and are hyperbolic in form. We study both local and regional daily temperature fluctuations between 1951 and 1980. We show that the behaviors are very similar and they allow to quantify sets over which the data are averaged. To learn such behavior over larger areas, we must take into accompt that measuring networks are spatially distributeed in a highly inhomogeneous manner. Their sparseness can be characterized by a fractal dimension. We compute this one and we stress that most intense phenomena will be lost with a sparse set of observating stations. This insufficient dimensional resolution is associated with biases in averaging, difficulties in interpolating measurements to a uniform grid, and problems in calibrating remotely-sensed informations
Diehr, Matthieu. "Spectroscopie rovibrationnelle théorique de l'ozone : génération du spectre d'absorption à température ambiante". Université de Marne-la-Vallée, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MARN0291.
Texto completoIn order to understand the ozone behaviour in atmospheric chemistry, but also to monitor its abundance, one needs a good knowledge of the spectral parameters. In this work, one shows that it is now possible to study the rovibrationnal spectroscopy of an asymmetric top molecule with three heavy atoms. This is done by the way of the computational chemistry and is applied to the electronic ground state of ozone. The electronic ab initio calculations are able to provide highly correlated wave functions and reach a large amount of the correlation energy. The given potential and dipole moment surfaces are precise and are expressed in a compact and handy form. This surfaces are essential in order to compute the spectral data, including the absolute line intensities. They are obtained here by using a variational code with a exact kinetic energy operator, optimized for this problem. This allow us, for the first time, to study from the first principles, a large number of rovibrationnal levels (up to J=64) for a molecule with three heavy atoms. The results lead to the construction of a spectroscopic database containing around 32 millions lines in a good agreement with the actual experimental data
Divay-Dhainaut, Marielle. "Etude pour le contrôle des décharges à barrière diélectrique, des couplages entre leurs priopriétés électriques, thermiques et chimiques dans l'air à pression atmosphérique". Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112049.
Texto completoThe work was carried out on a DBD device, of industrial interest, with a point-to-plane geometry in order to control the discharge location. Ozone was used as a tracer of the discharge reactivity. Its production depends on the generation efficiency of atomic oxygen and on the reactional medium temperature. In order to distinguish the role played by each of these parameters, different energy ranges have been investigated: 0-100 J/l for the electrical-chemical coupling study and 100-800 J/l for the thermal study. In the specific case of surface discharges, it is shown that their propagation length only depends on the threshold voltage while their duration is affected by the nature of the dielectric material, through electrons trapping and/or attachment mechanisms. The relationship between pulsed current and ozone production is then modified, leading to the introduction of a quality factor C (ratio between amplitude and duration of the current pulses) allowing to describe the ozone production efficiency in the case of discharges developing in a gas gap as well as on a dielectric surface. Three reactive media characterized by different temperatures are considered: the volume related to the discharge plasma, the same volume at the end of the relaxation period between the current pulses, and the immediate vicinity of the discharge volume. A simple kinetic calculation showing that ozone formation is unlikely in the plasma itself, has been validated by obtaining an enhanced ozone concentration while cooling the feed gas and keeping identical discharge characteristics. The gas temperature in the discharge volume at the end of the relaxation period has been determined through the study of the acoustical waves associated to the discharge filaments development. The obtained values remain too high for a significant ozone production. In the conditions under consideration, the gas volume surrounding the discharge thus appears as the most probable location for ozone formation
Le, Dû Thurian. "Observations multi-instrumentales pour l’étude de la dynamique atmosphérique dans la haute atmosphère". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASJ003.
Texto completoThe upper atmosphere, and more specifically the region called MLT (Mesosphere Lower Thermosphere) which is situatedbetween 60 and 110 km in altitude, is the seat of various processes (chemical, radiative, dynamic) whose studyis crucial for the understanding of climate and the development of future climate models. This regionis characterized, among other things, by the nocturnal emission of radiation from atoms and molecules (radiationnightglow) and allowing, thanks to observation at ground level or from satellite platforms,to obtain information on these processes. There is therefore a great interest in the study of nightglow radiation : the observation of the phenomenaimpacting radiation in the MLT with the goal of understanding climate.The purpose of the thesis is to study the various dynamic phenomena involved in the variabilityof the radiation emitted in the MLT by the OH species, which is one of the tracers of the local dynamics.A measurement campaign was carried out in collaboration with Latmos (Laboratory of Atmospheres, Environments, Observations, etc.).and IMCCE (Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Ephémérides) at the Haute-Provence observatoryduring the night of December 12 to 13, 2017 corresponding to the peak of activity of the Geminides.(meteor shower). An InGaAs SWIR (Short-Wave InfRared) camera imaged the radiation emitted by theOH molecule at an altitude of 87 km. A Rayleigh lidar measured the temperature profile as a function of altitude and time and an array of microbarometers measured fluctuations in ground pressure.The work is focused on the detection and propagation of infrasound in the lower thermosphere produced at the surface and the propagation of gravity waves through the disturbed mesosphere during a mesospheric inversion.The work undertaken has shown the important impact of the inversion on the vertical propagation of gravity waves and on the infrasound activity
Faduilhe, Denis. "Détermination des profils lidar de température et d'aérosols par rétrodiffusions élastique et Raman : application à l'étude climatologique de la zone sud subtropicale à partir des données de la Réunion, 21°S, 55°E". La Réunion, 2006. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/06_03-fadhuile.pdf.
Texto completoSince 1994, Réunion lidar station has got technique to estimate atmospheric temperature profiles using an inversion code. An intercomparison analysis showed good performance of this code. In 1999, implementation of raman channel allowed us to estimate best values of higher tropospheric and the lower stratospheric temperature data. However, a correction is required to resolve good quality data during contamination of data due to dense media of particules. This observation is needed to take into account to identify small scales structure as gravity waves that energy changes according to the latitude and the season. The temperature climatology of the middle atmosphere over la Reunion and its comparison with different model climatologies highlighted some expected deviations due to the lack of reliability in daily measurements with a good resolution over the sub-tropical zone in the southern hemisphere
Charfi, Sami. "Le comportement spatio-temporel de la température dans l'agglomération de Tunis". Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE2036.
Texto completoBridier, Sébastien. "Modélisation de la répartition des brises et des températures en situation radiative". Paris 7, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA070077.
Texto completoArtola, Pierre-Arnaud. "Etude théorique et numérique de l'effet Soret". Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112149.
Texto completoThe Soret effect occurs when a dense fluid mixture is subjected to a thermal gradient. The response of the system lies in molar fraction gradients, and the overall effect is quantified by the so called Soret coefficient. As was already shown it depends on several physical parameters such as the mass difference between the two species nontheless we showed that chemical specific interactions between them also strongly affect the value and the sign of this coefficient. We generelized this observation, using both equilibrium and nonequilibrium molecular dynamics, with a thermodynamic function that is proportional to the Soret coefficient, and that links strongly excess properties with this nonequilibrium behaviour. Using a thyeretical approach from Prigogine we derived a new model in order to predict the Soret coefficient that gives quantitative agreement for simple fluids and even on associated mixtures such as water ethanol we predicted the molar fraction at which the Soret coefficient changes its sign with a precision of 1%
Adouk, Nessraddine. "Les caractères thermiques du climat de l'est du Maroc". Lille 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LIL10044.
Texto completoSaunier, Sébastien. "Influence d'un gradient thermique sur le frittage d'alumines : approche expérimentale, modélisation et simulation numérique". Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EMSE0004.
Texto completoWith the development of the new sintering processes, thermal cycles become more and more shorter. Such thermal cycles lead to thermal gradients development into the sample. Then, a question can be asked : What are the consequences of these gradients on material sinterability. Within this framework, this study aims to bring a better understanding of the temperature gradient effects on alumina sintering. For that, a furnace was developed. Thanks to this furnace, the effects of a thermal gradient have been investigated independently of a fast heating rate. Comparisons were performed between sintering with and without thermal gradient (for the same heating rate and same annealing period). Experimental results showed that a thermal gradient applied in the initial stage of sintering conducts to a delay of the specific surface area drop and finally to an increase of densification. Moreover, it was shown that a thermal gradient applied at the beginning of sintering can modify the impurities' mobility. If the gradient is applied during the intermediary and final stage of sintering, it leads to important changes in the characteristics of the final material : an increase of densification and a reduction of the average particle size occur simultaneously. These results were correlated with the development of internal stresses in the material. From these considerations and characteristics of the studied powders, a model of sintering was developed using bingham-like constitutive equations. The simulations carried out starting from this model showed, contrary to the model classically used to describe sintering (newtonian model), a good adequacy with the experimental results
Diaz, Emilie. "Propagation d'ondes, instabilité absolues et convectives d'un écoulement dans un milieu poreux saturé en présence de gradients de température et de concentration et d'un écoulement moyen horizontal". Strasbourg, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011STRA6136.
Texto completoThermosolutale convection, due both to temperature and concentration gradients, has many applications in nature and industry. This phenomenon plays a role in the dispersion of a contaminant in ground water and the fluid dynamics of a geothermal reservoir. By using the methods of the theory of two- and three-dimensional linear absolute and convective instabilities, we examine the nature of the instability at the onset of convection in a model of convection in an extended horizontal layer of a saturated porous medium with either horizontal or vertical salinity and inclined temperature gradients, and horizontal throughflow. First, normal modes are analysed and the critical values of the vertical thermal Rayleigh number, Rv, wavenumber vector, (k, l) and frequency, ω, are obtained for a variety of values of the horizontal thermal and salinity Rayleigh numbers, Rh and Sh, respectively, the vertical salinity Rayleigh number Sv and the horizontal Péclet number, Qh. In the computations, a high precision pseudo-spectral Chebyshev-collocation method is used. Then, it is revealed that there exists an absolute/convective instability dichotomy at the onset of three-dimensional convection in a set of the base states given by exact analytic solutions of the equations of motion in the model. Further, we treat the parameter cases in which the onset of convection has the character of convective instability and occurs through longitudinal modes. We determine the value Rvt of Rv at which the transition from convective to absolute instability takes place and compute the physical characteristics of the emerging absolutely unstable wavepacket
Deschamps, Julein. "Directions de croissance et morphologie des microstructures en solidification cristalline directionnelle". Aix-Marseille 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX11052.
Texto completoThe thesis adresses the implications of anisotropy induced by rough interface growth in directional solidification. They notably include variable growth directions and dramatic morphological effects such as asymmetry, set of very large sidebranches and instabilities. The study is first focused on homogeneous structures before being widened to inhomogeneous situations. As the growth velocity increases, the growth direction of dendrites turns from a macroscopic direction given by the thermal gradient to a microscopic direction prescribed by the crystalline symmetries. Their exhaustive experimental study has provided here a large number of data whose analysis reveals an internal symmetry. This symmetry leads to the selection of an orientation's law that is function of the Peclet number and of the angular distance between the fixed directions (thermal gradient and anisotropy). However, a new definition of the characteristic size of the growth structures has led the relative orientation of dendrites to only depend on the Peclet number and to be made independant of the angle between the two prescribed directions. This new law is universal since it is no longer parametrized by the intensity of the thermal gradient, the anisotropy features and the nature of the solidified alloy. Finally, the results obtained on homogeneous fronts are locally applied to inhomogeneous fronts. This enables the understanding of the dynamics implied by the variations of structure size, thermal gradient orientation and thermal gradient intensity
Hadjeb, Ammar. "Analyse des actions thermiques sur les ouvrages d'art en béton". Lille 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LIL10042.
Texto completoCagnazzo, Chiara. "Analyse des facteurs de variabilité de la température dans la stratosphère". Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002293.
Texto completoJobin, Jules. "La mesure de la vitesse du vent dans un écoulement atmosphérique turbulent ayant de fortes variations saisonnières de température". Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2008. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/157/1/JOBIN_Jules.pdf.
Texto completoOlivier, Sébastien. "Réalisation d'un dépôt photocatalytique de dioxyde de titane à basse température avec une torche plasma à la pression atmosphérique". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0007/document.
Texto completoThis PhD work deals with the deposition of photocatalytic thin films of titanium dioxide at low temperature in the post-discharge of an atmospheric pressure plasma process. The main objective is the development of a low cost route for the deposition of self-cleaning coatings on 3D thermosensitive substrates. The deposited coatings present good photocatalytic properties which origin is firstly investigated. The elemental composition, the growth mechanisms and the crystallinity of three series of coatings corresponding to three different deposition temperatures are studied. The high specific surface of the coatings, due to the growth of agglomerates, appears to be the main parameter responsible for such photocatalytic properties. But these agglomerates are also responsible for the poor mechanical properties of the coatings as their adhesion decreases with their size. These agglomerates are formed in gas phase in recirculation loops and develop through multiple phenomena: CVD growth, agglomeration at the surface of the coating and redeposition due to the influence of the post-discharge on the surface of the coating. Moreover, at a given precursor flow rate, their number and their size are interlocked. Thus, with the aim of optimizing the deposition process, the control of the formation of such structures through the decrease of the precursor flow rate, the power input and the gas flows are mandatory and are a perspective of this PhD work
Coduti, Giovanni Antonio Coduti. "Etude de l'interaction d'une onde électromagnétique avec un plasma d'air à température ambiante". Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA112016.
Texto completoWe indicate under the name of radar a system which illuminates a portion space with an electromagnetic wave and receives waves reflected by objects which are there. It makes it possible to detect their existence and to determine characteristics of these objects. Measurements of Radar Cross Section (RCS) carried out with ONERA show that the air intake behaves as reflectors which reflect waves radars in their direction of incidence. During this study, a number of processes was explored for the SER reduction of aircraft starting from electric discharges in flows of air around atmospheric pressure. Absorption calculs of a wave EM by a homogeneous plasma shows the importance of electrons number Ne necessary for a significant attenuation in the ionized ambient air. However, the maintenance of free electrons proves to be difficult in a mixture N2 - O2 (vibrationel excitation of molecule N2 by electrons and electronic attachment on the molecule O2). Only detachment of negative ions O2- by excited oxygen O2(a1Dg) produced in the discharge could be likely to maintain a density electronic of about 1012 cm-3. Lastly, stability problems of the electric discharges still limit the use of air plasmas for the furtivity a high pressure. However, two types of discharges likely to overcome these disadvantages were put in evidence: glow discharge negative point - plan (NPP) and discharge a dynamic regulation (DDR)
Meinvielle, Marion. "Ajustement optimal des paramètres de forçage atmosphérique par assimilation de données de température de surface pour des simulations océaniques globales". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00681484.
Texto completoGirard, Fanny. "Analyse physico-chimique de milieux liquides d’intérêt biologique exposés à des plasmas froids produits à pression atmosphérique et température ambiante". Thesis, Pau, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PAUU3025/document.
Texto completoCold plasmas are partially ionized gases, very rich in a physico-chemical point of view. This property characterizes cold plasmas today generated at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature and was used since about fifteen years approximately for biomedical applications (haematology, dermatology, cancer research, odontology etc.). The efficiency of these cold plasmas in the field of the medicine was proved by numerous studies. However, the involved biological phenomena are not still well included, and it is essential to know what could be the possible unwanted side effects of these reactive ionized gases. The first level of interaction of plasmas with living matter is the one with the liquid phase, which is present on the tissue surface, in vivo cells or in culture. For a decade, a particular attention was thus worn in the interactions of plasmas with liquids, to bring a level of additional understanding. The understanding of these interactions constituted the axis of this work. Various cold plasmas reactors (generated at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature) were developed, in order to control the interactions of these plasmas with the ambient air which can be problematic for the aimed applications. The nature of the gas used to initiate the plasma was modified, to know its influence on the chemical reactivity of the gas phase. For that purpose, measurements of optical emissive spectroscopy (OES) were necessary. Besides, new electrochemical sensors and methodological approaches were developed in order to identify and quantify the reactive nitrogen and oxygen (RONS) produced in physiological liquid media, exposed to these ionized gases. The electrochemical analyses were combined UV-visible absorption spectroscopy as well as other methods of chemistry (pH-metry/conductimetry). One of the aimed objectives is to establish a correlation between the reactive species generated in the gas phase and in the liquid phase. Finally, experiments allowed us to analyze the production of RONS in liquids in situ and in real time. OES measurements showed that there are numerous chemical species generated in various plasmas (NO°, HO°, O, N2+ (FNS) etc.). The analyses of the liquid phase revealed the presence of stable oxygen and nitrogen species (H2O2, NO2-, NO3-), directly correlated with the species detected in plasmas. Furthermore, the diverse methodologies of chemical analysis allowed the detection and quantification of RONS such as the peroxynitrite anion ONOO-. The obtained results should allow to arrest in a finer way the effects led by various cold plasmas in physiological liquid media to establish links with the studies led on cultured cells and on skin within the framework of a research program financed by the ANR, National Agency of the Research
Laurenceau, Julien. "Surfaces de réponse par krigeage pour l'optimisation de formes aérodynamiques". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7163/1/laurenceau1.pdf.
Texto completoNguyen, Thi Xuan Phuong. "La catalyse hétérogène". Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05P039.
Texto completoBaron, Alexandre. "Lidar Raman météorologique dédié à l’étude des cycles couplés des aérosols et de la vapeur d’eau". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASJ004.
Texto completoThe coupled cycles of aerosols, water vapor and clouds are currently a dynamic field of research at the heart of climate and weather challenges. A better understanding of the interactions between these atmospheric cycles should allow to perceive the processes leading to extreme weather events and to reduce the uncertainties of climate projections, largely related to aerosol-cloud interactions. In line with these efforts, the work presented in this thesis are based on the analysis of experimental field observations, around a new tool for remote sensing. It is a transportable meteorological Raman lidar capable of simultaneous measurements of the thermodynamic temperature, water vapor content and optical properties of aerosols in the atmosphere. This instrument, developed at LSCE and called WALI, allows continuous observations in the lower and middle troposphere with a precision, and vertical and temporal resolutions in line with the breakthrough requirements set by the WMO. Firstly, the link budget of the temperature acquisition channel based on rotational Raman spectroscopy, newly implemented on the lidar, has been obtained using direct - inverse modeling. The first temperature measurements by lidar, carried out during a very contrasted period in terms of temperature marked by the occurrence of a cold spell, allowed a comparison with the outputs of mesoscale (AROME/Météo-France) and global (ERA5/ECMWF) weather prediction models and the IASI instrument onboard the METOP series satellites. During a similar winter meteorological configuration that induced major pollution events in Île-de-France, the optical properties of aerosols were monitored. Finally, a multi-instrument measurement campaign, involving aircrafts, was carried out on the shores of the Annecy lake, with an original strategy coupling remote sensing and in situ observations. They allowed preliminary analyses of the water cycle in a complex mountainous environment, including the links between atmospheric water vapor, clouds, aerosols and the lake. A meteorological Raman Lidar turns out to be a suitable tool to study these processes
Sougrati, Moulay Tahar. "Corrosion atmosphérique des bronzes et spectroscopie Mössbauer". Phd thesis, Rouen, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ROUES034.
Texto completoThe aim of this work is to improve our understanding of the atmospheric corrosion of bronzes. This work focuses on three axes: - The characterization of tin compounds expected in atmospheric corrosion. The Mössbauer spectroscopy which has been the main tool in our multianalytical approach, allows selective and quantitative analysis. The Mössbauer parameters and f-factors have been determined for many tin oxides, chlorides and sulfates. The f-factors are different from a compound to another and highly T-dependent which justify low temperature Mössbauer measurements. - The development of a low temperature CEMS detector to permit low temperature and non-destructive surface analysis. The detector operation has been optimized for various gases between 41 and 300 K. - The 2-years outdoor exposure in an urban site including CuSn9, CuSn3Zn9 bronzes, CuZn33 brass and pure metals. The corrosion and runoff rates have been investigated as well as the role of alloying elements in corrosion process
Gouy, Pierre-Alban. "Etudes spectrométriques de plasmas de rentrées atmosphériques (Mars-Terre) par torche plasma à couplage inductif à basse pression". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22608/document.
Texto completoMany key technologies, to overcome some crucial steps, are needed for space missions. One of them concerns the re-entry: when the vehicle enters the atmosphere layer, its high velocity relative to the ground will generate significant friction and an increase in pressure. The kinetic energy of the object will be converted into heat energy and heat the gas forming a shock wave. Temperatures depend on the initial velocity, the atmosphere composition and its pressure. The gas is ionized and become plasma, it will therefore transfer its heat to the body of the probe not only by convection but also by radiation. To protect itself, the vehicle has a heat shield that can withstand extreme phenomena encountered during the descent. Additional constraints will impose a particular geometry and a heavy shield. So the goal is to have the lightest possible and effective protections to allow the probe to maximize its payload. For this, one of the key parameters is to know the behavior of the plasma and radiation produced during re-entry into the atmosphere. This thesis is positioned in this area of study: experiments to create a re-entry plasma are intended to be observed by a spectrometer
Sougrati, Moulay Tahar. "Corrosion atmosphérique des bronzes et Spectroscopie Mössbauer". Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00347816.
Texto completoCattiaux, Julien. "Extrêmes de température en Europe : mécanismes et réponses au changement climatique". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00561972.
Texto completoHoang, Thi Thu Huong. "Modélisation de séries chronologiques non stationnaires, non linéaires : application à la définition des tendances sur la moyenne, la variabilité et les extrêmes de la température de l'air en Europe". Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112012.
Texto completoIn this thesis, we address some statistical problems linked with the warming of atmospheric temperatures. This thesis work will then focus on the understanding of the recent evolutions of extreme temperatures, related to the evolutions of the mean and the variance. The aim is then to propose a methodology to infer the future extreme levels, and on the other hand, to statistically generate coherent temperature series in the climate change context. Our basic model to describe a time series, more complicated than almost all model classically studied in theoretical non parametric analysis is of the following form :X(t)=m(t)+S(t)+SV(t)s(t)Z(t)where t is the date, X(t) the observations, m(t) the trend in mean, S(t) the seasonal component and Sv² (t), s2(t) are respectively the seasonal variance and the long term trend in variance. What about Z(t) ? It is a stochastic process, centred, normed, supposed or hoped to have at least a stationary seasonal covariance. “Stationary seasonal covariance” means that the covariance is a periodic function of the time interval between observations. An approach of the notion of “trends” is proposed. For us, the notion of “trends” must be linked with the length of the observations. In any case, trend definition or computation have to respect an heuristic principle : the latter evolution and the addition of new data must not change the trends already defined. First, in order to consider basic trends themselves, our study is limited to rather homogeneous temperature series without take into account the seasonality. Our model (1) then transforms into :X(t) = m(t) + s(t) Y(tY(t) is also supposed to have at least a stationary covariance. In our case, a logic and appropriate trend estimation is to use loess (local polynomial estimation) which linked to a “local window”. Asymptotically efficient estimations by loess for both trends in mean and in variance will be considered giving some theoretical arguments. Non constant variance and correlated noise give the difficulties for the choice of the tuning parameter. A new automatic algorithm for the choice of regularization parameters, named “modified partitioned cross-validation” (MPCV), will be given and it shows many advantages with respect to the other selectors. On the other hand, the estimation of the functional multi-parameters models is considered. The context is different than the previous one. Now, the law of the data is known, and the independence of the observations is supposed. We use spline smoothing for the estimation, which leads to maximize the penalized likelihood. Here the non-orthogonal (in the statistical sense) parameters in the distribution function set diffculties on the choice of smoothing parameters. Again, we propose a new algorithm for an automatic choice of smoothing parameters. This method is based on the iteratively weighted least squares and iterate cross validation of Gu (2002). Its asymptotic performance is checked through simulations. This approach is especially used to estimate nonstationary extreme models GEV or POT. It permits to give flexible trends in extremes and understand better the evolution of the temperature. Then, we propose a test of stationarity for models parametrized by functions of time and more specifically for extreme models. The idea is to compare non parametric and parametric estimates in a framework of misspecified models. We calculate some L2 distance between two these estimators. Then through simulations or bootstrap, we test if is significantly small, which signifies that the constancy of the parameter can be accepted or not. In our case, this test is particularly used to test the K hypothesis : “the extremes of Y(t) are stationary”. If K is valid, the extreme parameters of X(t) can be computed only using the mean m(t), the variance s2(t) and the constant parameters of the extreme model of Y(t). Applying these approaches to the temperature series in Europe, we find a strong link between the trends m and s and with the trends in extremes when K is usually valid. Moreover, when K is valid, we can predict the return level by a new way by passing by the informations of m, s and extreme parameters of Y , which is more robust. Another purpose in the thesis is to build a simulation model for temperatures of a whole year. From the model (1), the reduced series Z(t) can be obtained after removing the seasonalities and the trends. Z(t) is not stationary, but periodic stationary. To model this reduced temperature, which, has a bounded support for its marginal densities, we develop some theoretical points on bounded diffusion processes. The approximation of this kind of process is not evident, thus we give some slight modifications in order to keep the statistical properties of the model, including extremes behaviour but allowing gaussian noise and stationarity. Then in order to guarantee the boundedness of the process, a is modified to be cancelled outside the bounded support. The upper and lower bounds are seasonal. The models will be applied on many kinds of temperatures. The goodness-of-fit of these models will be considered through simulations from many criteria evaluated at a precise date or precise month. Our model, in general, performs well and shows its better goodness-of-_t compared with other models. However it has some limits that we try to discuss
Ben, Lagha Sabah. "Corrosion atmosphérique de l'acier non allié : application aux conteneurs métalliques en condition de stockage réversible". Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066127.
Texto completoFontin, Mickaël. "Contribution à la génération de séries synthétiques de pluies, de débits et de températures". Toulouse, INPT, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987INPT117H.
Texto completoBeaurepaire, Michel. "L'observation thermique de l'atmosphère en France et dans les pays proches aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècle : l'invention du thermomêtre - le traitement des données anciennes". Paris 4, 1994. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00962194.
Texto completoThe use of Ancient temperature data need knowledge of the history of thermometers, of researches done by erudites, of their operating and how they were produced and used. The history of thermometers specifies for the first time that the thermoscope was invent in 1608 by the doctor Sanctorio, and that Florentine thermometer appeared about 1649-1650 resulting of underground researches. The appearance of the meteorological screen at the middle of nineteenth century modified the conditions of observation. A statistical study comparing the two methods of observing the air temperature highlights the reasons of the main difference. The investigation of manuscript from the “Societé royale de médecine” including observations of temperature between 1776 and 1792 show that in spite of reliability of the doctors, the temperature cannot be used previously to a meteorologic analysis. The outline of climate of this age done by Leroy Ladurie deserves to be reviewed using the methodology used in this thesis
Taillandier, Anne-Sophie. "Evolution de la surface spécifique de la neige : études expérimentales et de terrain, paramétrisation". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE10028.
Texto completoDry snow is an air-ice mixture that is subjected to thermal gradients causing water vapour fluxes throughout the entire snowpack. They result in physical transformations in snow crystal size and shape and can entrain and release chemical species to the atmosphere. These phenomena are regrouped under the term “snow metamorphism”. They can lead to major modifications in physical variables of the snowpack and in the chemical composition of the atmosphere. To better understand the influence of the metamorphism intensity on snow/air exchanges, we have performed laboratory studies, successively under isothermal and temperature gradient conditions, and field studies during a whole winter in Alaska. Snowpack physical properties were monitored, especially the snow specific surface area that is a central parameter in snowpack studies. We have demonstrated that the rate of decay of the specific surface area of snow, both under isothermal and temperature gradient conditions, follows a simple logarithmic law. We have also showed that under isothermal conditions, this relationship is inferred from the general law of Ostwald ripening. Under non-isothermal conditions, the physics of the phenomena involved is more complex. We have then proposed an empirical description of the evolution of the specific surface area in order to take it into account in models of snowpack evolution. This study has also allowed us to identify crucial interactions between snow and climate
Méline, Fabienne. "Interactions à l'interface Thiobacillus Ferrooxidans - Pyrite : inhibition et adhésion". Nancy 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NAN10347.
Texto completoCzerniak, Marilyne. "Oxydation et recombinaison catalytique à la surface de matériaux céramiques soumis à des conditions de rentrée atmosphérique terrestre (Haute température, plasma basse pression d'air)". Bordeaux 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR10535.
Texto completoDepraz, Sebastien. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation des propriétés radiatives des mélanges gazeux de type CO2-N2 à très haute température en vue de l'application aux rentrées atmosphériques martiennes". Thesis, Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ECAP0051/document.
Texto completoModeling of the radiation of CO2 above 2000 K remains a challenge for the prediction of radiative transfer at high temperatures, especially for the design of thermal protection of space vehicles entering the Martian atmosphere. The challenge for both the creation of databases that the development of models to perform calculations coupled between Aerothermodynamics and radiative transfer. Several spectroscopic databases have been developed in recent decades. Simulations of CO2-N2 mixtures at equilibrium showed that the IR emission of CO2 is important, if not predominant, up to 4000 K. But the experimental data to verify their accuracy at high temperature are few and limited to the low spectral resolution, at lower temperatures, or involve significant uncertainties. The main objective of this work is to provide experimental data at medium or high spectral resolution and high temperature in order to verify the accuracy of the theoretical foundations developed. The gas mixture at high temperature we measure the emission spectra is achieved through a microwave discharge through a stream of pure CO2. The temperatures reached (about 6000 K), the mixture is in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) and mainly contains the following species: CO2, CO, O2 and O. The measurement of the spectra is carried out using a Fourier transform spectrometer in the infrared. The harmonic emission bands of CO in the region 3800-4400 cm-1 power allows accurate determination of the radial temperature field in the plasma. The theoretical CO2 emissions, both in emission coefficient or radiance integrated on an optical path, in the regions of 2.7 and 4.3 _m _m, is then calculated from the spectroscopic database and compared measures. The databases are based spectroscopic studied CDSD-4000 and recently published EM2C-1994 which is older. The results show that the latter is sufficient for combustion in conventional applications, typically requiring low spectral resolutions and temperatures below 2500 K, for which it was originally developed. However, based CDSD-4000 is generally in good agreement with experimental data, especially in the wings of bands indicating reliability for applications at very high temperatures. Although comparisons have revealed that the line positions for high energy transitions are unclear in this basis, the high degree of overlap of the lines in the regions 2.7 and 4.3 _m _m should greatly reduce the impact of this imprecision in practice. The other objective of this work concerns the difficulty of coupling between the calculations of radiative transfer and aerothermodynamics. Indeed, calculations of radiative transfer iv involving polyatomic molecules must take into account a large number of rovibronic transitions. Therefore, an approximate model of radiative properties (Statistics narrowband model) was developed and its accuracy has been studied for electronic systems optically thick carbon diatomic molecules encountered in problems of Martian atmospheric reentry. These systems are CO 4th positive, C2 Swan and CN violet. Various conditions to the non-LTE and LTE, and various mixtures have been studied for different regimes of line broadening. Comparisons with calculations "line by line" showed excellent agreement. The model parameters were tabulated in terms of two temperatures, Tg (vibrational temperature) and Tr (rotational temperature)
Depraz, Sébastien. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation des propriétés radiatives des mélanges gazeux de type CO2-N2 à très haute température en vue de l'application aux rentrées atmosphériques martiennes". Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00697001.
Texto completoDudamel, Wilmer. "Modélisation et simulation de l'influence de la température lors de l'adsorption de micropolluants organiques par du charbon actif dans les eaux naturelles". Rennes 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005REN1S024.
Texto completoAvila, Fernand. "Recherche sur les topoclimats thermiques en relief peu constrasté". Pau, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PAUU1004.
Texto completoHan, Xiang'e. "Etude de la réfractométrie d'arc-en-ciel et applications à la mesure d'instabilités et des gradients de température d'un jet liquide". Rouen, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ROUES080.
Texto completoThis thesis is devoted to the research on the new methods for the measurement of the refractive index, the diameter and their variation of a homogeneous particle, and investigate the radial temperature gradient of heating liquid jet. The high quality signals obtained from our measurement system insure this research. The generalised Lorenz-Mie theory has been applied to simulate and study the fine structure of rainbow and its angular spectrum. The results are then used to find the relation between the ripple frequency and the particle size and that between the ripple shift and the variation of the diameter. These relations permit us to measure the diameter (600+-2um) and the initial fluctuation of a liquid jet (as precise as 10 nm for a jet of 600 um) without knowing the absolute angle position of the detector. The position and the structure of rainbow depend not only on the refractive index and the size of the particle, but also on the gradient of the refractive index (which is a function of the temperature for the liquid as water). From the theoretical and experimental research on the ripple shift and the Airy peak position, we find that a particle with refractive index gradient can not be treated as a homogeneous particle with a effective refractive index, and we has also obtained from the experiments information of the temperature gradient of the heating jet