Artículos de revistas: "Temperature"

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Skowera, Barbara y Jakub Wojkowski. "RELATION OF SOIL TEMPERATURE WITH AIR TEMPERATURE AT THE JURASSIC RIVER VALLEY". Inżynieria Ekologiczna 18, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2017): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12912/23920629/65855.

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LI, Yanrong, Satoshi SOMEYA, Sou YASUZAWA, Terumi INAGAKI, Shimpei SAITO, Soumei BABA y Naoki TAKADA. "Temperature dependence of temperature sensitive luminophores at cryogenic temperatures". Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Engineering (ICOPE) 2021.15 (2021): 2021–0161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicope.2021.15.2021-0161.

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Van Leeuwen, G. M. J., J. W. Hand, J. B. Van de Kamer y S. Mizushina. "Temperature retrieval algorithm for brain temperature monitoring using microwave brightness temperatures". Electronics Letters 37, n.º 6 (2001): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20010269.

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Chen, Anming, Jia Zhu, Qunxiong Lin y Weiqiang Liu. "A Comparative Study of Forehead Temperature and Core Body Temperature under Varying Ambient Temperature Conditions". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n.º 23 (29 de noviembre de 2022): 15883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315883.

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When the ambient temperature, in which a person is situated, fluctuates, the body’s surface temperature will alter proportionally. However, the body’s core temperature will remain relatively steady. Consequently, using body surface temperature to characterize the core body temperature of the human body in varied situations is still highly inaccurate. This research aims to investigate and establish the link between human body surface temperature and core body temperature in a variety of ambient conditions, as well as the associated conversion curves. Methods: Plan an experiment to measure temperature over a thousand times in order to get the corresponding data for human forehead, axillary, and oral temperatures at varying ambient temperatures (14–32 °C). Utilize the axillary and oral temperatures as the core body temperature standards or the control group to investigate the new approach’s accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for detecting fever/non-fever conditions and the forehead temperature as the experimental group. Analyze the statistical connection, data correlation, and agreement between the forehead temperature and the core body temperature. Results: A total of 1080 tests measuring body temperature were conducted on healthy adults. The average axillary temperature was (36.7 ± 0.41) °C, the average oral temperature was (36.7 ± 0.33) °C, and the average forehead temperature was (36.2 ± 0.30) °C as a result of the shift in ambient temperature. The forehead temperature was 0.5 °C lower than the average of the axillary and oral temperatures. The Pearson correlation coefficient between axillary and oral temperatures was 0.41 (95% CI, 0.28–0.52), between axillary and forehead temperatures was 0.07 (95% CI, −0.07–0.22), and between oral and forehead temperatures was 0.26 (95% CI, 0.11–0.39). The mean differences between the axillary temperature and the oral temperature, the oral temperature and the forehead temperature, and the axillary temperature and the forehead temperature were −0.08 °C, 0.49 °C, and 0.42 °C, respectively, according to a Bland-Altman analysis. Finally, the regression analysis revealed that there was a linear association between the axillary temperature and the forehead temperature, as well as the oral temperature and the forehead temperature due to the change in ambient temperature. Conclusion: The changes in ambient temperature have a substantial impact on the temperature of the forehead. There are significant differences between the forehead and axillary temperatures, as well as the forehead and oral temperatures, when the ambient temperature is low. As the ambient temperature rises, the forehead temperature tends to progressively converge with the axillary and oral temperatures. In clinical or daily applications, it is not advised to utilize the forehead temperature derived from an uncorrected infrared thermometer as the foundation for a body temperature screening in public venues such as hospital outpatient clinics, shopping malls, airports, and train stations.

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Kawulok, Petr, Ivo Schindler, Bedřich Smetana, Ján Moravec, Andrea Mertová, Ľubomíra Drozdová, Rostislav Kawulok, Petr Opěla y Stanislav Rusz. "The Relationship between Nil-Strength Temperature, Zero Strength Temperature and Solidus Temperature of Carbon Steels". Metals 10, n.º 3 (20 de marzo de 2020): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10030399.

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The nil-strength temperature, zero strength temperature and solidus temperature are significant parameters with respect to the processes of melting, casting and welding steels. With the use of physical tests performed on the universal plastometer Gleeble 3800 and calculations in the IDS software, the nil-strength temperatures, zero strength temperatures and solidus temperatures of nine non-alloy carbon steels have been determined. Apart from that, solidus temperatures were also calculated by the use of four equations expressing a mathematical relation of this temperature to the chemical composition of the investigated steels. The nil-strength and zero strength temperatures and the solidus temperatures decreased with increasing carbon content in the investigated steels. Much higher content of sulfur in free-cutting steel resulted in a decrease of all the temperatures investigated. The zero strength temperatures determined by calculation in the IDS software during solidification were approximately 43–85 °C higher than the nil-strength temperatures determined experimentally during heating of the investigated steels. The linear dependence of experimentally measured nil-strength temperature on the calculated zero strength temperature for the investigated steels was determined. Based on regression analyses, there were determined mathematical relations which described with high accuracy a linear dependence of the nil-strength and zero strength temperatures on the solidus temperature of the investigated steels.

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Zhao, Xueying, Aiqin Shen y Baofu Ma. "Temperature response of asphalt pavement to low temperatures and large temperature differences". International Journal of Pavement Engineering 21, n.º 1 (26 de febrero de 2018): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2018.1435883.

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Le, Quang X., Vinh TN Dao, Jose L. Torero, Cristian Maluk y Luke Bisby. "Effects of temperature and temperature gradient on concrete performance at elevated temperatures". Advances in Structural Engineering 21, n.º 8 (8 de diciembre de 2017): 1223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433217746347.

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To assure adequate fire performance of concrete structures, appropriate knowledge of and models for performance of concrete at elevated temperatures are crucial yet currently lacking, prompting further research. This article first highlights the limitations of inconsistent thermal boundary conditions in conventional fire testing and of using constitutive models developed based on empirical data obtained through testing concrete under minimised temperature gradients in modelling of concrete structures with significant temperature gradients. On that basis, this article outlines key features of a new test setup using radiant panels to ensure well-defined and reproducible thermal and mechanical loadings on concrete specimens. The good repeatability, consistency and uniformity of the thermal boundary conditions are demonstrated using measurements of heat flux and in-depth temperature of test specimens. The initial collected data appear to indicate that the compressive strength and failure mode of test specimens are influenced by both temperature and temperature gradient. More research is thus required to further quantify such effect and also to effectively account for it in rational performance-based fire design and analysis of concrete structures. The new test setup reported in this article, which enables reliable thermal/mechanical loadings and deformation capturing of concrete surface at elevated temperatures using digital image correlation, would be highly beneficial for such further research.

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8

Zhao, Xueying, Aiqin Shen y Baofu Ma. "Temperature Adaptability of Asphalt Pavement to High Temperatures and Significant Temperature Differences". Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (8 de julio de 2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9436321.

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Temperature adaptability of asphalt pavements is very important, due to their potential influence on pavement structure design, particularly in areas that experience significant temperature differences. In this paper, a finite element (FE) model was developed, and Turpan-Xiaocao Lake Highway in southern Xinjiang was taken as a case study engineering, which tends to experience this adverse environmental condition (temperature difference: 25.5°C; July 14, 2008). In this model, the generalized Kelvin model and the Burgers model were used. The time-dependent tire pressure was considered. To guide pavement structure design and control pavement distresses in this area, seven alternative pavement structures were selected to simulate and analyze pavement temperature fields and the mechanical responses. It was observed that the influence of air temperature had the greatest impact on Str-1, possibly due to the thinnest asphalt course. Moreover, when rutting depth, maximum shear stress of the asphalt course, deflection on the pavement surface, and compressive strains at the subgrade top surface were taken as the evaluation indices, the adaptability of asphalt pavements using compound base courses had obvious advantage due to their strong absorption and reflection of load impact. The adaptability of seven structures analyzed in this paper decreased in the following order: Str-5 > Str-6 > Str-4 > Str-2 > Str-m > Str-1 > Str-3. In addition, it broke the traditional view that asphalt pavement with a flexible base had the poor ability on rutting resistance. Besides, it also suggests that when the thickness of asphalt courses was equivalent, increasing the thickness of chemical-treated base courses would help with the deformation resistance, and vice versa.

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9

Mikheenko, P. N. "Discrete temperatures in high-temperature superconductors". Physica C: Superconductivity 311, n.º 1-2 (enero de 1999): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4534(98)00620-0.

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Rojnica, Iva, Dijana Horvat, Josip Haramija y Monika Križ. "Utjecaj temperature na klijavost sjemena zrnatih mahunarki". Sjemenarstvo 33, n.º 1-2 (30 de marzo de 2023): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33128/s1.33.1-2.4.

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Kvaliteta sjemena od presudnog je značaja za poljoprivrednu proizvodnju. Osnovni pokazatelji kvalitete sjemena su vlaga, masa 1000 sjemenki, čistoća, energija klijanja, klijavost i zdravstveno stanje. Energija klijanja i klijavost sjemena ispituju se prema točno propisanoj metodici ovisno o biljnoj vrsti. Za svaku biljnu vrstu propisana je podloga za naklijavanje, temperatura u procesu klijanja, broj dana potrebnih za očitavanje energije i klijavosti sjemena., te predtretman ako se radi o sjemenu koje ima izraženo svojstvo dormantnosti. Temperature ispitivanja klijavosti prilagođene su optimalnim temperaturama u vrijeme sjetve određene biljne vrste, no posljednjih godina zbog klimatskih prilika često se dogodi da su temperature u vrijeme sjetve zrnatih mahunarki osjetno niže u odnosu na višegodišnji prosjek. Cilj istraživanja je utvrditi utjecaj različitih temperatura na energiju klijanja i klijavost sjemena zrnatih mahunarki. Ispitivanje energije klijanja i klijavosti sjemena graška (Pisum sativum L.), stočnog graška jarog i ozimog (Pisum arvense L.), graha zrnaša visokog i niskog (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), graha mahunara visokog i niskog (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), boba (Vicia faba L.) i soje (Glycine max L.) provedeno je standardnom metodom u pijesku na tri temperature 15 °C, 20 °C i 25 °C. Propisana temperatura ispitivanja klijavosti kod svih vrsta je 25 °C, osim kod boba i graška 20 °C. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da je klijavost sjemena na temperaturi od 15 °C niska kod svih ispitivanih vrsta, osim kod boba i ozimog stočnog graška, dok je energija klijanja sjemena graha zrnaša, graha mahunara i soje 0 %. Temperatura od 20 °C negativno je utjecala na energiju klijanja i klijavost sjemena graha zrnaša, graha mahunara i jarog stočnog graška, dok je kod boba, ozimog stočnog graška i soje utjecaj temperature bio pozitivan na oba pokazatelja kvalitete sjemena. Sjeme graška, jarog stočnog graška, graha zrnaša i graha mahunara imalo je najvišu energiju klijanja i klijavost na temperaturi od 25 °C. Niske temperature u vrijeme nicanja mogu izazvati značajne štete na usjevima zrnatih mahunarki jer je kod većine vrsta energija klijanja 0 %, a klijavost sjemena vrlo niska.

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Pendlebury, Christopher J. y David M. Bryant. "Effects of Temperature Variability on Egg Mass and Clutch Size in Great Tits". Condor 107, n.º 3 (1 de agosto de 2005): 710–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/107.3.710.

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Abstract Models of climate change generally predict rising mean global temperatures combined with greater variability in some regions. While relationships between mean temperature and several reproductive parameters are well documented, the effect of day-to-day variation in ambient temperature has received little attention. In our study, temperature variation had no significant effects on clutch size in a wild population of Great Tits (Parus major). In contrast, egg mass tended to be smaller when ambient temperatures during the week prior to laying were more variable. We suggest that variable temperatures may be disadvantageous to an egg-laying bird. Thermal variability should therefore be considered as a discrete factor, distinct from mean temperature, when assessing the consequences of climate changes for breeding birds. Efectos de la Variabilidad de la Temperatura sobre la Masa del Huevo y el Tamaño de la Nidada en Parus major Resumen. Los modelos de cambio climático generalmente predicen un aumento en la temperatura media global, junto con una mayor variabilidad en algunas regiones. Mientras que la relación entre la temperatura media y varios parámetros reproductivos está bien documentada, el efecto de la variación de la temperatura ambiente de un día a otro ha recibido poca atención. La variación en la temperatura no tuvo efectos significativos en nuestro estudio del tamaño de la nidada en una población silvestre de Parus major. En contraste, la masa del huevo tendió a ser menor cuando las temperaturas ambiente durante la semana previa a la puesta fueron más variables. Sugerimos que las temperaturas variables podrían ser desventajosas para un ave que está poniendo huevos. La variación térmica debería por lo tanto ser considerada como un factor discreto, diferente de la temperatura media, cuando se evalúan las consecuencias del cambio climático para las aves reproductivas.

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Uludag, Alper y Dilek Turan. "SiAlON Ceramics for the High Temperature Applications: High Temperature Creep Behavior". International Journal of Materials, Mechanics and Manufacturing 3, n.º 2 (2015): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijmmm.2015.v3.176.

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Holgado, Arianne Marie M., Christopher M. Salazar, Jon Rainiel R. Jimenez, Glenn V. Magwili y Febus Reidj G. Cruz. "Test Temperature Calibration Using Inertial MEMS Voltage-Temperature Characteristics for ATE Setup". International Journal of Electronics and Electrical Engineering 9, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2021): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijeee.9.3.52-58.

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In the chip-scale package final test, temperature is one of the main components as this is also indicated on once specification on electrical parameters that are temperature sensitive especially for inertial Micro-Electro- Mechanical Systems (MEMS) accelerometers. The voltagetemperature relationship of an accelerometer has been presented and used to calibrate test temperature on Automated Test Equipment (ATE) setup. Bench reference data of a set of units were gathered to correlate with the Device under Test (DUT) temperature with the raw ATE handler test temperature using linear regression. Offset test temperature or the temperature error was calculated across all sites to adjust the new ATE handler test temperature. After which, the correlation between the bench reference data and the gathered ATE data of the 20 golden units from two test flows with 2.3 seconds and 200 milliseconds respectively both with 4-site enabled testing was validated that all DUT temperature is within acceptable temperature window of +/- 3°C, also less standard deviation for longer test time by only 0.0011 and all 20 golden units passed for both test flows. Lastly, the comparison of the newly calibrated test handler using the voltage-temperature relationship which had 0.0011, 0.0011, and 0.0012 SD of data, and the static calibrated test handlers which had 0.0057, 0.0078, and 0.010 SD of data for each lot 1, 2, and 3 respectively show up to 8x improvement in SD of the DUT temperature in ATE.

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Mesquida, Patrick, Andrä le Coutre y Jan K. Krüger. "Temperature modulated DSC at intermediate-low temperatures". Thermochimica Acta 330, n.º 1-2 (mayo de 1999): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6031(99)00028-3.

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15

SATO, A. "Non-temperature dependent resistor at low temperatures". Physica B: Condensed Matter 329-333 (mayo de 2003): 1660–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4526(02)02452-3.

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Kohout, Jan y Stanislav Vĕchet. "Low-Temperature and High-Temperature Anomalies in Temperature Shift of Stress-Lifetime Fatigue Curves". Materials Science Forum 567-568 (diciembre de 2007): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.567-568.113.

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Most families of S-N curves determined at various temperatures present certain general regularities on whose basis the Basquin equation describing finite-life S-N curves can be generalized for various temperatures. This equation can be represented by straight lines with common slope if log-log fit for stress vs. temperature dependence is used. Deviations from these straight lines (anomalies) are evidence that additional degradation mechanisms are effective besides fatigue, whose temperature dependences differ from the mentioned temperature dependence of fatigue strength. In high-temperature region it is most often cyclic creep, in low-temperature region athermal processes of plastic deformation can play significant role in fatigue failure.

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Nguyen, Doan N., Pamidi V. P. S. S. Sastry, David C. Knoll y Justin Schwartz. "Temperature Dependence of Total AC Loss in High-Temperature Superconducting Tapes". IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 19, n.º 4 (agosto de 2009): 3637–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2009.2015462.

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A versatile experimental facility was designed and set up to measure transport ac losses, magnetization ac losses, and total ac losses in high-temperature superconductors at variable temperatures. Several sets of measurements were carried out in the temperature range of 35 K to 100 K. Sample temperature during the measurements could be controlled within plusmn0.5 K of set temperature. Temperature dependence of transport losses reflects variation of critical current density of the tapes with temperature. Temperature dependence of magnetization losses exhibits an interesting behavior with a peak, whose position shifts to lower temperatures as the magnetic field is increased. Experimental data of ac losses at various temperatures are compared with those calculated using numerical methods. Generally, the simulated results reproduce well the experimental data.

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WANG, C. L. y M. L. ZHAO. "BURNS TEMPERATURE AND QUANTUM TEMPERATURE SCALE". Journal of Advanced Dielectrics 01, n.º 02 (abril de 2011): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010135x1100029x.

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In this article, two concepts of temperature, i.e., Burns temperature for relaxor ferroelectrics and quantum temperature scale for quantum paraelectrics, are reviewed briefly. Since both temperatures describe the deviation of the dielectric constant from Curie–Weiss law, their relationship is discussed. Finally the concept of quantum temperature scale is extended to demonstrate the evolution process of quantum paraelectric behavior to relaxor ferroelectric behavior.

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OSADCHUK, Iaroslav. "MICROELECTRONIC AUTOGENERATOR TEMPERATURE SENSORS". Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Technical sciences 317, n.º 1 (23 de febrero de 2023): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2023-317-1-237-247.

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Microelectronic autogenerator temperature sensors based on transistor structures with differential negative resistance with primary parametric thermosensitive elements based on bipolar and field-effect transistors are proposed, moreover, primary parametric thermosensitive elements are active components of the circuits of parametric autogenerator temperature sensors, which greatly simplifies the design of the device. Based on the consideration of physical processes in primary parametric temperature-sensitive components and autogenerators of temperature sensors, mathematical models of autogenerator temperature sensors were developed, on the basis of which analytical expressions were obtained to determine the parametric dependences of sensitivity functions and transformation functions. It is shown that the main contribution to the conversion and sensitivity functions is made by a change in the ambient temperature, which causes a change in the equivalent capacitance and negative differential resistance of parametric autogenerator temperature sensors, which, accordingly, changes the output frequency of the device. The sensitivity of the sensor with a thermally sensitive bipolar transistor is from 11.25 kHz/°C to 21.5 kHz/°C, and the sensor with a thermally sensitive field-effect transistor is from 2.77 kHz /°C to 4.25 kHz/°C in the range of ambient temperature change 0 оС up to 100 оС. The obtained parametric dependences of the sensitivity and conversion functions show the possibility of easier calculation of the main characteristics of parametric autogenerator sensors, and also clearly demonstrate the influence of each component of parametric transducers and elements of parametric self-oscillating sensors on the output frequency of devices in comparison with the calculations of sensitivity and conversion functions from nonlinear equivalent circuits basis for solving the Kirchhoff equations.

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Rahaman, M., Tapan Kumar Chaki y D. Khastgir. "Temperature Dependent Electrical Properties of Conductive Composites (Behavior at Cryogenic Temperature and High Temperatures)". Advanced Materials Research 123-125 (agosto de 2010): 447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.123-125.447.

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Extrinsically conductive polymer composites can be developed by incorporation of conductive filler in suitable polymer matrix. The formation of conductive network in insulating matrix due to filler aggregation at and above percolation is responsible for electrical conductivity of such composites. The present investigation deals with effect of temperature on conductive composites made from different blends of Ethylene-Vinyl copolymer (EVA) and Acrylonitrile-Butadiene copolymer (NBR) filled with particulate carbon filler. The electrical properties of these composites depend on blend composition and filler loading. High temperature (303-393K) DC-resistivity against temperature for EVA and EVA blends composites show positive coefficient of temperature (PCT effect) followed by negative coefficient of temperature (NCT effect) thus passing through a maxima which corresponds to crystalline melting temperature(~348K) of EVA phase. Further the variation of conductivity during heating cooling cycle does not coincides and leads to some kind of thermal hysteresis due to change in conductive network structure. However in low temperature region (10-300K), the resistivity is found to increase with decrease in temperature (NCT effect) and hysteresis effect is also marginal compared to that observed in high temperature region. This difference resistivity/conductivity vs temperature behavior in two different temperature zones suggests that different two mechanisms are operative in the system.

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Castro, P., G. Machin, P. Bloembergen, D. Lowe y A. Whittam. "Thermodynamic Temperatures of High-Temperature Fixed Points: Uncertainties Due to Temperature Drop and Emissivity". International Journal of Thermophysics 35, n.º 6-7 (julio de 2014): 1341–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10765-014-1677-2.

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Litschmann, Tomáš y Tomáš Středa. "Surface temperature of plant tissues. Which method of air temperature measurement fits best?" Contributions to Geophysics and Geodesy 49, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2019): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/congeo-2019-0002.

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Abstract Climate change is contributing to an increased risk of flower damage by late spring frosts. Monitoring flower temperature is critical for the timely start of frost protection systems. However, there are many weak points that complicate the use of this method. The aims of this study were to: i) find the method of air temperature measurement with the best relationship to the surface temperature of plant tissues and ii) quantify the differences between plant tissues surface temperature and ambient temperature during different weather situations. The surface temperature of plant tissues (budding leaves of grapevine, apricot flower, and unripe pear fruit), air temperature and humidity in the radiation shield, wet bulb temperature and air temperature with an unsheltered thermometer were measured at ten-minute intervals in the spring months. The average temperatures obtained by the individual methods as well as the lowest temperatures were determined from each measurement. Differences between air temperatures and plant surface temperatures, including variation ranges, were also determined. An unsheltered thermometer, in which the energy balance corresponds approximately to that of the evaluated plant surfaces, provided the best relationship with plant tissue temperature. The air temperature measured by the standard method (in a Stevenson screen or in the radiation shield) was almost always higher than the temperature of the plant tissue during periods of negative energy balance. The difference between the minimum temperatures was approximately 0.5 °C. Temperatures more than 1.5 °C higher than the actual temperature of plant tissues were measured in extreme cases.

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YANG, ZONG-CHANG. "EIGEN-TEMPERATURE MODEL FOR THE ANNUAL AIR TEMPERATURE MOVEMENT EVALUATION AND FORECAST". International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing 04, n.º 03 (19 de agosto de 2013): 1350008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793962313500086.

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Climate variability and its changes are issues of broader global concern. This study addresses the annual air temperature movement evaluation and forecasting based on principal component analysis (PCA). An Eigen-temperature model for describing the annual air temperature movement by employing PCA is introduced. Subspace for evaluation is generated by selecting principal orthogonal eigenvectors of covariance matrix of temperature data. The principal eigenvectors are called "Eigen-temperatures", since they are eigenvectors and each temperature movement is described by them. Each temperature movement is projected onto the subspace of eigenspace, and described by a linear combination of the Eigen-temperatures. Then, a forecast method for the temperature movement by employing the Eigen-temperatures is proposed. Forecast is implemented with polynomial curve fitting algorithm to estimate subsequent representation weights for the subsequent temperature movement with respect to the "Eigen-temperatures" generated by its previous temperature movements. The proposed Eigen-temperature model is applied to evaluation and forecasting for annual temperature movement at Tongchuan observation station of China from 1962 to 1971 and from 1994 to 2002. Experimental results agreeing well with actual observation values show workability of the proposed. Result analysis indicates its effectiveness that the proposed Eigen-temperature model is outperforming the classical AR model and the BP-ANN on the forecast tasks.

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Moura, Magna Soelma Beserra de, Herica F. S. Carvalho, Cloves V. B. Santos, Josiclêda Domiciano Galvíncio y Marcelo J. Silva. "Uso de Sensoriamento Remoto na análise da temperatura da superfície em áreas de floresta tropical sazonalmente seca". Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 13, n.º 3 (1 de junio de 2020): 941. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v13.3.p941-957.

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Pesquisas com o foco na criação de modelos para analisar a temperatura da superfície com sensoriamento remoto são muito importantes, pois servem como base de informações que auxiliarão no gerenciamento hidrológico, agrícola e ambiental. O presente estudo utilizou dados remotos na estimativa de temperatura da superfície em áreas de florestas secas, e seu objetivo foi verificar qual entre os produtos MODIS melhor representa a temperatura da superfície em áreas de caatinga. A área de estudo compreende uma caatinga preservada e outra em sucessão ecológica. Foram utilizadas como base espacial, dados de temperatura da superfície e de NDVI obtidos a partir do sensor MODIS e dados de temperatura do ar mensuradas por meio de estações agrometeorológicas de superfície. A análise se deu por regressão linear e coeficiente de correlação de Pearson entre a temperatura estimada pelo satélite e do ar na superfície. Os resultados apresentaram variações temporais nas estimativas pelo MODIS, sendo que os produtos diurnos do Terra e noturnos do Aqua foram os que melhor representaram a temperatura máxima e mínima. Para isso, equações de ajustes são propostas para áreas de caatinga com diferentes tipos de cobertura. As variações na temperatura estavam de acordo com a sazonalidade do NDVI da floresta e, ao longo dos dezessete anos, foi verificado aumento nos valores de temperatura nas áreas de estudo. Use of Remote Sensing in Surface Temperature Analysis in Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest A B S T R A C TResearch with a focus on creating models to analyze the surface temperature with remote sensing is very important, as they serve as a base of information that will assist in hydrological, agricultural, and environmental management. The present study used remote data to estimate surface temperature in dry forest areas, and its objective was to verify which of the MODIS products best represents the surface temperature in caatinga areas. The study area comprises a preserved caatinga and another in ecological succession. Surface temperature data and NDVI obtained by MODIS sensor and air temperature data measured using surface agrometeorological stations at each site were used. The analysis was done by linear regression and Pearson's correlation coefficient between the temperature estimated by the satellite and the air temperature on the surface. The results showed seasonal variations on the MODIS data, and the data that best fitted the maximum and minimum temperatures were obtained from Terra daytime and Aqua nighttime. Equations are proposed to best adjustments of the data according to the caatinga surface vegetation cover. The temperature variations were, according to the NDVI forest seasonality, and over the seventeen years, the temperature increased in both studied sites.Keywords: Caatinga Biome, LST, NDVI, MODIS

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Lenhardt, Rainer y Daniel I. Sessler. "Estimation of Mean Body Temperature from Mean Skin and Core Temperature". Anesthesiology 105, n.º 6 (1 de diciembre de 2006): 1117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200612000-00011.

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Background Mean body temperature (MBT) is the mass-weighted average temperature of body tissues. Core temperature is easy to measure, but direct measurement of peripheral tissue temperature is painful and risky and requires complex calculations. Alternatively MBT can be estimated from core and mean skin temperatures with a formula proposed by Burton in 1935: MBT = 0.64 x TCore + 0.36 x TSkin. This formula remains widely used, but has not been validated in the perioperative period and seems unlikely to remain accurate in dynamic perioperative conditions such as cardiopulmonary bypass. Therefore, the authors tested the hypothesis that MBT, as estimated with Burton's formula, poorly estimates measured MBT at a temperature range between 18 degrees and 36.5 degrees C. Methods The authors reevaluated four of their previously published studies in which core and mass-weighted mean peripheral tissue temperatures were measured in patients undergoing substantial thermal perturbations. Peripheral compartment temperatures were estimated using fourth-order regression and integration over volume from 18 intramuscular needle thermocouples, 9 skin temperatures, and "deep" hand and foot temperature. MBT was determined from mass-weighted average of core and peripheral tissue temperatures and estimated from core temperature and mean skin temperature (15 area-weighted sites) using Burton's formula. Results Nine hundred thirteen data pairs from 44 study subjects were included in the analysis. Measured MBT ranged from 18 degrees to 36.5 degrees C. There was a remarkably good relation between measured and estimated MBT: MBTmeasured = 0.94 x MBTestimated + 2.15, r = 0.98. Differences between the estimated and measured values averaged -0.09 degrees +/- 0.42 degrees C. Conclusions The authors concluded that estimation of MBT from mean skin and core temperatures is generally accurate and precise.

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26

de Jong, S. A. P., J. D. Slingerland y N. C. van de Giesen. "Fiber optic distributed temperature sensing for the determination of air temperature". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 7, n.º 6 (23 de junio de 2014): 6287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-7-6287-2014.

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Abstract. This paper describes a method to correct for the effect of solar radiation in atmospheric Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) applications. By using two cables with different diameters, one can determine what temperature a zero diameter cable would have. Such virtual cable would not be affected by solar heating and would take on the temperature of the surrounding air. The results for a pair of black cables and a pair of white cables were very good. The correlations between standard air temperature measurements and air temperatures derived from both colors had a high correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.99). A thin white cable measured temperatures that were close to air temperature. The temperatures were measured along horizontal cables but the results are especially interesting for vertical atmospheric profiling.

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27

Johnson, Arden P., Cuiyang Wang y John S. Miller. "High Temperature Lithium Alloy Cells With Improved Low Temperature Performance". Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2010, HITEC (1 de enero de 2010): 000274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/hitec-ajohnson-wp15.

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Lithium-thionyl chloride cells are widely used in downhole applications where the temperatures exceed 100°C. These cells cannot be used above the melting point of lithium, 180°C, but modified oxyhalide cells are available that use higher-melting lithium alloy anodes that allow safe operation at temperatures as high as 200°C. However, the higher temperature capability comes at the cost of low temperature performance; the alloy cells typically show very poor rate capability below 50°C. The low temperature rate limitations can be particularly disadvantageous in cases where a tool is started up at the surface, where the ambient temperatures are cooler, before it is placed into operation downhole. Here we present test results defining and characterizing the capabilities and limitations of various types of lithium alloy cells at lower temperatures, as well as discharge results at higher temperatures for new cell types that have been designed for improved rate capability at both lower and higher temperatures.

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28

Cichocki, Brandy, Danielle Dugat y Mark Payton. "Agreement of Axillary and Auricular Temperature with Rectal Temperature in Systemically Healthy Dogs Undergoing Surgery". Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 53, n.º 6 (1 de noviembre de 2017): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-6500.

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ABSTRACT Obtaining a patient’s temperature is an important part of a patient’s physical examination. As human medicine transitions to noninvasive temperature measurements, so does veterinary medicine. Historically, temperature measurement has been obtained from rectal readings; however, alternative methods, such as axillary and auricular temperatures, are increasing in popularity. The purpose of the study was to compare these alternative techniques to the gold standard of rectal temperature. Temperatures were obtained three ways for each patient: rectal, axillary, and auricular. Results indicated a positive linear relationship between rectal and axillary temperatures (bivariate correlation coefficient [r] = 0.65, P < .001) and axillary and auricular temperatures (r = 0.55, P < .001). Agreement was strongest between rectal and auricular temperatures (r = 0.80, P < .001). The average discrepancy between axillary and rectal temperature was 1.2°C [2.1°F] with the highest difference being 4.0°C [7.3°F]. The average discrepancy between auricular and rectal temperature was 0.6°C [1.2°F] with the highest difference being 2.2°C [4.1°F]. Despite auricular temperatures having stronger agreement, Bland-Altman Limits of Agreement testing revealed that it was a poor predictor of rectal temperature. Based on these results, axillary and auricular temperatures should not be substituted for rectal temperature.

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Lowe, David B., Lambert B. McCarty, Ted Whitwell y William C. Bridges. "Temperature influencesKyllinga brevifoliaandK. squamulatagrowth". Weed Science 47, n.º 6 (diciembre de 1999): 662–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004317450009130x.

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Kyllingaspecies are becoming more common throughout the southeastern United States. Two species,Kyllinga brevifoliaandKyllinga squamulata, in particular are prevalent weeds in turfgrass. To better understand these weeds, growth chamber studies determined the growth ofK. brevifolia, K. squamulata, andCynodon dactylon×Cynodon transvaalensisas influenced by three temperature regimes (33/24, 25/17, 19/11 C day/night, respectively). Temperature influenced almost all aspects ofKyllingaspecies growth. Plant height of bothKyllingaspecies increased nearly twofold after 8 wk at high temperatures. Plants were mowed each week to 2.5 cm; both species produced more than twice as many clippings by 8 wk at high (33/24 C) temperatures than at low (19/11 C) temperatures. Destructive analysis at 8 wk revealed thatK. brevifoliashoot and root weight increased with decreasing temperature, whereasK. squamulatashoot and root weights were not affected by temperature. Shoot weight percentage for bothKyllingaspecies increased from 59% in medium temperatures to 69% in high temperatures.K. brevifoliashoot weight percentage decreased to 53% in low temperatures, whereasK. squamulatashoot weight percentage increased to 72%.K. brevifoliainflorescences formed at 2, 3, and 5 wk in high, medium, and low temperatures, respectively, whereasK. squamulataflowered immediately in all temperatures.C. dactylon×C. transvaalensisandKyllingaspecies growth were similar within each temperature regime throughout the 8-wk study.

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30

Meggers, F. M., B. Yazici, J. Kim, K. Chen, C. Merchant y I. Izuhara. "Unbalancing mean radiant temperature and air temperature". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2600, n.º 9 (1 de noviembre de 2023): 092030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2600/9/092030.

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Abstract Radiant heating and cooling systems promise to provide heat transfer over large surface areas to enable lower temperature supply improving both supply efficiency and user comfort. Radiant panels provide both radiant and convective heat transfer. We investigate the balance of the heat transfer occurring via radiation and convection. A commonly referenced benefit of radiant panels is that the radiant heating or cooling delivered to occupants allows thermal perception to remain neutral while lowering or raising air temperatures, which in turn reduces heat losses or gains through the facade. In our previous work on radiant systems, we have observed that very rarely do air temperatures actually get set to more ideal temperatures alongside the radiant panels. Using the framework of a recent study of an office space in Singapore we present a simulation showing the breakdown of radiant and convective heat and the resulting air temperature in a simple heat balance model. We then use a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model and analytical model to observe the relationship between air temperature and mean radiant temperature (MRT) through space. We find that it can take up to 40 kW of additional heat gain to successfully decouple the air temperature from the MRT generated by the panel by more than 2 °C. We also show that in the CFD model, while the air temperature and MRT remain relatively tightly coupled, the vertical spatial variation of MRT is significant, changing by more than 2 °C across the space from floor to ceiling.

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31

Sanders, Timothy H., Paul D. Blankenship, Richard J. Cole y Robert A. Hill. "Temperature Relationships of Peanut Leaf Canopy, Stem, and Fruit in Soil of Varying Temperature and Moisture". Peanut Science 12, n.º 2 (1 de julio de 1985): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/pnut.12.2.0010.

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Abstract Physiological processes of plants are affected by temperature and temperature variation of individual plant parts has been demonstrated to affect such physiological interactions as source-sink relationships. Determination of plant part temperatures in relation to the surrounding environment, especially during stress, may provide significant information relative to how plants respond to various stress environments. To determine peanut plant part temperatures in various environments, rainfall control research plots equipped either with heating cables or cooling coils were utilized to grow Florunner peanuts and implement treatments of various soil temperatures under water stress and irrigated conditions. Peanut stem and pod temperatures were monitored automatically at 2-hr intervals with attached and implanted thermocouples. Canopy temperatures, determined by infrared thermometry, were related to water stress but were apparently unrelated to varying soil tempertures. Late-season, afternoon (1:00 p.m.) canopy temperature in the irrigated treatment averaged 28.5 C and mean canopy temperatures in all water stressed treatments were 35±1 C. Late-season plant stem temperature/soil temperature means in irrigated, water stressed-heated soil, water stressed, and water stressed-cooled soil treaments were 21.6 C/21.6 C, 25.2 C/30.2 C, 25.0 C/ 25.C, and 23.3 C/ 20.6 C, respectively. Peanut pod temperatures ranged higher and lower than soil temperature in each plot and maximum pod temperatures often occurred earlier than maximum soil temperature. Concurrent pod, stem, and air maximum and minimum temperatures suggest the strong influence of aerial plant-part temperatures on temperatures of the subterranean fruit. The results of this study show the effect of moisture and temperature stress on peanut plant part temperatures and demonstrate the relationships which result from the unique subterranean fruiting habit.

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32

Barbosa, Rogério Zanarde y João E. M. Perea Martins. "DESIGN OF A WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK FOR GREENHOUSES TEMPERATURE ANALYSIS". IRRIGA 1, n.º 1 (25 de septiembre de 2018): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2018v1n1p132-138.

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DESIGN OF A Wireless Sensor Network FOR GreenhouseS Temperature Analysis Rogério Zanarde Barbosa1 and João EDUARDO MACHADO Perea Martins 2 1 Faculty of Higher Education and Integral Formation (FAEF), 17400-000, Garça-SP, Brazil. E-mail: rogeriozanarde@gmail.com. 2 Computer Science Department, School of Sciences (FC), São Paulo State University (UNESP), 17033-360, Bauru-SP, Brazil. E-mail: perea@fc.unesp.br. Orcid iD https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1056-497X 1 Abstract This work presents a wireless sensor network designed with fifteen temperature sensors to monitor this parameter variation inside a greenhouse, where all temperature values were transmitted by radio to a distant computer that records it into a database that allows a detailed temperature analysis. The results showed that the network operated efficiently in the greenhouse and allows more accurate definitions relative to the optimal sensor locations for extreme temperatures verification, and also allow a precise description of temperature variation over time. Keywords: WSN, climate, temperature, sensors Barbosa, R. G. and Perea Martins, J. E.M. PROJETO DE UMA rede de sensores sem fio PARA ANÁLISE DA TEMPERATURA EM CASAS DE vegetação 2 Resumo Este trabalho apresenta uma rede de sensores sem fio, projetada com quinze sensores de temperatura para monitorar a variação deste parâmetro dentro de uma estufa, onde todos os valores de temperaturas foram transmitidos por rádio para um computador remoto, no qual foi gravado um banco de dados para permitir uma análise detalhada deste parâmetro. Os resultados mostraram que a rede operou eficientemente na estufa e permite precisas definições relativas às localizações ótimas dos sensores para a verificação de temperaturas extremas e também permite uma descrição precisa da variação de temperatura ao longo do tempo. Palavras-chave: RSSF, clima, temperatura, sensores

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33

Chao, Jing y Zhang Jinxi. "Prediction Model for Asphalt Pavement Temperature in High-Temperature Season in Beijing". Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (26 de julio de 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1837952.

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Asphalt pavement temperatures greatly influence on the bearing capacity and performance, especially in high-temperature season. The variation rules of pavement temperatures under the high-temperature range affect the design and maintenance management of the asphalt pavement, as well as the accurate prediction for pavement temperatures. However, asphalt pavement temperature is greatly affected by various strongly correlated environmental factors and cannot be measured directly or predicted effectively. In this project, temperature sensors were embedded in the pavement of in-service road to collect temperature data by continuous record measurement, and regression model was conducted by the partial least squares method through comprehensive analysis on the pavement temperature data and synchronously environmental data from local weather station measured in July 2013, July 2014, and July 2015. The quantitative relationships in high-temperature season between environmental factors and pavement temperature were determined, and a model was established to predict the temperature of asphalt pavement based on environmental data. The model was verified by the recorded data from July 1, 2016, to July 31, 2016, and the results indicated that the pavement temperature can be predicted accurately and reliably by the proposed model.

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Pawley, Matthew D. M., Paul Martinsen, Simon J. Mitchell, James F. Cheeseman, Alan F. Merry, Timothy Willcox, Robert Grieve, Parma Nand, Elaine Davies y Guy R. Warman. "Brachial Arterial Temperature as an Indicator of Core Temperature: Proof of Concept and Potential Applications". Journal of ExtraCorporeal Technology 45, n.º 2 (junio de 2013): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ject/201345086.

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There is potential for heat loss and hypothermia during anesthesia and also for hyperthermia if heat conservation and active warming measures are not accurately titrated. Accurate temperature monitoring is particularly important in procedures in which the patient is actively cooled and then rewarmed such as during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery (CPB). We simultaneously measured core, nasopharyngeal, and brachial artery temperatures to investigate the last named as a potential peripheral temperature monitoring site. Ten patients undergoing hypothermic CPB were instrumented for simultaneous monitoring of temperatures in the pulmonary artery (PA), aortic arterial inflow (AI), nasopharynx (NP), and brachial artery (BA). Core temperature was defined as PA temperature before and after CPB and the AI temperature during CPB. Mean deviations of BA and NP temperatures from core temperature were calculated for three steady-state periods (before, during, and after CPB). Mean deviation of BA and NP temperatures from AI temperature was also calculated during active rewarming. A total of 1862 measurements were obtained and logged from eight patients. Mean BA and NP deviations from core temperature across the steady-state periods (before, during, and after CBP) were, respectively: .23 ± .25, −.26 ± .3, and −.09 ± .05°C (BA), and .11 ± .19, −.1 ± .47, and −.04 ± .3°C (NP). During steadystate periods, there was no evidence of a difference between the mean BA and NP deviation. During active rewarming, the mean difference between the BA and AI temperatures was .14 ± .36°C. During this period, NP temperature lagged behind AI and BA temperatures by up to 41 minutes and was up to 5.3°C lower than BA (mean difference between BA and NP temperatures was 1.22 ± .58°C). The BA temperature is an adequate surrogate for core temperature. It also accurately tracks the changing AI temperature during rewarming and is therefore potentially useful in detecting a hyperthermic perfusate, which might cause cerebral hyperthermia.

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Liu, Zhaojun, Bian Tian, Zhuangde Jiang, Shuimin Li, Jiaming Lei, Zhongkai Zhang, Jiangjiang Liu, Peng Shi y Qijing Lin. "Flexible temperature sensor with high sensitivity ranging from liquid nitrogen temperature to 1200 °C". International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing 5, n.º 1 (29 de noviembre de 2022): 015601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2631-7990/aca44d.

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Abstract Flexible temperature sensors have been extensively investigated due to their prospect of wide application in various flexible electronic products. However, most of the current flexible temperature sensors only work well in a narrow temperature range, with their application at high or low temperatures still being a big challenge. This work proposes a flexible thermocouple temperature sensor based on aerogel blanket substrate, the temperature-sensitive layer of which uses the screen-printing technology to prepare indium oxide and indium tin oxide. It has good temperature sensitivity, with the test sensitivity reaching 226.7 μV °C−1 . Most importantly, it can work in a wide temperature range, from extremely low temperatures down to liquid nitrogen temperature to high temperatures up to 1200 °C, which is difficult to be achieved by other existing flexible temperature sensors. This temperature sensor has huge application potential in biomedicine, aerospace and other fields.

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36

Deng, Gang, Masana Kato, Noboru Maruyama, Kunihiko Morikawa y Nobuteru Hitomi. "Initial Temperature Evaluation for Flash Temperature Index of Gear Tooth". Journal of Tribology 117, n.º 3 (1 de julio de 1995): 476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2831278.

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In the AGMA standard for the scoring resistance evaluation of gears, flash temperature is used as an index indicating the risk of scoring. The flash temperature is expressed as the sum of flash rise of temperature and initial temperature. In this research, the initial temperatures are measured for various gear sets in running by thermocouples which are mounted just beneath the working surface of pinion. The effects of gear dimensions, rotating speed, and lubrication conditions on the initial temperature are clarified. An experimental formula is proposed for estimating the initial temperature, which depends on the temperature of oil inlet, the frictional power loss, and the running conditions such as rotating speed, contact position, and the oil supply rate. The estimated initial temperatures are in good agreement with the measured values. The proposed method is available for the scoring resistance evaluation of the vehicle transmissions.

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OTA, SNEHADRI BIHARI, JUAN BASCUÑÁN y SMITA OTA. "LOW TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTIC OF GaAlAs TEMPERATURE SENSOR DIODE". Modern Physics Letters B 15, n.º 09n10 (30 de abril de 2001): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984901001744.

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We have measured the forward characteristics of a GaAlAs temperature sensor diode (Lake Shore) in the temperature range 10–70 K and for fixed current values between 10 nA to 500 μA. On the basis of certain extrapolations, we suggest that these diodes can be used for temperature measurement at at ultra low temperatures.

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38

Suman, Asadusjjaman, Fiona Dyer y Duanne White. "Late Holocene temperature variability in Tasmania inferred from borehole temperature data". Climate of the Past 13, n.º 6 (2 de junio de 2017): 559–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-559-2017.

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Abstract. Thirty-six borehole temperature–depth profiles were analysed to reconstruct the ground surface temperature history (GSTH) of eastern Tasmania for the past 5 centuries. We used the singular value decomposition method to invert borehole temperatures to produce temperature histories. The quality of borehole data was classified as high or low based on model misfit. The quality of the borehole data was not dependent on topography or land use. Analysis reveals that three to five high-quality borehole temperature–depth profiles were adequate to reconstruct robust paleotemperature records from any area. Average GSTH reconstructed from Tasmanian boreholes shows temperature increases about 1.2 ± 0.2 °C during the past 5 centuries. Reconstructed temperatures were consistent with meteorological records and other proxy records from Tasmania during their period of overlap. Temperature changes were greatest around the north-east coast and decreased towards the centre of Tasmania. The extension of the East Australian Current (EAC) further south and its strengthening around the north-east coast of Tasmania over the past century was considered a prime driver of warmer temperatures observed in north-east Tasmania.

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39

Spencer, William E., Stacey R. Delaney, Gary T. Rice, Karla L. Johnston, Russell Seither y David S. White. "Optimum temperature for carbon assimilation in Kentucky Lake follows seasonal change in ambient temperature". Fundamental and Applied Limnology 141, n.º 4 (24 de marzo de 1998): 389–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/141/1998/389.

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40

O'Steen, S. "Embryonic temperature influences juvenile temperature choice and growth rate in snapping turtles Chelydra serpentina." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, n.º 3 (1 de febrero de 1998): 439–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.3.439.

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Snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) demonstrate temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD): intermediate egg incubation temperatures (23-27 degreesC) produce males, while extreme temperatures produce females. Snapping turtles are also sexually dimorphic: adult males are typically larger than females. Previous researchers hypothesized that male-producing egg temperatures enhanced the growth rate of juvenile turtles, resulting in the adult dimorphism and potentially providing an adaptive benefit for TSD. In reptiles, the choice of ambient temperature can also influence growth. I measured the effect of egg incubation temperature on juvenile growth rate and water temperature choice of C. serpentina. Eggs were incubated in the laboratory at 21.5, 24.5, 27.5 or 30.5 degreesC to produce both sexes, all males, both sexes or all females, respectively. Egg temperature was linearly and negatively correlated with growth rate of both male and female juveniles. Thus, growth was enhanced, but not maximized, by male-producing egg temperatures. Egg temperature was also negatively correlated with juvenile temperature choice such that, on average, turtles from 21.5 degreesC eggs selected 28 degreesC water, while turtles from 30.5 degreesC eggs chose 24.5 degreesC water. Additionally, these temperature choices were highly repeatable, even following a 6 month hibernation period at 7 degreesC. Thus, while male egg temperatures do not directly maximize growth, multiple effects of embryonic temperature may combine to create long-lasting differences in the behavioral physiology of male and female C. serpentina. Such differences could be important to the ecology and evolution of TSD.

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41

Diouri, Mounir, Kieran F. Geoghegan y Joseph M. Weber. "Functional Characterization of the Adenovirus Proteinase Using Fluorogenic Substrates". Protein & Peptide Letters 2, n.º 2 (octubre de 1995): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986650202220524150013.

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Abstract: Continuous fluorometric assays with two different substrates have been used to extend functional characterization of the thiol proteinase from adenovirus. Among the effects studied have been those of NaCI concentration, the addition of DNA and the putative activating peptide pVIct. In addition, it was shown that the specific activities of both wild-type enzyme and a mutant proteinase from a form of the virus in which maturation is temperature-sensitive were elevated by a similar factor at the nonpermissive temperature of 39°C. This observation supported an earlier demonstration that the mutant proteinase from the temperature-sensitive (ts) form of the virus is not temperature-sensitive in vitro. It is consistent with the concept that temperature sensitivity arises from a fault in protein trafficking at nonpermissive temperatures.

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42

Zylka, Ch y G. Vojta. "Temperature Relaxation between Systems with Negative Kelvin Temperatures". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 42, n.º 6 (1 de junio de 1987): 556–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1987-0605.

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We investigate the problem of distributing a given amount of heat among three systems under the following conditions: The systems are able to exhibit negative Kelvin temperatures, and heat equalization always fulfills a harmonic mixing rule T = 2T(1) · T(2)/(T(1) + T(2)). Just this happens for spin systems in the high temperature approximation.

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43

Arav, A. y B. Rubinsky. "Temperature gradient osmometer and anomalies in freezing temperatures". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 267, n.º 6 (1 de diciembre de 1994): R1646—R1652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1994.267.6.r1646.

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We have developed a new device that measures freezing and melting temperatures in nanoliter volume samples and can be used as a "freezing point osmometer" with a resolution many orders of magnitude greater than that of existing freezing point osmometers. Using this device we found anomalies in the depression of the freezing temperature and thermal hysteresis in aqueous solutions of hydrophilic amino acids, polyamino acids, and lectins. These anomalies would not have been possible to detect with currently used technology. The compounds that produce anomalies in freezing temperature were reported in the literature as having the ability to bind to cell membranes. This suggests a relation between a molecule's ability to bind to cell membranes and its anomalous freezing temperature depression. The new freezing point osmometer and our results could be important for studying and understanding organic molecules and their interaction with membranes and water.

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44

Wheeler, J. M., P. Brodard y J. Michler. "Elevated temperature,in situindentation with calibrated contact temperatures". Philosophical Magazine 92, n.º 25-27 (septiembre de 2012): 3128–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786435.2012.674647.

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45

Zwebner, Yonat, Leonard Lee y Jacob Goldenberg. "The temperature premium: Warm temperatures increase product valuation". Journal of Consumer Psychology 24, n.º 2 (abril de 2014): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2013.11.003.

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46

Rybach, L. y M. Pfister. "Temperature predictions and predictive temperatures in deep tunnels". Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 27, n.º 2 (1994): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01020206.

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47

Peet, Mary M. y Suguru Sato. "CREATING A RESPONSE SURFACE FOR FRUIT SET AND FRUIT PRODUCTION IN TOMATOES GROWN AT HIGH TEMPERATURE". HortScience 31, n.º 5 (septiembre de 1996): 759c—759. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.5.759c.

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Global temperature increases are predicted over the next several decades. Earth surface temperatures in 1995 were the highest ever recorded. At day temperatures above 30C or night temperatures above 21C, tomato fruit production decreases. However, the temperature dependence of fruit production has not been described in terms of whether day temperatures, night temperatures, or mean temperatures are the most limiting. The process or tissue most sensitive to heat and most limiting to fruit production is also not known. The objectives of this experiment are to establish the temperature dependence of fruit set in tomatoes and to determine the importance of post-pollen production effects. We imposed a total of nine temperature treatments in a series of four separate experiments. Each experiment consisted of a 30/24C treatment and two other day/night temperature combinations with differing means and/or day/night temperature differentials. As mean daily temperature increased from 25 to 29C, fruit set, fruit number, total fruit weight, and seediness index (a quantitative rate of fruit seed content) declined. Temperature treatments did not affect average fruit weight. Higher mean temperatures promoted flowering except at the highest temperature. Mean temperature was more important than day/night temperature differentials or the specific daytime or nighttime temperature treatment.

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48

de Jong, S. A. P., J. D. Slingerland y N. C. van de Giesen. "Fiber optic distributed temperature sensing for the determination of air temperature". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, n.º 1 (15 de enero de 2015): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-335-2015.

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Abstract. This paper describes a method to correct for the effect of solar radiation in atmospheric distributed temperature sensing (DTS) applications. By using two cables with different diameters, one can determine what temperature a zero diameter cable would have. Such a virtual cable would not be affected by solar heating and would take on the temperature of the surrounding air. With two unshielded cable pairs, one black pair and one white pair, good results were obtained given the general consensus that shielding is needed to avoid radiation errors (WMO, 2010). The correlations between standard air temperature measurements and air temperatures derived from both cables of colors had a high correlation coefficient (r2=0.99) and a RMSE of 0.38 °C, compared to a RMSE of 2.40 °C for a 3.0 mm uncorrected black cable. A thin white cable measured temperatures that were close to air temperature measured with a nearby shielded thermometer (RMSE of 0.61 °C). The temperatures were measured along horizontal cables with an eye to temperature measurements in urban areas, but the same method can be applied to any atmospheric DTS measurements, and for profile measurements along towers or with balloons and quadcopters.

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Tomasic, Michael y Lawrence E. Nann. "Comparison of peripheral and core temperatures in anesthetized horses". American Journal of Veterinary Research 60, n.º 5 (1 de mayo de 1999): 648–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1999.60.05.648.

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Abstract Objective To examine temporal patterns of rectal, nasal, groin, and skin temperatures measured in adult horses undergoing general anesthesia and to determine accuracy and precision of temperatures at these sites, compared with core temperature. Animals 5 healthy adult horses. Procedure Induction, maintenance of, and recovery from general anesthesia were performed in an air-conditioned surgical suite. Room temperature and relative humidity were approximately 21 C and 40%, respectively. Anesthesia was maintained for 2.5 hours, and body temperatures were measured and recorded every 5 minutes. Mean values were compared by use of ANOVA for repeated measures. Correlation coefficients for linear regressions of site temperature versus core temperature at 30-minute intervals were used to evaluate precision. Results Rectal temperature decreased in a linear manner, similar to core temperature. Nasal, groin, and skin temperatures followed a biphasic pattern; they sharply increased initially, peaked, then decreased at a rate similar to that of core temperatures. Rectal temperature always accurately reflected core temperature. Initial significant differences between core temperature and nasal, groin, or skin temperature disappeared as peripheral site temperatures approached peak values. Precision of core temperature estimation was generally poor for rectal, groin, and skin temperatures but was high (r > 0.90) after the first hour of anesthesia. Conclusion Anesthesia-induced core heat redistribution develops with minimal effect on core temperature. Rectal temperature can accurately reflect core temperature. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:648–651)

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Dolby, Andrew S., John G. Temple, Laura E. Williams, Emily K. Dilger, Katrina M. Stechler y Vanessa S. Davis. "Facultative Rest-Phase Hypothermia in Free-Ranging White-Throated Sparrows". Condor 106, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 2004): 386–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/106.2.386.

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Abstract Shallow facultative rest-phase hypothermia has been reported in a number of passerine families, but few published data exist about its use by free- ranging birds. We used temperature-sensitive radio- transmitters to determine whether White-throated Sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis) employ nocturnal hypothermia during winter. We measured skin temperatures of 24 free-ranging sparrows between 13:00 and 14:00 and between 02:00 and 03:00 for each of three days and nights per subject. The average nightly skin- temperature reduction per individual was 3.4 ± 1.0°C (SD). Skin temperature reductions ranged from 0.2°C to 7.0°C among all individuals. There was a significant negative correlation between the magnitude of skin temperature decline and nighttime ambient temperature. Additionally, we found a negative trend between depth of hypothermia and a body density index. Fase de Reposo Hipotérmica Facultativa en Individuos de Zonotrichia albicollis que se Desplazan Libremente Resumen. La fase de reposo facultativa somera ha sido mencionada para un número de familias de paseriformes, pero existen pocos datos publicados sobre su uso por parte de aves que se desplazan libremente. Usamos radio transmisores sensibles a la temperatura para determinar si Zonotrichia albicollis emplea hipotermia nocturna durante el invierno. Medimos la temperatura de la piel de 24 individuos que se desplazan libremente entre las 13:00 y 14:00 y entre las 02:00 y 03:00 durante tres días y tres noches por individuo. La reducción nocturna promedio de la temperatura de la piel por individuo fue 3.4 ± 1.0°C (DE). Las reducciones de la temperatura de la piel variaron entre 0.2°C y 7.0°C considerando todos los individuos. Hubo una correlación negativa significativa entre la disminución de la magnitud de la temperatura de la piel y la temperatura ambiental nocturna. Adicionalmente, encontramos una tendencia negativa entre la profundidad de la hipotermia y el índice de densidad corporal.

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