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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Telephone, 1886"

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Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 26 de julio de 2024

Última modificación: 26 de julio de 2024

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1

Hayes, Holly. "Physician Advertising in 1886: Touting by Telephone". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 261, n.º 3 (20 de enero de 1989): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1989.03420030053017.

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2

Hayes, H. "Physician advertising in 1886: touting by telephone". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 261, n.º 3 (20 de enero de 1989): 379b—379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.261.3.379b.

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3

Casasola Balsells, María Araceli, Vicente A. Pérez Chamorro, Mariano Sánchez Barrios y Fernando Gutiérrez Hidalgo. "Valoración contable de la inversión extranjera: el caso de la Compañía Telefónica Nacional de España y la cantidad neta invertida (1924-1932)". De Computis - Revista Española de Historia de la Contabilidad 10, n.º 19 (31 de diciembre de 2013): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26784/issn.1886-1881.v10i19.269.

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En España, ha tenido especial importancia la participación de capital extranjero en la modernización industrial a finales del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX. Sin embargo, en este periodo la literatura en Historia de la Contabilidad ha prestado escasa atención a las prácticas contables relacionadas con la valoración de la inversión extranjera y en especial en empresas concesionarias de servicios públicos del Estado.En consecuencia, el trabajo tiene como objeto describir las prácticas y exponer las críticas realizadas a la valoración contable de la inversión realizada por la “Compañía Telefónica Nacional de España” (CTNE), subsidiaria de norteamericana “International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation” (ITT), a efectos del rescate por el Estado y denominada “Cantidad Neta invertida”. El análisis se lleva a cabo desde el inicio de la concesión monopolista del servicio telefónico nacional otorgada durante la Dictadura de Primo de Rivera en 1924 hasta 1932, cuando durante la Segunda República se intentó a través de un Proyecto de Ley declarar nula e ilegal la concesión y proceder a su incautación.Los resultados del trabajo identifican las prácticas contables sobre la cantidad neta invertida llevadas a cabo por la CTNE y su divulgación en las memorias anuales. Asimismo, se exponen las principales críticas realizadas en cuanto a la valoración contable de esta partida, resaltando la insuficiente depreciación contable de las infraestructuras telefónicas, la inclusión de ciertos gastos amortizables como el impuesto del Timbre o los costes imputados a las infraestructuras en el momento de su adquisición.

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4

Hitoshi, Fujino. "Impact of Work-Related Stress on Japanese Medical Professionals Employees' Psychological Well-Being". International Journal of Psychology 8, n.º 1 (28 de marzo de 2023): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijp.1886.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of occupational stress caused by job stress factors, working relationships and physical working conditions on the psychological well-being of medical professionals in hospitals in Japan. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low-cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Results: The results revealed that there exist conceptual and contextual gaps relating to the study on effect of occupational stress caused by job stress factors, working relationships and physical working conditions on the psychological well-being of medical professionals in hospitals in Japan. Preliminary empirical review reveals that. only relationships with colleagues differ significantly based on the professional cadre of the respondents (p< 0.05) and insignificant relationship between job stress factors and psychological well-being (r = 0.058, p > 0.05). Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The job demand – control model and the job demands - resources model may be used to categorize the key work design factors which may relate to stress-related health issues. The results of this research will form the basis for further research to aid academicians and practitioners with knowledge on the relevance of establishing appropriate stress and health management system.

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5

Makeda, Kelly. "The Psychological Effects of Environmental Degradation on Human Well-Being". International Journal of Humanity and Social Sciences 2, n.º 5 (7 de mayo de 2024): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijhss.1886.

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Purpose: This study sought to investigate the psychological effects of environmental degradation on human well- being. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Findings: The findings reveal that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to the psychological effects of environmental degradation on human well- being. Through a comprehensive review of empirical studies, it revealed the pervasive nature of environmental degradation's impact on human mental health, consistently finding associations between exposure to various environmental stressors and adverse psychological outcomes. The study emphasized the interconnectedness between environmental health and human well-being, highlighting the need for holistic approaches to sustainability that integrate mental health considerations. It underscored the importance of community engagement and participatory approaches in addressing the psychological effects of environmental degradation, advocating for community-based interventions to promote resilience and sustainable development. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The Ecopsychology theory, Conservation Psychology theory and Stress and Coping theory may be used to anchor future studies on the psychological effects of environmental degradation on human well- being. The study offered valuable recommendations that contributed to theory, practice, and policy. It emphasized the need for an integrated theoretical framework that accounted for the multidimensional nature of environmental degradation and its psychological impacts. The recommendations highlighted the importance of integrating mental health considerations into environmental conservation efforts, promoting nature-based interventions, and prioritizing evidence-based policy reforms. Community engagement, interdisciplinary collaboration, and longitudinal research were identified as key strategies for addressing the psychological effects of environmental degradation and fostering resilience. Overall, the study provided a comprehensive roadmap for advancing understanding and addressing the complex interplay between environmental change and mental health outcomes.

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6

Rajič, Goran. "An Overview of Telephony Development in Zagreb (1881-1981)". Review of Croatian history 16, n.º 1 (1 de agosto de 2020): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22586/review.v16i1.11289.

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Within a mere hundred years from the appearance of the first telephone in Zagreb in 1881 until the establishment of the first electronic telephone exchange in 1981, telephony in Zagreb went through several formative periods to assert itself. Zagreb was transformed from a provincial town in the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy to the economic and cultural centre of Croatia. In that period, due to technological development, many changes took place that influenced the accessibility and price of the most popular telecommunications technology in the 20th century. At first a status symbol reserved for the wealthiest citizens, telephone gradually became accessible to all inhabitants of the city. In the decades after World War II, the new telephone infrastructure was constructed under the unfavourable conditions of technological underdevelopment, scarcity of professionals, and meagre financial resources. Nevertheless, despite all the aggravating circumstances, telephony managed to become an inevitable part of Zagreb’s everyday life. Modern telecommunications rest on these very steps that fixed telephony took in its development, and are therefore an indicator of the technological as well as cultural development of Zagreb.

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7

Pike, Robert M. "Kingston Adopts the Telephone". Articles 18, n.º 1 (7 de agosto de 2013): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017822ar.

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The adoption and use of the telephone in urban central Canada between 1876 and 1914 are explored within the context of the wider communications environment and the marketing strategies of the Bell Telephone Company. This context becomes the framework for a case study of the social diffusion of the telephone in Kingston, Ont, between 1883 and 1911. Utilizing telephone directories and early city directories, the case study concentrates on the socioeconomic and organizational characteristics of early phone subscribers and the physical location of their phones. Both business and residential subscribers are shown throughout the period to have been drawn mainly from the commercial and prof essional classes in Kingston and to have used the phone mainly for institutional, work-related purposes.

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8

Bills, Emily. "Connecting Lines: L.A.'s Telephone History and the Binding of the Region". Southern California Quarterly 91, n.º 1 (2009): 27–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41172456.

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From the 1881 incorporation of Los Angeles' first telephone company, telecommunications spread rapidly in the city and its surrounding region. This article details the proliferation of telephony, and its role in the region's rapid growth and in the formation of region-wide economic networks. Conversely, Pomona, 30 miles from Los Angeles, serves as an example of how local telephone systems could also facilitate sub-regional economic blocs. The history of the telephone, this article argues, is essential to understanding the L.A. region's multi-nucleated development and its economic structure.

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9

Maine, Barry. "Late Nineteenth-Century Trompe L'Oeil and Other Performances of the Real". Prospects 16 (octubre de 1991): 281–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300004555.

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“We live in an age of wonders!” exclaims a character in Henry James's The Bostonians (1886). And so it must have seemed to any American who could read the newspapers, which thrived, in the 1880s, on the business of proclaiming marvels. In The Bostonians one of the “wonders” is Miss Verena Tarrant, whose precocious and hypnotic speaking powers on the subject of women's rights — together with a pretty face and trim figure — succeeded in selling out the Boston Music Hall. Other wonders of the decade were less comely but more enduring: the lightbulb, the electric generator (which so awed Henry Adams), the telephone, the automobile, motion pictures, the linotype machine, the Kodak camera. The hawking of Verena Tarrant outside the Music Hall followed the American pattern of packaging, promoting, and generally celebrating (in a chauvinistic spirit) all manner of sensational feats, new technologies, and even writers and painters who caught the public's fancy. One of these was, of course, Mark Twain, who successfully promoted his own works through direct subscription sales. Also included among the sensational feats of the period were the trompe l'oeil (trick of the eye) still-life paintings by William Michael Harnett, who was heralded in a feature article that appeared in the New York News at the end of the decade. The headline ran as follows:Painted Like Real Things. The Man Whose Pictures Are a Wonder and a Puzzle. How He Began and the Success He Has Met With — Poverty Forced Him to Earn a Living in the Line in Which He Excells.

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10

MacDougall, Robert. "The People’s Telephone: The Politics of Telephony in the United States and Canada, 1876–1926". Enterprise & Society 6, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2005): 581–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s146722270001497x.

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11

Macdougall, R. "The People's Telephone: The Politics of Telephony in the United States and Canada, 1876-1926". Enterprise and Society 6, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2005): 581–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/es/khi092.

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12

SANTOS, WILDIO IKARO DA GRAÇA, DIEGO RODRIGO DOLIBAINA, FERNANDO MAIA SILVA DIAS, OLAF HERMANN HENDRIK MIELKE y MIRNA MARTINS CASAGRANDE. "A review of the South American metalmark genus Alesa Doubleday, 1847 (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae: Eurybiini) with the description of two new species". Zootaxa 5284, n.º 1 (10 de mayo de 2023): 77–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5284.1.3.

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The taxonomy of the South American metalmark butterflies of the genus Alesa Doubleday, 1847 is reviewed. A new taxonomic arrangement for Alesa is supported after the analysis of about 600 specimens, including the recognition of two new species, described herein, A. juliae sp. nov. and A. mariae sp. nov.. Alesa negra Röber, 1931, so far recognized as a junior subjective synonym of A. telephae (Boisduval, 1836), is here recognized as a valid species (stat. rev.) and A. amethystina Gallard & Fernandez, 2015 as a junior subjective synonym (syn. nov.) of A. negra, and A. fournierae Lathy, 1958 is recognized as a junior subjective synonym (syn. nov.) of A. amesis (Cramer, 1777). Neotypes are designated for Papilio amesis Cramer, 1777, Erycina prema Godart, [1824] and Mimocastinia egeria Biedermann, 1936. Lectotypes are designated for Erycina priolas Godart, [1824], Eurybia telephae Boisduval, 1836, A. smaragdifera Westwood, 1851, A. lipara Bates, 1868, A. hemiurga Bates, 1868, A. thelydrias Bates, 1868, and Mimocastnia rothschildi Seitz, 1913. Three previously established species groups are here supported by morphological characters including the following species, “prema group”: A. prema, A. esmeralda Salazar & Constantino, 2007, A. beneluzi Gallard & Fernandez, 2015, A. rothschildi and A. juliae sp. nov.; “telephae group”: A. telephae, A. humilis Brévignon, 2015, A. negra stat. rev. and A. suzana Ahrenholz & Hall, 2010; and “amesis group”: A. amesis, A. mariae sp. nov., A. lipara Bates, 1867, A. hemiurga Bates, 1867 and A. thelydrias Bates, 1867. Adults and their genitalia are illustrated for all species available to examination. The main diagnostic characters used to distinguish the species belonging to the “amesis group” are illustrated, and pictures of adults images in situ and distribution maps are provided. Additionally, all species are diagnosed and discussed based on their morphology.

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13

Cuchi Espada, Victor. "Mexico City and the Mexican Telephone Company. The construction of the telephone network, 1881-1902". Anuario de Espacios Urbanos, Historia, Cultura y Diseño, n.º 06 (1 de diciembre de 1999): 117–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24275/ybnh4790.

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14

Moorhead, Simon. "The Telephony Engineering History of Western Australia from 1887 to 1987". Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 8, n.º 1 (31 de marzo de 2020): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v8n1.254.

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15

Cohen, Jeffrey E. "The Telephone Problem and the Road to Telephone Regulation in the United States, 1876–1917". Journal of Policy History 3, n.º 1 (enero de 1991): 42–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600004504.

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Between 1876 and 1917, government philosophy toward telephone regulation began moving away from laissez-faire and toward some kind of involvement in economic affairs. However, while some early studies of regulation suggest business hostility to that policy, AT&T actively sought regulation, jogging government and the public in that direction. But this study is not just a restatement of the interest-group-capture theory, as offered by such economists as Stigler or historians as Kolko. Regulation resulted from the convergence of interests of many affected players, including residential and business telephone subscribers, the independent telephone companies that competed with AT&T, and the state and federal governments, as well as AT&T. I employ a multiple interest theory to account for telephone regulation, but unlike other studies using such a framework, I suggest that government is an independent actor with impact on the final policy outcome, and not merely an arena where private interests battle for control over policy outcomes, as is so common among other multiple interest studies of regulation.

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16

Wistoft, Birgitte. "A Devilish Device: Attitudes to Telephony 1876–1920". International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology 80, n.º 2 (julio de 2010): 214–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/175812110x12714133353795.

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17

Thompson, Stephen C. "Microphones: A bit of history". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, n.º 3_supplement (1 de marzo de 2023): A106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0018319.

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The earliest commercially successful microphone design was the carbon microphone, whose original patent was filed by Emile Berliner in 1877. An interesting variant of the basic carbon microphone was a dual diaphragm microphone patented by Granville Woods in 1883. The basic carbon microphone provided adequate performance at low cost and remained in service in the telephone system for at least the next century. Other microphone technologies can also be found in the early patent literature, though their commercial acceptance was delayed until electronic amplification was possible. The eventual development of vacuum tube amplifiers enabled the development of the condenser microphone, whose initial patent was filed in 1916. Condenser microphones provide the improvement of wide bandwidth and flat response compared to carbon microphones. The invention in the 1960s of high quality electret materials enabled the manufacture of low cost electret microphones that quickly displaced carbon mics in telephones and most commercial devices for at least the next 40 years. Then, in the early years of the 21st century, condenser microphones implemented in silicon, also known as MEMS microphones, took over in high all volume applications. This paper will discuss this history and the current state of the art.

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18

MARTIN, MICHELE. "COMMUNICATION AND SOCIAL FORMS: THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TELEPHONE, 1876-19201". Antipode 23, n.º 3 (julio de 1991): 307–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1991.tb00666.x.

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19

Calvo, Angel. "The Spanish telephone sector (1876-1924): A case of technological backwardness". History and Technology 18, n.º 2 (enero de 2002): 77–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07341510220150324.

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20

Moorhead, Simon. "Telegraphy and the downfall of the Kelly Gang". Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 2, n.º 3 (26 de mayo de 2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v2n3.292.

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Four historical vignettes are provided from the period 1875 to 1880 from the Proceedings of the Telegraph Electrical Society of Victoria ─ the lineal antecedent of today’s TelSoc (Australian Telecommunications Society). The extracts cover Alexander Graham Bell’s invention of the telephone, Telegraphy at the downfall of the Kelly Gang, the speed of the Morse system, and the curious phenomenon of ‘Fighting by Telegraph’.

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21

Smith, John Kenly, Robert W. Garnet, Neil H. Wasserman y George David Smith. "The Telephone Enterprise: The Evolution of the Bell System's Horizontal Structure, 1876-1909". Journal of American History 73, n.º 4 (marzo de 1987): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1904115.

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22

Israel, Paul B., Robert W. Garnet, George David Smith y Neil H. Wasserman. "The Telephone Enterprise: The Evolution of the Bell System's Horizontal Structure, 1876-1909". Technology and Culture 28, n.º 1 (enero de 1987): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3105508.

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23

Lamoreaux, Naomi R., Robert W. Garnet y George David Smith. "The Telephone Enterprise: The Evolution of the Bell System's Horizontal Structure, 1876-1909". American Historical Review 91, n.º 4 (octubre de 1986): 999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1873483.

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24

Lange, AndrÉ. "Electrified Voices: How the Telephone, Phonograph and Radio Shaped Modern Japan, 1868–1945". Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 39, n.º 4 (22 de julio de 2019): 894–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01439685.2019.1643158.

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25

Woodward, Nick. "The telephone enterprise the evolution of the Bell system's horizontal structure, 1876–1909". Telecommunications Policy 10, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1986): 358–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-5961(86)90050-9.

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26

Taylor, Graham D. "Charles F. Sise, Bell Canada, and the Americans: A Study of Managerial Autonomy, 1880‑1905". Historical Papers 17, n.º 1 (26 de abril de 2006): 11–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/030882ar.

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Résumé Depuis au moins deux décennies, la population canadienne est généralement consciente des dangers que représente la présence au pays de nombreuses corporations étrangères — la plupart, américaines. Cette inquiétude n'est pas nouvelle, cependant, puisque dès 1920 on commençait déjà à redouter et à critiquer cette présence. Ce qui est nouveau, toutefois, c'est que récemment on ne s'est pas uniquement préoccupé des retombées économiques qu'elle entraîne, mais aussi de l'influence qu'elle est amenée à exercer sur le développement politique et social du pays. De nombreux chercheurs ont donc fouillé la question et ils ont dégagé deux grandes lignes d'interprétation. Ce sont ces grandes lignes que l'auteur résume d'abord, avant de s'arrêter à l'analyse d'un cas particulier, celui de la présence de la American Bell Telephone Company à travers sa société affiliée, la Bell Telephone Company of Canada. Il examine cette dernière pendant les vingt-cinq premières années de son existence (1880-1905) alors qu'elle était sous la direction de Charles F. Sise. Selon lui, les faits démontrent que, exception faite des années 1880-82, la maison-mère n'est jamais intervenue ouvertement dans les affaires de Bell Canada. Le cas s'ajuste donc mal au modèle conventionnel et il indique bien que de multiples études de cas seront nécessaires avant que l'on puisse tenter une analyse définitive tant de la question de l'impact des investissements étrangers sur le Canada que de celle de l'évolution structurale de ces entreprises multinationales.

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27

Morat, Daniel. "The Sound of a New Era: On the Transformation of Auditory and Urban Experience in the Long Fin de Siècle, 1880–1930". International Journal for History, Culture and Modernity 7, n.º 1 (2 de noviembre de 2019): 591–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.18352/hcm.573.

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In his 1930s memoir ‘Berlin Childhood around 1900’, Walter Benjamin recollects the ringing of the telephone as a sound that sharply interrupted the quiet of his middle-class family home and signalled the beginning of a new era. Following Benjamin’s lead, the article retraces the decades around 1900 as an era of transformation in which fundamental changes in the urban environment, in society and technology also lead to a crucial change of auditory experience. The new sounds of this era, from telephone rings to city noises to gramophone recordings, and the ways in which contemporaries dealt with them can therefore be used as a kind of sonic probe to detect broader transformations of modern experience.

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28

Low, Morris. "Kerim Yasar. Electrified Voices: How the Telephone, Phonograph, and Radio Shaped Modern Japan, 1868–1945." American Historical Review 124, n.º 5 (1 de diciembre de 2019): 1867–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhz857.

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29

Beauchamp, Christopher. "The Telephone Patents: Intellectual Property, Business, and the Law in the United States and Britain, 1876—1900". Enterprise & Society 9, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2008): 591–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700007539.

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This dissertation summary introduces a new perspective on the legal and economic history of patents in the late nineteenth century. Through a case study of the early telephone industry in Britain and the United States, the dissertation explores interactions between business strategies and national legal regimes, and proposes a revised view of the multi-layered relationship between patents and industrial organization.

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30

Stefan Schöberlein. "Call Me Maybe: Telephonic Romances and the Female Voice 1880–1920". American Literary Realism 51, n.º 1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/amerlitereal.51.1.0001.

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31

Bâtă, Ovidiu. "Dezvoltarea sistemului de comunicații în Bucovina - poștă, telegraf, telefon". Analele Bucovinei 60, n.º 2 (1 de septiembre de 2023): 371–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.56308/ab.2023.2.03.

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The study presents the great progress made by the institution of post, telegraph and telephone in Bukovina, especially in the 19th century, when, established on solid foundations, these institutions reached the level of organizations abroad and became important factors of modernization of society. Postal services emerged from the need for long-distance communication, which involved finding quick solutions for transporting or transmitting messages. Since the time of the military administration, a mail service on horseback was organized in Bukovina for military-administrative purposes. The first regular civil post office, with regular postal connections to Galicia and Transylvania, was opened in Chernivtsi on January 1, 1783, by the Viennese Johann Paul Vogel. The postal service has developed at a sustained pace in relation to population growth and ever-expanding business relations. In 1908, 213 post offices were operating. Relative to the area and number of inhabitants, a postal service covered 49 km2 and served 3 428 inhabitants. The steady, thoughtful and consistent development of the postal system over the decades was supplemented very early on by the introduction of the telegraph and, somewhat later, the telephone service. The first telegraph office that included Bukovina in the European telegraph network was established in Chernivtsi in 1855. At the end of 1896, the telegraph network had a total length of 764,34 km and 45 stations. In 1908, there were 104 post offices with telegraph service and 44 authorized railway telegraph stations. The first telephone exchange in Bukovina was built in 1883, in Chernivtsi, and then a fixed telephone network was extended in and between the cities and towns of Bukovina.

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32

Brickwood, Katie-Jane, Kiran D. K. Ahuja, Greig Watson, Jane A. O'Brien y Andrew D. Williams. "Effects of Activity Tracker Use With Health Professional Support or Telephone Counseling on Maintenance of Physical Activity and Health Outcomes in Older Adults: Randomized Controlled Trial". JMIR mHealth and uHealth 9, n.º 1 (5 de enero de 2021): e18686. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/18686.

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Background Despite a range of efforts to increase physical activity participation in Australia, inactivity levels in older adults have remained high over recent decades, contributing to increased rates of chronic health conditions. Lifestyle interventions, including telephone counseling (TC), improve physical activity participation and associated health outcomes over the short term; however, ongoing feedback and support is required to maintain these changes. Newer technologies such as wearable activity trackers (ATs) may offer an alternative method for providing ongoing support. Objective This study aims to investigate whether newer technologies such as wearable ATs assist in providing ongoing support to maintain physical activity levels and health outcomes. Methods Older adults aged >60 years who had just completed a 12-week face-to-face individualized community exercise program in Tasmania, Australia, participated in the study. They were randomized to receive AT, TC, or usual care (UC). All groups received a home exercise program and an optional referral to a community-based exercise program. The AT group also received an AT and text message feedback from an accredited exercise physiologist (AEP). The TC group received phone calls from an AEP throughout the 12-month intervention. The primary outcome was daily steps measured by an ActivPAL (TM) accelerometer at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months. Secondary outcome measures included body composition, blood pressure, 10-time sit-to-stand (TTSTS) test, timed up and go test, and cardiorespiratory fitness. This trial was approved by the Tasmanian Health and Medical Human Research Ethics Committee (H0014713). Results A total of 117 participants were randomized to the study (AT, n=37; TC, n=38; UC, n=42). At baseline, the participants (75/117, 64.1% female; mean age 72.4 years, SD 6.4) completed an average of 6136 steps (SD 2985) per day. Although there were no significant differences between groups, the TC and AT groups maintained daily step counts (mean difference [MD] −79 steps, 95% CI −823 to 663 steps; P=.81; and MD −588 steps, 95% CI −1359 to 182 steps; P=.09), and UC showed a reduction in daily steps (MD 981 steps, 95% CI −1668 to −294 steps; P=.003) during the 12-month period. Diastolic blood pressure was significantly higher after AT than after UC (MD 5.62 mm Hg, 95% CI 1.30 to 9.94 mm Hg; P=.01), and TTSTS was significantly slower on TC compared with UC (MD 2.36 seconds, 95% CI −0.14 to 4.87 seconds; P=.03). Conclusions The use of an AT with AEP support or TC is effective at maintaining daily step count in older adults over a 12-month period, suggesting that wearable ATs are as effective as TC. Further research to investigate which option is more cost-effective would be beneficial. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry ACTRN12615001104549; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=369118

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Yang, Daqing. "Electrified Voices: How the Telephone, Phonograph, and Radio Shaped Modern Japan, 1868–1945 by Kerim Yasar". Technology and Culture 61, n.º 4 (2020): 1233–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2020.0133.

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Mehl, Margaret. "Electrified Voices: How the Telephone, Phonograph, and Radio Shaped Modern Japan, 1868–1945 by Kerim Yasar". Journal of Japanese Studies 46, n.º 1 (2020): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jjs.2020.0025.

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Aalgaard, Scott W. "Electrified Voices: How the Telephone, Phonograph, and Radio Shaped Modern Japan, 1868–1945 by Kerim Yasar". Monumenta Nipponica 74, n.º 2 (2019): 288–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mni.2019.0034.

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Yang, Daqing. "Electrified Voices: How the Telephone, Phonograph, and Radio Shaped Modern Japan, 1868–1945 by Kerim Yasar". Technology and Culture 61, n.º 4 (2020): 1233–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2020.0133.

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FERDERER, J. PETER. "Advances in Communication Technology and Growth of the American Over-the-Counter Markets, 1876–1929". Journal of Economic History 68, n.º 2 (junio de 2008): 501–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050708000387.

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The rapid development of the nationwide telephone network following the expiration of the Bell patents in 1894, along with expansion of private wire telegraph networks, created the “nerve center” necessary for rapid growth in the decentralized, dealer-intermediated, over-the-counter security markets. Using membership roles from the National Quotation Bureau—the predecessor of the NASDAQ—I link growth in the number of dealers to the expansion of these communication networks prior to World War I. Moreover, trading activity on the organized stock exchanges fell during this period, suggesting that these technologies provided a competitive advantage to the over-the-counter markets.

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Cuchi Espada, Victor. "The water and the telephone. Relations between the City Council and a private company in Mexico City, 1881-1911". Anuario de Espacios Urbanos, Historia, Cultura y Diseño, n.º 10 (1 de diciembre de 2003): 35–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24275/egba1439.

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Martin, Michèle. "Feminisation of the Labour Process in the Communication Industry: The Case of the Telephone Operators, 1876-1904". Labour / Le Travail 22 (1988): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25143030.

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40

Beauchamp, C. "The Telephone Patents: Intellectual Property, Business, and the Law in the United States and Britain, 1876-1900". Enterprise and Society 9, n.º 4 (17 de septiembre de 2008): 591–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/es/khn084.

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41

Hochfelder, David. "A Comparison of the Postal Telegraph Movement in Great Britain and the United States, 1866–1900". Enterprise & Society 1, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2000): 739–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/es/1.4.739.

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This article places the British and American postal telegraph movements in the broader context of a transatlantic reform tradition. More specifically, British nationalization in 1870 gave American reformers both a rallying point and a rationale for postalizing the telegraphs. The legacies of both movements were mixed. In Britain, the postal telegraph provided inexpensive and accessible service, but it soon ran a large deficit and retarded the development of the telephone industry. In the United States, reformers failed to nationalize the telegraph or to secure a place in historical memory, but they succeeded in pressuring Western Union to provide better service, and they provided the impetus for the municipal ownership movement of the Progressive Era.

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Ruiz, Ana Maria Pita, Daniela de Assumpção, Deborah Carvalho Malta y Priscila Maria Stolses Bergamo Francisco. "Consumption of healthy food and ultra-processed products: comparison between pregnant and non-pregnant women, Vigitel 2018". Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil 21, n.º 2 (junio de 2021): 511–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-93042021000200009.

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Abstract Objectives: to characterize pregnant women’s eating habits and compare them to women of reproductive age, and to analyze the association between pregnancy and eating habits. Methods: a cross-sectional study with 13,108 women aged 18 to 50 years (179 pregnant women), included in the Vigitel 2018 telephone survey. Eating habits were assessed by the frequency of food consumption considered as food quality markers and by food eaten in previous day. NOVA classification was used to categorize food into: natural/minimally processed, and ultra-processed food products. The differences were verified by Pearson's Chi-square test and Poisson multiple regression. Results: in pregnant women, we observed lower percentages of natural juice intake (27.5%) and fruit (10.1%) 0-2 times/week, and higher percentages of juice (36.4%) 3-4 times and fruit (74.2%) ≥ 5 times/week compared to non-pregnant women. No differences were detected in the daily frequencies of food intake among the women. The day before the interview, almost 95% of the pregnant women consumed ultra-processed products. Pregnant women reported a lower frequency of soft drink consumption (12.3%) and sauces (7.4%) than non-pregnant women. Conclusion: pregnant women and non-pregnant women had high consumption of ultraprocessed products, highlighting the necessity of interventions, aiming to promote healthy eating.

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Sitotaw, Gebrehiwet. "The Psychological Effects of Abuse on Women in Ethiopia". International Journal of Psychology 8, n.º 1 (28 de marzo de 2023): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijp.1887.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the forms of abuse, the causes of abuse, physical and the psychological impact of abuse in Ethiopia. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low-cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Results: The results revealed that there exist conceptual and contextual gaps relating to the study on psychological impact of abuse on women in Ethiopia. Preliminary empirical review reveals that several forms of abuse exists in the Ethiopian communities which were due to inequality between men and women, patterns of using violence to resolve conflicts, male authority and control of decision making and transgression of gender roles. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Intra-individual theory and social-learning theory may be used to provide insight to the forms of abuse, the causes of abuse, physical and the psychological impact of abuse.

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Sousa, Ana Maria da Silva, Daine Fiuza, Fernanda Cristina Ferreira Mikami, Karen Cristine Abrão, Rossana Pulcineli Vieira Francisco y Marcelo Zugaib. "Evaluation of information retention and adherence to treatment in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus after multidisciplinary group". Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 62, n.º 3 (junio de 2016): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.62.03.212.

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SUMMARY Objective: To evaluate the retention of information after participation in multidisciplinary group in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) through a phone contact. Method: 122 pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes were included. After diagnosis of gestational diabetes, the patients were referred to the multidisciplinary group where they received medical, nutrition and nursing guidelines related to the disease. After three days these patients received one telephone call from a nurse, who made the same questions regarding the information received. In the statistical analysis, results were presented as absolute and relative frequencies. Results: Most patients 119/122 patients (97.5%) were managing to do self glucose monitoring. Twenty-one patients (17.2%) reported having difficulty performing the blood glucose, especially finger pricking. When questioning whether the woman was following the proposed diet, 24/122 (19.7%) patients said they did not; the meal frequency was not reached by 23/122 (18.9%) of the women, and forty-seven (38.5%) of the women reported having ingested sugar in the days following the guidance in multidisciplinary group. Conclusion: Regarding the proposed treatment, there was good adherence of patients, especially in relation to blood glucose monitoring. As for nutritional control, we observed greater difficulty in following the guidelines demonstrating the need for long-term monitoring, as well as further clarification to the patients about the importance of nutrition in diabetes management.

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Santos, Vanessa Luciani, Bruna Luiza Holand, Michele Drehmer y Vera Lúcia Bosa. "Sociodemographic and obstetric factors associated with the interruption of breastfeeding within 45 days postpartum - Maternar Cohort Study". Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil 21, n.º 2 (junio de 2021): 575–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-93042021000200013.

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Abstract Objectives: to evaluate and identify the prevalence of interruption of breastfeeding (BF) in the period of up to 45 days postpartum and the associated sociodemographic and obstetric factors. Methods: cohort of 622 puerperal women, selected between 2018 and 2019 in a reference maternity hospital in the South Brazil. Data collection was carried out in two phases, the first in the maternity hospital during hospitalization of the puerperal woman and the newborn and the second through a telephone call, which occurred 60 days after birth. Poisson regressions with robust variance were performed to identify the factors associated with interruption of BF in the first 45 days of life. The variables that presented p<0.20 in the crude analysis were included in the adjusted analysis. Results: the interruption of BF at 45 days was identified in 14% of the sample. Higher maternal age (PR= 0.46; CI95%= 0.22-0.93), eight years or less of education (PR= 2.11; CI95%= 1.05-4.25), support from the maternal grandmother (PR= 1.91; CI95%= 1.20-3.06) and receiving complement at the maternity hospital (PR= 1.53; CI95%= 1.04-2.25) were factors related to the interruption of BF in the 45-day postpartum period. Conclusion: maternal age ≥35 was a protective factor, and less education, the support of the maternal grandmother and receiving complement at the maternity hospital were predictors of early breastfeeding abandonment.

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Muriui, Danson. "Impact of Globalization on the Intensification of Economic, Political, Social and Cultural Relations in Africa". Journal of International Relations 3, n.º 1 (22 de marzo de 2023): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/jir.1868.

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Purpose: The study sought to investigate the impact of globalization on the intensification of economic, political, social and cultural relations in Africa. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Findings: The study concluded that more than that globalization is often seen by its proponents as facilitating a new idealism of economic openness, political transparency, and global culture. Globalization provides an opportunity for the advancement of common human standards and equality as norms and rules are channeled throughout the world. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study was informed by globalization theories on the with the focus on the hyperglobalist approach, the sceptical approach and the transformational approach on globalization, future studies could benefit from this theory especially in other research context. This study will be insightful to researchers as it articulates the impact of globalization on the intensification of economic, political, social and cultural relations in Africa.

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Hassell, Yonette y Annie Bartlett. "The changing climate for women patients in medium secure psychiatric units". Psychiatric Bulletin 25, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2001): 340–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.25.9.340.

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Aims and MethodWe conducted a telephone survey of medium secure units in England and Wales to determine the distribution of women patients.ResultsThe survey identified 1836 medium secure beds, housing 342 women patients. Women in the NHS were housed primarily in mixed-gender units (170 women, 94%). Most NHS beds in single-gender units were for men (56 beds), whereas most private sector beds in single-gender units were for women (79 beds).Clinical ImplicationsIncreased awareness of the often inappropriateness of services for women in mixed-gender units has led to units deciding not to admit women patients and, inadvertently, more single-gender beds for men in NHS units than for women. The NHS units have to rely on private sector units to provide beds in single-gender units for women, perhaps at the expense of effective continuity of care.

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DiNardo, Richard L. "A transitory phenomenon: German commanders and chiefs of staff, 1866–1918". War in History 29, n.º 1 (enero de 2022): 20–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344520937138.

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This article examines the relationship between commanders and chiefs of staff during the period of the Wars of German Unification and the entirety of the Kaiserreich. The practice of pairing up a commander and a chief of staff was one that was specific to Germany. Traditional scholarship holds that in many cases, it was really the chief of staff who did all the thinking, while the commander was nothing more than a front man. The primary example of this was the relationship between Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff. The problem is that unthinking historians have projected relationship of this particular duo on the rest of the imperial German army. One of the reasons for this was the presence of members of German royal families in high command positions. This article suggests that first, commanders, including royal family members, were far more influential than their chiefs of staff. In addition, the power wielded by chiefs of staff also reflected the nagging problem of battlefield communications, especially given the limitations of telephone and early wireless radio. Once these difficulties were eliminated by the collapse of the imperial regime, and the development of radio, the power of chiefs of staff was severely curbed by 1939. Thus, the relationship between commanders and chiefs of staff was at best a transitory phenomenon.

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49

Hochfelder, David. "Constructing an Industrial Divide: Western Union, AT&T, and the Federal Government, 1876–1971". Business History Review 76, n.º 4 (2002): 705–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4127707.

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An 1879 contract between Western Union and Bell partitioned the electrical communications industry between the telegraph and telephone markets. Historians typically view this contract as the start of both Western Union's decline and Bell's rise, and they have treated these as largely separate processes. This article argues instead that these processes were linked by a porous and shifting boundary between the two industries. Legal, technical, and regulatory factors interacted to shape this boundary over the next century. The 1879 contract failed to keep Bell out of long-distance communications, as Bell used its market power, geographic reach, and technological superiority to penetrate this boundary. Throughout much of the twentieth century, federal regulators and Western Union executives attempted to strengthen this divide through regulatory means. The attempt failed because AT&T controlled key telegraph technologies and had considerable market power. While regulators propped up Western Union as the only competitor to AT&T, by the 1960s it was offering only token competition.

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Diniz, Roberta Wolp, Maximiliano Ribeiro Guerra, Jane Rocha Duarte Cintra, Vívian Assis Fayer y Maria Teresa Bustamante Teixeira. "Disease-free survival in patients with non-metastatic breast cancer". Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 62, n.º 5 (agosto de 2016): 407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.62.05.407.

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SUMMARY Introduction: Breast cancer is the second most common malignancy in the world and the one with highest incidence in the female population; it is also a major cause of death from cancer among women. Objective: To analyze the disease-free survival (DFS) at 5 years and prognostic factors in women with non-metastatic invasive breast cancer treated at a referral center for cancer care located in a medium-sized city in the Southeast of Brazil. Method: Patients diagnosed with the disease between 2003 and 2005 and identified through the institution’s cancer hospital records were analyzed. The follow-up of cases was carried out through hospital records, and complemented by search in the database of the Mortality Information System (SIM) as well as telephone contact. The variables analyzed were distributed in the following blocks: socio-demographic data, tumor-related characteristics, and treatment-related characteristics. Survival functions were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and the prognostic factors were analyzed based on Cox proportional hazard model. Results: The study showed a DFS at 5 years of 72% (95CI 67.6-75.9). The main variables independently associated with DFS were lymph node involvement, use of hormone therapy, and education level. Conclusion: This study reinforces the importance of early diagnosis for DFS, pointing to the role of social aspects in this regard. The relevance of this research in the country is also highlighted, given the scarcity of studies on DFS in the Brazilian population.

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