Literatura académica sobre el tema "Teck – Cultures – Laos"

In North America, there are over one hundred programs and labs committed to collaborative experimentation in art and technology. This article examines the current prominence of art and technology labs in the context of the resurgence of collaborative practice in the arts, not only between artists, but also among a wide range of cross-disciplinary groupings of designers, scientists, engineers, scholars, and others. The push for collaboration in the arts is part of a recalibration of the meaning of “research” as it is understood by arts practitioners, and among the legacies of institutional critique has been the expanded engagement of artists in contexts that move beyond galleries and museums and into, among other places, universities, businesses, science and tech labs, and research facilities. At the same time, the massive growth of the tech sector has given rise to a new generation of speculative research enterprise, from Google to SpaceX, which shares, to some degree, the expansive research and development horizons of advanced art. Some of the most prominent current art and tech projects explicitly draw on the legacy of precursor programs from the 1960s to establish a lineage and to confer art historical legitimacy on the new versions. This article examines two art and tech projects, at MIT and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), and their strategic deployment of their 1960s antecedents: György Kepes’s Center for Advanced Visual Studies (CAVS) and Maurice Tuchman’s Art & Technology program (A&T), respectively. This examination argues that the loss of a radical vision that preceded the 1960s labs rendered them untenable and explores how the art and technology labs furthered a larger shift from progressive liberalism to neoliberalism. While these earlier projects were short-lived and the targets of considerable criticism, not least because of their connections with military and corporate clients, in the twenty-first century the legacies of CAVS and A&T have been unproblematically reclaimed. Contemporary art and tech projects, we argue, are in danger of succumbing to the same techno-utopianism as their 1960s iterations, and the same military-industrial allegiances that tainted the earlier projects continue to underpin twenty-first-century collaborations.

Abstract This business research case introduces Cogent Labs, a Japanese high-tech start-up that provides AI-driven technologies, is making the critical transition from an entrepreneur-driven to a mature management-run organization, the company’s business context and technology development. That requires to harmonize the entrepreneurial and managerial capacity, by a collaborative approach integrating cross-functional product teams. The high-tech start-up has demonstrated ability to overcome the transitional stage of the first entrepreneurship to stability and sustainability through the management, while at the same time keeping innovation by adding Natural Language Processing and Times-Series developments, and creativity; rapidly developing new products. The business case demonstrates that in the start-up to managerial transition of a high-tech start-up the key success factor lies in the motivation and coordination of the different professional cultures -scientific and engineering- that should collaborate in the AI research and fast development of viable products. The method is based on interviews conducted with key executives and a strategic analysis of the firm and its rapidly evolving context in terms of artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning. The start-up company develops AI-based applications like Tegaki AI, supporting their initial clients from the financial sector in the incremental automation of business processes, based on AI-and Internet of Things (IoT)-driven business processes. Tegaki AI triggers non-strategic business decisions through optical character recognition (OCR) and optical handwriting recognition (OHR) algorithms that show 99.2% accuracy. This business case describes the context of entrepreneurship ecosystems in Japan and the economic emergence of business smartization solutions through the new AI paradigm and OHR.

Abstract Control of protein turnover via regulation of the rates of protein synthesis and degradation is one of the principal means by which cell signaling networks can be modulated. This regulation can also be achieved through alterations in post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation. The human genome encodes ~21,300 proteins, and over 95% of these are subjected to reversible phosphorylation at nearly a million sites by at least 568 protein kinases (PK) and about 156 protein phosphatases (PP). The aim of current study was to use differential treatments of cultured cells with diverse agents to uncover connectivities between protein kinases and their substrates to elucidate the architecture of signaling networks. Western blot analyses showed that the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin (Alomone labs, Israel) and the mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitor arsenate (Sigma, Saint Louis, MO) both increased ribosomal proteins S6 (RPS6) S235+S236+S240 phosphorylation. There were similar patterns of activatory phosphorylations observed for upstream kinases of RPS6, including p70S6K at T255 and RSK1 at S380. Anisomycin and arsenate also enhanced activatory phosphorylation of the kinases p38α at T180+Y182 and CK2α at Y255. We explored whether or not the effect of anisomycin or arsenate on these protein kinases were dependent on mTOR signaling with its inhibitor rapamycin (Calbiochem, EMD Chemicals Inc.), which by itself slightly increased the RPS6 S235+S236+S240 phosphorylation. However, rapamycin completely blocked both anisomycin and arsenate induced RPS6 phosphorylation. Rapamycin did not block phosphorylation of p38α MAPK T180 and Y182 in response to anisomycin or arsenate. The results of CK2α Y255 phosphorylation were particularly interesting, because rapamycin treatment alone increased the phosphorylation at this site as did anisomycin alone, but the combination of these inhibitors blocked this phosphorylation. However, CK2α Y255 phosphorylation in response to arsenate alone and in combination with rapamycin showed that the arsenate induction of phosphorylation was not dependent on mTOR signaling. We hypothesized that this mTOR-independent signaling pathway involves the activation of protein-tyrosine kinases that may target both CK2a and p38 MAPK. Therefore, we designed an in vitro experiment and we found that some protein-tyrosine kinases like Blk, Bmx, Btk, EGFR, Fer, Fes, Frk, Fyn, LynA, Pyk2, Src, Syk, Tec, and TrkB can significantly phosphorylate p38 MAPK at Y182 and CK2α at Y255, whereas some other protein-tyrosine kinases such as Fgr, InsR, Jak2, Met, and Txk primarily targeted CK2α at Y255. We also demonstrated that p38 MAPK is able to directly phosphorylate CK2α near its C-terminus at T360 and S362, and this correlated with activation of its casein phosphotransferase activity. Citation Format: Hamidreza Galavi, Steven Pelech. Phosphorylationdependent control of protein synthesis in response to inhibitors of mRNA translation and mitochondrial respiration in HeLa cancer cell line [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 2554.

1) Congreso/Congress: University of Rome "Roma Tre" (Department of Foreign Languages, Literatures and Cultures). International Conference: Terms and Terminology in the European Context, 23-24 October 2014 (Department of Foreign Languages, Literatures and Cultures, Via del Valco San Paolo, 19, Rome – ITALY). For queries regarding the congress please contact: ttec.roma3@gmail.com 2) Congreso/Congress: “XI Congreso Traducción, Texto e Interferencias” (UNIA, Baeza) Call for papers until 30 June 2014: http://www.uco.es/congresotraduccion/index.php?sec=home 3) Taller/Workshop: 4th International Workshop on Computational Terminology, CompuTerm 2014, COLING 2014 Workshop, 23rd or 24th August 2014, Dublin, Ireland, http://perso.limsi.fr/hamon/Computerm2014/ Submissions should follow the COLING 2014 instruction for authors (http://www.coling-2014.org/call-for-papers.php) and be formatted using the COLING 2014 stylefiles for latex, MS Word or LibreOffice (http://www.coling-2014.org/doc/coling2014.zip), with blind review and not exceeding 8 pages plus two extra pages for references. The PDF files will be submitted electronically at https://www.softconf.com/coling2014/WS-9/ 4) Congreso/Congress: 34th TRANSLATOR’S WEEK, 1st INTERNATIONAL TRANSLATION SYMPOSIUM (SIT), São Paulo State University (Unesp), September 22-26, 2014, São José do Rio Preto (Brazil). The official languages of the event are Portuguese, Spanish, English, Italian and French. Contact: Angélica (Comisión Organizadora), angelica@ibilce.unesp.br 5) Congreso/Congress: Cardiff University Postgraduate Conference, 27 May 14: “The Translator: Competence, Credentials, Creativity”. Keynote speaker: Professor Theo Hermans (UCL).The event is kindly supported by the University Graduate College and the European School of Languages, Politics and Translation. For queries, please contact the.translator.pg.conference@gmail.com. 6) Congreso/Congress: International Conference, 3rd T&R (Theories & Realities in Translation & wRiting) Forum. Organized by the University of Western Brittany, Brest (FRANCE), in collaboration with KU Leuven/Thomas More (Campus Antwerpen, BELGIUM), with the support of AFFUMT (Association française des formations universitaires aux métiers de la traduction) and the participation of Università Suor Orsola Benincasa (Naples, ITALY): “Traduire/écrire la science aujourd’hui - Translating/Writing Science Today” Please submit an abstract of approximately 300 words by 15 June 2014 to Jean-Yves Le Disez (jean-yves.ledisez@univ-brest.fr, Joanna Thornborrow joanna.thornborrow@univ-brest.fr and Winibert Segers (Winibert.Segers@kuleuven.be). For more information on previous events and the forthcoming conference : http://www.univ-brest.fr/TR, http://www.lessius.eu/TNR 7) Congreso/Congress: “The International Conference of Journals and Translation”, Jinan University, Guangzhou, CHINA, on 28-29 June 2014. The conference is hosted by the School of Foreign Studies, Jinan University, Guangzhou, CHINA. The official languages of the conference are English and Chinese. Contact information: Yan, Fangming（颜方明86-13751750040; Li, Zhiyu（李知宇86-13824451625. 8) Congreso/Conference: PACTE Group is organising two events on the subject of the didactics of translation. These events will be held at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (SPAIN) in July 2014. SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RESEARCH INTO THE DIDACTICS OF TRANSLATION (8-9 July 2014). SECOND SPECIALIST SEMINAR ON THE DIDACTICS OF TRANSLATION (7 July 2014). Further information about the conference and the seminar: http://grupsderecerca.uab.cat/pacte/en/content/didtrad-2014 9) Simposio/Symposium: “Translation in Music” Symposium, held on 25-26 May 2014, and co-organized by the European School of Languages, Politics and Translation (Cardiff University). Please see the following website for details: www.cardiff.ac.uk/music/translationinmusic 10) Revistas/Journals: “The Journal of Intercultural Communication and Mediation”, “CULTUS Journal” www.cultusjournal.com Next Issue: Cultus7 : “Transcreation and the Professions” Call for papers (Issue 7, 2014): 9th June. Submission info at: www.cultusjournal.com Contact: David Katan, Interlinguistic Mediation/Translation and Interpretation Department of Humanities, University of the Salento (Lecce), via Taranto 35 - 73100 Lecce (ITALY), tel.+39 0832/294111. 11) Revistas/Journals: Invitation for Submissions (Vol. 3, 2014): Translation Spaces: A multidisciplinary, multimedia, and multilingual journal of translation, published annually by John Benjamins Publishing Company. Please consult our guidelines, and submit all manuscripts through the online submission and manuscript tracking site, indicating for which track and Board member the manuscript is to be addressed: (1) Translation, Globalization, and Communication Technology (Frank Austermühl); (2) Translation, Information, Culture, and Society (Gregory M. Shreve); (3) Translation, Government, Law and Policy (Michael Geist); (4) Translation, Computation, and Information (Sharon O’Brien); (5) Translation and Entertainment (Minako O’Hagan); (6) Translation, Commerce, and Economy (Keiran J. Dunne); and (7) Translation as an Object of Study (Ricardo Muñoz Martín). 12) Revistas/Journals: PR for Linguistica The editorial board of the peer reviewed journal Linguistica Antverpiensia NS-Themes in Translation Studies is happy to announce the launch of its new Open Journal format. LANS-TTS published 11 annual issues devoted to current themes in Translation Studies between 2002 and 2012, and will continue to publish annually on selected TS themes, but in open access, and can be downloaded from: ‪https://lans-tts.uantwerpen.be Its first digital issue is entitled “Research models and methods in legal translation”. It has been guest edited by Łucja Biel (University of Warsaw, POLAND) & Jan Engberg (Aarhus University, DENMARK). 13) Revistas/Journals: CALL FOR PAPERS The Yearbook of Phraseology would like to invite you to submit papers on the relationship between phraseology and translation. The Yearbook of Phraseology is published by Mouton de Gruyter (Berlin, Boston) and has already been indexed by many scientific databases. It has recently been added to the MLA International Bibliography. Our editorial board includes reknown linguists such as Dmitrij Dobrovol’kij (Moscow), Christiane Fellbaum (Princeton), Sylviane Granger (Louvain), Wolfgang Mieder (Vermont), Alison Wray (Cardiff) and others. We have also been able to rely on international experts for reviewing our submissions: Igor Mel’cuk, Doug Biber, Uli Heid, Barbara Wotjak, etc. The web page of the journal is: http://www.degruyter.com/view/serial/42771 For more information, please contact: Dr. Jean-Pierre Colson (Institut Marie Haps / Université catholique de Louvain), Yearbook of Phraseology / Editor. 14) Libros/Books: Peter Lang Oxford invites proposals for the book series: New Trends in Translation Studies (www.peterlang.com?newtrans). Series Editor: Jorge Díaz-Cintas (Director), Centre for Translation Studies (CenTraS), University College London (UK). Advisory Board: Susan Bassnett, University of Warwick, UK Lynne Bowker, University of Ottawa, Canada Frederic Chaume, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain Aline Remael, Artesis University College Antwerp, Belgium This series is based at the Centre for Translation Studies (CenTraS), University College London (www.ucl.ac.uk/centras). For more information, please contact Dr. Laurel Plapp, Commissioning Editor, Peter Lang Oxford, 52 St Giles, Oxford OX1 3LU (UK). Email: l.plapp@peterlang.com. Tel: 01865 514160. 15) Libros/Books: New book: Transfiction. Research into the realities of translation fiction, edited by Klaus Kaindl & Karlhienz Spitzl, Series: Benjamins Translation Library (BTL 110), ISSN: 0929-7316 16) Libros/Books: New book on classical Chinese literature and translation: CHAN, KELLY K.Y.: Ambivalence in poetry: Zhu Shuzhen, a classical Chinese poetess? http://www.amazon.com/Ambivalence-poetry-Shuzhen-classical-Chinese/dp/3639700791 17) Libros/Books: Nueva publicación de TRAMA: MARTÍ FERRIOL, JOSÉ LUIS: El método de traducción: doblaje y subtitulación frente a frente www.tenda.uji.es/pls/www/!GCPPA00.GCPPR0002?lg=CA&isbn=978-84-8021-940-2 18) Libros/Books: Piotr de Bończa Bukowski & Magda Heydel (Eds.), Anthology of Polish Translation Studies, published in Kraków (POLAND). For further details : http://www.wuj.pl/page,produkt,prodid,2184,strona,Polska_mysl_przekladoznawcza,katid,126.html. 19) Libros/Books: Nuevo libro: Nicolas Froeliger: Les noces de l’analogique et du numérique, París: Les Belles Lettres, 2014. 20) Libros/Books: New book on the reception of Italian Literature in Spain: CAMPS, Assumpta (2014). Traducción y recepción de la literatura italiana en España. Barcelona: Edicions UB. 21) Libros/Books: New book on the reception of Italian Literature in Spain: CAMPS, Assumpta (2014). Italia en la prensa periódica durante el franquismo. Barcelona: Edicions UB. 22) Cursos de verano/Summer Courses: EMUNI Ibn Tibbon Translation Studies Summer School, June 2014. Application is now open for the Ibn Tibbon Translation Studies Doctoral and Teacher Training Summer School, organized by University of Ljubljana (Slovenia), Boğaziçi University (Turkey), University of Turku and University of East Finland (Finland), University of Granada (Spain), and to be held at the University of Granada (Spain) in June 2014. The School is open to doctoral students, teachers of translation at the MA level, and other academics and professionals who are involved in research in Translation Studies. For more information, please visit: http://www.prevajalstvo.net/emuni-doctoral-summer-school http://tradinter.ugr.es/pages/emuni Or contact: emuni_summerschool@ugr.es 23) Cursos de verano/Summer Courses: Intensive Summer Course in Translation Technology, held by the Centre for Translation Studies at UCL, London (UK), in August 2014. This is open to professionals and teachers as well as students. Application deadline: 23rd May 2014 For more information, visit : www.ucl.ac.uk/centras/prof-courses/summer-translation/translation-tech-intensive To apply for a place, email Lindsay Bywood: lindsay.bywood.13@ucl.ac.uk 24) Cursos de verano/Summer Courses: The Nida School of Translation Studies 2014 Call for participants: The Nida School of Translation Studies ,2014 May 26 – June 6, 2014 San Pellegrino University Foundation Campus Misano Adriatico (Rimini), Italy “Translation as Interpretation” This year marks the Nida School’s eighth year of advancing research and providing specialized training in translation studies through a transdisciplinary approach that incorporates a focus on religious discourse. NSTS is seeking engaged scholars and qualified professionals looking to expand their skills, engage with peers, and explore the interface of practice and cutting edge theory. The NSTS 2014 Associate Application form may be found here: https://secure.jotform.us/mhemenway/nsts2014app. For more information on the 2014 session or to apply, go to http://nsts.fusp.it/nida-schools/nsts-2014, or contact Dr. Roy E. Ciampa at roy.ciampa@fusp.it. 25) Cursos de verano/Summer Courses: POSTCOLONIAL TRANSLATION STUDIES AND BEYOND: RESEARCHING TRANSLATION IN AFRICA - SUMMER SCHOOL FOR TRANSLATION STUDIES IN AFRICA The Departments of Linguistics and Language Practice at the University of the Free State, Afrikaans and Dutch at the University of Stellenbosch and Literature and Language at the University of Zambia, in cooperation with IATIS, are presenting the Third Summer School for Translation Studies (SSTSA) in Africa from 18 to 22 August 2014. The hosts are the University of Zambia in Lusaka. SSTSA 2014 will be followed by a regional conference hosted by IATIS at the same venue on 23 and 24 August 2014. For participants to SSTSA 2014, entry to the conference is free, provided they read a paper. For detailed information and registration forms, visit the website of the Summer School at: http://www.ufs.ac.za/SSTSA.

This business research case introduces Cogent Labs, a Japanese high-tech start-up that provides AI-driven technologies, is making the critical transition from an entrepreneur-driven to a mature management-run organization, the company’s business context and technology development. That requires to harmonize the entrepreneurial and managerial capacity, by a collaborative approach integrating cross-functional product teams. The high-tech start-up has demonstrated ability to overcome the transitional stage of the first entrepreneurship to stability and sustainability through the management, while at the same time keeping innovation by adding Natural Language Processing and Times-Series developments, and creativity; rapidly developing new products. The business case demonstrates that in the start-up to managerial transition of a high-tech start-up the key success factor lies in the motivation and coordination of the different professional cultures –scientific and engineering- that should collaborate in the AI research and fast development of viable products. The method is based on interviews conducted with key executives and a strategic analysis of the firm and its rapidly evolving context in terms of artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning. The start-up company develops AI-based applications like Tegaki AI, supporting their initial clients from the financial sector in the incremental automation of business processes, based on AI- and Internet of Things (IoT)-driven business processes. Tegaki AI triggers non-strategic business decisions through optical character recognition (OCR) and optical handwriting recognition (OHR) algorithms that show 99.2% accuracy. This business case describes the context of entrepreneurship ecosystems in Japan and the economic emergence of business smartization solutions through the new AI paradigm and OHR.

Laos is a remarkable country situated at the crossroads of the political and economic processes in the region of Southeast Asia. The country is rich in natural wealth, which is exploited mainly by foreign actors and influences the distribution of prosperity for the benefit of domestic political elites. This paper focuses on the peculiarities of the current economic development, the structure of the national economy, involvement in international economic relations, and the current economic dynamics of the national economy. We will try to point out the perspectives of economic development as well. To reach the purpose of the paper, we use the basic methods of research, including synthesis, deduction, comparison, or mathematical methods, and work with scientific literature, statistics of international databases and data of national institutions. The results suggest that Laos, as the least developed country, is still dependent on exogenous factors that prevent productivity gains and, consequently, qualitative economic growth. Economic structure hinders economic growth and socio-economic development as well. Capital-intensive but low-tech industries do not create highly qualified jobs, thus producing low standards of living.

Western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don) is one of the most important commercial tree species in British Columbia, generates more than $1 billion in economic activity annually and about 8-10 million trees are planted in reforestation efforts (Gregory et al. 2018). It has been selected as the provincial tree of British Columbia (BC) because of its tremendous economic, ecoogical and cultural value. However, foliar diseases such as leaf blights have serious impact on redcedar growth and may cause significant loss of tree volume (Russell, 2007). Our 2014 - 2015 surveys of western redcedar forests in coastal areas of BC indicated high incidence of a distinctive type of blight. We observed the incidence of this disease on more than 80% of western redcedar (approximately 493) trees from late May to early December. Early symptoms appeared as circular to oval, brownish to black spots (2–3 mm), 1–5 spots per branch tip, scattered at the tip margins. Sequentially, the spots enlarged and developed into necrotic lesions on both young and old leaves. More than 50 symptomatic leaves from 10 different trees were collected and rinsed in distilled water then surface-sterilized with three times washing in Tween 20 (%5 solution) for 2 minutes (each time) and %70 ethanol for 30 second (3 times repeat). Tissues from under lesions were placed on MEA (Malt Extract Agar; Phyto Tech® labs-Product ID: M498) and PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar; Phyto Tech® Labs-Product ID: P772). The plates were incubated at 21°C in the dark. They developed distinct dull white to brown, cottony colonies with each black acervuli approximately 450-500µm. The isolates produced fusiform conidia with four cells. They didn’t have any distinct color. The conidiophore size was approximately 23-24 x 2-3 µm with mostly hyaline to light brown color, branched and conidiogenous was hyaline and not branched and simple. The spore size was approximately 15-20μm by 7-10μm with three transverse septa and endogenous papillae with hyaline apical appendages. Next, we collected spores and replated them on fresh MEA media culture and placed back in the incubator to produce pure cultures. We studied conidia from leaves of trees mentioned above using light and electron microscopy using Hitachi S-3500N Scanning Electron Microscope (Noshad et al. 2023). After morphological study, further identification to the species level conducted using Zambounis and Wenneker’s approach (Zambounis 2019; Wenneker,2017). Genomic DNA from two single-spore isolates were isolated and sequenced. Sequences of ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) region amplified using primers ITS1/ITS4 and sequenced. Final sequences were deposited in Genbank and published (accession numbers OP086244 and OP086251). Blast analysis of these sequences showed 99% and 99% resemblances with T. angustata sequence (Sutton 1980). To verify its pathogenicity, we performed a comprehensive pathogenicity test to fulfill Koch’s postulates. We collected their distinctive spores in an aseptic environment and standardized them (5000/ml) using a haemocytometer. Then we inoculated 100 western redcedar seedlings (three years old) by injecting standardized spore suspension solution (inoculum) using ultra-fine 0.3ml, 31G, 8mm syringes (approximately 0.1ml per inoculation site). Ten positive control seedlings were inoculated with distilled water and ten negative control seedlings were not inoculated at all. All inoculated (experimental) seedlings demonstrated same symptoms (black spots and characteristic spores) after eight weeks. None of the control seedlings showed any similar symptoms. In the next stage, we isolated and cultured spores from inoculated seedlings and studied them. The identity of reisolates confirmed using DNA sequencing. We used these spores for our next set of disease screening which was successful again. We identified Truncatella angustata (Pers.) Hughes as the causal agent for shoot-tip blight (STB) on western redcedar by examining morphological and molecular characteristics of the pathogen. This is the first report of T. angustata as a primary pathogen on western redcedar in British Columbia, Canada.

Television is the archetype of all mass media. As sight is the sense which provides us with the most direct experience of things, television makes us feel that what we see is in fact real, and in this way contributes powerfully to the forming of public opinion. Most of the new forms of behaviour are imposed by television. The image overpowers our thinking and converts everything that doesn’t appear on the screen as irrelevant. It seems to be impossible to imagine our world without television, the most powerful provider of audiovisual messages ever to exist. Our eyes receive in just a few hours more images than those received by tens of generations previous to ours. The power of these images is taken advantage of by advertising, which by means of short, dynamic images is capable of seducing the TV viewer, enticing him or her to consume products which, in reality, are far from having the «marvellous» characteristics which television provides them with. Television has favoured consumerism. The consumer society, born in The United States in the 1920s and extended thirty years later to the rest of the developed countries has been strengthened by the growth of television and the enormous amount of time that people spend opposite a TV screen, more than three hours on average. The abundance of material goods shown for the first time to be available to all citizens concorded with their possibility of purchasing them and enjoying them. Consumerism is stimulated by advertisements which appear on television and satisfies the individual’s hunger to buy. This percentage is greater among young people and teenagers, the majority of whom dedicate less time to reading, show little interest in school material, watch a lot of television, play videogames, etc. There are a lot of studies offering information which shows that the abuse of audiovisual material leads to a type of passive learning, causing the children to be less creative and imaginative, and many even lose their curiosity to learn. But not everything which appears on television is damaging to the learning of good habits and behaviour. From schools, educational campaigns orientated towards the positive use of the media should be carried out in order to convert them into a tool for learning; at the same time, parents should tech their children that everything that they see or hear on the media doesn’t always correspond to reality. The present study intends to analyse how the associations of TV viewers defend the television audiences and try to regulate the contents which appear on the screen, with the main objective of regulating the television contents which directly reach the consumer. The concept of associations of TV viewers in Spain is a new one and still doesn’t have any real weight in the choice of contents or in the control of what type of programmes appear on television. The power of television in the forming of opinions, fashions and consumerism in the viewer, as well as the role which the Associations of TV viewers perform, are the core of what it has based this study on. La Televisión es el medio de comunicación por excelencia. Al ser la visión el sentido que proporciona una experiencia más directa de las cosas, la televisión desprende la sensación de que lo que en ella se ve es la realidad, y por esto contribuye poderosamente a formar la opinión pública. La mayor parte de las nuevas vías de comportamiento las impone la televisión. La imagen domina sobre la reflexión y convierte en caduco todo lo que no aparece en pantalla. Parece que no es posible imaginar nuestro mundo sin televisión, el medio difusor de mensajes audiovisuales más potente hasta hoy. Los ojos reciben en pocas horas más imágenes que durante cientos de años recibieron decenas de generaciones anteriores a la nuestra. Ese poder de las imágenes es aprovechado por la publicidad, que con imágenes cortas y dinámicas es capaz de seducir al telespectador incitándolo a consumir productos que, en la realidad, se alejan del carácter «maravilloso» que le confiere la televisión. La televisión ha favorecido el consumismo. La sociedad de consumo, nacida en Estados Unidos en la década de 1920 y extendida treinta años después al resto de naciones desarrolladas, se ha visto respaldada por el auge de la televisión y la ingente cantidad de horas que una persona dedica a estar frente a la pantalla, más de tres horas de media. La abundancia de bienes materiales puestos por primera vez a disposición de todos los ciudadanos concordaba con la posibilidad de éstos de adquirirlos y de disfrutarlos. El consumismo es estimulado por la publicidad que aparece en televisión y satisface la pasión compradora del individuo, al tiempo que le proporciona seguridad en sí mismo y le permite repetir los actos de elección. Cada vez más, se dedica mayor porcentaje de tiempo a la interacción con la televisión. Este porcentaje es mayor en jóvenes y adolescentes, que, en su mayoría dedican menos tiempo a la lectura, se interesan poco por las materias escolares, ven mucho la televisión, utilizan videojuegos, etc. Son muchos los estudios que han arrojado datos que demuestran que el abuso de soportes audiovisuales configura un estilo de aprendizaje pasivo, lo que motiva que los niños sean menos creativos e imaginativos e, incluso, muchos pierdan la curiosidad por aprender. Pero no todo lo que aparece en televisión resulta nocivo para la adquisición de hábitos y conductas. Desde la escuela, se deberían realizar campañas educativas orientadas al buen uso de los medios para convertirlos en una herramienta de aprendizaje; a su vez, los padres, deberían enseñar a sus hijos que todo lo que se ve u oye en medios, no corresponde muchas veces con la realidad. El presente trabajo pretende analizar cómo las asociaciones de telespectadores defienden a las audiencias televisivas e intentan regular los contenidos que aparecen en pantalla, con el fin principal de regular los contenidos televisivos que llegan directamente al consumidor. El asociacionismo de telespectadores en España es incipiente y todavía no ejerce un peso específico en los contenidos y en el control de lo que aparece en la programación televisiva. El poder de la televisión para conformar estados de opinión, modas y consumismo en el espectador así como el papel que ejercen las Asociaciones de Telespectadores son los ejes en los que se centra la temática de esta comunicación.

This article explores how fat women protesting challenges norms of womanhood, the place of women in society, and who has the power to have their say in public spaces. We use the term fat as a political reclamation; Fat Studies scholars and fat activists prefer the term fat, over the normative term “overweight” and the pathologising term “obese/obesity” (Lee and Pausé para 3). Who is and who isn’t fat, we suggest, is best left to self-determination, although it is generally accepted by fat activists that the term is most appropriately adopted by individuals who are unable to buy clothes in any store they choose. Using a tweet from conservative commentator Ann Coulter as a leaping-off point, we examine the narratives around women in the public sphere and explore how fat bodies might transgress further the norms set by society. The public representations of women in politics and protest are then are set in the context of ‘activist wisdom’ (Maddison and Scalmer) from two sides of the globe. Activist wisdom gives preference to the lived knowledge and experience of activists as tools to understand social movements. It seeks to draw theoretical implications from the practical actions of those on the ground. In centring the experiences of ourselves and other activists, we hope to expand existing understandings of body politics, gender, and political power in this piece. It is important in researching social movements to look both at the representations of protest and protestors in all forms of media as this is the ‘public face’ of movements, but also to examine the reflections of the individuals who collectively put their weight behind bringing social change.A few days after the 45th President of the United States was elected, people around the world spilled into the streets and participated in protests; precursors to the Women’s March which would take place the following January. Pictures of such marches were shared via social media, demonstrating the worldwide protest against the racism, misogyny, and overall oppressiveness, of the newly elected leader. Not everyone was supportive of these protests though; one such conservative commentator, Ann Coulter, shared this tweet: Image1: A tweet from Ann Coulter; the tweet contains a picture of a group of protestors, holding signs protesting Trump, white supremacy, and for the rights of immigrants. In front of the group, holding a megaphone is a woman. Below the picture, the text reads, “Without fat girls, there would be no protests”.Coulter continued on with two more tweets, sharing pictures of other girls protesting and suggesting that the protestors needed a diet programme. Kivan Bay (“Without Fat Girls”) suggested that perhaps Coulter was implying that skinny girls do not have time to protest because they are too busy doing skinny girl things, like buying jackets or trying on sweaters. Or perhaps Coulter was arguing that fat girls are too visible, too loud, and too big, to be taken seriously in their protests. These tweets provide a point of illustration for how fat women protesting challenge norms of womanhood, the place of women in society, and who has the power to have their say in public spaces While Coulter’s tweet was most likely intended as a hostile personal attack on political grounds, we find it useful in its foregrounding of gender, bodies and protest which we consider in this article, beginning with a review of fat girls’ role in social justice movements.Across the world, we can point to fat women who engage in activism related to body politics and more. Australian fat filmmaker and activist Kelli Jean Drinkwater makes documentaries, such as Aquaporko! and Nothing to Lose, that queer fat embodiment and confronts body norms. Newly elected Ontario MPP Jill Andrew has been fighting for equal rights for queer people and fat people in Canada for decades. Nigerian Latasha Ngwube founded About That Curvy Life, Africa’s leading body positive and empowerment site, and has organised plus-size fashion show events at Heineken Lagos Fashion and Design Week in Nigeria in 2016 and the Glitz Africa Fashion Week in Ghana in 2017. Fat women have been putting their bodies on the line for the rights of others to live, work, and love. American Heather Heyer was protesting the hate that white nationalists represent and the danger they posed to her friends, family, and neighbours when she died at a rally in Charlottesville, North Carolina in late 2017 (Caron). When Heyer was killed by one of those white nationalists, they declared that she was fat, and therefore her body size was lauded loudly as justification for her death (Bay, “How Nazis Use”; Spangler).Fat women protesting is not new. For example, the Fat Underground was a group of “radical fat feminist women”, who split off from the more conservative NAAFA (National Association to Aid Fat Americans) in the 1970s (Simic 18). The group educated the public about weight science, harassed weight-loss companies, and disrupted academic seminars on obesity. The Fat Underground made their first public appearance at a Women’s Equality Day in Los Angeles, taking over the stage at the public event to accuse the medical profession of murdering Cass Elliot, the lead singer of the folk music group, The Mamas and the Papas (Dean and Buss). In 1973, the Fat Underground produced the Fat Liberation Manifesto. This Manifesto began by declaring that they believed “that fat people are full entitled to human respect and recognition” (Freespirit and Aldebaran 341).Women have long been disavowed, or discouraged, from participating in the public sphere (Ginzberg; van Acker) or seen as “intruders or outsiders to the tough world of politics” (van Acker 118). The feminist slogan the personal is political was intended to shed light on the role that women needed to play in the public spheres of education, employment, and government (Caha 22). Across the world, the acceptance of women within the public sphere has been varied due to cultural, political, and religious, preferences and restrictions (Agenda Feminist Media Collective). Limited acceptance of women in the public sphere has historically been granted by those ‘anointed’ by a male family member or patron (Fountaine 47).Anti-feminists are quick to disavow women being in public spaces, preferring to assign them the role as helpmeet to male political elite. As Schlafly (in Rowland 30) notes: “A Positive Woman cannot defeat a man in a wrestling or boxing match, but she can motivate him, inspire him, encourage him, teach him, restrain him, reward him, and have power over him that he can never achieve over her with all his muscle.” This idea of women working behind the scenes has been very strong in New Zealand where the ‘sternly worded’ letter is favoured over street protest. An acceptable route for women’s activism was working within existing political institutions (Grey), with activity being ‘hidden’ inside government offices such as the Ministry of Women’s Affairs (Schuster, 23). But women’s movement organisations that engage in even the mildest form of disruptive protest are decried (Grey; van Acker).One way women have been accepted into public space is as the moral guardians or change agents of the entire political realm (Bliss; Ginzberg; van Acker; Ledwith). From the early suffrage movements both political actors and media representations highlighted women were more principled and conciliatory than men, and in many cases had a moral compass based on restraint. Cartoons showed women in the suffrage movement ‘sweeping up’ and ‘cleaning house’ (Sheppard 123). Groups like the Women’s Christian Temperance Union were celebrated for protesting against the demon drink and anti-pornography campaigners like Patricia Bartlett were seen as acceptable voices of moral reason (Moynihan). And as Cunnison and Stageman (in Ledwith 193) note, women bring a “culture of femininity to trade unions … an alternative culture, derived from the particularity of their lives as women and experiences of caring and subordination”. This role of moral guardian often derived from women as ‘mothers’, responsible for the physical and moral well-being of the nation.The body itself has been a sight of protest for women including fights for bodily autonomy in their medical decisions, reproductive justice, and to live lives free from physical and sexual abuse, have long been met with criticisms of being unladylike or inappropriate. Early examples decried in NZ include the women’s clothing movement which formed part of the suffrage movement. In the second half of the 20th century it was the freedom trash can protests that started the myth of ‘women burning their bras’ which defied acceptable feminine norms (Sawer and Grey). Recent examples of women protesting for body rights include #MeToo and Time’s Up. Both movements protest the lack of bodily autonomy women can assert when men believe they are entitled to women’s bodies for their entertainment, enjoyment, and pleasure. And both movements have received considerable backlash by those who suggest it is a witch hunt that might ensnare otherwise innocent men, or those who are worried that the real victims are white men who are being left behind (see Garber; Haussegger). Women who advocate for bodily autonomy, including access to contraception and abortion, are often held up as morally irresponsible. As Archdeacon Bullock (cited in Smyth 55) asserted, “A woman should pay for her fun.”Many individuals believe that the stigma and discrimination fat people face are the consequences they sow from their own behaviours (Crandall 892); that fat people are fat because they have made poor decisions, being too indulgent with food and too lazy to exercise (Crandall 883). Therefore, fat people, like women, should have to pay for their fun. Fat women find themselves at this intersection, and are often judged more harshly for their weight than fat men (Tiggemann and Rothblum). Examining Coulter’s tweet with this perspective in mind, it can easily be read as an attempt to put fat girl protestors back into their place. It can also be read as a warning. Don’t go making too much noise or you may be labelled as fat. Presenting troublesome women as fat has a long history within political art and depictions. Marianne (the symbol of the French Republic) was depicted as fat and ugly; she also reinforced an anti-suffragist position (Chenut 441). These images are effective because of our societal views on fatness (Kyrölä). Fatness is undesirable, unworthy of love and attention, and a representation of poor character, lack of willpower, and an absence of discipline (Murray 14; Pausé, “Rebel Heart” para 1).Fat women who protest transgress rules around body size, gender norms, and the appropriate place for women in society. Take as an example the experiences of one of the authors of this piece, Sandra Grey, who was thrust in to political limelight nationally with the Campaign for MMP (Grey and Fitzsimmons) and when elected as the President of the New Zealand Tertiary Education Union in 2011. Sandra is a trade union activist who breaches too many norms set for the “good woman protestor,” as well as the norms for being a “good fat woman”. She looms large on a stage – literally – and holds enough power in public protest to make a crowd of 7,000 people “jump to left”, chant, sing, and march. In response, some perceive Sandra less as a tactical and strategic leader of the union movement, and more as the “jolly fat woman” who entertains, MCs, and leads public events. Though even in this role, she has been criticised for being too loud, too much, too big.These criticisms are loudest when Sandra is alongside other fat female bodies. When posting on social media photos with fellow trade union members the comments often note the need of the group to “go on a diet”. The collective fatness also brings comments about “not wanting to fuck any of that group of fat cows”. There is something politically and socially dangerous about fat women en masse. This was behind the responses to Sandra’s first public appearance as the President of TEU when one of the male union members remarked “Clearly you have to be a fat dyke to run this union.” The four top elected and appointed positions in the TEU have been women for eight years now and both their fatness and perceived sexuality present as a threat in a once male-dominated space. Even when not numerically dominant, unions are public spaces dominated by a “masculine culture … underpinned by the undervaluation of ‘women’s worth’ and notions of womanhood ‘defined in domesticity’” (Cockburn in Kirton 273-4). Sandra’s experiences in public space show that the derision and methods of putting fat girls back in their place varies dependent on whether the challenge to power is posed by a single fat body with positional power and a group of fat bodies with collective power.Fat Girls Are the FutureOn the other side of the world, Tara Vilhjálmsdóttir is protesting to change the law in Iceland. Tara believes that fat people should be protected against discrimination in public and private settings. Using social media such as Facebook and Instagram, Tara takes her message, and her activism, to her thousands of followers (Keller, 434; Pausé, “Rebel Heart”). And through mainstream media, she pushes back on fatphobia rhetoric and applies pressure on the government to classify weight as a protected status under the law.After a lifetime of living “under the oppression of diet culture,” Tara began her activism in 2010 (Vilhjálmsdóttir). She had suffered real harm from diet culture, developing an eating disorder as a teen and being told through her treatment for it that her fears as a fat woman – that she had no future, that fat people experienced discrimination and stigma – were unfounded. But Tara’s lived experiences demonstrated fat stigma and discrimination were real.In 2012, she co-founded the Icelandic Association for Body Respect, which promotes body positivity and fights weight stigma in Iceland. The group uses a mixture of real life and online tools; organising petitions, running campaigns against the Icelandic version of The Biggest Loser, and campaigning for weight to be a protected class in the Icelandic constitution. The Association has increased the visibility of the dangers of diet culture and the harm of fat stigma. They laid the groundwork that led to changing the human rights policy for the city of Reykjavík; fat people cannot be discriminated against in employment settings within government jobs. As the city is one of the largest employers in the country, this was a large step forward for fat rights.Tara does receive her fair share of hate messages; she’s shared that she’s amazed at the lengths people will go to misunderstand what she is saying (Vilhjálmsdóttir). “This isn’t about hurt feelings; I’m not insulted [by fat stigma]. It’s about [fat stigma] affecting the livelihood of fat people and the structural discrimination they face” (Vilhjálmsdóttir). She collects the hateful comments she receives online through screenshots and shares them in an album on her page. She believes it is important to keep a repository to demonstrate to others that the hatred towards fat people is real. But the hate she receives only fuels her work more. As does the encouragement she receives from people, both in Iceland and abroad. And she is not alone; fat activists across the world are using Web 2.0 tools to change the conversation around fatness and demand civil rights for fat people (Pausé, “Rebel Heart”; Pausé, “Live to Tell").Using Web 2.0 tools as a way to protest and engage in activism is an example of oppositional technologics; a “political praxis of resistance being woven into low-tech, amateur, hybrid, alternative subcultural feminist networks” (Garrison 151). Fat activists use social media to engage in anti-assimilationist activism and build communities of practice online in ways that would not be possible in real life (Pausé, “Express Yourself” 1). This is especially useful for those whose protests sit at the intersections of oppressions (Keller 435; Pausé, “Rebel Heart” para 19). Online protests have the ability to travel the globe quickly, providing opportunities for connections between protests and spreading protests across the globe, such as SlutWalks in 2011-2012 (Schuster 19). And online spaces open up unlimited venues for women to participate more freely in protest than other forms (Harris 479; Schuster 16; Garrison 162).Whether online or offline, women are represented as dangerous in the political sphere when they act without male champions breaching norms of femininity, when their involvement challenges the role of woman as moral guardians, and when they make the body the site of protest. Women must ‘do politics’ politely, with utmost control, and of course caringly; that is they must play their ‘designated roles’. Whether or not you fit the gendered norms of political life affects how your protest is perceived through the media (van Acker). Coulter’s tweet loudly proclaimed that the fat ‘girls’ protesting the election of the 45th President of the United States were unworthy, out of control, and not worthy of attention (ironic, then, as her tweet caused considerable conversation about protest, fatness, and the reasons not to like the President-Elect). 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L'érosion des sols est pourtant connue comme l'un des problèmes environnementaux les plus préoccupants au monde. L'érosion des sols est particulièrement et de plus en plus entraînée par les activités anthropiques dans le cadre du changement climatique. En RDP lao, un pays tropical, l'érosion des sols est due de manière significative à une gestion inappropriée des terres sur les terrains en pente. Le Houay Pano, un bassin versant cultivé du nord de la RDP lao, est exposé à l'érosion des sols, en particulier après la conversion de la culture itinérante en plantation de teck. La mauvaise gestion des terres en défrichant le sous couvert végétal sous la plantation de teck est considérée comme une cause sous-jacente du coefficient de ruissellement (Rc) plus élevé et de l'érosion des sols. Certaines mesures d'atténuation telles que le sous couvert végétal et la végétation rivulaire sont suggérées pour atténuer l'érosion des sols. Cependant, la mesure d'atténuation de l'érosion des sols et l'effet de la gestion de l'utilisation des terres sur le ruissellement de surface (SR) et la perte en sols/rendement de sédiments (Sl) à plusieurs échelles dans la plantation de teck ne sont pas entièrement évalués. Dans ce contexte, nous émettons l'hypothèse que le sous couvert végétal et l'herbe rivulaire atténuent l'érosion du sol dans la plantation d'arbres à teck et que les plantations d'arbres à teck ont ??des impacts sur SR et Sl entraînés par des processus dominants (l'érosion en nappe, l'érosion linéaire et le dépôt de sédiment) sur diverses échelles spatiales. Par conséquent, les objectifs fixés pour ce travail sont : (1) d'évaluer l'effet de la gestion du sous couvert végétal sur le ruissellement de surface et la perte en sols dans la plantation de teck à l'échelle de la micro-parcelle ; (2) d'évaluer la capacité des zones tampons d'herbes rivulaires à atténuer SR et Sl, et d'évaluer leur efficacité de piégeage de l'eau et des sédiments dans les plantations de teck sans sous couvert végétal à l'échelle du versant ; et (3) d'évaluer l'effet de la plantation de teck sur SR et Sl à diverses échelles spatiales (échelles de micro-parcelle, de versant incluant micro-bassin versant, et de bassin versant) dans un bassin versant tropical montagneux à utilisations mixtes de terre. Dans cette étude, le village de Ban Kokngew et le bassin versant d'Houay Pano ont été sélectionnés comme zones d'étude expérimentale pendant la saison des pluies. Des micro-parcelles, des pièges Gerlach et des déversoirs ont été utilisés pour estimer SR et Sl à chaque échelle. Nous avons suivi le modèle TEST développé pour l'érosion en nappe, qui nécessite quelques paramètres, pour évaluer Sl sur la micro-parcelle et le mettre en hautes échelles spatiales pour prédire Sl à l'échelle du versant et du bassin versant. Dans une étude réalisée en 2017 dans les plantations de teck de Ban Kokngew à l'échelle micro-parcelle, nous avons montré que Rc et Sl (23%, 381 Mg·km-2, respectivement) sous teck avec sous couvert végétal étaient inférieurs à ceux sous teck sans sous couvert végétal (60 % et 5455 Mg·km-2, respectivement). Par conséquent, l'atténuation de l'érosion des sols par le maintien du sous couvert végétal sous la plantation de teck réduit Sl de 14 fois. [...]
Soil erosion is yet known as one of the most concerning problems of the environment in the world. Soil erosion is particularly and increasingly driven by anthropogenic activities under the changing climate. In Lao PDR, a tropical country, soil erosion is significantly due to inappropriate land management on the sloping land. The Houay Pano, a cultivated catchment of the northern Lao PDR, is prone to soil erosion, particularly after the conversion from shifting cultivation to teak tree plantation. Land mismanagement by clearing the understory under the teak tree plantation is considered as an underlying cause of higher runoff coefficient (Rc) and soil erosion. Some mitigations such as understory and riparian vegetation are suggested for alleviating soil erosion. However, the mitigation measure of soil erosion and the effect of land use management on surface runoff (SR) and soil loss/sediment yield (Sl) on multiple scales in the teak tree plantation are not fully assessed. In this context, we hypothesize that understory and riparian grass mitigate the soil erosion in the teak tree plantation and that teak tree plantation impacts on SR and Sl driven by dominant processes (inter rill erosion, linear erosion, and deposition) on various spatial scales. Therefore, the objectives set out for this work are: (1) to assess the effect of understory management on SR and Sl in the teak tree plantation on the microplot scale; (2) to assess the ability of riparian grass buffers to mitigate SR and Sl, and to assess their water and sediment trapping efficiencies in the teak tree plantations with no understory on the hillslope scale; and (3) to assess the effect of teak tree plantation on SR and Sl on various spatial scales (microplot, hillslope including micro-catchment, and catchment scales) in a mixed land uses mountainous tropical catchment. In this study, Ban Kokngew village and Houay Pano catchment were selected as experimental study areas during the rainy season. Microplots, Gerlach traps, and weirs were used to estimate SR and Sl on each scale. We followed the TEST model developed for inter rill erosion, which requires a few parameters, to assess Sl on the microplot and upscale it to predict Sl on the hillslope and catchment scale. In a study performed in 2017 in the teak tree plantations of Ban Kokngew on the microplot scale, we showed that Rc and Sl (23%, 381 Mg·km-2, respectively) under teak tree with understory were less than those under teak tree with no understory (60% and 5455 Mg·km-2, respectively). Hence, soil erosion mitigation by keeping the understory under teak tree plantation reduces Sl by 14 times. In a study performed in 2014 in the teak tree plantations of Houay Pano on both the microplot and the hillslope scales, we showed that leaving the riparian grass buffer of at least 6 m could limit SR and Sl discharging downstream during small storms (24-hour rainfall < 54.8 mm) with the trapping efficiency up to 88%. Lastly, in a study performed in 2014 in the teak tree plantations of Houay Pano on various scales, we showed that SR and Sl were significantly higher (p-value < 0.05) in the teak-dominated micro-catchment than in the mixed-land-use micro-catchment. SR and Sl decreased from the microplot (122 - 196 mm, 275 - 1065 Mg·km-2, respectively) to the micro-catchment (24 - 188 mm, 95 - 3635 Mg·km-2, respectively) and catchment scale (33 mm, 236 Mg·km-2, respectively), except that Sl in teak tree plantation increased from the microplot (1065 Mg·km-2) to the micro-catchment scale (3635 Mg·km-2). [...]

Ao ouvir, do jovem e promissor graduando Vinícius Villani, o sonho de organizar uma obra a respeito dos fenômenos sociais, culturais, relacionais e temporais, que a pandemia desencadeou, eu - imediatamente - o incentivei. Lembro de nossa conversa, como se hoje fosse. Eu sabia do potencial que ele tinha de articular pessoas e trazer talentos para perto de si. Ali, naquela conversa, tínhamos a certeza da contribuição que as reflexões, a partir do Direito Internacional e das Relações Internacionais, trariam. Seria uma oportunidade de dar mais concretude a ideias, que, se difundidas, fortaleceriam uma comunidade de pensadores, pesquisadores e profissionais, que privada dos ambientes convencionais de trocas, poderia se ver acolhida, vocalizada e - por que, não - representada. Sabíamos que as reflexões estimulariam pensadores, pesquisadores e profissionais a se movimentarem e gerarem ainda mais conhecimento e ferramentas, de maneira a apoiar e facilitar a travessia desse momento histórico. Seria uma forma de fomentar o novo, com olhos de humanidade e, construir um porvir, com a consciência dos desafios, mas, também, com coragem de mobilização e realização. Este, para mim, é o poder da comunidade que concilia saberes advindos de perspectivas teórico-acadêmicas e de perspectivas práticoprofissionais. (Eis uma das razões e, também, um dos meus intentos ao 12 [co] laborar e colaborar com Vinícius Villani no desenvolvimento do que, hoje, conhecemos como o Direito Internacional Sem Fronteiras.). Pensar e sistematizar temas, como os abordados nesta obra, permite que diversos atores dialoguem, tendo as ideias lançadas neste livro, como pontos de partida. Pontos de partida, esses, que buscam oferecer luz a questões e pautas há muito relativizadas ou, quiçá, invisibilizadas. Eis aí uma chance de enxergá-las de frente, faceá-las. Ao pensar sobre o título desta obra, muitas foram as referências com as quais me deparei, muitas foram as impressões que me sobrevieram. Quantas e quais são as faces da pandemia? Eu me perguntei. Neste momento, convido você, leitora e leitor, a ponderar, também, sobre as faces da pandemia, que transcendem os debates técnicos e os debates teóricos. Pense comigo. Quanto potencial de transformação há, quando olhamos o outro face a face? Quanto potencial de transformação há, quando reconhecemos as diferentes faces que nos cercam e, percebendo-as, construímos espaços de diálogos possíveis? Quanto potencial de transformação há, quando assumimos o olhar de quem reconhece a sua [co] responsabilidade, nas relações que tece? Quanto potencial há em perceber que a dor refletida nas nossas faces da despedida, nesta pandemia, pode trazer alento para o porvir, e, escuta, quando for você vier a sucumbir? Talvez este seja o caráter simbólico desta obra: a convicção de que não há uma única face, um único e uníssono discurso, uma única 13 perspectiva, mas, plúrimas e complexas perspectivas sobre a pandemia e seus impactos nas mais diferentes vidas e realidades. Convido, assim, você a ler esta obra com alma e espírito curiosos e agregadores, de modo que, ao se deparar com estas faces da pandemia, você seja capaz de enxergar - e criar - novos horizontes, novas sinergias. Que esta seja uma oportunidade para você perceber a multiplicidade de cores e perspectivas, que vão além - muito além - de uma das faces da moeda ou de uma das faces do tetraedro [de Platão].

Chapter 1 lays out the history of Asian migration to the United States with particular focus on Indian migration. The analysis points to the social, economic, and cultural forces in India that lead to the out-migration of tech workers and nurses. It traces the mechanisms of global export of the highly skilled labor force from Indian multinational corporations—mechanisms of export that facilitate the steady flow of professional workers to the Global North. The chapter also offers a description of the processes involved in the recruitment process of Indian tech workers by US companies and Indian nurses in the US health care system, the procedures to procure H-1B visas, and the legal entanglements of each of the types of visas held by the participants of this study.

Community media labs (CMLs) are becoming significant catalysts in driving knowledge, innovation, cultural awareness and talent development. Structurally, these are cooperative efforts engaging academic institutions, media and tech companies and venture capitalists for the purpose of collaboration, innovation, education and monetization. Increasingly, higher education institutions are participating in and designing curricula around these enterprises to offer students more cutting-edge information and media literacy training. Thus, this chapter recommends a preliminary framework for establishing a CML partnership between Historically Black Colleges/Universities (HBCUs) and a local media outlet. HBCUs have a long-standing record of activism, as well as civic and community engagement and, although CMLs are culturally enlightening and worthwhile activities for any institution of higher education to create a footprint beyond campus, there is significant opportunity for further development and innovative creation from within to aid in the future generational sustainability of HBCUs.

Las tecnologías de realidad extendida (XR), en particular las derivadas de la realidad virtual (VR), ofrecen alternativas prometedoras en la medida en que fomentan nuevos contextos sociales que deben ser analizados y sistematizados. El Metaverso centrado en el mundo virtual comenzó a destacar la interacción social y educativa, con posibilidades de romper los límites entre el mundo real y los espacios virtuales que ayudan a escapar de las limitaciones del aislamiento. La necesidad de soluciones alternativas se hizo evidente en tiempos de aislamiento, donde las interacciones físicas eran limitadas. En julio de 2021, durante las restricciones impuestas por la pandemia del Covid 19, investigadores de la Universidad de Oporto en Portugal crearon un evento virtual llamado “Sobrevivir a un doctorado: Experiencias Tec y Arts”, destinado a ayudar a los estudiantes de doctorado a enfrentar los desafíos de la realización de investigaciones prolongadas y a veces solitarias. El problema emocional relacionado con el aislamiento de los investigadores ya era evidente en investigaciones anteriores, y el escenario pandémico sirvió como una advertencia aún mayor para profesionales como los científicos, en los que las soluciones de contacto alternativas son muy bienvenidas. Para lograr este propósito, se desarrolló un entorno virtual tridimensional, entre otras cosas, que permitió brindar, además de presentaciones y paneles de discusión, una experiencia inmersiva para promover una instancia de diálogo y discusión en torno a la problemática que ocurría en los programas de doctorado. Se invitó a los asistentes a participar de las actividades programadas en un entorno desarrollado en Mozilla Hubs, una plataforma web de código abierto que permite crear espacios virtuales multiusuario bajo una mecánica de juego en primera persona. Los escenarios producidos (también llamados habitaciones) buscaban reflejar la idea de aislamiento incorporando el imaginario de cuatro islas interconectadas, las cuales fueron desarrolladas en el editor Spoke provisto por Mozilla. Estas islas albergaban una actividad particular en un espacio virtual específico (Lobby, Área de conferencias, Cultura y ocio y Área de comida para el pensamiento). Asimismo, los participantes debían elegir un avatar con el que poder visitar las instalaciones previstas para el evento. Los resultados mostraron que, a diferencia de aquellas plataformas que podríamos considerar lineales, como Zoom, Google Meet o incluso YouTube, donde las interacciones ocurren secuencialmente, los entornos virtuales promueven relaciones grupales que pueden ocurrir de manera simultánea y asincrónica. Asimismo, se observaron efectos positivos en las impresiones registradas de visitantes concurrentes de veintitrés países del mundo de los cinco continentes, quienes evaluaron las salas como modernas, innovadoras, divertidas y amigables. En este artículo exponemos los antecedentes, la metodología y los resultados de esta experiencia, para contribuir al conocimiento sistematizado en torno a estas nuevas tecnologías de la información que, desde el Metaverso, nos invitan a repensarnos como seres sociales.

Introdução: A Educação ambiental tece grande parte do nosso cotidiano involuntariamente, seja no descarte correto de resíduos, na utilização integral de alimentos ou no uso sustentável da água e da energia elétrica. A escola, responsável por introduzir a educação ambiental na sociedade e no âmbito familiar, sempre foi adjutória neste quesito, apresentando projetos socioambientais e integrativos. Sendo assim, como intento, foi necessário a utilização de novos recursos que permeavam entre a escola e a comunidade. A horta comunitária fora utilizada como ferramenta introdutória à educação ambiental na escola e como ferramenta integraria entre escola e comunidade. Objetivo: Objetivou-se analisar o recurso didático explorativo entre comunidade local e escolar como objeto de ensino e atividade que entretivera. Bem como explorar a metodologia didática do ensino. Metodologia: Exposto, esse foi a tese utilizada para análise deste recurso para com a sociedade, desenvolvido pela Escola Estadual Doutor Carlos Albuquerque, o encontro, manutenção e aprendizado fora compartilhado de ambos os lados. Da escola para com o aluno, do aluno para com a comunidade e da comunidade para com a escola. Discussão: O ensino de ciências no ensino básico tem potencial expositivo e didático, concordando que o aprendizado ocorre de diferentes formas a diferentes indivíduos, a iniciativa concomita entre o dinamismo do ensino da matéria, o bom relacionamento entre a comunidade e a escola, relacionamento este que têm se visto muito instável, e o aumento do interesse escolar e criativo do aluno. Conclusão: Pode-se concluir, que, a apresentação e introdução daquele projeto no meio, se estendeu a mais que uma aula, uma vez que, os próprios moradores locais perpetuaram a horta a fim de facilidade e lazer. Destarte, o uso do dinamismo e da criatividade para expor atividades de ensino extraclasse, trás benefícios no âmbito escolar, para o individuo em si, conhecimentos gerais e culturais e solidifica o relacionamento entre a escola e o meio onde vive.

Las nuevas tecnologías en ámbito urbano inciden fuertemente en la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos, de los city users, de los turistas, pero también en la eficiencia de las empresas, de los servicios públicos y en la atractividad para nuevas inversiones. Todas estas condiciones colocan las ciudades en posiciones mas o menos ventajosas de un mapa global virtual. Las ciudades competitivas atraen recursos, capital humano, creatividad e impulsan el crecimiento socio-cultural y económico. El mayor desafío al que nos estamos enfrentando es la gestión, el control y el diseño de las ciudades que apoyan su funcionamiento en instrumentos casi completamente virtuales. La ciudad virtual no reemplaza en ninguna manera la ciudad real, solo la enriquece de complejidad y de componentes inmateriales. Contrariamente, los modelos de ordenamiento territorial tradicionales se vuelven obsoletos al encontrar nuevos y grandes flujos de información que circulan, en tiempo real. El uso de nuevas y modernas tecnologías en el campo del urbanismo (en la gestión del territorio) comporta un cambio radical de la lógica de intervención del sector publico. El concepto de urbótica, o sea, el desarrollo de sistemas inteligentes integrados a nivel urbano, hace indispensable la necesidad de replantearse la lógica de intervención en dicho contexto; no se trata de agregar automatismos a la gestión y al control de la ciudad (como en el caso de los relevadores de velocidad, de emisión de agentes contaminantes, etc.) sino de un re-pensamiento radical que parte desde el análisis, la proyectación, la ejecución, la puesta en servicio y la evaluación de todo el proceso de ordenamiento territorial. En este trabajo nos proponemos delinear escenarios de desarrollo urbano altamente tecnificados, donde emerge la complejidad de la superposición de la ciudad física con la nueva ciudad virtual. No nos basaremos en ámbitos territoriales definidos, sino en un modelo teórico que pone en relación los los siguientes ámbitos temáticos: - Servicios urbanos; - Transporte publico; - Gestión del trasporto privado; - Seguridad urbana; - Sistemas de información al ciudadano; - Sistema de monitoreo y evaluación del sistema urbano. El resultado final será una estructura compleja y de fácil lectura que permitirá identificar puntos críticos del encuentro entre el sistema urbano tradicional y el sistema urbano virtual. Creemos fuertemente que este sea, hoy más que nunca, el primer paso para la redefinición de políticas de gobierno y ordenamiento del territorio y que los escenarios de desarrollo urbótico sean una posible alternativa de intervención en la ciudad no planificada. En el desarrollo del documento trataremos de demostrar como las nuevas tecnologías hoy disponibles pueden ser combinadas de manera tal de mejorar la calidad urbana en la ciudad informal, irregular, dispersa, sin orden aparente. Basándonos en los resultados de investigaciones anteriores que demuestran que la ciudad informal sigue reglas de asentamiento y formas de relación sensibles a la aplicación de dispositivos capaces de interactuar tanto con los ciudadano como con los planificadores, o sea reactiva a la urbótica. New technologies in urban areas have a strong impact on the quality of life of citizens, city users, tourists, but also on the efficiency of enterprises, public services and the attractiveness for new investments. All these conditions place the cities in a more or less advantageous position of a virtual global map. Competitive cities attract resources, human capital, and creativity and drive the economic and socio-cultural growth. The biggest challenge we are facing is the management, control and design of cities supported on almost entirely virtual instruments. Virtual city does not replace in any way the actual city. It only improve it of complexity and intangible components. In contrast, traditional governance models become obsolete to find large new flows of information circulating in real time. The use of new and modern technologies in the field of urban planning (in the management of the territory) involves a radical change in the logic of public sector intervention. The concept of Urbótica, that is, the development of integrated intelligent systems for the city, makes compulsory the need to rethink the logic of intervention in the urban context, it is not automatically added to the management and control of the city (as in the case of the speed relay, emission of pollutants, etc.) but a radical re-thinking that starts from the analysis, the design, implementation, commissioning and evaluating the whole process. In this work we propose to delineate high tech urban development scenarios, where the complexity arises from the superposition of the physical city with the new virtual one. We will not rely on defined territorial areas, but in a theoretical model that relates the following subject areas: - Urban services; - Public transport; - Management of private transport; - Urban Security; - Citizen information systems; - Monitoring and assessment of urban system. The result is a complex structure but simply to be read that will identify critical points in the encounter between the traditional urban system and the possible virtual one. We strongly believe that this is, today more than ever, the first step in the redefinition of government policies and land use planning. The development of urban scenarios based on high tech development (urbótica) is a possible alternative of intervention on unplanned city. In developing the document will try to show how new technologies available today can be combined so as to improve the urban quality in the city informal, irregular, scattered city, which follows rules of settlement and forms of sensible relation to the implementation of devices capable of interacting with both citizens and planners, so that is reactive to the urbótica.

With the world rapidly changing and the accelerated growth of emerging digital technologies, creativity has become more fundamental than ever before (Corazza, 2017). We live in a society where the centrality of humans in the future will strongly rely on their creative abilities as those who do not creatively innovate risk failure in any domain. Today, emerging digital technologies are reshaping individuals and society and, consequently, creativity is co-evolving too becoming Digital Creativity (Lee and Chen, 2015). We refer to Digital Creativity as the ability to creatively and strategically apply digital technologies to innovate, thereby harnessing human-centred technological innovation to solve complex problems (Bruno, 2021). This ability requires humans to manage a creative design process and develop new Digital Creative Abilities, including, among others, the ability to communicate and collaborate with others to solve complex problems, to understand the cultural and social potential of emerging digital technologies.In this transitional era, design plays the role of a guide by enabling and empowering people’s creative and design skills and mindset, educating them to face the complex digital transformation. Design education should train future professionals, both designers and engineers, to support companies in achieving Digital Maturity which requires adjusting and implementing the entire organization, including human capital, to continuously adapt to an evolving digital landscape. Therefore, the nurture and development of Digital Creative Abilities (DCAs) is becoming a compulsory step for design and engineering education. This is the purpose the Digital Creativity for Digital Maturity (DC4DM) educational model was conceived for. It aims to up-skill new digital talent - defined as Digital Maturity Enablers - enhancing their DCAs that contribute to the creative design process and empowering them to generate innovative and ever-lasting technological solutions. Within the model, 24 DCAs are collected and grouped along four main dimensions - namely Cognitive, Cross Functional Team, Digital, and Strategic Vision - according to the four key practices that require companies to increase their digital maturity level. As educators, the main research question that moved us was: how can we concretely train and develop these DCAs to educate the digital talents of the future to face contemporary challenges and harness digital transformation opportunities? Indeed, the DCAs at issue are numerous and, in most cases, can be exercised simultaneously performing specific activities. Hence the need to cluster such essential DCAs according to their underlying overlaps. A three-day co-design workshop, called Bootcamp, conducted with around 20 people among educators, researchers, and designers, experts in digital technologies, design futures, and digital ethics, helped us identify the most important groups of DCAs to be addressed in order to create educational activities to successfully train Digital Maturity Enablers empowering their Digital Creativity. The creative abilities related to ethical, sustainable, and future thinking are essential to steering the ongoing digital transformation. Thus, Digital Maturity Enablers should be aware of the importance of such abilities and consider them as actual “drivers” of change. The paper will present the process adopted and the results of the bootcamp which are six Drivers defined as clusters of DCAs that individuals need to acquire to become more aware professionals. Drivers provide people with essential abilities related to digital sustainability, sense-giving, technology foresight, ethics of digital tech, cross-functional collaboration, and complexity. Each driver has a learning objective that helps educators to provide and create educational activities to train the DCAs included in them. After a few iterations carried out during the bootcamp, drivers have been consequently refined and included in the Digital Maturity Toolkit to be tested in three Learning Labs with over 120 students from design, engineering, and business faculties.