Literatura académica sobre el tema "Tamar (Ship)"

_ As of September, TotalEnergies together with partners Eni and QatarEnergy will have spud exploration well 31/1 on Block 9 of Lebanon’s Qana prospect. It is the consortium’s second attempt in 6 years to strike gas in the EastMed where upstream riches at the crossroads of markets east and west struggle against the fiercest of global geopolitical headwinds. Lebanese media hailed the 16 August arrival of the Transocean Barents semisubmersible drilling platform at Block 9 with guarded optimism, reporting on the Barents journey from the North Sea like a sports play-by-play, detailing the landing of the first crew transport helicopter and the offloading of pipe and other equipment delivered by ship to the Port of Beirut. The Lebanese Petroleum Administration busily dotted the i’s and crossed the t’s on the drilling license application that TotalEnergies EP Lebanon had submitted in June while MP Ibrahim Kanaan, head of the parliament’s finance and budget committee, announced creation of the Lebanese Sovereign Fund for Oil and Gas to protect future revenues from political interference. “The rig will start working in Lebanon in September ... before the end of the year we will know if there is a discovery,” Lebanon’s caretaker Energy Minister Walid Fayyad told Reuters at an event earlier this summer in Abu Dhabi. Built to operate in harsh environments the Barents will drill in deep water, its crew hoping to hit the sweet spot that is the Tamar Sands Formation from which Israel, Cyprus, and Egypt are already producing gas for domestic needs and for export. Assuming commercial gas reserves are confirmed in Qana, Lebanon will join the club of EastMed gas producers—a development that would ease Beirut’s seemingly endless energy crisis, give the financially bankrupt country a share of revenues for gas exported to Europe and Asia, and attract further global investment. The World Bank has described Lebanon’s economic collapse as possibly one of the top three most severe worldwide since the 1850s. But while all seems like business as usual, this is the EastMed where political and military conflicts that dog oil and gas projects throughout the world can escalate quickly, driven by political fragmentation and violence within and across borders of countries with the most to gain from big international projects. What might be called a harsh environment in the UK sector of the North Sea where the Barents worked most recently differs greatly from what can be called harsh in the EastMed where technology can’t solve all of a hydrocarbon project’s problems. Drawing Lines in the Sand Beirut awarded exploration licenses in 2017 to drill on its offshore Blocks 4 and 9 to the Total-lead consortium with Eni and, at the time, Russia’s independent gas producer and LNG exporter Novatek. This past January, QatarEnergy farmed in for a 30% stake after Novatek exited. TotalEnergies and Eni each now hold 35%. In the 6 years following the license award, the consortium drilled only one well on the Lebanese shelf—a dry hole on Block 4 in 2020. Though data suggested that the Qana prospect in Block 9 might be different, TotalEnergies delayed further appraisal drilling pending settlement of the maritime boundary between Israel and Lebanon.

This article specifically discusses the participation of local communities in tourism development in Karimunjawa National Park, which is administratively a part of Jepara Regency, Central Java Province. This research uses a qualitative approach, the research findings show that the participation of local communities in Karimunjawa is realized through the formation of the Tourism Local Transportation Association, the Lodging Association, the Tourism Ship Association, the Culinary Association, and the Tour Guides Association which are members of the Indonesian Tour Guides Association. also encouraged to offer local Karimunjawa superior products in the form of food, beverages, and handicraft products to tourists visiting Karimunjawa to support the economic development and empowerment of the Karimunjawa community.

AbstractStep aerobics is one of the most popular exercises with established benefits to cardiovascular status. This activity is associated with injuries which include patellar or talar chondral lesions, quadriceps tendinopathy, Achilles tendinopathy or tear, shin splints and muscle soreness. The purpose of this case report is to present two step aerobics athletes, suffering from anterior knee pain. We observed that their knee MR examination disclosed only suprapatellar fat pad edema. No other findings were noticed. In addition, we discuss the possible pathogenetic mechanism of this entity which has not been previously reported in the literature.

Taman Nasional Karimunjawa (TNKJ) memiliki ekosistem terumbu yang cukup baik. Peningkatan jumlah kunjungan ke kawasan TNKJ menyebabkan kawasan terumbu mendapat ancaman serius, salah satunya dari kemungkinan tertabrak kapal (vessel grounding). Salah satu kasus terjadi pada tanggal 7 September 2018 ketika kapal Tug Boat PM 202 kandas di perairan Tanjung Gelam di Zona Tradisional Perikanan (ZTrP) yang menyebabkan terjadinya kerusakan di 11 bagian (Patch). Hingga kini upaya monitoring kondisi terumbu karang pada area kerusakan setelah kejadian kandas kapal belum pernah dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keberhasilan rekruitmen alami, komposisi jenis juvenil dan densitas rekruit karang pada area kapal kandas. Pendataan juvenil karang pada 11 patch kerusakan dilakukan dengan menggunakan transek kuadran. Pendataan karang pada lokasi yang tidak terdampak kerusakan juga dilakukan menggunakan metode Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) untuk mengetahui kondisi terumbu di sekitar kapal kandas. Pengamatan hanya menemukan 4 patch, yaitu patch 4, 5, 6 dan 7, sehingga pendataan hanya dilakukan pada ke-4 patch tersebut. Total rekruit yang ditemukan pada keempat patch berjumlah 40 koloni dengan nilai densitas rekruit sebesar 1,88 koloni/m2. Keseluruhan rekruit di seluruh lokasi pengamatan termasuk dalam 10 genera yaitu Acropora, Astreopora, Coeloseris, Favia, Fungia, Goniastrea, Montipora, Pavona, Pocillopora dan Porites. Juvenil karang terbanyak adalah Porites dengan persentase kemunculan sebesar 23% dan kemunculan terendah adalah Pocillopora dan Pavona masing-masing sebesar 2,5 %. Hasil analisis menggunakan CPCe versi 4.1 (Coral Point Count with Excel extension) diperoleh nilai tutupan karang keras hidup yang tidak terkena dampak tertabraknya kapal termasuk dalam kategori baik dengan kerapatan 66.87 %. Genus kemunculan karang terbanyak adalah Porites dan terendah Galaxea. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa densitas juvenil yang ditemukan di lokasi kandas kapal terkategori rendah. Monitoring lanjutan perlu dilakukan untuk mengetahui akibat lebih jauh terumbu yang tertabrak kapal dan keberhasilan rekrutmen alami. Karimunjawa National Park (TNKJ) has a fairly good reef ecosystem. The increase in the number of visits to the TNKJ area has caused serious threats, one of which is the possibility of being hit by vessel grounding. One of the cases occurred on September 7, 2018 when the Tug Boat PM 202 crashed in the waters of Tanjung Gelam in the Traditional Fishing Zone (ZTrP) which caused damage in 11 sections (Patch). Until now, efforts to monitor the condition of coral reefs in the area of damage after the shipwreck have never been carried out. This study aims to find out the success of natural recruitment, composition of juvenil type and density of coral recruit in the area of the ship wreck. Data collection of coral juvenil on 11 patches of damagearea is done using quadrant transfect. Coral cover at un- impacted locations is also carried out to determine the condition of the reef around the shipwreck. Data collection is done using Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method. Observations can only find 4 patches, namely patches 4, 5, 6 and 7, therefore observation was done only on the 4 patches. The total recruitment found 40 colonies with a recruit density value of 1.88 colonies/m2. All recruitments in all observation sites are included in 10 genera namely Acropora, Astreopora, Coeloseris, Favia, Fungia, Goniastrea, Montipora, Pavona, Pocillopora and Porites. The largest coral juvenil is genus Porites with a percentage of appearance of 23% and the lowest appearance is the Pocillopora and Pavona of 2.5%. The results of the analysis using CPCe version 4.1 (Coral Point Count with Excel extension) obtained the value of living hard coral cover fall into the category of good with a density of 66.87%. There were 13 genera observed with Porites showed the highest appearance and the lowest is Galaxea.The results showed that the juvenile density found at the shipwreck site was categorized as low. Further monitoring needs to be carried out to find out more about the impact on reefs being hit by ships and the success of natural recruitment.

The Seribu Islands National Park (Taman Nasional Kepulauan Seribu - TNKpS) which has a marine ecosystem area that has the potential to be affected by oil spills originating from oil discharges from ships passing through the Sunda Strait and ship accidents in and out of Tanjung Priuk Port. In addition, in the TNKpS area there are also oil and gas mining companies as well as oil distribution through pipelines which have the potential to cause oil pollution due to leakage of oil distribution pipelines. The availability of maps of Environmental Sensitivity Index and comprehensive environmental data is important for the government to understand the condition of sensitive areas around oil and gas mining areas to mitigate environmental pollution due to oil spills, and can then take priority actions. to protect areas deemed sensitive. The compilation of thematic maps related to environmental sensitivity to oil spills in TNKpS shows that the beach type is not sensitive to oil spills, where the dominant beach type is gently sloping sand which is a substrate that is easy to clean when an oil spill occurs. While the component of biodiversity has the highest sensitivity. The most sensitive socioeconomic components affected by the oil spill are fish farming and marine tourism (snorkeling and diving), both of which are the main livelihoods for the people in TNKpS, especially from the tourism sector. Mitigation of oil spills in TNKpS should focus on dealing with oil spills before reaching sensitive areas where oil collection with skimmers and spraying of dispersants can be carried out before entering the coral reef area. The next step is the protection of sensitive areas from oil spills where this protection can be done by dispelling using an oil boom and directing the oil spill to a less sensitive area. The final step is cleaning the beach area in accordance with oil spill emergency response procedures. Spill simulations carried out with a duration of 3 hours, 5 hours and 24 hours showed that the oil spill had not yet reached the sensitive area when it was 3 hours, so that the ideal anticipatory oil response is to have an oil control exercise with a duration of 3 hours to protect sensitive areas.

This study aims at finding the forms of transposition used in the translation of the food and drinks menu of Taman Indie Restaurant, Surabaya, from Indonesian into English and to know the effect of using transposition on the meaning and results of the translation of the food menu. This type of research is a basic study with a qualitative and descriptive approach. The data in this study include words, phrases and sentences contained in the description of the names of food and drinks at Taman Indie Restaurant, Surabaya. The data analysis technique used is that the transposition form used in the translation of menu names in Indonesian cuisine is associated with the accuracy aspects of the analysis, namely data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The result of the study shows that 1) the form of transposition used in the translation of the restaurant menu is the shift class (nouns to adjectives, verbs to adjectives, and there is no verbs to nouns shift) and shift units (words to phrases), 2) the level of accuracy of translationsincluded in the category medium. They are accurate translation 54 data (52.94%), less accurate, 26 data (25.49%) and inaccurate 22 data (21.56%). AbstrakTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan bentuk-bentuk transposisi yang digunakan dalam penerjemahan menu makanan dan minuman Restoran Taman Indie, Surabaya, dari bahasa Indonesia ke dalam bahasa Inggris dan mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan transposisi terhadap makna dan hasil penerjemahan menu makanan tersebut. Penelitian ini adalah kajian dasar dengan pendekatan kualitatif dan deskriptif. Data dalam kajian ini mencakup kata, frasa dan kalimat yang terdapat dalam deskripsi nama makanan dan minuman Restoran Taman Indie, Surabaya. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah dengan bentuk transposisi yang digunakan pada terjemahan nama menu masakan Indonesia dikaitkan dengan aspek keakuratan analisisnya, yaitu reduksi data, sajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Berdasarkan hasil pengolahan data ditemukan bahwa 1) bentuk transposisi yang digunakan dalam penerjemahan menu restoran adalah class shift (nomina ke adjektiva, verba ke adjektiva, dan tidak ditemukan dari verba ke nomina) dan unit shif (kata ke frasa), 2) tingkat keakuratan terjemahan termasuk dalam kategori sedang, yaitu terjemahan yang akurat yaitu 54 data (52,94%), kurang akurat, 26 data (25,49%) dan 22 data (21,56%) tidak akurat.

ABSTRACT While Chile had experienced various major oil spills (including the 1974 Metula spill of 52,500 tons, the 1978 Cabo Tamar spill of 12,500 tons, and the 1987 Cabo Pilar spill of 7,500 tons), contingency planning for oil spills had been carried out on a voluntary basis. The Chilean maritime authority had assumed the responsibility for oil spill control in terms of equipment and trained personnel. Since November 1992, a new regulation is in force. Responsibility for oil and chemical spills control is assumed by the industry. According to the new regulations, every oil and chemical terminal must have contingency plans to deal with spills, proper equipment, and trained personnel. Vessels, Chilean or foreign flag, must have approved contingency plans in line with Regulation 26 of Annex I of the International Convention on Prevention of Pollution from Ships, MARPOL 73/78. Even though Chile is not party to MARPOL 73/78, Annexes I, IV, and V of the convention were incorporated as national regulations by Decree No. 1, 1992. Maritime authorities will continue to have their own equipment and will act only if needed. Almost all oil terminals and refineries have implemented their contingency plans and are in the process of purchasing equipment and training personnel.

To correlate the most prevalent ankle and foot injuries in amateur runners with the biomechanical analysis of running, considering the patterns of frontal analysis evaluated in a private orthopedic and physical therapy service. Retrospective analysis of 56 medical records of amateur runners with ankle and foot complaints who underwent biomechanical assessment of running in an Orthopedics and Physical Therapy clinic in 2017 and 2018. Lesions found: Shin splints (26.78%); plantar fasciitis (21.42%); Achilles tendinopathy (21.42%); Tibial Stress Syndrome (8.92%); lower limb stress fractures (5.35%); posterior tibial tendonitis (5.35%); peroneal tendinopathy and ankle sprain (7.14%); talar chondral lesion (1.78%) and Morton’s neuroma (1.78%). The biomechanical analysis showed that the most common findings were valgus knees, with 43 cases (76.78%), followed by pelvic drop and center of mass vertical oscillation, with 40 cases each (71.42%) and hamstring retraction, with 37 cases (66.07%). Among the least prevalent, varus knees and supinated foot stand out, with two cases each (3.57%) and medial or lateral heel whip (5.35%, 3 cases). The most prevalent findings were valgus knee, pelvic drop, center of mass vertical oscillation, and hamstring retraction. Among the least present, stand out the varus knees, the supinated foot and the medial or lateral heel whip.

The coral reef ecosystem is a place to live, a place to breed, and even a place to find food for various kinds of marine biota, this is what makes this ecosystem a beautiful attraction as a tourist destination. In general, the waters of Bunaken Island, which are included in the Bunaken National Park Area, are one of the world's tourist destinations, which present coral reefs as a charm that can be enjoyed for their beauty and high level of biota diversity. The objectives of this research are: To identify the condition of existing shipwrecks; Identify corals attached to shipwrecks; and analyze the Suitability of diving tourism. The coral type Pocillopora verrucosa was found with a total of 45 colonies with an average growth of 7 cm, Ascidian Polycarpa Aurata the number of colonies found was 18 with an average growth of 3, Ascidian Didemnum mole the highest number of colonies found was 97 colonies with an average growth of 2 cm, while Cyphastrea microphthalmia number of colonies was 8 and the average growth was 3 cm. Analysis of tourism suitability for this location for diving tourism with an IKW value of 2.25, which based on the score means it is in the "suitable" category. Keywords: Tourism, Ship, Shipwreck, Bunaken, Coral Abstrak Ekosistem terumbu karang sebagai tempat hidup, tempat berkembang biak, bahkan tempat mencari makan berbagai macam biota laut, hal inilah yang menjadikan ekosistem ini memiliki daya tarik yang indah untuk dijadikan destinasi wisata. Secara umum perairan Pulau Bunaken yang masuk dalam Kawasan Taman Nasional Bunaken, adalah salah Destinasi wisata Dunia, yang menghadirkan Terumbu karang sebagai pesona yang dinikmati keindahannya dan tingkat keanekaragaman biota yang tinggi. Adupun tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu : Mengidentifikasi kondisi kapal karam yang ada; Mengidentifikasi karang yang menempel pada kapal karam; Menganalisis Kesesuaian wisata selam. Ditemukan karang berjenis Pocillopora verrucosa dengan jumlah koloni 45 dengan pertumbuhan rata-rata 7 cm, Ascidian Polycarpa Aurata jumlah koloni yang ditemukan 18 pertumbuhan rata-rata 3, Ascidian Didemnum mole jumlah koloni yang terbanyak ditemukan 97 koloni dengan pertumbuhan rata-rata 2 cm, sedangkan Cyphastrea microphthalma jumlah koloni 8 dan pertumbuhan rata-rata 3 cm. Ananlisis kesesuaian wisata untuk lokasi tersebut untuk wisata selam dengan nilai IKW, 2,25 yang berdasarkan skor artinya dalam kategori “sesuai”. Kata Kunci : Wisata, Kapal, Karam, Bunaken, Karang

Kepulauan Karimunjawa merupakan salah satu Kawasan Strategis Pariwisata Nasional (KSPN) di Indonesia yang sedang dikembangkan. Keunggulan dari pariwisata di Karimunjawa adalah daya tarik wisata alamnya yang berupa wisata bahari, ekowisata, dan wisata petualangan. Potensi kekayaan bahari di Karimunjawa yang tidak kalah menarik salah satunya berupa peninggalan budaya bawah air. Tempat tenggelamnya kapal dan peninggalan bawah air yang berada di Karimunjawa membuat situs-situs ini berpotensi menjadi alternatif tujuan wisata bawah air khususnya daya tarik wisata minat khusus. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menjelaskan profil produk wisata situs-situs bawah air di Karimunjawa. Secara administratif penelitian ini akan difokuskan berdasarkan batas geografis dari situs-situs bawah air yang berada di Perairan Pulau Karimunjawa (Situs Kapal Genteng dan Kapal Indonoor) dan Perairan Pulau Genting (Situs Seruni dan Situs Genting). Penelitian ini akan mengunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Pengamatan fisik akan dilakukan pada produk wisata (atraksi, aksesibilitas, akomodasi, fasilitas, service) serta lingkungan pada kawasan situs-situs peninggalan bawah air. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa situs-situs bawah air di Perairan Karimunjawa yang dapat dikembangkan sebagai daya tarik wisata minat khusus adalah Situs Kapal Indonoor dan Situs Kapal Genteng. Sedangkan untuk Situs Seruni dan Situs Genting masih harus dilakukan studi lebih lanjut karena dengan kondisi produk wisata saat ini kedua situs tersebut belum memungkinkan untuk dijadikan obyek wisata minat khusus.Kata-Kata Kunci: produk wisata, wisata minat khusus, situs bawah air, ANALYSIS OF TOURISM PRODUCTS OF UNDERWATER SITES AS ONE OF SPECIAL INTEREST TOURISM IN KARIMUNJAWA NATIONAL PARKKarimunjawa Islands are one of the National Tourism Strategic Areas in Indonesia and development of these areas are already underway. Sinking ships and underwater heritage in Karimunjawa make the sites in these areas a potential alternative to underwater tourist destinations, especially for special interest tourism. The purpose of this research is to explain the profile of tourism products underwater sites in Karimunjawa. The research focus was divided based on the geographical boundaries of the underwater sites in the waters of Karimunjawa Island (Genteng and Indonoor Shipwreck Sites) and the waters of Genting Island (Seruni and Genting Sites). This research used a qualitative descriptive method grounded in relevant theories. The physical observation was made on tourism products (attractions, accessibility, accommodation, facilities, and service) and the environment around the sites of underwater relics. Findings of the research suggest that underwater sites which are potential for development as special interest tourism objects are Genteng and Indonoor Shipwreck Sites. As for Seruni and Genting Sites, further research needs to be undertaken because considering the current condition of the tourism products; it does not seem feasible to make both of these sites special interest tourism objectsKeywords: tourism products, special interest tourism, underwater sites, Karimunjawa REFERENCESAdhityatama, S. (2012) Pemodelan Jalur Aktivitas Penyelaman Di Situs USAT Liberty, Tulamben, Bali : Studi Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Arkeologi. Skripsi Sarjana. Departemen Arkeologi Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Gadjah Mada. Yogyakarta.Anonim. (2006). Pedoman Pengelolaan Peninggalan Bawah Air. Direktorat Peninggalan Bawah Air. Jakarta.Dillenia, I, et.al. (2010). Sumberdaya Arkeologi Laut Untuk Pengembangan Ekowisata Bahari di Indonesia : Tinjauan Konsep dan Studi Kasus. Pertemuan Ilmiah Tahunan VI ISOI 2009. Jakarta.Helmi, S. (2009). Potensi Peninggalan Arkeologi Bawah Air di Perairan Pulau Sumatera. Buletin Arkeologi Amoghapasa Edisi 13 Thn. XV/Juni 2009. 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Abstract BY the spring of 1776, whatever Whig hopes had ever existed for continuing peaceful relations with the Cherokees had been abandoned. 1 At a meeting at Fort Charlotte in Georgia in April the Whig Indian Commissioners unsuccessfully attempted a last-ditch reconciliation.2 After the meeting, the most frightening of old rumors, that “whenever any one of the southern colonies shall be attacked on the Sea Coast, they [the Cherokees] will attack the same province on the frontier,” took on an air of reliability.3 And once again, there was evidence that slaves were taking the rhetoric of freedom seriously.4 During the Stamp Act crisis in 1765, slaves applying the egalitarian rhetoric of the Whigs to themselves had been heard in the streets “crying out Liberty.” In South Carolina in August 1775 a free black, Thomas Jeremiah, was “hanged and burned” in Charlestown after being accused of distributing arms for the British navy, and a more widespread rebellion surfaced in Pitt County, North Carolina. There were suggestions of backcountry tribal plotting in intercepted letters, some counterfeited by the Whigs.6 Only a few months earlier, the British had also aroused concerns in Charlestown. The Snow Campaign had been waged while the royal governor, fearful of mob violence, was ensconced off-shore in Tamar, escorted by its sister ship Cherokee.1 The Whigs could not have failed to find the ship’s name unsettling.

Abstract Aeneas ‘ arrival in Italy is marked by a riding metaphor ( ‘classique immittit habenas ‘); the place where he lands is ‘Euboean Cumae ‘ ( ‘Euboicis Cumarum adlabitur oris ‘). Horse and Ox (Ev{3ota< /3ov ) interact in the Aeneid. The component of Ox marks Aeneas ‘ arrival in ‘Italia ‘ ( ‘Land of Oxen ‘) while the association of Ship-sailing with Horse-riding pursues the ‘Phorbas ‘ scene of Aeneid s. Aeneas appears as a rider (horse-tamer) only metaphorically (here and in Aeneid 12). The metaphor marks Aeneas ‘ grief for the death of Palinurus (cf. 12. 499, where it conveys his wrath); and possibly it undercuts the positive aspect of arrival in Italy with the threat of war.1 Immediately upon arriving in Italy, and before pursuing his voyage of return to Latium, Aeneas seeks a reunion \Vith his father by whom he is told about the reincarnation of the souls and of his descendants destined to return to the Upperworld. Aeneas proceeds next to consult the Sibyl. The scene of the con sultation comprises Apollo ‘s temple on the citadel of Cumae and a cave ( ‘antrum ‘) cut into the rock; the temple ‘s ‘adytum ‘ and the Sibyl ‘s cave are virtually indistinguishable during the consultation, just as the prophetess ‘s voice merges with the god ‘s voice.

В статье прослеживается история Фанагории с середины 3 в., когда жизнь Боспорского царства, в состав которого входила Фанагория, была нарушена вторжением племенных союзов готов, до конца 7 столетия, когда Боспор захватили хазары, и в истории Фанагории начался новый период. Сопоставляются сведения, содержащиеся в письмен - ных источниках и эпиграфических памятниках, данные археологии и нумизматики. История Фанагории рассматривается на фоне политической и экономической ситуации в Северном Причерноморье. Уточнение хронологии ключевых групп материала и ряд новых находок позволили пересмотреть даты некоторых важных событий в истории города. В середине 3 в. относительно спокойная жизнь Боспорского царства была нарушена появлением племенных союзов готов и других восточногерманских народов, которые в 255 г. по суше достигли Боспора и, переправившись через Меотиду, разорили хору каких-то городов и разгромили Танаис. С берегов Меотиды готы в течение двадцати лет совершали практически ежегодные морские и сухопутные набеги на римские владения в Причерноморье и Восточном Средиземноморье. Поскольку европейская сторона, пострадавшая при готских вторжениях, не могла предоставить необходимый провиант и корабли, подготовка этих походов была возможна только при использовании ресурсов городов и хоры азиатской половины Боспорского государства. Именно в города Азиатского Боспора, в том числе Фанагорию, «скифы» свозили награбленное добро, ставшее источником подъема экономики Боспорского царства. После разгрома германцев в 276 г. на Боспоре наступает относительно спокойный период. Правители Боспора контролируют прежнюю территорию, в том числе Азиатский Боспор. В последней четверти 3–4 вв. оживляется сильно нарушенная германцами экономика Боспора, в которой, как свидетельствует нумизматический материал, преобладает его азиатская сторона, где развернулась активная строительная деятельность. В частности, в Фанагории ко времени не ранее конца 3–4 вв. н. э. относится строительство портовых сооружений; несколько меняется облик города: на месте богатых общественных сооружений появляются крупные винодельческие комплексы и жилые дома. Следы разрушений и пожаров, выявленные на различных поселениях Таманского полуострова, и клады, сокрытые не ранее 341–342 гг., говорят о внезапной атаке, возможно, каких-то северокавказских племен. Однако Фанагория, по-видимому, избежала разгрома: город сохраняет территорию в прежних границах и продолжает оставаться крупным ремесленным и торговым центром. В какой-то момент жизнь города была прервана неким событием, оставившим после себя следы разрушений и пожара, выявленные в нескольких районах города. Боль шинство исследователей связывает это разрушение с нашествием гуннов и относит ко времени правления императора Валента (364–378). Однако на основе анализа данных письменных источников и состава комплекса керамики из слоя пожара и комплексов, связанных с расчисткой города перед новым строительством, оно может быть датировано временем около середины 5 в., хотя виновника этих разрушений определить не удается. Приблизительно в это же время прекращают существование Кепы, Батарейка I и II, Красноармейское, Каменная батарейка. Остались лишь крупные города – Фанагория и Гермонасса и, может быть, какие-то производственные центры. В результате описанных событий территория города несколько сократилась: строительные остатки, которые можно было бы датировать временем после первой половины 5 в., не прослежены на юго-восточной и юго-западной окраине города. Однако в централь - ной части нижнего и верхнем плато города жизнь возобновляется довольно быстро. В конце 5 или начале 6 в. Боспорское царство входит в сферу влияния Византийской империи. Однако период относительной стабильности под крылом Византии в Фанагории по сведениям письменных источников и данным археологии внезапно обрывается в середине 6 в. С одной стороны, упоминание о разрушении Фанагории и Кеп Прокопием Кесарийским в книге VIII «Истории войн», законченной в 554 году, а с другой, – комплекс керамики, открытый в слое пожара на раскопах «Береговой стратиграфический» и «Нижний город», и особенно недавние находки на последнем двух солидов Юстиниана I 545–565 гг., позволяют датировать слой разрушения временем не ранее 545 года, но не позднее 554 года. Складывается впечатление, что после этих событий жизнь в Фанагории на какое-то время замирает: отмечается отсутствие материалов второй половины 6–7 вв. на некрополе Фанагории, а в коллекции краснолаковой керамики из раскопок города – поздних форм. Но вый период истории города начинается, по-видимому, около 665 г., когда Боспор захватили хазары. Именно с ними связано появление на месте сгоревших домов построек, возведенных в технике «елочка», характерной для хазарских памятников второй половины 7–10 вв. The article traces the history of Phanagoria from the middle of the 3rd century, when the life of the Bosporan kingdom, Phanagoria being its part, was disturbed by the invasion of Gothic tribes, till the late 7th century, when Bosporos was occupied by the Khazars, the event which opened a new period of its history. Here we compare information from written sources, epigraphic documents, numismatics and archaeology. The history of Phanagoria is considered against the background of the political and economic situation in the North Black Sea area. The verification of chronology of the principal groups of materials and a number of new discover ies allows to reconsider the dates of certain important events in the history of the city. In the middle of the 3rd century the relatively peaceful life of the Bosporan kingdom was disturbed by the appearance of Gothic tribes and other East Germanic peoples, who in 255 reached Bosporos and after crossing Lake Maeotis ravaged the suburban areas of several cities and destroyed Tanais. From the Maeotic banks in the course of twenty years the Goths raided Ro man territories in the North Black Sea area and the East Mediterranean by land and sea. As the European side much affected by Gothic invasions could not provide supplies and ships, the provision of these raids was possible only by the use of resources obtained from the Eastern half of the Bosporan state. The cities of the Asian Bosporos including Phanagoria became the stores where ‘the Scythians’ concentrated their loot, which ensured the economic development of the Bosporan kingdom. After the defeat of the Germans in 276 followed a relatively peaceful period. The Bosporan rulers controlled their initial territory, including the Asian Bosporos. In the last third of the 4th century the Bosporan economy affected by German invasions revives significantly. Numismatic data testifies to the development of its Asiatic part, where building activities were noticeable. In Phanagoria in particular, by the late 3rd – 4th centuries its sea-port was reconstructed and in the whole appearance of the city there were important changes: rich public buildings were replaced by large wineries and dwelling houses. Ruins and traces of fire revealed at different settlements of the Taman Peninsula, hoards hidden not earlier than 341–342 tell of some unexpected attack, possibly by certain North Caucasian tribes. Phanagoria evidently avoided destruction. The city retained its original borders and continued as a prominent center of trade and industry. At some point, the life of the city was interrupted by some event, leaving traces of destruction and fire visible in its several districts. Most scholars connect this event with the coming of the Huns in the reign of Emperor Valens (364–378). However, written sources and sets of pottery from burnt layers connected with the removal of ruins before the reconstruction of the city point Л. А. Голофаст 44 to the time around mid–fifth century, even though they do not define those guilty of the event. Approximately at the same time disappear such settlements as Kepoi, Batareika I and II, Krasnoarmeiskoe, Kamennaya Batareika. Only large cities survived – Phanagoria and Hermonassa and probably some industrial centres. The events described above reduced the territory of the city: there are no traces of building activity in the South-East and South-West districts. But in the central part of the lower plateau and upon the upper one the city-life revived quickly. In the late 5th or the early 6th century the Bosporan kingdom became involved into the Byzantine sphere of influence. However, the period of relative stability under the Byzantine protection was suddenly interrupted in the middle of the 6th century. Procopius mentions the destruction of Phanagoria and Kepoi in the eighth book of his “History of Wars” accomplished in 554. On the other hand the sets of pottery from the strata of ruins and fire from the “Shore stratigraphic” trench and the “Lower city” trench as well as recent finds in the last one of two solidi of Justinian I (545–565) allow to date the strata to the time not earlier than 545 but not later than 554. It looks like after these events any active life in Phanagoria stopped for a while: there are no materials of the second half of the 6th – 7th centuries from the city necropolis, no finds of later forms of red-ware pottery from the city. A new period in the history of the city began around 665, when Bosporos was occupied by the Khazars. That was the time when burnt structures were re placed by buildings constructed after the opus spicanti technique characteristic of the 7th – 10th century Khazar architecture.