Tesis sobre el tema "Systèmes hôte-Parasite"
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Salvaudon, Lucie. "Les interactions spécifiques entre génotypes dans les systèmes hôte-parasite". Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112229.
Texto completoIn this PhD thesis I investigated the coevolution processes occurring in host-parasite associations, and, in particular, how this coevolution is affected by a shared control of the infection phenotype by both protagonists. Indeed, in this type of association, the host and parasite genotypes can both contribute in the expression of phenotypic traits linked to parasite fitness, like infectivity of transmission, as well as to host fitness, for resistance and virulence traits. All these traits then depend on host genotype, on parasite genotype, but can also depend on the specific interaction between the two. With an experimental approach on the infection by the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsis (= parasitica) on the host plant Arabidopsis thaliana, I demonstrated that quantitative traits such as symptoms intensity and parasite transmission success can also be controlled by these host genotype by parasite genotype interactions. Furthermore these interactions, which can also be found at the population scale, alter the relationship between parasite transmission and virulence. They can then make it more difficult to predict the evolution of virulence in natural populations. Finally, taking into account both protagonists in the determination of infection phenotype emphasize the important role of host mechanisms, aimed at resist or tolerate parasitic damages, and of evolved dependence processes, on the impact of parasites. Indeed, depending on parasite identity, host type of defenses, and their respective evolutionary histories, the outcome of an infection can range from high costs, to even apparent benefits for the host
Bendahmane, Mostafa. "Solutions L1 pour des systèmes de réaction-advection-diffusion intervenant en dynamique des populations". Bordeaux 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR12461.
Texto completoMoulia, Catherine. "Modalités des interactions génétiques dans les systèmes hôte-parasite : l'association nématodes (oxyures) : muridés (Mus) en zone d'hybridation hôte". Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20199.
Texto completoSpataro, Thierry. "De l'individu à la population : étude théorique de l'influence, au niveau de la population, de traits d'histoire de vie et de comportements individuels dans les systèmes hôte-parasitoïde". Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10083.
Texto completoBahi-Jaber, Narges. "Rôle de la variabilité comportementale des hôtes dans la dynamique et la persistance des maladies infectieuses : implications en termes d'évolution des systèmes hôte-parasite". Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10167.
Texto completoMichalakis, Ioannis. "Evolution des systèmes plantes hôtes - insectes parasites : approche théorique et expérimentale". Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20008.
Texto completoTirard, Claire. "Biodiversité et biogéographie évolutive dans les systèmes hôtes-parasites : le modéle Gadiformes (Téleostéens) - Copépodes et Monogènes". Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20140.
Texto completoDeshpande, Jhelam Nitin. "Eco-evolutionary feedbacks and networks : from genes to landscapes". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Montpellier (2022-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UMONG011.
Texto completoIt has long been recognised that ecology and evolution feed back onto each other. Starting from a mechanistic understanding of links between ecology and evolution at the level of processes, mechanisms, and patterns, I outline key challenges to understanding eco-evolutionary feedbacks: timescales, interactions within and between scales of organisation, and spatial structure (Chapter 1). Then, using a hierarchical networks perspective, I ask the question: how does explicitly accounting for interactions at the level of genes and spatial structure by modelling gene-regulatory (Chapter 2) and spatial networks (Chapters 3--6) respectively, impact eco-evolutionary feedbacks? Therefore, in this thesis, I developed individual-based models that provide proof-of-concept for how relaxing standard assumptions of additivity in genetic architecture and simplified spatial structures impact eco-evolutionary feedbacks. Specifically, I develop models of range expansion into an external environmental gradient and represent the genetic architecture of local adaptation and dispersal as gene-regulatory networks (Chapter 2). I also develop an eco-evolutionary model of a host-parasite system in which parasite virulence and host dispersal may evolve (Chapters 3--6) representing realistic spatial network structure: terrestrial and riverine aquatic landscapes are modelled by random-geometric graphs and optimal channel networks, respectively. By analysing these models, I show that explicitly accounting for gene-regulatory and spatial networks does indeed change ecological and evolutionary patterns relative to simplified models. Specifically, I find that range expansions into external environmental gradients create conditions in which gene-regulatory networks that are more sensitive to mutation, hence adapting faster to novel conditions, end up at the range front (ecology to evolution; eco-to-evo). The evolution of greater sensitivity to mutation in turn leads to accelerating range expansion dynamics (evo-to-eco). This result cannot be obtained in simple additive architectures, indicating that when ecology and evolution are on similar timescales and evolution is mutation limited, the structure of the genotype-to-phenotype map must be taken into account. At the other extreme, in the case of spatial networks when ecology is faster than evolution (Chapters 3--5), I show that terrestrial and riverine aquatic spatial networks distribute densities of hosts and parasites in a characteristic way. This leads to both demographic and genetic (kin) structuring of the interacting partners. Genetic structure as captured by parasite relatedness leads to characteristic patterns of virulence evolution (eco-to-evo) in terrestrial and riverine aquatic landscapes (Chapter~3) and demographic structure (Chapter 4) drives its co-evolution with host dispersal (Chapter~5). Differences in evolved parasite virulence also further impact the distributions of hosts and parasites in space (Chapter~3; evo-to-eco). These results demonstrate that understanding classical eco-evolutionary mechanisms (e.g. kin selection) in terms of the structure of spatial networks is a way forward to a more general theory of eco-evolutionary feedbacks in complex landscapes. Finally, for standing genetic variation limited co-evolution of host dispersal and parasite virulence during co-range expansions into spatial networks (Chapter 6), I show for the range of parameters explored that range expansions create conditions in which the evolutionary effects of spatial network structure are greatly reduced (eco-to-evo). This leads to the speed of co-range expansions being determined by spatial network structure alone (evo-to-eco). Therefore, my results call for a systematic study of the impact of biological system complexity on eco-evolutionary feedbacks at all levels: genes, individuals, populations, and communities explicitly accounting for space and eco-evolutionary timescales (General Discussion; Chapter 7)
Bédhomme, Stéphanie. "Evolution des traits d'histoire de vie dans un système hôte-parasite". Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20099.
Texto completoGam, Meriame. "Dynamique des systèmes parasites - hôte, entre trematodes digènes et coque Cerastoderma edule : comparaison de la lagune de Merja Zerga avec le bassin d'Arcachon". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13684/document.
Texto completoThe global dynamics of the parasites-host systems (PHS) ‘digenean trematodes – cockle Cerastoderma edule’ was simultaneously studied in Merja Zerga (Morocco) and Arcachon Bay (France). Cockle population dynamics exhibited an intra- and inter-site variability mostly explained by temperature, predation, competition and sedimentary dynamics. In both lagoons, recruitment occurred at 19° C, with a temporal delay due to latitudinal position (April-May at Merja Zerga, and June-July at Arcachon). Growth rates were similar in both cockle populations (K=1.5 an-1) but growth performances were higher at Arcachon (F’=3.3) than at Merja Zerga (F’=3.1). Production was higher at Merja Zerga (36-65 g dry weight.m-2.yr-1). P/B was low in both sites and slighly higher at Arguin (1.1-1.5 contre 1.0-1.1 yr-1). Both sites exhibited rich parasite communities with 11 species at Merja Zerga and 13 species at Arguin, corresponding to 69 and 81% of the identified cockle parasite species richness (digeneans). Great distances and climate differences did not alter the structure of parasite communities. Structure and dynamics of PHS related to latitude showed the moderate effect of temperature, within this climate range. At Merja Zerga, temperature was not a limiting factor for parasite infestation, in contrast with what happens in northern countries. But eventually, parasite loads in adult cockles were similar in both sites. Echinostomatids and gymnophallids were the most contributive families explaining parasite- dependent mortality. Digenean impact on cockle resulted in an increasing of E/B, with a higher effect at Merja Zerga. This difference could be linked to a higher virulence in southern sites. The presence of seagrass beds, the position between subtidal and intertidal and the cockle density remained secondary factors in controlling parasite infestation
Coustau, Christine. "Analyse génétique et physiologique des interactions hôte-parasite : le système Prosorhynchus squamatus-Mytilus". Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20029.
Texto completoVianou, Koffi Bertin. "Analyse du système hôte-parasite chez le patient pour un traitement adapté du neuropaludisme". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSES008.
Texto completoAnalysis of host-parasite interaction in cerebral malaria patients for appropriate treatment. Cerebral malaria, a fatal neurological complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection, occurs mainly in children under the age of five in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite treatment with intravenous artesunate, mortality remains high. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of cerebral malaria will enable us to envisage new, more suitable types of treatment. A cohort of Beninese children presenting with either uncomplicated malaria (UM) or cerebral malaria (CM) was set up. Children with CM were followed up at three days and 1 month (D3, D30) after their inclusion in the study (D0). This thesis focused on three aspects of the host response through the following questions: 1) Is endothelial activation impacted by the type of parasite infecting the host? 2) Is the monocyte response affected during cerebral malaria? and 3) Can we identify specific biomarkers of death during cerebral malaria? Using a co-culture model (Hbec-5i and infected red blood cells -iRBCs- from patients), we showed́ by RT-qPCR that cytoadherence of infected red blood cells from children with CM to endothelial cells increased the expression level of the Nrf2 gene on the endothelial cells. Comparison between clinical groups (CM and UM) of endothelial activation biomarkers measured in co-culture supernatants (with or without contact between the two cell types) showed no significant difference. These results suggest that cytoadherence of iRBCs to ECs alone is not sufficient to induce the production of activation biomarkers by ECs. Concerning the impact of cerebral malaria on monocyte response, the results showed a decrease in the proportion of non-classical monocytes and an alteration in the phagocytosis capacity of total monocytes during acute cerebral malaria (D0), followed by a return to a normal distribution at D3 and then D30. Non-classical monocytes showed a better opsonic and non-opsonic phagocytosis capacity compared with the phagocytosis capacity of the classical and intermediate monocytes. Transcriptional profiling of monocytes revealed that malaria severity was associated with altered expression of CD16, CR1, CR3, TLR2, involved in opsonic phagocytosis, and Tim3, involved in modulating parasite clearance. These results suggest that non-classical monocytes play a key role in the immune response set up during cerebral malaria, and that monocyte function would be controlled at the transcriptomic level. Further studies are required to identify the origin of these control mechanisms. Finally, plasma and urinary biomarkers were measured in children suffering from cerebral malaria. Univariate analysis revealed associations between the occurrence of death from CM and elevated plasma levels of TNF, IL-1, IL-10, CXCL9, Granzyme B, angiopoietin-2 and low levels of urinary PGEM. After multivariate logistic regression analysis, IL-8 appeared to be strongly associated with the occurrence of death for a plasma concentration 57.5 pg/mL at D0 followed by a rapid decreasing at D3 and D30 in surviving children. Biomarkers kinetics (D0, D3, D30) enabled us to distinguish a marker profiles of disease aggravation and resolution. This work reveals that cerebral malaria generates an activation of the antioxidant response by the vascular endothelium, as well as an alteration of the monocyte response via the diminished capacity of non-classical monocytes to eliminate iRBCs by phagocytosis. Furthermore, IL-8 as a biomarker associated with death also underlines the importance of the neutrophil response during cerebral malaria
Correa, Yepes Ana Cristina. "Analyse de linteraction hôte-parasite sous différentes approches évolutives : le système Lymnaeidae (Gastropoda) Fasciolidae (Trematoda)". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20156.
Texto completoParasites constitute a selective pressure to almost all living beings. This thesis addresses the host-parasite interaction in the Lymnaeidae (Gastropoda) Fasciolidae (Trematoda; liver flukes) system through different approaches, with the aim to give a comprehensive image of this interaction and its evolution. First, I established the phylogenetic relationships among Lymnaeidae species, and then mapped the evolution of different characters such as the susceptibility to the infection by Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica. While F. hepatica is a generalist parasite, capable to infect snails from almost all clades of the Lymnaeidae, infection by F. gigantica is restricted to one clade. Next, I studied the co-evolution between the parasite F. hepatica and two of its intermediate host species (Galba truncatula and Omphiscola glabra) at a finer scale: within a metapopulation. This study confirmed the generalist strategy of F. hepatica. In addition, it seems that parasitized and non-parasitized G. truncatula snails exhibit genetic differences, at least in five out of eight studied populations.I also characterized the genetic diversity of two species of invasive snails involved in the transmission of F. hepatica: Pseudosuccinea columella and Lymnaea sp. We discuss the possible reasons of invasion success in these snails, despite their low genetic diversity, which could facilitate their infection by F. hepatica. Their capacity to respond to parasitism is certainly reduced, all the more that these species are preferential selfers. This work has then led me to measure the waiting time before self-fertilization and inbreeding depression in these two snails. I found that these two species are characterized by low inbreeding depression and present no waiting time, which confirms the results obtained in a collaborative project at larger phylogenetic scale. This thesis strengthens the importance of evolutionary studies to understand the epidemiology of parasitic diseases
Labrosse, Corinne. "Les facteurs immunosuppresseurs dans le système hôte-parasitoi͏̈de Leptopilina boulardi-Drosophila melanogaster". Tours, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOUR4011.
Texto completoPrugnolle, Franck. "Structuration génétique locale et régionale dans le système hôte-parasite "Schistosoma mansoni" - "Rattus Rattus" - "Biomphalaria glabrata" en Guadeloupe". Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20102.
Texto completoPonte, Costa Sónia Catarina Da. "Etude de l'interaction des bactéries du genre Photorhabdus avec les cellules du système immunitaire". Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20197.
Texto completoAs enterobactérias do género Photorhabdus são patogénicas para os insectos e recentemente foram descritas estirpes clínicas da espécies P. Asymbiotica isoladas nos Estados Unidos da América e na Austrália. Consagramo-nos ao estudo de alguns mecanismos de virulência utilizados por Photorhabdus. O genoma P. Luminescens subsp laumondii, estirpe TT01, apresenta um locus que codifica para o sistema de secreção do tipo três e um efector, LopT. Estudamos um novo efector de virulência de P. Luminescens, homólogo de LopT e designado LopT2, mas codificado sobre um vestígio de prófago. Como LopT, LopT2 apresenta uma actividade protease de cisteína, tendo como alvo as proteínas da família das Rho GTPases. LopT2 é produzido in vivo especificamente em órgãos de defesa, sugerindo que este factor de virulência desempenha um papel essencial na inibição das reacções de defesa imunitárias do insecto. Em relação a P. Asymbiotica, o nosso trabalho mostra, pela primeira vez, que se trata de uma bactéria de crescimento intracelular facultativa. As estirpes americanas são fracamente interiorizadas pelos macrófagos THP-1, enquanto que as estirpes australianas penetram facilmente em THP-1 bem como em células não fagocitárias (HeLa). Além disso, apenas as estirpes australianas induzem uma rápida e forte apoptose das células do sistema imunitário de insectos e de mamíferos. Mostramos que a maior virulência das estirpes australianas em relação às células, in vivo, pode estar correlacionada com a maior gravidade dos casos clínicos detectados na Australia, relativamente aos Estados Unidos da América
Durieux, Éric. "Écologie du système hôte - parasite, juvéniles GO de sole (Solea solea) - métacercaires de Digènes : dynamique et effets de l'infestation". La Rochelle, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LAROS193.
Texto completoLittle attention has been paid to parasitism as a potential factor of variation in flatfish juveniles biological performances. In this PhD thesis, the dynamics and the effects of the infection by digenean metacercariae have been studied on 0-group juveniles of the common sole Solea solea (Pleuronectiformes, Soleidae), species of primary importance for fisheries for the North East Atlantic region. In coastal nursery grounds, 0-group sole locally accumulate different taxa of digenean metacercariae. The dynamics of the infection is controlled by the major local factors, proximity of the first intermediate hosts (molluscs) and cercariae dispersal capacities. Digenean metacercariae have been used as biological tags of habitat use by their host: 0-group sole juveniles are very sedentary and their density / growth show a high variability at small spatial scale, which reflects the high variability of habitat quality at this scale. Prosorhynchus crucibulum (Digenea, Bucephalidae) infection is enhanced by mussel farming (mussel = first intermediate host). This parasite can have effects on immunity, condition and behaviour of 0-group sole juveniles. These impacts are modulated by the development of the parasite, the physiological status of the host and the environmental factors. From now, parasitism appears essential in the study of the functioning of flatfish coastal nurseries
Lopes, Christelle. "Dynamique d’un système hôte-parasitoïde en environnement spatialement hétérogène et lutte biologique : application au puceron Aphis gossypii et au parasitoïde Lysiphlebus testaceipes en serre de melons". Paris, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.paristech.org/3399/01/these-Lopes.pdf.
Texto completoNatural ecosystems are unavoidably spatially structured and the induced heterogeneity affects various processes of ecological systems. In many cases, the influence of spatial heterogeneity on population dynamics remains unclear. This thesis contributes to a better theoretical understanding of the effects of such heterogeneity on host-parasitoid interactions. In this way, three spatial approaches were developed and adapted to the aphid pest Aphis gossypii and one of its parasitoids Lysiphlebus testaceipes in a melon greenhouse. The importance of spatial structure was tested by comparing a non-spatial model with a spatially explicit model (a lattice one). Our results showed that considering space is essential to describe the spatial heterogeneous distribution of populations Observed in the field. The way in which space should be considered was tested by comparing the spatially explicit model with a new implicit approach, which describes the level of plant infestation by a continuous variable corresponding to the number of plants with a given density of pests at a given time. When the explicit model needs as many equations as plants in the greenshouse, our novel approach has only a partial differential equation. We could infer from the comparisons between the two spatial models that the predicted host-parasitoid dynamics were similar under most conditions; and the differences were due to local dispersal (considered only in the explicit model), because it could have a strong impact on population dynamics but did not change the conclusions for crop protection. The new implicit model thus generated relevant predictions with a more synthetic formalism than the common plant-by-plant model. This implicit model was used to test biological control strategies. We showed that (i) preventive releases are less efficient than curative ones, if the cost of infestation detection is not too high; (ii) strategies with several releases are always better than single releases strategies. As a conclusion, we demonstrated that the effectiveness of a biological control depends on the functional response of the parasitoids, the initial distribution of pests (that determines the infestation process) and the costs affected to each type of strategies
Latu, Guillaume. "Algorithmique parallèle et calcul haute performance dédiés à la simulation d'un système hôte-macroparasite". Bordeaux 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR12632.
Texto completoRoy, Lise. "Ecologie évolutive d'un genre d'acarien hématophage : approche phylogénétique des délimitations interspécifiques et caractérisation comparative des populations de cinq espèces du genre Dermanyssus (Acari : Mesostigmata)". Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005531.
Texto completoDupas, Stéphane. "La suppression immunitaire dans le système drosophile-parasitoi͏̈de : aspects physiologiques, génétiques et évolutifs". Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20015.
Texto completoBelicard, Tony. "Base génétique de la sensibilité au virus d'Orsay au sein des populations naturelles de Caenorhabditis elegans". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2014PA066274.pdf.
Texto completoCaenorhabditis elegans is a commonly studied animal model in laboratories. The discovery ofthe first natural viral infections of Caenorhabditis brings new models to study animal-virusinteractions.The Orsay virus, specifically infecting C. elegans, and the Santeuil virus, specificallyinfecting C. briggsae, are positive single strand RNA viruses (Hepatites, Chikungunya,Coronavirus etc…) disrupting the structure of intestinal cells of their host. However, weobserved a strong variability in the sensitivity to those viruses at the intraspecific level.To identify the genetic basis of the sensitivity, we performed a genome wide association studyon 97 wild isolates of C. elegans. We were able to identify the center of chromosome IV as aregion containing the locus responsible for this sensitivity. A deletion in the drh-1 gene,coding for a RIG-I-Like protein, confers sensitivity to their carrier. RIG-I is known torecognize viral RNA and to trigger an antiviral response through the production of interferonsin vertebrates. However, C. elegans is not able to produce interferons but it appears thatDRH-1 initiates a viral specific siRNA pathway.Immunity genes are under strong selective pressure. Thus, it is surprising that such animportant protein for the antiviral pathway appears to be disrupted in 23% of the wild isolates.This deletion shows high linkage disequilibrium with a broader region of 3Mb, suggestingthat the deletion propagates with this region. However, this region does not seem to provideany advantage to their owner under laboratory conditions
Staszewski, Vincent. "Immuno-écologie et interactions hôte-parasite : cas du système oiseaux de mer-tique Ixodes uriae et agent de la maladie de Lyme (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato)". Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066081.
Texto completoTaking into account the ecological context of host parasite interactions may be important to consider when examining trade offs between immune responses and the other needs of the organism. Ecological factors likely to affect exposure risk and the response to parasitism will ultimately affect the dynamics of biodiversity in host-parasite systems. Taking these aspects into account is thus necessary in order to define adequate public health policies and epidemiological risk models
Rochat, Jacques. "Modélisation d'un système hôte-parasitoïde en lâcher inoculatif : application au couple Aphis gossypii - Lysiphlebus testaceipes en serre de concombre". Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10196.
Texto completoLe, Bailly Matthieu. "Evolution de la relation hôte/parasite dans le système lacustre nord alpins au Néolithique (3900-2900 BC), et nouvelles données dans la détection des paléoantigènes de Protozoa". Reims, 2005. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000157.pdf.
Texto completoPaleoparasitology is the research and the study of conserved parasitic remains in historical and pre historical archaeological samples. The first part of this work concerns the study of samples tough from six different middle and final Neolithic lakeside settlements, between 3900 and 2900 BC, from Switzerland and Germany. During this thousand year's period, variations of the parasitosis number, and fluctuations of each parasite are observed. Many possibilities are discussed to explain those observations: cultural and diet changes, population increase. But those variations seem to be highly linked to the climatic and economic crash that happens during this period. The second part of the thesis aims to develop and standardize the use of immunological techniques for the detection of Protozoa paleoantigens in ancient materials. Immunology has been used for the research of two human intestinal parasitic Protozoa of medical importance: Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia intestinalis. The utilisation of ELISA technique and immunofluorescence permitted to prove the efficacy of such methods. The results raise many questions on the detection potential of immunological techniques, but also on the antigens conservation and the role of taphonomic process on the loss of antigenic signal. The presence, in the New World, of positive samples only dated after the European colonization raise the question of the importance of colonists in the importation and the transmission of parasitosis from the Old to the New World. All the data accumulated permit to complete the parasitological references for each period studied, but also, allow enriching the knowledge concerning the evolution of the parasitic diseases through the time. Those results open new perspectives to the Paleoparasitology as well in the detection of new parasites species, as in the ways of research
Belicard, Tony. "Base génétique de la sensibilité au virus d'Orsay au sein des populations naturelles de Caenorhabditis elegans". Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066274/document.
Texto completoCaenorhabditis elegans is a commonly studied animal model in laboratories. The discovery ofthe first natural viral infections of Caenorhabditis brings new models to study animal-virusinteractions.The Orsay virus, specifically infecting C. elegans, and the Santeuil virus, specificallyinfecting C. briggsae, are positive single strand RNA viruses (Hepatites, Chikungunya,Coronavirus etc…) disrupting the structure of intestinal cells of their host. However, weobserved a strong variability in the sensitivity to those viruses at the intraspecific level.To identify the genetic basis of the sensitivity, we performed a genome wide association studyon 97 wild isolates of C. elegans. We were able to identify the center of chromosome IV as aregion containing the locus responsible for this sensitivity. A deletion in the drh-1 gene,coding for a RIG-I-Like protein, confers sensitivity to their carrier. RIG-I is known torecognize viral RNA and to trigger an antiviral response through the production of interferonsin vertebrates. However, C. elegans is not able to produce interferons but it appears thatDRH-1 initiates a viral specific siRNA pathway.Immunity genes are under strong selective pressure. Thus, it is surprising that such animportant protein for the antiviral pathway appears to be disrupted in 23% of the wild isolates.This deletion shows high linkage disequilibrium with a broader region of 3Mb, suggestingthat the deletion propagates with this region. However, this region does not seem to provideany advantage to their owner under laboratory conditions
Arancio, Marc. "Etude théorique des interactions entre des dinoflagellés et des parasitoïdes eucaryotes en environnement mélangé : persistance du système et succession phytoplanctonique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10223.
Texto completoMany species of autotrophic dinoflagellates can be parasitized by multiple eukaryotic parasitoids. These parasitoids have a specific life cycle resulting in the death of the host and the release of hundreds of zoospores that can infect a new host. Several studies have demonstrated their potential to control the host population in a few days as well as their great diversity and suggests a very complex dynamics of infection in this kind of environment. The objective of this thesis is to understand the parasitoid-dinoflagellates infection dynamics in a highly mixed estuary and a better understanding of the different interactions taking place within this system. To address this problem, we used the modeling approach (IBM). This approach has enabled to show that the hosts excystment process, also used by the parasites to survive the winter, helps to explain the persistence of the system. It has also demonstrated the potential influence of different types of parasitoid on the dynamics infection and succession of dinoflagellates species, with increased diversity of the host population in the presence of specialists and decreased with generalists. The estimation improvement of the parameter used to calculate the rate of encounter between hosts and parasites with experimental and numerical methods was also attempted. The results showed a significant change in this parameter depending on behavior and the need to take it into account for a better parameterization
Pichon, S. "Système de sécrétion de type IV et protéines à domaines ankyrines dans les interactions Wolbachia-arthropodes". Phd thesis, Université de Poitiers, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00551985.
Texto completoArancio, Marc. "Etude théorique des interactions entre des dinoflagellés et des parasitoïdes eucaryotes en environnement mélangé : persistance du système et succession phytoplanctonique". Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10223/document.
Texto completoMany species of autotrophic dinoflagellates can be parasitized by multiple eukaryotic parasitoids. These parasitoids have a specific life cycle resulting in the death of the host and the release of hundreds of zoospores that can infect a new host. Several studies have demonstrated their potential to control the host population in a few days as well as their great diversity and suggests a very complex dynamics of infection in this kind of environment. The objective of this thesis is to understand the parasitoid-dinoflagellates infection dynamics in a highly mixed estuary and a better understanding of the different interactions taking place within this system. To address this problem, we used the modeling approach (IBM). This approach has enabled to show that the hosts excystment process, also used by the parasites to survive the winter, helps to explain the persistence of the system. It has also demonstrated the potential influence of different types of parasitoid on the dynamics infection and succession of dinoflagellates species, with increased diversity of the host population in the presence of specialists and decreased with generalists. The estimation improvement of the parameter used to calculate the rate of encounter between hosts and parasites with experimental and numerical methods was also attempted. The results showed a significant change in this parameter depending on behavior and the need to take it into account for a better parameterization
Leducq, Régine. "Echinococcose alvéolaire : migration et différenciation dans l'hôte intermédiaire expérimental. Aspects morphologiques et biochimiques". Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20181.
Texto completoDe, Garine-Wichatitsky Michel de. "Ecologie des interactions hôtes/vecteurs : analyse du système tiques/ongulés sauvages et domestiques en zone tropicale". Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20114.
Texto completoBonato, Olivier. "Dynamique des populations de l'acarien vert du manioc "Mononychellus progresivus" et de l'acarien rouge "Oligonychus gossypii" au Congo. Modélisation du sous-système acariens phytophages-manioc". Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20049.
Texto completoMaure, Fanny. "Écologie et évolution de la manipulation de type garde du corps : étude du système Dinocampus coccinellae – Coleomegilla maculata". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20258/document.
Texto completoHost behavioral manipulation, a widespread strategy among parasitic organisms, has evolved to favor the transmission and/or survival of parasites. Understanding such a strategy is at the heart of applied aspects of parasitology, such as epidemiology and medicine, but is also important for evolutionary and ecological reasons. The aim of this study was to improve our knowledge on a category of manipulation that remains poorly documented: the bodyguard manipulation, initially described on parasitoid insects. Following their larval development, certain parasitic wasps (Braconidae) are able to usurp the behavior of their host and force them to serve as bodyguards to protect parasitoid cocoon against natural enemies. Studying the association between the parasitic wasp Dinocampus coccinellae and one of its host the spotted lady beetle Coleomegilla maculata, this work is structured in five axes: i) Efficiency of the bodyguard protection and associated costs, ii) Energetic constraints for manipulative parasites, iii) Diversity and evolution of bodyguard manipulation, iv) Host survival from parasitism and v) Host nutrition effects on a host–manipulative parasitoid association. Our results provide original findings about the ecology and evolution of the bodyguard manipulation, for instance the energetic costs associated with host manipulation or the role of host nutrition in this type of association. New perspectives are identified in order to stimulate future research in this area
Minguez, Laëtitia. "Les interactions "hôte-parasites-environnement" dans la bioévaluation de la qualité des milieux : l'exemple du système Dreissena polymorpha et ses parasites". Thesis, Metz, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011METZ042S.
Texto completoSeveral studies showed the importance to take parasites into account in risk assessment studies since they represent potential confounding factors modifying the host physiology and bioindicators of water quality. In this context, we chose the freshwater bivalve Dreissena polymorpha as test host, organism commonly used in ecotoxicological studies. The potential confounding factor of different parasite species (i.e. intracellular bacteria, ciliates, trematodes) was studied, in situ on several host populations sampled on sites with a contamination gradient, and under controlled laboratory conditions where mussels were exposed to different nickel concentrations. Several physiological responses of zebra mussels were then tested at cellular and individual levels. It turns out that parasite infection can influence the biological responses of D. polymorpha, but the direction and intensity of responses depend on the host population history, the host gender and the parasite species considered. Moreover, we confirmed by descriptive modeling with data collected in France and the United States the relationship between environmental pollution (metallic contamination) and the occurrence of parasites, especially microparasites. Studies highlighted the specific case of co-infections that generally induced greater effects on host physiology than single infections. The results obtained during this PhD confirm the complexity of interactions between a host and its parasites, but emphasize the importance of taking into account parasitism in the assessment of environmental quality
Dubuffet, Aurore. "Variation intra spécifique de résistance et de virulence dans un système hôte-parasitoïde : Approche intégrative de la spécificité des interactions". Phd thesis, Université François Rabelais - Tours, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00101898.
Texto completoLe travail de thèse présenté ici porte sur les variations de virulence du parasitoïde et les variations de résistance de l'hôte à l'origine de variations dans l'issue du parasitisme dans le modèle Leptopilina boulardi - Drosophila yakuba. Deux lignées du parasitoïde L. boulardi, présentant des capacités de virulence contrastées vis à vis de l'hôte D. yakuba, ont été étudiées et comparées pour leur comportement de sélection d'hôte et leur stratégie de virulence. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent une relation entre capacités de virulence et comportement de choix d'hôte chez L. boulardi et démontrent l'existence chez une même espèce de parasitoïde de stratégies parasitaires différentes utilisées contre deux espèces hôtes. Les effets physiologiques du parasitisme sur l'immunité de l'hôte sont décrits et l'étude de la nature des facteurs de virulence est abordée. Les bases génétiques et physiologiques de la variation de résistance à L. boulardi chez l'hôte D. yakuba ont été par ailleurs étudiées à l'aide de deux lignées hôtes respectivement sensible et résistante.
L'ensemble des données obtenues au cours de cette thèse ont été comparées avec les données disponibles dans le modèle L. boulardi - D. melanogaster dans une approche permettant d'aborder les problèmes de spécificité d'hôte au niveau physiologique et moléculaire.
Dibao-Dina, Alfred. "Élaboration d’un système in vitro de suivi en continu par spectroscopie d’impédance électrique de l’infection d’une lignée de cellules cancéreuses par un protozoaire parasite : Cryptosporidium parvum". Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10002/document.
Texto completoCryptosporidium is the main origin of worldwide waterborne epidemic outbreaks caused by protozoan parasites. In this thesis, we show that an in vitro electrical impedance-based device is able to get insights on Cryptosporidium life cycle on a cell culture and to quantify sample infectivity. HCT-8 cells (human adenocarcinoma) were grown to confluency on interdigitated microelectrode arrays during 76 hours and then infected by Cryptosporidium parvum during 60 hours. The impedimetric response was measured at frequencies ranging from 100Hz to 1MHz and a 7min sampling period. As the infection progresses, the impedance signal shows a reproducible distinct succession of peaks at 12, 23 and 31h post infection (PI), and minima at 9, 19 and 28h PI. An electrical equivalent circuit modeling-based approach indicates that these features can be partly explained by the effects of host-parasite interactions on intercellular areas. Furthermore, our data present for the first time a real-time monitoring of early homogeneous parasitic stage development with alternating invasive (i.e. zoites) and proliferative (i.e. meronts) form predominances, observed respectively at peaks and minima in the impedimetric signal. Finally, by quantifying the magnitude of the impedimetric response, we demonstrate this device can also be used as an infectivity sensor as early as 12h PI, thus being at least 4 times faster than other state of the art techniques
Urbini, Laura. "Models and algorithms to study the common evolutionary history of hosts and symbionts". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1214/document.
Texto completoIn this Ph.D. work, we proposed models and algorithms to study the common evolutionary history of hosts and symbionts. The first goal was to analyse the robustness of the methods of phylogenetic tree reconciliations, which are a common way of performing such study. This involves mapping one tree, most often the symbiont’s, to the other using a so-called event-based model. The events considered in general are cospeciation, duplication, host switch, and loss. The host and the symbiont phylogenies are usually considered as given and without any errors. The objective here was to understand the strengths and weaknesses of the parsimonious model used in such mappings of one tree to another, and how the final results may be influenced when small errors are present, or are introduced in the input datasets. This may correspond either to a wrong choice of present-day symbiont-host associations in the case where multiple ones exist, or to small errors related to a wrong rooting of the symbiont tree. Our results show that the choice of leaf associations and of root placement may have a strong impact on the variability of the reconciliation output. We also noticed that the host switch event has an important role in particular for the rooting problem. The second goal of this Ph.D. was to introduce some events that are little or not formally considered in the literature. One of them is the spread, which corresponds to the invasion of different hosts by a same symbiont. In this case, as when spreads are not considered, the optimal reconciliations obtained will depend on the choice made for the costs of the events. The need to develop statistical methods to assign the most appropriate ones therefore remains of actuality. Two types of spread are introduced: vertical and horizontal. The first case corresponds to what could be called also a freeze in the sense that the evolution of the symbiont “freezes” while the symbiont continues to be associated with a host and with the new species that descend from this host. The second includes both an invasion, of the symbiont which remains with the initial host but at the same time gets associated with (“invades”) another one incomparable with the first, and a freeze, actually a double freeze as the evolution of the symbiont “freezes” in relation to the evolution of the host to which it was initially associated and in relation to the evolution of the second one it “invaded”. Our results show that the introduction of these events makes the model more realistic, but also that it is now possible to directly use datasets with a symbiont that is associated with more than one host at the same time, which was not feasible before
Roux, Olivier. "Système de reconnaissance hôte-parasitoïde et différenciation de populations au sein de l'interaction spécifique Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera, Plutellidae) et Cotesia plutellae (Hymenoptera, braconidae)". Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30100.
Texto completoBrassicaceae crops make up a key vegetable production on a world scale. One of its most destructive pests is the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera, Plutellidae), whose caterpillars attack leaves and can cause almost 90% crop loss. Resistance toward many insecticides leads to more difficulties for DBM management. Among the numerous alternative control techniques, parasitoids are the most used, Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov, 1912) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) being a prime example. However, numerous attempts to introduce it into various areas of the world have often yielded mediocre results. Explanations of these results often involve notions of competition, maladaptation to the new environment and the use of non-selective insecticides. However, the host recognition capacities of the parasitoid have been never questioned. This was the object of the present study. .
Lise, Roy. "Ecologie évolutive d'un genre d'acarien hématophage : approche phylogénétique des délimitations interspécifiques et caractérisation comparative des populations de cinq espèces du genre Dermanyssus (Acari : Mesostigmata)". Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00661327.
Texto completoHaond, Marjorie. "Impact de la capacité de charge de l’environnement sur les dynamiques d’expansions de métapopulation : théories et applications à un système expérimental hôte-parasitoïde". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR4017.
Texto completoReaction-diffusion equations are commonly used to describe population propagation dynamics. In particular, they can be used to define two types of dynamics: pulled and pushed. The pulled dynamic results from a colonization led by individuals in small numbers located at the edge of the population, the pushed dynamic results from a colonization led by larger numbers from the core of the population. Biological mechanisms underlying the pushed waves are still poorly described, however, the presence of an Allee effect (characterized by a positive correlation between growth rate and population density for small populations) is known to lead to a pushed dynamic. Other mechanisms generating a dependence between population size and the probability of colonization are also likely to generate pushed waves, but this generalization remains to be confirmed. Few studies have addressed the effects of environmental factors such as carrying capacity on population expansion rates. However, while for a pulled dynamic, the colonization of the few individuals at the front of the wave should not be influenced by the value of the carrying capacity of the environment, in the pushed case, individuals evolving at larger numbers, the carrying capacity could be a limiting factor of the expansion. We have therefore attempted to describe (i) the effects of carrying capacity on population expansion dynamics, particularly through the prism of pulled/pushed dynamics, and (ii) the diversity of demographic mechanisms that can generate high dynamics. For this purpose we used individual-centred modelling approaches and microcosm experimentation on parasitoid hymenoptera, Trichograms. We used a species with a positive density-dependent dispersion resulting in an increase in the individual probability of migrating in large populations, thus leading to potentially high colonization dynamics. Using these two approaches, we first studied the impact of carrying capacity on expansion velocity, validating our hypotheses that the dependence of expansion velocity on carrying capacity could be an indicator of the pushed/puledl nature of expansions. In a second part we studied the phenomena of Range pinning described for populations subjected to Allee effects and we tried to generalize this phenomenon to pushed dynamics in the presence of positive dependent density dispersion. In a third part we studied how a heterogeneous distribution in space of different carrying capacities would influence the dynamics of particularly high expansions
Remigi, Philippe. "Évolution et fonction de la famille d'effecteurs de type III gala de la bactérie phytopathogène ralstonia solanacearum". Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1585/.
Texto completoThe plant pathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum possesses a large repertoire of type III effectors, among which a family of seven proteins called GALAs. GALAs are collectively required for the virulence of R. Solanacearum on different host plants. Interestingly, GALAs are homologous to plant F-box proteins which are involved in the eukaryotic ubiquitine-proteasome system. Thus GALAs could enable R. Solanacearum to manipulate the stability of some plant proteins during infection. Through this work, we demonstrated that the GALA family members underwent functional divergence during evolution. Integrating bioinformatics studies along with experimental data, we showed that GALA proteins display functional specificities and show differential requirement for pathogenicity on different hosts. This functional divergence likely contributed to the remarkable conservation of the GALA family among R. Solanacearum strains. We then analyzed more specifically the virulence function of GALA7 which had been shown to be a host specificity factor on Medicago truncatula. A structure-function analysis was initiated in order to identify the amino-acids which are required for GALA7 function during infection. Using transgenic plants expressing GALA7, we showed that this effector is probably an active E3-ubiquitine ligase enzyme within plant cells. Finally, using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified several putative GALA interactors. Our work thus provides new insights into the selective forces driving the evolution of type III effectors and contributes to a better understanding of GALA functions during infection
Bichet, Coraline. "Ecologie évolutive de la malaria aviaire : effets des caractéristiques de l'hôte et de l'environnement". Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00907956.
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