Tesis sobre el tema "Système tropical"
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Doan, Thuy Kim Phuong. "Fonctionnement biogéochimique d'un barrage tropical : application au système turbide de Cointzio (Mexique)". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU011/document.
Texto completoLa qualité globale des eaux continentales (lacs et réservoirs) continue à se détériorer dans de nombreuses régions du Mexique. Le réservoir Cointzio, situé dans la partie sud du Plateau Central Mexicain, sur la ceinture “Trans-Mexicain Volcanique Belt » (TMVB), ne fait pas exception. Ce réservoir tropical turbide est un système monomictique chaud (surface = 6 km2, capacité = 66 Mm3, temps de séjour ~ 1 an). Il est stratégique pour l'approvisionnement en eau potable de la ville de Morelia, capitale de l'état du Michoacán, et pour l'irrigation en aval pendant la saison sèche. Le réservoir est menacé par l'accumulation des sédiments et des nutriments provenant d'eaux non traitées dans le bassin versant amont. La haute teneur en particules d'argile très fines et le manque d'installations de traitement de l'eau conduisent à de graves épisodes d'eutrophisation (jusqu'à 70 µg chl. a L-1) ainsi qu'à des périodes saisonnières de forte turbidité (profondeur de Secchi < 30 cm) et d'anoxie (de Mai à Octobre). Sur la base de mesures intensives de terrain réalisées en 2009 (échantillonnage dans le bassin versant, sédiments déposés, profils verticaux de l'eau, bilan entrées et sorties) nous avons présenté une étude intégrée du fonctionnement hydrodynamique et biogéochimique du réservoir Cointzio. Les profils verticaux de température (T), de concentration en sédiment en suspension (TSS), d'oxygène dissous (DO), de chlorophylle a, de carbone et de nutriments ont été utilisés pour évaluer les cycles internes au réservoir. Pour compléter l'analyse des données de terrain, nous avons examiné la capacité de différents modèles numériques 1DV (Aquasim modèle biogéochimique couplé avec le modèle de mélange k-ε) à (i) reproduire les principaux cycles biogéochimiques dans le réservoir Cointzio et (ii) préciser les scénarios de réduction des éléments nutritifs (P and N) pour limiter l'eutrophisation dans les prochaines décennies. Le modèle k-ε s'est avéré le plus robuste pour reproduire les conditions hydrodynamiques, en particulier la stratification modérée liée à la très grande turbidité et au régime soutenu de vent thermique. Le modèle Aquasim s'est avéré pertinent pour reproduire les principaux cycles de l'oxygène dissous DO, des nutriments et de la chlorophylle a au cours de l'année 2009. Les différentes simulations ont souligné l'impact négatif à long terme du réchauffement climatique. A la fin du siècle (2090), une augmentation de la température de l'air atteignant 4.4° C a été prédite à partir de modèles de circulation mondiale. Couplé avec une année hydrologique sèche, une telle situation pourrait conduire à des conditions anoxiques sévères et à des blooms importants de chlorophylle a (jusqu'à de 94 µg L-1). Diverses simulations ont montré que la réduction drastique de l'apport de nutriments (à 90%) serait nécessaire pour réduire de façon significative les teneurs en chlorophylle a. Si de telles mesures d'atténuation sont adoptées, le pic maximal de chlorophylle a se stabiliserait à 40 µg L-1, au lieu de 94 mg L-1, après une période de cinq ans d'efforts. À notre connaissance, cette étude fournit la première application numérique de modèles k-ε et AQUASIM pour simuler les niveaux d'eutrophisation élevés dans un réservoir tropical très turbide
Doan, Thuy kim Phuong. "Fonctionnement biogéochimique d'un barrage tropical : application au système turbide de Cointzio (Mexique)". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01067849.
Texto completoLhote, Antoine. "Critères d'évaluation de la qualité de l'eau d'un système lacustre tropical : approche statistique". Poitiers, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000POIT2287.
Texto completoLatouche-Hallé, Céline. "Flux de gènes et structure génétique de Dicorynia guianensis en forêt tropicale humide". Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112003.
Texto completoDicorynia guianensis is a canopy tree, endemic to the tropical rain forest of French Guiana. All adult trees within a continuous area of 40 ha (n=157), 375 saplings, and 246 progenies from 22 mature trees, were sampled and genotyped with 6 microsatellite loci and one PCR-RFLP cpDNA combination. Level of nuclear intrapopulation diversity was lower than temperate forest trees, as other tropical species. For both genomes, genetic differentiation was more pronounced between spatial aggregates than between cohorts. Spatial structure was larger for chloroplast than nuclear markers indicating a strong asymmetry between pollen and seed flow. Moreover, the species was able to maintain high levels of intrapopulation diversity for chloroplast genome. An avoidance of fixation of haplotypes is expected in recently formed aggregates for a colonizing species or in non-equilibrium situations where aggregates are subject to rapid extinction-recolonization dynamics. At the population level, the species was mostly outcrossing but there was marked variation among individuals. One tree exhibited mixed mating confirming that the self-incompatibility barriers could be relaxed. Male mating success was only moderately related to distance between trees within the study area. It was, however, related to the diameter of the stem and to the visual assessment of flowering intensity. The majority (66%) of pollen came from outside the study stand. These data suggest that the fine-scale spatial genetic structure is mainly the consequence of restricted seed dispersal, and that pollen flow has limited impact. The mating behavior of D. Guianensis is a combination of long distance pollen flow and occasional selfing
Haiech, Mercedes. "Étude algébrique des systèmes d'équations différentielles polynomiales d'ordre arbitraire". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020REN1S035.
Texto completoIn this thesis, several lines of study whose common denominator is differential algebra have been followed to highlight some algebraic properties of systems of differential equations. In one part we have been interested in the overdetermination of ordinary linear differential equation systems and have produced an algorithm to find the generators of such a system.Another part deals with the understanding of the support of partial differential equation solutions using tools from tropical geometry. In a third part, we were interested in the geometrical object described by the set of solutions of an ordinary differential equation and relate the existence of singular essential components for the considered differential equation and the decrease of the dimension of the tangent space of this object calculated at the neighborhood of non-degenerated solutions. In particular, this study involves looking at completion of non-Netherian rings; this situation and the related pathologies are also at the heart of two other parts of this thesis
Moubele, Alain. "Population, santé et développement en milieu tropical humide : une analyse géographique du système de soins dans une perspective d'aménagement territorial du Gabon". Paris 10, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA100029.
Texto completoThe current dissertation examines the field of development from the standpoint of health care geography. Indeed, we question the imbalances of the sanitary supply within an under populated and highly pathogenic environment. Our approach is based on the analysis of the structuring forces and their impact upon the Gabonese health services. Worked out within the prospect of the country planning and the sanitary development, our research work strives to elucidate the relation between the territorial building and the geography of health care services. The latest being for the first both a tool and a product. However, to explore such an articulation, we have resort to socio-spatial markers: demography, environment, economy, health, history, politics, etc. It comes out that the Gabonese geography of the health services paradoxically condemns and fits the country general geography. Indeed, in the case study of Gabon, the sanitary supply ladder roughly corresponds to the demographic and the urban ones. Thus meeting our hypothesis that the Gabonese health services serves the medical care demand rather than the population health needs. In a nutshell, the human resources distribution and their activities lead to the differentiated valorisation of the homeland territory, explaining by the same time the Gabonese health care system
Chea, Ratha. "Structure et dynamique des communautés de poissons : vers une compréhension écologique du système d'inondation pulsé en Asie tropicale". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30083/document.
Texto completoThe main objective of the thesis was to study the spatial and temporal dynamics of fish community structure in Lower Mekong river basin and Tonle Sap Great Lake in Cambodia. These two systems are strongly connected to each other and characterised by flood pulse system. By using the multivariate approaches on the fish, environmental and fish functional traits data sets, I am able to highlight: * the longitudinal gradients of physicochemical characteristics of water and the relative importance of environmental factors in explaining the large scale patterns of fish community; * the temporal structure of fish community, which is strongly linked to functional traits of fish and trigged by the pulse dynamics of the system; * the baseline trophic structure model and ecological health assessment of flood pulse system, which is disturbed by anthropogenic pressure. These results have demonstrated their values as well as their potentials to transfers toward an ecological understanding and sustainable fisheries resource management of the flood pulse system in tropical Asia by suggesting: * the connectivity between Mekong river and Tonle Sap lek is essential for fish to complete their life cycle and also the conservation should be done in the middle part of Lower Mekong river where containing the highest diversity; * in flood pulse system, the temporal structure of fish community strongly depend on the dynamics of pulses; therefore any river development must be strictly prohibited; * complete bio-ecological understanding of communities and their trophic relationships are crucial to the establishment of long-term management and conservation plans
Monteny, Bruno A. "Contribution à l'étude des interactions végétation-atmosphère en milieu tropical humide : importance du rôle du système forestier dans le recyclage des eaux de pluie". Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112266.
Texto completoThe tropical rain forest contributes largely to a climatic equilibrium which is maintained by the general atmospheric circulation. However, due to the population pressure, the current evolution of this forest zone requires that an agricultural development should be stimulated in accordance with the characteristics of this zone, which urged us to contribute to this comprehensive program. The first objective consists in studying the behavior of a forest zone covered with Hevea /Brasiliensis (producing rubber) which has been introduced recently in the forest zone of the Ivory Coast as part of a policy of regional development. This study has been made by analyzing the energy balance-Bowen ratio method associated with the water balance. The evaluation of the different processes according to the soil-climatic conditions allowed to modelize the characteristics of the dynamics of the forest zone covered with Hevea and therefore its yield. The second objective consists in characterizing the regional energy balance using an adequate model for evaluation transfers and particularly the water vapor transfer. Due to the large forest areas, any modification in the properties of the forest area alters the heat and water vapor exchanges, thus affecting some physical parameters of the air mass. The study is made on drainage basin situated in the south-western part of the forest zone. Due to its aerial and underground vertical structure, the forest recycles about 55 to 70 % of the annual rainfalls into the atmosphere, thus preserving the physical characteristics of the humid air mass from the ocean. The large-scale introduction of annual crops would alter the regional energy equilibrium whose impact would be observed on the region situated north of the forest zone
Samba, Arona Ndiaye Samba. "Influence de Cordyla pinnata sur la fertilité d'un sol ferrugineux tropical et sur le mil et l'arachide dans un système agroforestier traditionnel au Sénégal". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq25455.pdf.
Texto completoDulormne, Maguy. "Analyse du fonctionnement carboné, hydrique et azoté d'un système agroforestier tropical, légumineuse arbustive-herbe : discussion de l'"effet ombrage" créé par la culture dominante". Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112127.
Texto completoSalhi, Lakhdar. "Contribution à l’étude des comportements mécaniques et à la corrosion d’un système de fondation de type pieu vissé dans un sol mou en environnement tropical humide". Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0790/document.
Texto completoThe purpose of this thesis is to study the both behaviors mechanical and of the corrosion of a new foundation system, called spirec piles, for lightweight structures. The work was based on two main aspects. The first aspect concerns the analysis of behavior of the spirmec piles under axial loading on the basis of experimental and numerical modeling in a non-cohesive soft soil. On the second aspect, it addresses the problem of corrosion of steel forming the pile in a humid tropical environment. The behavior of the tested piles under axial traction load, in a non-cohesive soil, showed the development of a cylindrical surface of failure. This does not depend on the geometrical configuration of the tested piles such that: the spacing s, the helix diameter dh and the diameter of the shaft. By adopting this failure criterion and using statistical data analysis, we proposed four analytical methods for predicting the bearing capacity of the piles from in-situ and laboratory tests, which are: cpt method based on tip resistance penetrometer (cpt test), mpt method based on pressuremeter limit pressure (test mpt), method of installation torque and analytical method based on the shear parameters of soil (triaxial tests and shear box). These methods take into account the geometry of the pile, the method and implementation of soil compaction. Performance analysis of the proposed methods showed that the analytical methods and cpt represent better the behavior of piles tested. An axisymmetric condition was assumed to model this geometry in two-dimensional space. In this study, we proposed to model the pipe screw pile with plates elements available in plaxis 2d. The helixes were modeled as circular disks. Interface elements were incorporated along the pile to simulate the soil-pile interaction. Hardening soil model was chosen to describe the soil with drained behavior was assigned for all layers. Linear elastic for pile and elastic plastic model based on the mohr-coulomb criterion was used to describe the interface behavior. The lateral expansion generated by the pile shaft was modeled by anisotropic volumetric strains (ɛxx=ɛzz, ɛyy=0). The pile behavior under tensile loading at different volumetric strains, it is clear that the best fit was obtained at volumetric strain of 40%. The parametric study also allowed us to establish the existence of a linear variation between the bearing capacity and spacings. The behavior of the galvanized steel in the ground has also been studied using three approaches such as: electrochemical, microscopic imaging and gravimetrically. Electrochemical tests of the corrosion of the zinc have been made in artificial soil solution into two periods, the rainy season and after eight months of contact soil-pile. Is a strong dependence of the observed corrosion rate of the zinc at the ph and conductivity of the solution. The corrosion rate is higher in the rainy season compared to eight months of contact of the pile with soil. High sulfate concentrations increase the rate of corrosion. The meb analysis shows that the fluctuation zone of the water table is the most corroded area. Comparison between the different methods of evaluating the corrosion rate showed that the ground water may be used as a representative profile of the chemical environment of a non-cohesive soil and slightly granular
Lam, Bao Hoai. "Sensors and wireless networks for monitoring climate and biology in a tropical region of intensive agriculture : methods, tools and applications to the case of the Mekong Delta of Vietnam". Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0006/document.
Texto completoClimate changes bring problems related to nature evolutions. Global warming has an impact on sea level, weather patterns, and wild life. A number of national and international organizations are developing research programs in these directions, including threats on cultures and insect proliferation. Monitoring these phenomena, observing consequences, elaborating counteracted strategies are critical for the economy and society.The initial motivation of this work was the understanding of change impacts in the Mekong Delta region. From there, automatic observation tools were designed with a real time information system able to integrate environmental measures, then to support knowledge production.Tracking environment evolutions is distributed sensing, which can be the association of efficient sensors and radio communications, operated under the control of an information system. Sensing insects is very complex due to their diversity and dispersion. However, this is feasible in the case of intensive agricultural production as it is the case of rice, having a small number of pests. An automatic vision observatory is proposed to observe the main threats for the rice, as an evolution of manual light traps. Radio communication weaves these observatories into a network with connection to databases storing measures and possible counteractions. An example observatory has a fisheye camera and insect counting algorithms for the BPH practical case in Vietnam.By considering the observation system as an input for an abstract machine, and considering decision and actions taken as a possible control on the environment, we obtain a framework for knowledge elaboration that can be useful in lots of other situations
Drouzy, Marion. "Etude de l'impact terrigène naturel et anthropique sur un système lagonaire tropical grâce à une approche de modélisation 3D hydro-sédimentaire liée à un réseau de mesures". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0455.
Texto completoThis thesis presents the adaptation of a hydrodynamic model to the lagoon of New Caledonia, potentially impacted by nickel activity. Hydrodynamic modeling is a tool for estimating and managing spatiotemporal risks for downstream areas. The MARS3D model has been implemented to study the dispersion of a dissolved material (tracer) from rivers. The tracking of this tracer, under the influence of different physical forcings, made it possible to apprehend the fate of dissolved pollutants potential from the mining industry. A residence time characteristic of hydrodynamics, calculated using the model and called the local e-Flushing time (eFTs), has been proposed to determine the zones with the longest residence times, and therefore the prediction of stagnant areas of possible pollutants in the water column, depending on wind and tidal conditions. This indicator is a predictive information tool, easily and quickly exploitable in an approach to estimate pollution risks. The last phase of the thesis work was the implementation of the coupling between the existing hydrodynamic module and the sedimentary module. An important test phase of the various parameterization options was necessary to reproduce the sedimentary characteristics measured in situ. Several pieces of information remain missing, which makes it difficult to use the module for forecasting purposes. However, the influence of terrigenous inputs on the entire modeled domain has been highlighted, raising the potential pollution risks via fixation of contaminants on deposited particles
Yerro, Pascal. "Etude expérimentale des champs de température et de vitesse d'un bardage thermique". Antilles-Guyane, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AGUY0022.
Texto completoEl, Hilany Boulos. "Géométrie tropicale et systèmes polynomiaux". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAM037/document.
Texto completoReal polynomial systems are ubiquitous in many areas of pure and applied mathematics. A. Khovanskii provided a fewnomial upper bound on the number of non-degenerate positive solutions of a real polynomial system of $n$ equations in n variables that depends only on the number of monomials appearing in the equations. The latter bound was recently improved by F. Bihan and F. Sottile, but the resulting bound still has room for improvement, even in some simple cases.The aim of this work is to tackle three main problems in Fewnomial theory. Consider a family of real polynomial systems with a given structure (for instance, supports or number of monomials). One problem is to find good upper bounds for their numbers of real (or positive) solutions. Another problem is to construct systems whose numbers of real (or positive) solutions are close to the best known upper bound. When a sharp upper bound is known, what can be said about reaching it?In this thesis, we refine a result by M. Avendaño by proving that the number of real intersection points of a real line with a real plane curve defined by a polynomial with at most t monomials is either infinite or does not exceed 6t -7. Furthermore, we prove that our bound is sharp for t=3 using Grothendieck's real dessins d'enfant. This shows that the maximal number of real intersection points of a real line with a real plane trinomial curve is eleven.We then consider the problem of estimating the maximal number of transversal positive intersection points of a trinomial plane curve and a t-nomial plane curve. T-Y Li, J.-M. Rojas and X. Wang showed that this number is bounded by 2^t-2, and recently P. Koiran, N. Portier and S. Tavenas proved the upper bound 2t^3/3 +5t. We provide the upper bound 3*2^{t-2} - 1 that is sharp for t=3 and is the tightest for t=4,...,9. This is achieved using the notion of real dessins d'enfant. Moreover, we study closely the case t=3 and give a restriction on the supports of systems reaching the sharp bound five.A circuit is a set of n+2 points in mathbb{R}^n that is minimally affinely dependent. It is known that a system supported on a circuit has at most n+1 non-degenerate positive solutions, and that this bound is sharp. We use real dessins d'enfant and Viro's combinatorial patchworking to give a full characterization of circuits supporting polynomial systems with the maximal number of non-degenerate positive solutions.We consider polynomial systems of two equations in two variables with a total of five distinct monomials. This is one of the simplest cases where the sharp upper bound on the number of non-degenerate positive solutions is not known. F. Bihan and F. Sottile proved that this sharp bound is not greater than fifteen. On the other hand, the best examples had only five non-degenerate positive solutions. We consider polynomial systems as before, but defined over the field of real generalized locally convergent Puiseux series. The images by the valuation map of the solutions of such a system are intersection points of two plane tropical curves. Using non-transversal intersections of plane tropical curves, we obtain a construction of a real polynomial system as above having seven non-degenerate positive solutions
Thomas, Marielle. "Biodétection en temps réel. Contribution à la réalisation d'un nouveau système de détection biologique précoce de la pollution des eaux de surface, fondé sur l'exploitation des décharges autostimulatrices d'un poisson électrique tropical : Apteronotus albifrons, Apteronotidae-Gymnotiformes". Nancy 1, 1996. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1996_0018_THOMAS.pdf.
Texto completoGaray-Lopez, Cristhian Emmanuel. "Tropical intersection theory, and real inflection points of real algebraic curves". Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066364/document.
Texto completoThis thesis is divided in two main parts. First, we study the relationships between intersection theories in tropical and algebraic geometry. Then, we study the question of the possibilities for the distribution of the real inflection points associated to a real linear system defined on a smooth real algebraic curve. In the first part, we present new results linking algebraic and tropical intersection theories over a very-affine algebraic variety defined over a particular non-Archimedean field (known as Mal’cev-Newmann field). The main result concerns the intersection of a one-dimensional algebraic cycle with a Cartier divisor in a variety with simple tropicalization. In the second part, we obtain first a characterization of the distribution of real inflection points associated to a real complete linear system of degree d>1 defined over a smooth real elliptic curve. Then we study some canonical, non-hyperelliptic real algebraic curves of genus 4 in a 3-dimensional projective space. We obtain a formule that relies the amount of real Weierstrass points of such a curve with the Euler-Poincaré characteristic of certain topological space. Finally, using O. Viro’s Patch-working technique, we construct an example of a smooth, non-hyperelliptic real algebraic curve of genus 4 having 30 real Weierstrass points
Macron, Clémence. "Les Talwegs Tropicaux Tempérés en Afrique australe : mécanismes et évolution face au changement climatique (2010-2099)". Thesis, Dijon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DIJOS057/document.
Texto completoIn the Southern Hemisphere, Southern Africa and the south-west Indian Ocean are one of the three preferred regions where interactions between the tropics and midlatitudes develop. This is the South Indian Convergence Zone (SICZ), where northwest-southeast oriented cloud bands form at the synoptic scale (between 3 and 5 days). These bands are mainly found during the austral summer and are commonly referred to as tropical temperate troughs (TTTs). This research aims at improving our knowledge related to TTTs, with a study on the dynamics associated with these systems, and an analysis of their possible evolution during the 21st century.The first part of this thesis aims at identifying favorable conditions for the formation and the development of TTTs. Weather regimes analysis is used to identify TTTs on the one hand and mid-latitude perturbations on the other hand, allowing us to better document the spatial and temporal variability of TTTs together with background climate conditions. The events identified account for 20% of seasonal rainfall on average. Their contribution increases according to a west to east gradient. The comparison between these two classifications, partitioned using a k-means clustering, first confirms that midlatitude perturbations are a necessary condition for TTT development, but they are not sufficient. An excess of moist static energy over the Mozambique Channel partly supplied by advections from remote regions (mostly the southern Atlantic basin and the south-west Indian Ocean) form additional conditions favoring deep atmospheric convection over and near the Southern Africa. The second part investigates possible changes in precipitation, TTTs and more generally climate over Southern Africa during the 21st century in response to radiative forcing associated with greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). A multi-model (height climate models taken on the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report) and multi-scenario (RCP 8.5 and 2.6) approach is chosen. All models are skillful to reproduce Southern Africa current climate characteristics and cloud bands associated with TTTs, both in terms of spatial variability and frequency of occurrences. During the 21th century, there is no consensus between the models on the future evolution of seasonal rainfall (NDJF). However, all simulate an increase in the amounts precipitated by rainy day over the south-east part of southern Africa. These changes are not related to an evolution of TTTs: their spatial patterns, frequency of occurrences and contribution to rainfall remain stationary throughout the 21st century, but they associated with extreme rainfall events that become more frequent and more intense
Murdock, J. Melody. "An external communication audit of the National Tropical Botanical Garden /". Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2003. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd194.pdf.
Texto completoSabino, Magali. "Bioaccumulation of trace elements in Seychelles marine food webs". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LAROS026.
Texto completoFood security, that is guarantying food supply and quality while sustainably managing resources, is closely linked to knowing the biology and ecology of consumed species. In a context of global changes that are threatening seafood safety, it is thus necessary to establish baselines on marine ecosystem functioning, as well as nutrient availability and contamination occurrence in seafood. This is all the more important in Small Island Developing States (SIDS), where populations rely on marine resources for their subsistence, and where capture fisheries resources are the main sources of proteins and micronutrients (i.e. essential trace elements) in local populations’ diet. In spite of the importance of tropical systems in ensuring food security, they remain largely understudied compared to polar and temperate systems. This thesis thus aims to better understand the functioning of tropical marine systems, and to establish a baseline on micronutrient availability and metal(loid) contamination in a wide diversity of capture fisheries resources from the Seychelles (Western Indian Ocean), a tropical SIDS. By investigating trace element concentration patterns at the inter- and intraspecific levels, it was possible to identify intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing trace element bioaccumulation in tropical capture fisheries resources. We thus highlighted the importance of considering different scales (individual, species, and ecosystem) to better understand essential trace element availability and non-essential trace element occurrence in seafood
Wu, Jin. "How do Amazonian Tropical Forest Systems Photosynthesize under Seasonal Climatic Variability: Insights from Tropical Phenology". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/594653.
Texto completoAndriamasy, Rabaozafy Louisa. "Les technologies de production tropicales et leurs champs d'applications en économie". Thesis, Perpignan, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PERP0021.
Texto completoTropical algebra is the tropical analogue of linear algebra by redefining the usual operation addition by the maximization operation and the usual addition operation as multiplication. Briec and Horvath introduced a concept of convexity very close to this concept quoted above which appears as one of the limits of use of the theory of optimization by Avriel (1972) and Ben-Tal (1977). Following this line of investigation, we give an overview of contributions involving a semilattice structure of production technologies and an optimization portfolio. To do that, firstly, we propose a framework allowing to consider both semilattice structure and translation homothetic properties in productivity measurement. We introduce the concept of Max-Plus convexity which combine both an upper semilattice structure and an additivity assumption. We establish a topological relation between several classes of known generalized convex models using some basic algebraic convex structures. We analyze the Painlevé-Kuratowski limit of the CES-CET and Alpha-returns to scale models. It is shown that their topological limits yield the B-convex and Cobb-Douglas production models. Moreover, we show that the improvement of technical efficiency is compatible with semilattice technologies in a cooperative game. Then, we introduce a criterion to measure portfolio efficiency based upon the minimization of the maximum absolute deviation and minimum absolute deviation from the expected return using the Shortage function. Finally, we derive simple closed-form expressions to calculate the hyperbolic measure in the case of inverse and B-Convexity that evaluates technical efficiency in the full input-output space
Batonon, Dolores Isidora Fifonsi. "Systèmes d'alimentation alternatifs pour le développement des filières volailles en régions chaudes". Thesis, Tours, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUR4017/document.
Texto completoThe objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of alternative feed ingredients in poultry feeding and to determine bird’s responses to sequential and loose-mix feeding in hot climate. A meta-analysis and in vivo trials were performed on the use of millet. sorghum and cottonseed meal in poultry diets. Results showed that simple or combined utilization of these ingredients resulted in similar feed intake and growth performance as corn/soybean-based diets. In laying hens, a study conducted in warm conditions showed that when they are subjected 10 variable temperature and humidity throughout and within a day, laying and growth performance decreased in sequential and loose-mix feeding. A second study confirmed that high environmental temperature does not disable sequential feeding benefits. This work suggest feeding systems in which feed ingredients produced in hot climates could be directly included in birds diets have been proposed. This will thereby help consolidating the links between poultry and vegetable supply chains and contribute to their development
Wilson, Lugano. "Biomass Energy Systems and Resources in Tropical Tanzania". Licentiate thesis, KTH, Energy and Furnace Technology, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-24705.
Texto completoTanzania has a characteristic developing economy, which is dependent on agricultural productivity. About 90% of the total primary energy consumption of the country is from biomass. Since the biomass is mostly consumed at the household level in form of wood fuel, it is marginally contributing to the commercial energy supply. However, the country has abundant energy resources from hydro, biomass, natural gas, coal, uranium, solar, wind and geothermal. Due to reasons that include the limited technological capacity, most of these resources have not received satisfactory harnessing. For instance: out of the estimated 4.7GW macro hydro potential only 561MW have been developed; and none of the 650MW geothermal potential is being harnessed. Furthermore, besides the huge potential of biomass (12 million tons of oil equivalent), natural gas (45 million cubic metres), coal (1,200 million tones), high solar insolation (4.5 – 6.5 kWh/m2), 1,424km of coastal strip, and availability of good wind regime (> 4 m/s wind speed), they are marginally contributing to the production of commercial energy. Ongoing exploration work also reveals that the country has an active system of petroleum and uranium. On the other hand, after commissioning the 229km natural gas pipeline from SongoSongo Island to Dar es Salaam, there are efforts to ensure a wider application in electricity generation, households, automotive and industry.
Due to existing environmental concerns, biomass resource is an attractive future energy for the world, Tanzania inclusive. This calls for putting in place sustainable energy technologies, like gasification, for their harnessing. The high temperature gasification (HTAG) of biomass is a candidate technology since it has shown to produce improved syngas quality in terms of gas heating value that has less tar.
This work was therefore initiated in order to contribute to efforts on realizing a commercial application of biomass in Tanzania. Particularly, the work aimed at establishing characteristic properties of selected biomass feedstock from Tanzania. The characteristic properties are necessary input to thermochemical process designers and researchers. Furthermore, since the properties are origin-specific, this will provide baseline data for technology transfer from north to south. The characteristic properties that were established were chemical composition, and thermal degradation behaviour. Furthermore, laboratory scale high temperature gasification of the biomasses was undertaken.
Chemical composition characteristics was established to palm waste, coffee husks, cashew nut shells (CNS), rice husks and bran, bagasse, sisal waste, jatropha seeds, and mango stem. Results showed that the oxygen content ranged from 27.40 to 42.70% where as that of carbon and hydrogen ranged from 35.60 to 56.90% and 4.50 to 7.50% respectively. On the other hand, the elemental composition of nitrogen, sulphur and chlorine was marginal. These properties are comparable to findings from other researchers. Based on the results of thermal degradation characteristics, it was evident that the cashew nut shells (CNS) was the most reactive amongst the analyzed materials since during the devolatilization stage the first derivative TG (DTG) peak due to hemicellulose degradation reached (-5.52%/minute) compared palm stem whose first peak was -4.81%/minute. DTG first peak for the remaining materials was indistinct.
Results from the laboratory gasification experiments that were done to the coffee husks showed that gasification at higher temperature (900°C) had an overall higher gasification rate. For instance, during the inert nitrogen condition, 7% of coffee husk remained for the case of 900°C whereas the residue mass for the gasification at 800 and 700°C was 10 and 17% respectively. Steam injection to the biomass under high temperature gasification evolved the highest volumetric concentration of carbon monoxide. The CO peak evolution at 900°C steam only was 23.47 vol. % CO whereas that at 700°C was 21.25 vol. % CO. Comparatively, the CO peaks for cases without steam at 900°C and 2, 3, and 4% oxygen concentrations were 4.59, 5.93, and 5.63% respectively. The reaction mechanism of coffee husks gasification was highly correlated to zero reaction order exhibiting apparent activation energy and the frequency factor 161 kJ/mol and 3.89x104/minute respectively.
QC 20100923
Bister, Marja Helena. "Development of tropical cyclones from mesoscale convective systems". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/57851.
Texto completoIncludes bibliographical references (p. 109-112).
by Marja Helena Bister.
Ph.D.
Finta, Christopher A. "Observations of mesoscale convective systems during tropical cyclone genesis". Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/8757.
Texto completoA better understanding of the role mesoscale convective systems (MCS) play in the formation stages of tropical cyclones will increase the ability to predict their occurrence and motion. This thesis employs high-resolution satellite imagery to observe the interaction between MCSs and their environment. Specifically, thirteen cases of tropical disturbances that eventually developed into tropical cyclones are analyzed to determine the role of MCSs in increasing the system organization. Following two conceptual models developed during the Tropical Cyclone Motion (TCM-93) mini-field experiment, each tropical cyclone is classified according to the relative importance of MCS activity to its development. Both conceptual models are verified through analysis and a third model is created to account for tropical cyclone developments that share features of the previous two models. An alternate approach is proposed for determining tropical system organization using only visible and infrared satellite imagery
Hill, Jennifer. "The development of multivaccine delivery systems for tropical diseases". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310135.
Texto completoWilcox, Eric Martin. "Spatial and temporal scales of precipitating tropical cloud systems /". Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3071048.
Texto completoSarkinen, Tiina E. "Historical assembly of seasonally dry tropical forest diversity in the tropical Andes". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:426466e7-6e9b-4a89-9d54-5962eb370fd2.
Texto completoGrandisson, Mariane. "Gestion des systèmes d'agriculture itinérante sur brûlis dans l'ouest Guyane : contribution à l'étude de la reproductibilité et de la fertilité". Antilles-Guyane, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AGUY0024.
Texto completoShifting cultivation on brulis (ai) is a convenient method of cultivation without inputs. After two or three crop cycles, the degradation of soil fertility forces farmers to move their crops and the land is left fallow. Fallowing can be used to reconstitute a biomass, which will release during the next production period, after burning, the mineral elements necessary for the growth and development of crops. The purpose of this study was to provide support for the decision, with a view to eventually establishing these traditional systems. It required an analysis of the management of Qi systems, an important component of reproducibility of fertility, and the condition of fixation. At first, the spatial management of these systems and their capacity to cope with the agro-ecological and socio-economic constraints of the environment, to reproduce, were studied. This study was carried out at the scale of the agrarian system and more precisely at the level of the production systems which correspond to the level of the choices and decisions of the farmers. In a second step, the evolution of the components of fertility, likely to influence the yield of cassava, was analyzed - the cassava constituting the main crop of West Guiana. Three levels were considered: the cropping system that allows to understand the modes of behavior and association of crops, but especially the cultivated plot and the experimental plot, place of measurement and monitoring. In the first stage of this work, a balancing capacity of the giblets is established from the Piaget model. This typology makes it possible to identify 5 functional types of giblets in the region and 2 modes of evolution. In the second stage, during a first cycle of giblets, after secondary forest, the evolution of stocks of carbon, nitrogen and exchangeable bases shows that there is no degradation in relation to the material organic soil. On the other hand, there is a decrease in exchangeable bases following the cultivation and in particular potassium. Comparing this decrease with the needs of the crop, it was possible to identify potassium as a factor limiting production
RAMOS, MARIA CRISTINA QUESNEL DE FLAINVILLE. "RAIN ATTENUATION IN TROPICAL REGIONS: APPLICATION TO LMDS SYSTEMS DESIGN". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2002. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=2816@1.
Texto completoEste trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de novo método de previsão da distribuição cumulativa de probabilidades da atenuação por chuvas para climas tropicais que em conta o percentual estimado da contribuição dos sistemas de chuva convectiva e estratiforme na região. O método proposto mostrou desempenho muito superior ao obtido com o método atualmente recomendado pelo ITU-R quando comparado com medidas experimentais realizadas, nas freqüências de 15 e 18 GHz, em cinco enlaces em um clima tropical. O método de previsão desenvolvido foi aplicado ao cálculo de enlaces de sistemas LMDS, cujas características e metodologia de planejamento foram também descritas no trabalho. Nestes sistemas a atenuação por chuvas é o principal fator limitante da cobertura, em função da operação nas faixas de 24 a 30 GHz.
This work presents the development of a new method for the prediction of rain attenuation cumulative distributions in tropical climates. The method takes into account the estimated percent contribution of convective and stratiform rain systems. The proposed method shows much better accuracy than the method currently recommended by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU-R), when tested against experimental data from five links operating at 15 and 18 GHz. The prediction method was applied in link budgets for Local Multipoint Distribution Systems (LMDS) that operate in the 24 to 30 GHz frequency band where rain attenuation is the main propagation impairment. A design methodology for these systems is also presented.
Damron, David W. "Tropical cyclone reconnaissance with the Global Hawk: operational thresholds and characteristics of convective systems over the tropical Western North Pacific". Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/38913.
Texto completoIn a tropical cyclone (TC), in situ observations measure storm location, intensity, and structure. These parameters are valuable for initializing numerical models and providing forecasters with current conditions on which to base their forecast. Over the western North Pacific (WPAC), a lack of in situ observations in TCs is hypothesized to be one component that contributes to a recent leveling of forecast skill. In this study, the use of a Global Hawk (GH) unmanned aerial vehicle as an observing platform for TCs over the WPAC is examined. It is hypothesized that the GH can greatly benefit the Department of Defense by reducing the uncertainty in TC track forecasts, which has been mandated by the U.S. Pacific Command as a priority for increasing the area of sea maneuverability A limit to successful GH operations is the ability to operate at altitudes above typical cloud tops of WPAC TCs. A climatology of WPAC TC cloud-top heights and temperatures was examined to relate these parameters to storm characteristics. It is concluded that use of a GH for tropical cyclone reconnaissance in the WPAC is a viable option to provide in situ observations of tropical cyclone characteristics for improved model and operational forecasts.
Hook, James Louis. "Topics in dynamical systems". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/topics-in-dynamical-systems(427b5d98-197d-4b53-876e-a81142f72375).html.
Texto completoReynaud, Nicolas. "Operation of Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Systems (DEWATS) under tropical field conditions". Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-185565.
Texto completoDie durch die Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association (BORDA) verbreiteten Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Systems (DEWATS) werden international von Entscheidungsträgern zunehmend als Möglichkeit angesehen, kommunale Abwasserreinigung in dichtbesiedelten, einkommensschwachen Gegenden zu ermöglichen. Allerdings wurden bislang wenig praktische Erfahrungen methodisch über grundlegende Aspekte der Anlagendimensionierung und Anlagenleistungsfähigkeit aufgenommen. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurden anaerobe Reaktoren kommunaler DEWATS unter tropischen Feldbedingungen untersucht, um eine Datengrundlage für zukünftige Dimensionierung, Wartung und Betrieb, als auch Monitoring der Anlagen zu schaffen. Schwerpunkt wurde dabei auf den Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) als Kerntechnologie von DEWATS gelegt. Felduntersuchungen wurden in der Zeit von mehr als vier Jahren an zahlreichen kommunalen DEWATS in Indonesien, Indien und Südafrika durchgeführt, um (i) die gängig gewählten Parameterwerte für Anlagen-Dimensionierung und -Betrieb zu überprüfen, (ii) leistungslimitierende Faktoren im Feldbetrieb zu identifizieren und um (iii) die Leistungsfähigkeit von DEWATS und DEWATS-Reinigungsstufen (insbesondere des ABRs) unter tropischen Feldbedingungen bezüglich Abflusskonzentrationen, Reduzierung des Chemischen Sauerstoffbedarfs (CSB), Schlammstabilisierung und Schlammaktivität zu untersuchen. Basierend auf den Untersuchungsergebnissen, wurden durchschnittliche Einwohnergleichwerte, Langzeitvariationen und Faktoren für Zuflussspitzen für kommunale Abwasserproduktion in DEWATS-Zielbevölkerungsgruppen präsentiert. Ferner werden allgemeine Pro-Kopf-CSB-Frachten, -Ammoniumfrachten und -Phosphorfrachten, die Pro-Kopf-Biogasproduktion in kommunalen Biogasanlagen sowie die Pro-Kopf-Schlammakkumulation in ABRs abgeschätzt. Auf Felduntersuchungen basierend, wurden Fremdwassereinfluss, generelle Unterbelastung, organische Unterbelastung und erhöhte Frischwassersalinität in Küstengebieten als leistungslimitierende Faktoren im Feldbetrieb identifiziert. An 109 indonesischen Anlagen durchgeführte Abflusskonzentrationsmessungen ließen auf eine garantierte Abflusskonzentration der anaeroben Reaktoren von 200 mg CSB l-1 schließen, wenn der negative Einfluss von erhöhter Frischwassersalinität ausgeschlossen werden kann. Der CSB-Abbau durch ABRs in vier detailliert untersuchten DEWATS war gering in drei Fällen und befriedigend in einem Fall. Anaerobe Filter (AF) trugen in den drei Fällen, in denen sie Teil der Anlagenkonfigurationen waren, signifikant zur CSB-Reduzierung bei. Ammonium- und Phoshorkonzentrationen in allen Reaktorabläufen waren vergleichsweise hoch. Ein großer Anteil des CSBs in Reaktorabläufen war biologisch abbaubar. Es wird die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass sich die Leistungsfähigkeiten der Anlagen signifikant verbessern würden, wären die Anlagenbelastungen den Auslegungswerten ähnlicher, d.h., wären die maximalen hydraulischen Belastungen geringer und die organischen Belastungen höher. Es wird deshalb geraten, den Fremdwasserzufluss zu minimieren, die Anlagenzulaufkonzentration durch partielle Grauwasserversickerung zu erhöhen und die Ammonium- und Phoshorkonzentration im Zulauf durch partiellen Urinabschlag zu verringern. Es wird außerdem vorgeschlagen, die hydraulische Aufenthaltszeit in Absetzbecken (settlers) auf zehn Stunden zu begrenzen, um so die organische Belastung der ABRs zu erhöhen. Ferner wird die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass Anlagen unter höherer Trockenwetterbelastung als bislang angenommen betrieben werden können, da aktiver anaerober Abbau auch unter extremen hydraulischen Belastungen möglich erscheint. Dies könnte zu einer signifikanten Senkung der Baukosten führen. Die Modellierung anaerober Abbauprozesse mit dem existierenden ADM-3P-Modell bestätigten, dass im Feld beobachtete Schlammakkumulationsraten auf eine aktive Hydrolyse schließen lassen. Das Modell konnte jedoch nicht genutzt werden, um Bezugswerte für den gelösten CSB im Ablauf der Anlagen zu erhalten, da es eine vergleichsweise hohe Sensitivität in Bezug auf die Raten für Methanogenese aufwies. Die allgemein anerkannte Sichtweise ist, dass die Hydrolyse den geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Abbauschritt bei der anaeroben Behandlung feststoffreicher Abwässer darstellt. Es wird die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass dieses nicht für feststoffakkumulierende Systeme, wie den ABR, zutrifft
Coates, D. "Some aspects of the applied biology of ichthyofaunas in tropical freshwaters". Thesis, Open University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374480.
Texto completoKutler, Max B. "Group Actions and Divisors on Tropical Curves". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/hmc_theses/5.
Texto completoMutabaruka, Rose Mangula. "Degradation of polyphenol-protein complexes by fungi in different tropical production systems". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415333.
Texto completoYau, Yat Huang. "Energy savings in tropical HVAC systems using heat pipe heat exchangers (HPHXs)". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Mechanical Engineering, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6057.
Texto completoGreen, Tamara Kirsty. "Climate change effects on dimethylated sulphur dynamics in tropical coral reef systems". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/17135.
Texto completoAkemo, Mary Christine. "An exploration of cover crops for vegetable production systems in tropical situations /". The Ohio State University, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487952208108137.
Texto completoVignon, Ludivine. "Modélisation mathématique des équilibres atmosphériques, application aux cyclones tropicaux". Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13608.
Texto completoThongo, M'Bou Armel. "Etude du système racinaire de l’Eucalyptus en plantation tropicale : analyse architecturale, croissance et respiration". Thesis, Nancy 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NAN10039/document.
Texto completoThe aim of this study was to study the development of the root system of the 1-41 clone of Eucalyptus in Congo. Root architecture was studied in an age serie stands. A root typology was proposed with five classes of roots and three main functions: soil exploration with both lateral and vertical roots, soil exploitation with a network of fine roots and re exploitation of the soil zone by late emitted roots. All of these root types appeared at all the studied stages because of reiterations that allow the root system to explore a large soil volume. The results of root respiration study were used to parameterize a root respiration model with root respiration partitioned between a growth component, a maintenance component and a nutrient absorption component. The model was then applied using field data of fine root biomass and nitrogen content of whole tree biomass to estimate fine root respiration of a Eucalyptus stand. The simulated value fits reasonably well with independent estimates of root respiration in this site. Estimations of fine root production and turnover were highly variable depending of the methods used. The more realistic one predicts a turnover of 4 year-1, i.e. a high recycling of carbon and nutrient by belowground litter. Results of this study offer promising perspective for developing an architectural model of root development and its use to establish carbon, water and nutrient budget in Congolese Eucalypt plantation
Fenlason, Joel W. "Accuracy of tropical cyclone induced winds using TYDET at Kadena AB". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Mar%5FFenlason.pdf.
Texto completoNandwa, Stephen Makuku. "Synchronization of nitrogen mineralization with N uptake through maize stover placements and N fertilization under continuous maize mono-cropping systems in Kenya". Thesis, University of Exeter, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262432.
Texto completoTaylor, Sylvia C. "Interactions of large-scale tropical motion systems during the 1996-1997 Australian monsoon". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1998. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA356568.
Texto completo"September 1998." Thesis advisor(s): Chih-Pei Chang. Includes bibliographical references (p. 105-106). Also Available online.
Kaaya, Lulu Tunu. "Biological assessment of tropical riverine systems using aquatic macroinvertebrates in Tanzania, East Africa". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8802.
Texto completoIn Tanzania, and in East Africa in general, bioassessment methods for monitoring and assessing riverine ecosystems are not yet in place. This thesis describes the development of a macroinvertebrate-based bioassessment method for assessing the degree of anthropogenic disturbance in Tanzanian rivers. The hypotheses that, 'macroinvertebrate assemblages reflect disturbance in river systems'; 'rivers with similar abiotic features have similar macroinvertebrate assemblages'; and 'spatio-temporal variation in macroinvertebrate assemblages influence bioassessment', are tested. Macroinvertebrate and environmental data were collected from the Pangani, Rufiji and Wami-Ruvu basins. Univariate analyses; constrained and un-constrained ordinations and a linear response model were used to test the hypotheses. Five important bioassessment aspects were investigated. A set of 20 criteria for screening reference sites was established and used to identify and distinguish between reference and test sites in the study area. A two-level hierarchical framework for classifying homogenous river types was developed and validated. Three river types were classified: Pangani highland uplands, central eastern Africa uplands and central eastern Africa lowlands, each with two sub-Groups. A macroinvertebrate-based biotic index, the Tanzanian River Scoring System (TARISS), was established for monitoring and assessing anthropogenically induced disturbance in Tanzanian rivers. TARISS has three metrics; number of taxa, TARISS score and average score per taxon (ASPT) for measuring disturbance. Spatio-temporal variations in macroinvertebrate taxa, assemblages and TARISS metrics were examined. Spatial variation within river types was driven by catchment characteristics such as geographical location, geology, altitude and local characteristics such as active channel width, proportions of boulder, cobble and sand on the bottom, influenced reference conditions in all three river types. Temporal variations were significant in the central eastern Africa lowlands, with higher TARISS metrics in wet than in dry periods. Biological and physico-chemical reference conditions were identified for each river type and sub-Group. Guidelines for interpreting TARISS data were established for the validated sub-Groups. In conclusion, TARISS proven to be reliable in detecting anthropogenic disturbance in Tanzanian rivers and is recommended as a national bioassessment method.
Batalha, Camila Delveaux Araujo. "Grazing strategies, animal performance and environmental sustainability in intensive pasture-based milk production systems". Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-15032019-125835/.
Texto completoNo Brasil, a produção animal em pastagens é reconhecida por ser uma atividade pouco competitiva frente a outras oportunidades de uso da terra. Embora sejam inúmeros os tipos de sistemas de produção de leite no Brasil, nota-se que a utilização de pastagens é característica comum. Assim, a identificação de práticas adequadas e eficientes de manejo do pastejo contribuirá com aumento da produção por vaca e por unidade de área, além de contribuir para a sustentabilidade do sistema. A baixa eficiência do uso dos recursos naturais tem classificado a pecuária nacional como uma importante fonte de poluição ambiental devido à emissão de poluentes, como gases de efeito estufa e excreção de nitrogênio. A adoção de técnicas de manejo de pastagens respeitando os limites fisiológicos da forrageira e aumentando sua digestibilidade, podem reduzir a produção de metano por quilo de leite produzido no ambiente e a excreção de nutrientes. Os objetivos desta tese foram investigar variáveis metabólicas e desempenho animal de vacas leiteiras em capim-elefante cv. cameroon submetido a estratégias de pastejo rotativo. Capítulo 1: Neste estudo foram avaliadas duas estratégias de manejo de pastejo: meta de pré-pastejo de 95% versus máxima interceptação luminosa (IL). Em sistemas intensivos de produção de leite à pasto, o manejo baseado no IL95% permite que vacas tenham acesso a pastos com maior relação folha: colmo, menores perdas de forragem, resultando em uma forragem com melhor composição química. Os animais pastejando forragem com IL95% tiveram maior consumo de matéria seca e energia, com maior produção de leite por vaca e taxa de lotação resultando em maior produção de leite por área. Além disso, a estratégia permite a diminuição das emissões de metano por consumo de energia líquida quando comparado a máxima IL. No entanto, a eficiência do uso de N não aumentou com essa prática de manejo. Capítulo 2: O objetivo do segundo estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do período de início pastejo (a.m. ou. p.m.) na produção de leite, variáveis ruminais e eficiência de uso de N de vacas leiteiras no terço médio da lactação. Em sistemas intensivos de produção de leite à pasto, o pastejo de novos piquetes no período da tarde não teve efeito sobre o consumo de forragem e produção de leite de vacas no terço médio da lactação. No entanto, o maior teor de carboidratos não fibrosos da forragem ao final do dia possibilitou o aumento da síntese de proteína microbiana, redução do nitrogênio uréico no leite e apresentou tendência para aumento da produção de proteína e caseína do leite em comparação à vacas que iniciaram o pastejo no período da manhã. Ao longo dos estudos desta tese houve uma melhora no valor nutritivo da forragem adotando IL95% e da forragem pastejada no período da tarde. Assim, o pastejo no período da tarde deve ser adotado juntamente com IL95% como ajuste fino em sistemas intensivos de produção de leite à base de pasto.
Tobin, Isabelle. "Contribution à l'étude du rôle de l'organisation de la convection tropicale dans le système climatique". Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066204.
Texto completoDeep convection is a key process for water and energy exchanges in the climate system. In the Tropics, convection gets organized over a wide range of spatio-temporal scales, from the mesoscale to the planetary scale. The motivation for this present work is to understand better the climatic role of this complex convective organization. Idealized high-resolution simulations of convective cloud ensembles have suggested the existence of relationships between the aggregation state of convection and the large-scale atmosphere. To investigate such relationships in observations, we have defined a diagnostic of the degree of convective aggregation and applied it to a long time series of satellite data over tropical oceans. At both synoptic scale and mesoscale, statistical relationships have been found between the degree of convective aggregation and the large-scale atmosphere. When convection is aggregated, the free troposphere is drier, high and mid-level cloudiness is reduced, outgoing longwave radiation is enhanced and reflected shortwave radiation is weaker than when convection is scattered. At the synoptic scale, when convection is aggregated, surface turbulent fluxes are stronger. These results suggest that the aggregation state of convection modulates interactions between convection and the large-scale atmosphere. Thus, a deficient representation of the aggregation state of convection and its associated effects in General Circulation Models may affect performance of climate modeling and forecasts
Silva, Gladis de Fátima Nunes da. "Processamento de imagens digitais e análise espacial para o estudo da susceptibilidade a incêndios florestais nas regiões do Apiaú e Ribeiro Campos - RR". Universidade Federal de Roraima, 2006. http://www.bdtd.ufrr.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1.
Texto completoAnalisa os fatores ambientais que contribuem para a ocorrência de incêndios florestais nas localidades de Apiaú e Ribeiro Campos em Mucajaí-RR com o emprego de técnicas de processamento de imagens digitais e análise espacial através da técnica Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)
This study has forest analyzes the environment factors which contribute to the occurrence of the environment fires in Apiaú and Ribeiro Campos localities in Mucajaí - RR with the employment of image processing techniques and space analyses through the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)
Pearman, Douglas W. "Evaluating tropical cyclone forecast track uncertainty using a grand ensemble of ensemble prediction systems". Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5465.
Texto completoThe skill of a combined grand ensemble (GE), which is constructed from three operational global ensemble prediction systems (EPS), is evaluated with respect to the probability forecast of a tropical cyclone (TC) being within a specified area. Anisotropic probability ellipses are defined from the GE to contain 68% of the ensemble members. Forecast reliability is based on whether the forecast verifying position is within the ellipse. A sharpness parameter is based on the size of the GE-based probability ellipse relative to other operational forecast probability ellipses. For the 2010 Atlantic TC season, results indicate that the GE ellipses exhibit a high degree of reliability whereas the operational probability circle tends to be over-dispersive. Additionally, the GE ellipse tends to be sharper than the operational product for forecast intervals beyond 48 hours. The size and shape of the GE ellipses varied with TC track types, which suggests that information about the physics of the flow-dependent system is retained whereas isotropic probability ellipses may not reflect variability associated with track type. It is concluded that the GE probability ellipse demonstrates utility for combined EPS to enhance probabilistic forecasts for use as TC-related decision aids, as there is a potential for reducing the sizes of warning areas.