Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "SysML Block Definition Diagram"

A comprehensive and systematic model for the production process of large-scale equipment manufacturing can reduce the cost and time of the development and enforcement of the management system. The characters of a modeling language for systems engineering, SysML(Systems Modeling Language), are introduced, and through analyzing the complexity of the production management system for complex product, the basic requirements of its modeling are given; With the practical example in our project, SysML based model is built for production management system of complex product manufacturing ,the application of requirements diagram, use case diagram, block definition diagram, internal block diagram and activity diagram is introduced emphatically.

Humans perform critical functions in nearly every system, making them vital to consider during system development. Human Systems Integration (HSI) would ideally permit the human’s impact on system performance to be effectively accounted for during the systems engineering (SE) process, but effective processes are often not applied, especially in the early design phases. Failure to properly account for human capabilities and limitations during system design may lead to unreasonable expectations of the human. The result is a system design that makes unrealistic assumptions about the human, leading to an overestimation of the human’s performance and thus the system’s performance. This research proposes a method of integrating HSI with SE that allows human factors engineers to apply Systems Modeling Language (SysML) and human performance simulation to describe and communicate human and system performance. Using these models, systems engineers can more fully understand the system’s performance to facilitate design decisions that account for the human. A scenario is applied to illustrate the method, in which a system developer seeks to redesign an example system, Vigilant Spirit, by incorporating system automation to improve overall system performance. The example begins by performing a task analysis through physical observation and analysis of human subjects’ data from 12 participants employing Vigilant Spirit. This analysis is depicted in SysML Activity and Sequence Diagrams. A human-in-the-loop experiment is used to study performance and workload effects of humans applying Vigilant Spirit to conduct simulated remotely-piloted aircraft surveillance and tracking missions. The results of the task analysis and human performance data gathered from the experiment are used to build a human performance model in the Improved Performance Research Integration Tool (IMPRINT). IMPRINT allows the analyst to represent a mission in terms of functions and tasks performed by the system and human, and then run a discrete event simulation of the system and human accomplishing the mission to observe the effects of defined variables on performance and workload. The model was validated against performance data from the human-subjects’ experiment. In the scenario, six different scan algorithms, which varied in terms of scan accuracy and speed, were simulated. These algorithms represented different potential system trades as factors such as various technologies and hardware architectures could influence algorithm accuracy and speed. These automation trades were incorporated into the system’s block definition (BDD), requirements, and parametric SysML diagrams. These diagrams were modeled from a systems engineer’s perspective; therefore they originally placed less emphasis on the human. The BDD portrayed the structural aspect of Vigilant Spirit, to include the operator, automation, and system software. The requirements diagram levied a minimum system-level performance requirement. The parametric diagram further defined the performance and specification requirements, along with the automation’s scan settings, through the use of constraints. It was unclear from studying the SysML diagrams which automation setting would produce the best results, or if any could meet the performance requirement. Existing system models were insufficient by themselves to evaluate these trades; thus, IMPRINT was used to perform a trade study to determine the effects of each of the automation options on overall system performance. The results of the trade study revealed that all six automation conditions significantly improved performance scores from the baseline, but only two significantly improved workload. Once the trade study identified the preferred alternative, the results were integrated into existing system diagrams. Originally system-focused, SysML diagrams were updated to reflect the results of the trade analysis. The result is a set of integrated diagrams that accounts for both the system and human, which may then be used to better inform system design. Using human performance- and workload-modeling tools such as IMPRINT to perform tradeoff analyses, human factors engineers can attain data about the human subsystem early in system design. These data may then be integrated into existing SysML diagrams applied by systems engineers. In so doing, additional insights into the whole system can be gained that would not be possible if human factors and systems engineers worked independently. Thus, the human is incorporated into the system’s design and the total system performance may be predicted, achieving a successful HSI process.

At present, various functions of aircraft have become more and more dependent on airborne software system, and the structure of modern airborne software is extremely complex. Engineers need to eliminate the situation in which the safety performance of the entirety reduces caused by mutual influence among components. This paper presents a comprehensive method with high efficiency for safety verification of airborne software system, in order to ensure the system meet safety requirement of airworthiness standard at the design stage. Safety Verification Colored Petri Net (SVCPN) for software safety verification is firstly proposed, and then the mapping transformation rules from Block Definition Diagram (BDD) of System Modeling Language (SysML) to SVCPN are proposed to achieve the accurately formal description of software system. Traversing all delivery paths of safety level transfer based on the Reachable Tree Diagram, to detect the components that do not meet the safety requirement of airworthiness standard. Based on the disambiguation algorithm, the fundamental components that cause safety problem are found out through the establishment of antinet to achieve the safety level reassign, ensuring the safety performance of the whole system. Finally, the case study and the comparison and analysis are applied to show the feasibility and superiority of our method.

Purpose – This study aims to describe the behavior of blocks in the system under consideration using systems modeling language (SysML) state machine diagrams. In this paper, formalization and model checking for SysML state machine diagrams have been investigated. Design/methodology/approach – The work by Zhang and Liu (2010) proposed a formalization of SysML state machine diagrams in which the diagrams were translated into CSP# processes that could be verified by the state-of-the-art model checker PAT. In this paper, several modifications have been made and new rules have been added to the translation described in that work. Findings – First, three translation rules were modified, which apparently are inappropriately defined according to the SysML definition of state machine diagrams. Next, we add new translation rules for two components of the diagrams – junction and choice pseudostates – which have not been dealt with previously. Further, we are implementing the automatic translation system on a web-based model-driven development tool, which reflects on our translation rules. Originality/value – As the contribution of this work, more reasonable verification results for more general SysML state machine diagrams can be achieved.

The paper formulates the definition of the main features of the B2G market. B2G market entities are classified. Block diagram of relationships between entities of this type of market is presented. The dynamics of the B2G market volume, its place in the economy of Russia is analyzed.

The goal of the paper is the integration of safety analysis in a model-based systems engineering approach to ensure consistency between system design and safety artifacts. This integration permits the continuous improvement of the structure and behavior of the system. It also reduces system development time and prevents late detection of errors. To reach this purpose, the SafeSysE methodology is extended. In SafeSysE, a preliminary Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is automatically generated from a SysML model, and this FMEA is then completed by the safety expert but no further development was proposed. The contribution of this paper is to suggest recommendations based on the FMEA analysis in order to enhance the system design and make it comply with safety requirements. First, an updated system structure that may contain redundancy is proposed. Then, a redundancy profile is used to enrich the system model with redundancy information, which will allow the generation of a dynamic fault tree considering the system behavior. Finally, the generated dynamic fault tree should be analyzed in order to create a state machine diagram that describes the behavior of the system. The created state machine with an internal block diagram will help the system designers to better understand the system dysfunctions by simulating the system. The proposed methodology is applied to an Electro-Mechanical Actuator system which is used in the aeronautics domain.

The paper considers the features of conceptualization of the financial security management mechanism of trade enterprises in the conditions of turbulent changes. It is proved that the architectonics of the financial security management mechanism of trade enterprises in accordance with comparative analysis can be considered in two spaces as a set: the main elements and links of the organizational structure. A mechanism for managing the financial security of trade enterprises (MMFSTE) has been built. The components of four MMFSTE blocks are analyzed. At the “conceptual block” level, the goal is defined, and in accordance with it – the goals and objectives, principles and desired results of the implementation of the mechanism. At the “organizational block” level, objects and subjects of the mechanism are defined. The methodological block defines the appropriate forms, methods, mechanisms, tools, technologies, and procedures for implementing the MMFSTE. Regarding the “functional block”, it should be noted that it includes three sub-levels of functioning of the mechanism: the first is the definition of restrictions; the second is the definition of implementation and provision subsystems; the third is ways to improve the mechanism and determine the effectiveness of its implementation. The latest economic tools for forming MMFSTE are considered: GAP-analysis, STEP-analysis, SWOT-analysis, KPI, Ishikawa diagram. The Ishikawa diagram is constructed to determine possible time losses when assessing the level of financial security of trade enterprises, which consists of thirteen factors-distimulants. Based on the construction of the Ishikawa diagram, the introduction of two correction factors is proposed: the documentation quality coefficient and the document flow automation coefficient and analytical calculations. This will reduce the asymmetry of information in the diagnosis of financial security of retail enterprises. Possible directions of ensuring financial security of trade enterprises that can increase competitiveness and become a tool for survival in the market environment are considered.

A method for analyzing clusters which block the random walk of particles in two-dimensional biased diffusion on percolation lattices above the percolation threshold pc is presented, focusing on the arising problems and explaining the phase transition. The difficulties in a precise trap definition are illustrated. Different trap definitions result in different trap statistics, more or less capable of capturing the trend of the phase diagram.

The article establishes and realizes an idea of definition of the initial provenance signal for the Southern Urals Taratash block using isotope dating of the zircons in the Archean and Early Proterozoic magmatic and metamorphic rocks. The work takes into account 132 data for which the discordance did not exceed 10%. We obtained a probability density diagram for zircon ages, which we used firstly for comparison with detrital zircons ages from the sandstones of lower riphean Ay suite, and secondly, with density of the zircon ages in the metamorphic rocks of the Aleksandrovsky block located to the east. The similarity of distributions was verified by means of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.

Features of control of high-gradient electromagnetic rotary separators are considered. Structural diagrams of control systems with fuzzy logic controllers of the process of high-gradient electromagnetic separation are given. A new block diagram of a hybrid control system for a rotary-type electromagnetic separator combining classical and intelligent con-trol methods has been proposed. The example of a rotary electromagnetic separator shows that hybrid control methods can significantly increase energy efficiency in electrical technologies with current sources in power circuits with an incomplete definition of system parameters. Ref. 10, fig. 4.

The article shows that when designing an organizational control system, it is most natural to use a systematic integrated approach and well-developed methods of system theory. The article continues the series of works of one of the authors devoted to the adaptation of the methods of control theory to economic objects. This paper deals with the mathematical description of the control system error. The block diagram of the organization management system is given. The system playback error is represented as the difference of the output signals of the ideal and desired systems. An equivalent and calculated system schema for error determination is presented. The mean square of the random system error is determined.

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*/ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} --> <!--[endif] --><span style="font-size: 9.5pt; font-family: &quot;Palatino&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;" lang="EN-US">In t<span style="color: black;">he EU-funded project Embed4Auto, we have developed an Integrated Learning Environment (ILE) to support UML/SysML training. The ILE combines independent distance learning with collaborative problem solving and social networking. The learning environment incorporates a set of learning resources on the modeling languages UML2 and SysML, an educational modeling tool supporting class and sequence diagrams and a tool for sharing and discussing solutions to modeling exercises. First evaluations of the ILE have shown promising results.</span></span>

It is proposed to improve the methodology of substantiation of the distribution networks reconstruction by using a risk-oriented approach. It is substantiated that modern risk management technologies are based on engineering calculations with the use of competencies in financial knowledge and knowledge of quality management standards. The analysis showed that in the substantiation of the reconstruction of the objects of the distribution networks the priority objects are not determined, the estimated number of failures of the objects is not used in the calculations. The work aims is to improve the methodology of substantiation of the reconstruction of distribution networks with the development of a block diagram of the calculation algorithm to determine the priority of reconstruction objects. Methods of analysis of normative and reporting documents of distribution system operators and mathematical modelling of the duration of restoration work after the failure of distribution network facilities were used to solve the aims and tasks of work. The results of the analysis of the consequences of failures of overhead power lines concerning the duration of repairs are given. It is proved that in the conditions of incomplete financing of investment programs, the definition of priority objects of reconstruction is an influential factor for the efficiency of investments. A block diagram of the calculation algorithm has been developed for use in computer programs to determine the priority of reconstruction of distribution network objects after determining objects with critical consequences of failure. It is proposed to use a quantitative assessment of the technical condition of distribution network facilities, standards for labour intensity, and the number of service personnel in the algorithm for determining the priority of reconstruction of overhead power lines and transformer substations. It is concluded that in the conditions of incomplete financing of investment programs, the proposed methodology and block diagram of the algorithm for determining the priority objects of reconstruction of distribution networks can be useful to ensure the most effective work to improve the quality of electricity supply.

As in classical coding theory, turbo product codes (TPCs) through serially concatenated block codes can achieve approximatively Shannon capacity limit and have low decoding complexity. However, special requirements in the quantum setting severely limit the structures of turbo product codes (QTPCs). To design a good structure for QTPCs, we present a new construction of QTPCs with the interleaved serial concatenation of [Formula: see text]-type quantum convolutional codes (QCCs). First, [Formula: see text]-type QCCs are proposed by exploiting the theory of CSS-type quantum stabilizer codes and QCCs, and the description and the analysis of encoder circuit are greatly simplified in the form of Hadamard gates and C-NOT gates. Second, the interleaved coded matrix of QTPCs is derived by quantum permutation SWAP gate definition. Finally, we prove the corresponding relation on the minimum Hamming distance of QTPCs associated with classical TPCs, and describe the state diagram of encoder and decoder of QTPCs that have a highly regular structure and simple design idea.

Purpose. The aim of the article is deepening of theoretical bases and development of methodical recommendations on definition of level of economic safety of the motor transport enterprise and the prevention of threats of loss of economic safety by it. Methodology of research. The methodological basis of the article is the general provisions of economic theory, the work of economists on economic efficiency of production and economic security of enterprises. The following methods are used to analyse the state and main trends of economic security of the enterprise: the method of correlation and regression analysis - to determine the unknown parameters in matrix form and the vector of unknown parameters; methods of economic and mathematical modelling - for calculation of unknown parameters of multifactor regression. Findings. Methodical bases of definition of level of economic safety of the motor transport enterprise consisting of three blocks are developed: an estimation of a current condition of economic activity, a choice of factors of influence on economic safety and determining the level of economic security of the transport enterprise, each of which contains a set of actions, the implementation of which ensures the transition to the next block. Originality. Theoretical provisions are substantiated and the block diagram of definition of level of economic safety of the motor transport enterprise which is based on comparison of net operating incomes and operating expenses of the motor transport enterprise is developed. When the net operating income exceeds the total operating costs, the economic activity of the trucking company becomes profitable. But in order to talk about the economic security of its operating activities, the company needs a certain level of income that will cover the unforeseen costs associated with the influence of internal and external factors – “safety margin”. Practical value. The obtained results allow determining the level of economic security of motor transport enterprises and serving as a basis for further studies of the impact of internal and external factors on their activities and the mechanism for ensuring the success of these enterprises in the long term. Key words: economic security, motor transport enterprise, safety margin, levels of economic security, transition zone, vector of unknown parameters.

The modern definition allows us to interpret the technological process as a complex system in interaction with the components of the environment, which leads to a beneficial effect. From this point of view, the technological process is subject to the general rules of control theory, thanks to which the principles and algorithms used in this theory can be adapted and extended to the control of technological processes. It is noted, however, that the main difference between the technological process and traditional control objects is the constant irresistible and degradative change in its characteristics over time. The article shows the possibility of transition from process control in the statistical sense to control in terms of the actual state, i.e. to real-time process control. The concept of functional controllability of technological processes is introduced. An analysis of the generalized block diagram of the technological process control system as a technically complex system is given. The formalization of the goals of technological process control is given, which makes it possible to form further control tasks and typical control schemes for specific technological operations. It is demonstrated that these theoretical guidelines play a crucial role in the current shift from analog to digital control of technological processes.

The article describes a mobile virtual reality platform based on the biological feedback of electromyography for restoring the functions of the upper limbs of people affected by accidents, stroke, Parkinson's disease or who suffered as a result of military operations. The definition of the electromyography (EMG) signal is given. The effectiveness of the biological feedback method in the rehabilitation process is indicated. The problem of initial data preprocessing is considered in order to identify the informative features of the EMG signal in the time domain. The general scheme of a mobile virtual reality platform based on biological feedback is described and preliminary evidence of the platform capability in its current state is presented. The block diagram of the EMG data acquisition module is developed. Developing a training program within the framework of computer games in two-dimensional or three-dimensional space is proposed. The algorithm of the mobile virtual reality platform based on the biological feedback of electromyography is illustrated. The results of the implementation of the proposed biofeedback electromyography system are presented. The advantages of the developed system in comparison with other systems currently available are emphasized; the disadvantages of this method are identified and ways to eliminate them are proposed

The substantiation of definition of correlation factors for dynamic links of rotor systems of wind electric installations, as one of subtasks of the mathematical algorithms of dynamic behavior of system claimed for the further working out for the purpose of automated control updating fot the wind-electric installation which provides reduction of vibrations of all elements of rotor systems in conditions of loading a drive at different modes of operation of the energy-unit that promotes improvement of indicators of reliability for components of the modern wind installations is made. The problem of determining the parameters of the analytical model of the correlation function for the purpose of definition of correlation dependences between the measured values of meteorological and electro-power process taking into account the requirement of a minimum of the sum of squares of discrepancies (approximation errors) for the actual and approximating lines is solved. The average square deviation of an error of approximation, meteorological and electro-power process on the basis of a discrete estimation of ordinates of the analytical model of the correlation function does not exceed 1%. Mathematical formulas for definition of the spectral density of input and target casual processes, and also mutual spectral density of input and target casual processes of dynamic links of rotor systems on the basis of the block diagram of transfer functions of the system behavior for the purpose of revealing the degree of correlation of transfer functions are made. The analysis is made for processes of input and target signals of transfer functions with regard to their coherent state on the basis of calculation of factors of correlation for dynamic links of rotor systems for the purpose of the description of the transfer function within the limits of the analysis of vibrating fields of the unit as a whole since vibrations are causednot only by blades but also by all elements with rotor systems.

The hydrocarbon exploration of oceanic depositional systems demands a better understanding of the role of bottom currents and their implications for petroleum systems such as reservoir and sealing rocks. Deep-marine bottom-current reworked sands (sandy contourites) have been recognized in hydrocarbon-bearing sands of the Kwanza Basin. Such understanding implies additional alternatives for the definition of exploration targets and prospect risk reduction. The southernmost part of the Kwanza Basin (Miradouro da Lua zone) comprises one of the best outcrops of contourites deposits, formed during the Miocene and Pliocene age. Laterally, coeval sandy deposits are found offshore Kwanza Basin along the continental margin, and have been one of the great challenges for the oil companies operating in Angola. Therefore, the aim of the current proposal is to characterize sandy contourite deposits at Miradouro da Lua and compare them with offshore deep-water sandy deposits, evaluating their conceptual and economic implication. Modern field sedimentology technique merged with reflection seismic data and other geographic information system (GIS) techniques, allow the characterization and proposal of a stratigraphic architecture diagram that explains the interaction of the deep-marine processes, especially gravitational (down-slope) and bottom current (along-slope) processes as well as its vertical and spatial association. Sonangol (Angolan State Oil Company) and Total (French Multinational Company) explore similar deposits in Block 48 in Ultra deep-sea, and they will also reactivate the exploration of the Iabe Formation in Block 4. The Tertiary Stratigraphic Architecture in Blocks 6, 7, 8, 19 and 20 are similar to the Lower part of the Miradouro da Lua zone. All these observations and data are very important to calibrate oil reservoir models.

The criterion of its relative sensitivity (sensitivity) is constructed on the example of the function of technical condition of systems and units of machines as a function of diagnostic parameters. The relative criterion of sensitivity (sensitivity) for each diagnostic parameter and function of the state of weighting factors and operating time is considered. Using the properties of sensitivities and the method of realization of the theory of sensitivity of functions, partial criteria of relative sensitivity are obtained. Considering the set of functions of diagnostic parameters and reliability functions as functions of probability of trouble-free operation, it is shown that they are parametrically set. The connection of sensitivities of diagnostic parameters with the level of reliability of systems, units and machines in general is established. The block diagram of a method of definition of character of dynamic development of diagnostic parameters and indicators of reliability of a technical condition of systems and units of cars is developed. Mathematical models of relative sensitivity (sensitivity) for the most informatively significant diagnostic parameters of power units and transmissions are built on the basis of experimental research data. It is shown that mathematical models of sensitivity of diagnostic parameters allow to determine local values of sensitivity on operating ranges and are an effective tool for selection of operating ranges on which certain diagnostic parameters should be controlled to ensure proper reliability of systems, units and machines as a whole.

The approach of logistics support of agro-industrial complexes with agricultural machinery and technical means for their maintenance in the planning of tender procurement procedures is considered. The proposed approach is based on the structure of the resource support of the agro-industrial complex, which is a complex organizational system. In the described structure of resources, a block of logistics support for vehicles and the material and technical resources necessary for its maintenance, the presence of which is important for solving functional and production problems, is singled out. On the basis of ongoing research, a cause-and-effect diagram has been developed with the definition of the most significant problems affecting the management of transport provision in agro-industrial complexes. A methodology for the expert assessment of the most demanded types of resources is proposed and described in order to optimize the spending of financial resources and increase the level of logistics support. The study of the approach under consideration is reduced to improving the procedure for planning tender purchases by developing and applying a model for determining and substantiating technical resources that are the most in demand for fulfilling the functional tasks of the agro-industrial complexes. As a result of the proposed model, the authors developed an algorithm for planning tenders, the practical application of which is based on achieving the objectives of the efficiency of spending financial resources and reducing the timing of tender procedures and their validity in terms of adequacy.

Cooperative driving with vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication is a promising technique to improve traffic safety and efficiency. Intersection collision avoidance (ICA) is a typical safety application of it. This paper analyzes reliability of ICA with cooperative manual driving at the system level. First, the reliability of an ICA system is defined as the probability of the ICA system avoiding collisions or near-misses at intersections without failure under conditions that collisions or near-misses are about to happen. Post-encroachment time is used in the expression of this definition. Then, components of the ICA system are classified into four types: hardware, software, maneuver, and V2X communication, and a reliability block diagram (RBD) is applied to reveal how these components contribute to system reliability. Five ICA system patterns with different V2X communication modes and strategy types are compared based on RBD analysis. This shows that centralized strategies are more reliable than decentralized ones for V2I communication if software reliability of these two strategies is the same. Furthermore, reliabilities of ICA components are analyzed in detail, and they are classified into two categories based on their different impact modes on the system. Finally, a numerical example shows how to test reliability of an ICA system using reliabilities of its components by Monte Carlo simulation. Results show that closer distances from vehicles to their conflict point when alerted, longer driver reaction time, and smaller vehicle deceleration rates are more likely to lead to system failure, whereas communication latency has little effect on it.

Raising of problem. The methodology presented in this study is aimed at modeling the variability of the technical condition when operating a car in a complex social and technical system "car − person − environment". This allows you to simulate the change in the operational properties of the car depending on its operation, affecting the change in the technical condition by the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM). Purpose. The variability of the technical operation of the car needs to be managed, and not reduced or eliminated, since this is an advantage, as well as conditions for the safety and functioning of complex socio-technical systems. To control it, you must first monitor the variability of the vehicle's technical operation. A set of relevant indicators needs to be identified and developed. Their interpretation makes it possible to draw conclusions about the level of technical condition, operational properties of the vehicle and traffic safety and supports the prediction of the occurrence of future events (failure occurrence). Conclusion. Thus, the basic principles of the FRAM for modeling the variability of the technical condition when operating a car in a complex social and technical system "car − person − environment" have been determined. The relationship has been established between the definition of traffic safety, the FRAM model and the performance indicators of the vehicle. The developed model of the FRAM for maintenance of the undercarriage of cars, consisting of a set of functions that describe the actions taken to maintain cars to ensure their good condition. A block diagram of the implementation of functionally oriented technologies for the maintenance and repair of cars has been developed, taking into account the design features and the level of technology for technical influences. This allows you to objectively determine the required scope of maintenance work, depending on the results of diagnostics and the availability of technological equipment.

Introduction. The article describes an algorithm for determining the system of tolerances for ensuring reliable operation of parts on the section. The block diagram of the program for determining the variable tolerances is demonstrated. There determined blocks of initial information − broken and smooth curves of the controlled parameter, histogram and graph of resource distribution and definition of active area of control, and blocks of building graphs of “marginal fan curves of wear” and systems of admissions for objects of study of two types: for universal fuel pump (UTN-5) and four-section small-sized fuel pump with mechanical regulator. Two ways of determining the system of tolerances are suggested. Variant 1 is a graphical way through constructing “limit fan curves of wear” and determining tolerances by the value of ordinates in the control points. Variant 2 is an analytical way. There is created a formula to replace the graphical method for determining system tolerances. Materials and Methods. Two models of high-pressure pump were selected as objects of the study. Nominal and limit values of parameters were known for the pumps. Schedules for checking and equation of wear curves are determined. Dependencies describing the pump plunger pair wear curves are determined. A histogram and graph for determining pump life cycles are drawn. The active area of control is determined with a given failure probability coefficient. Results. As a result of the study the values for the tolerances system of two types of high pressure fuel pumps are obtained. Reliability values for one pump type are determined. Graphic and analytical algorithms for determining the system of tolerances by the formula are developed. Discussion and Conclusion. The study approves the possibility of using the variable tolerance as a basis for determining the system of tolerances and reliability indicators of the diagnostic object.

Based on the survey data of the waters of Jiaozhou Bay in May, August and October 1992, the change of Pb content and its deposition process in the surface and bottom waters of Jiaozhou Bay were studied. According to the definition and model of Dongfang Yang’s content changing degree, the variation of Pb content at surface and bottom and of Pb content transported by main sea current formed a peak line in the southeast waters of Jiaozhou Bay. The Pb content on the surface reached its peak in August. From May to August, Dongfang Yang’s content changing degree was 79.84°. However, from August to October, it was -85.29°. Specifically, in surface water, Dongfang Yang’s content changing degree from May to August was 62.48°. From August to October, Dongfang Yang’s content changing degree was -39.00°. In the bottom water, Dongfang Yang’s content changing degree from May to August was 70.41°. From August to October, Dongfang Yang’s content changing degree was -80.03°. It indicates that the change of Pb content in surface nearshore waters passed through by the main sea current was determined by the change of Pb content transported by the current. The change of Pb content in surface seawater through the change of ocean currents increases or decreases the increase or decrease of Pb content in surface water —The Pb content of surface water increased or decreased with the increase or decrease of Pb content transported by main sea currents. The Pb content temporal variation in the surface and bottom of the southeastern waters of Jiaozhou Bay from May to October reveals the Pb content settling law: With the increase of Pb content in surface water, the Pb content in bottom water rose faster than that in surface water. When the Pb content in surface water decreased, the Pb content in bottom water decreased much faster than that in surface water. Therefore, the change mechanism of surface and bottom water caused by source transport is proposed with the corresponding model block diagram and changing degree model of Pb content transported by ocean currents.

The substantiation of an urgency of a way of effective automated control of wind electric installation by the account of vibration loading a drive is made under different conditions of energy unit operation, aimed at minimization of vibration of all rotor system elements by reducing the error of a mismatch between the angular speed of a rotor wind turbine and a generator rotor that promotes the improvement of reliability of electric supply of the basic control in conditions of the incomplete information on characteristics of the meteorological and electric power conditions that are changing in time considerably. The method is proposed to control the process of electric power manufacture by the development of an optimizing model which would cover the control not only by means of the angle of the electric generator blade revolution, but also by considering the conditions of vibration loading the drive under different conditions of the energy unit operation - and it is the dynamic analysis of frequency interactions of all elements of rotor systems and power interactions from blades of elements, as one of components of the wind loading. The review of the basic ways of controlling the wind turbines is made. It showed, that the use of any of them depends on the provided purpose of control and on the availability of the information on system parameters and a feedback, and it does not solve a problem of alignment of angular speed of the wind turbine rotor and the generator rotor without a mismatch error between them, that generates shock loads, and consequently, vibration of rotor systems. The problem of definition and description of all elements of the energy unit rotor systems is solved. The differential equation of the angular speed of the wind turbine rotor is worked out. Transfer functions of dynamic elements of rotor systems for automatic control taking into account the influence of the wind speed, capacity of the consumed electric power, their block diagram and the schedule of the transient process of regulating the angular speed of the wind turbine rotor are constructed.

The urgency of the chosen topic is due to the insufficient development of the methodology of public administration of legal education in Ukraine, the need for its conception, the definition of the structure, the mechanism of influence on cognition and practice. In this regard, the necessity of creating the conception of legal education development as a comprehensive detailed long-term course of Ukraine aimed at achieving the main goal of law-education activity – enhancement of legal culture and legal consciousness of the population is substantiated.The article presents the meaning of the conception for the field of knowledge of public governance and administration and proposes to consider it as a normative legal document, which defines the mission and development ideas, reflects the vision of the existing state of a particular process or phenomenon. The block diagram of the development of the conception of public administration in legal education in Ukraine is proposed. The structure of the conception which confirms its scientific character is defined: substantiation of the conception of the goal and directions of the conception realization; tasks concerning realization of directions defined in the conception; identification of steps (ways, measures, methods), the responsibles and timing of implementation; expected results.The factors influencing the formation of a high level of legal culture and citizens’ legal consciousness are determined, the most actual problems that are characteristic for the modern stage of Ukrainian society development are outlined. The structure of general goals and directions concerning the development of legal education in Ukraine is presented. The functions to be performed by the public administration system in the development of legal education (forecasting, planning, organizational, coordinational, regulating, accounting, controlling, informing, explanatory, propaganda, diagnostic, compensatory) are determined.It is proved that the conception should represent a system of views on the development of legal education, the formation of a state policy on the development of legal literacy of the population, consolidation of efforts of state authorities and government, local self-government and various civil society organizations in shaping legal knowledge, raising the level of legal culture and legal awareness of citizens.

Introduction. The paper describes the scope and purpose of single-bucket hydraulic excavators. The method of digging a single-bucket excavator with a bucket of spherical shape, which allows to increase productivity, is considered. The urgency of increasing the productivity of these machines is formulated. The purpose of the work: to determine the optimal strength and speed of digging the soil of a single-bucket hydraulic excavator with a spherical bucket. Research methodology. To confirm the effectiveness of the proposed bucket design, a diagram of the forces acting on it during digging is presented. The rheological model of the process of digging with a bucket of spherical shape is considered. A mathematical model in the form of a system of second-order differential equations has been compiled on the basis of the force scheme and the rheological model. Research results. A mathematical model has been identified that makes it possible to calculate the dependence of the speed and optimal force when digging the soil with a spherical bucket of a single-bucket hydraulic excavator, depending on the design parameters of the bucket and the parameters of the soil. The dependence for determining the friction force of the soil inside the bucket arising during digging is given. The dependencies for determining the weight of the soil in the bucket and the bucket itself are described. The dependence for calculating the lateral pressure of the soil using a stabilometer is given. The dependences of the calculation of the friction force of the external soil on the bucket and the friction force of the external soil on the soil in front of the bucket edge are presented. A dependence for determining the normal force from the external soil to the compacted soil in front of the bucket edge is proposed. The concept of a "compacted core of the soil" in front of the bucket edge is given and the dependence for determining its depth is given, however, a more precise definition of the latter requires additional research. A dependence is proposed for determining the mass of soil located in front of the bucket edge. The conditions for the possibility of digging the soil are accepted, in which the digging speed is greater than zero, and the digging force is minimal. An algorithm is described that allows you to select the minimum force for the digging process based on the dependencies given in the work. A block diagram of the algorithm for selecting the minimum force for the process of digging with a spherical bucket is given. The selection of the minimum digging force will confirm the effectiveness of a single-bucket hydraulic excavator with a spherical bucket.

There are the research directions, determined as relevant, such as the issues of innovation activity management of enterprises, identifying the main causes of low innovation activity of domestic companies, improving the innovation activity management system of industrial institutions, which necessitates the formation of a scientific and methodological basis that can realize the ability to describe the process of innovation activity of the enterprises and mechanisms to manage them. These issues are also relevant because in the context of strengthening the course on European integration, the management of domestic enterprises is tasked with identification of the methodological and practical experience of innovative management of the EU countries as soon as possible and harmonization of their policies in accordance with its provisions. The subject of the study is complex research of management of innovative activity of enterprises under self-development. The purposes of the article are a study of the main directions of operation of innovative-active enterprise under self-development; analysis of key indicators of innovation activity of an enterprise; characteristic of the mechanism of innovation activity management of an enterprise in terms of self-development; definition of directions of policy of strengthening of innovation activity with the purpose of increase of efficiency of development of domestic enterprises. To achieve these purposes the following research methods are used: analysis and generalization of theoretical sources and scientific literature; abstract-logical method in the process of theoretical generalizations and formation of conclusions; prognostic and diagnostic; general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis. Results. The article describes the concept of innovation activity of the enterprise and details its main elements. The authors have also formulated the concept of innovative-active enterprise and presented the priority directions of its operation. The basic aspects of improvement of the innovation activity management system of the enterprise under self-development are considered. The key aspects of improving the management system are highlighted: analysis and evaluation of changes in the operation of the enterprise (evaluation of innovation activity); choice of direction of innovative development of the enterprise; development of strategy of innovative operation (definition of priority of directions, their correlation, development of scenarios); control of implementation of the enterprise development strategy. The process of improving the system of management of innovative activity of the enterprise under self-development is presented as a block diagram. The process is considered and the mechanism of innovation activity management is proposed. Practical implications. The article presents the process of managing innovation activity according to the degree of selfdevelopment of the enterprise. The proposed mechanism has practical orientation in forming a set of measures for strategic development of the enterprise. In general, the paper outlines the main tasks for improving the innovation activity management system, the solutions of which will improve the effective functioning of the enterprise.

The work concerns analog-digital systems that work with radio signals emitted and received by the antenna, and these signals have a limited duration, ie are pulsed. The propagation conditions of such signals and the processes of formation of echo signals affect their amplitude, frequency and phase characteristics in such a way that they form classical narrowband signals. The operation of the system involves the determination of certain parameters of echo signals, and taking into account their pulse nature for such a definition is given a limited time interval. This means that the procedure for determining the parameters must meet the criterion of high speed, and therefore differ from the traditional, built on the use of phase-locked loop. The article is devoted to solving the problem of measuring the reference frequency of a pulsed narrowband radio signal. By analyzing the results of experimental studies, two types of errors in measuring the reference frequency of a narrowband radio signal were identified and the causes of their occurrence were established. These errors are provoked by the peculiarities of the structure of the narrowband signal. The reason for the error of the 1st type, the absolute value of which correlates with the duration of the half-cycle of the reference frequency, is the so-called phase jumps at the point of change of the sign of the bypass. The frequency of such errors within the duration of the echo signal is generally low, although it increases with increasing signal spectrum width. Type 2 errors occur due to the appearance of zones with almost completely suppressed signal amplitude, which may be the result of intrapulse interference and / or signal attenuation. Such errors also occur more often if the spectrum width is larger. A method for measuring the reference frequency of a narrowband pulsed radio signal is proposed, which is based on counting the number of half-cycles of the reference frequency on a time-limited measurement interval and removing from this procedure areas with completely suppressed signal amplitude. An auxiliary highly stable reference frequency is used to establish the numerical value of the reference frequency. The block diagram of the frequency meter and the algorithm of its operation are given, the implementation of which avoids these errors.

The aim of the study is to generalize the theoretical and applied aspects of the formation of an ideological space of a unified nature as a reflexive reaction of business to socioeconomic realities in conditions of constructive destabilization. Based on the carried out analysis of statistical data, it is proved that a fundamentally new direction comes into being for domestic economic science, i. e., studies of business behavior for the faster recovery of the country’s economy, which requires the formalization of adequate instruments of a modern manager. Analyzing, systematizing and generalizing the scientific works of many scholars, the views of researchers on the definition of the concept of «ideology» were systematized, the principles of business ideology were allocated, the goal, types, signs, functions, principles, methods of ideological influence within the framework of building the ideology of management were defined. The presented publication forms theoretical and applied aspects of the ideological space of a unified nature as a reflexive reaction of business to socioeconomic realities. The issue of reflection as a system of reactions to socioeconomic realities is examined. The article considers the forms of reflection, the objective etiology of the formation of spheres of reflection through the prism of multidisciplinary connections. It is proved that the forms of reflection as a system of business reaction to socioeconomic realities in conditions of constructive destabilization have a tactical and strategic result. For a clear understanding and detailed analysis of the behavior of the problem under study, a block diagram of causal relationships is built. It is proved that reflection is an instrument for influencing the development of emotional intelligence, which explains the nature of the analytical choice of an alternative solution to the subject of economic relations and determines the possibilities of consolidated external information influence on this choice. Of practical importance is the universal model of the cognitive map of the behavioral model of business structures, which allows to explain the multi-vector format of development in rational, limited rational and irrational dimensions, combining the features of the model of constructive development of the destabilizing format and crisis phenomena

The current requirements of software are intensively based on load sharing, on-demand services, cascading requirements, redundancy for reliability and executing on heterogeneous environments. It needs precise architectural details for development of such software systems. These are large scale software systems with complex interactions amongst the constituent components. Testing for performance and conformance to quality requires perspective modeling fordesigning critical systems. The analysis of these systems is focused on dynamic or execution time behavior for achieving quality. In the same context, this paper redefines Functional Flow Specification for dynamic analysis of critical and collaborating systems. Functional Flow based modeling is a mature concept in the domain of system engineering but is rarely applicable to software systems. Functional Flow Block Reliability Diagram (FFBRD) is a notation for abstract view of the system evolution and interactions. This adopts the specification format of UML and system modeling conventions of SysML specially Enhanced Functional Flow Block Diagram (EFFBD). The flow of data and control are so designed that it best suits the approaches for quality analysis like system reliability. The method proposed is System Reliability with UML or SR-UML for generating test through FFBRD. It also caters to the need of designing software in a familiar formalization for extending, translating and simulating with existing algorithms. From the results collected through various scenarios, we can conclude that SR-UML is instrumental in process improvement of current software development methods

The article discusses the process of creating psychological influence products. The characteristics for the creation of these materials are given. An analysis algorithm of target audience is proposed, which acts as the main object for the implementation of the supporting goal of a psychological operation (action). The algorithm presupposes the sequential execution of the following steps: definition and refinement of the specifications of the target audience; calculation of the target audience effectiveness; identifying the causes and consequences of existing behavior of the target audience; description of vulnerabilities of the target audience; determination of the target audiences’ susceptibility; development of arguments and recommendations for a psychological operation (action); clarification of the primary criteria for evaluation of the target audience. The block diagram of the automation process algorithm of creating psychological influence products is provided in the article. According to the presented algorithm, specialized software has been developed and involves step-by-step filling of the relevant points of the program, taking into account the methodology which is used in the units of psychological operations of the NATO armed forces. The result of the specialized software’s work is the concept of creation of the printed psychological influence product. In addition, at the stage of designing of the printed psychological influence products, there is a database which contains ready-made materials and reference information which serve as the examples. There are two groups of criteria that are used while extending the database: the first group characterizes the psychological (manipulative) component of the psychological influence products, the second – the rules for its design in terms of perception (attention) of the target audience.

The two companions scurry off when they hear a noise at the door. It was only a noise, but it was also a message, a bit of information producing panic: an interruption, a corruption, a rupture of communication. Was the noise really a message? Wasn’t it, rather, static, a parasite? Michael Serres, 1982. Since, ordinarily, channels have a certain amount of noise, and therefore a finite capacity, exact transmission is impossible. Claude Shannon, 1948. Reading Information At their most simplistic, there are two means for shifting information around – analogue and digital. Analogue movement depends on analogy to perform computations; it is continuous and the relationships between numbers are keyed as a continuous ordinal set. The digital set is discrete; moving one finger at a time results in a one-to-one correspondence. Nevertheless, analogue and digital are like the two companions in Serres’ tale. Each suffers the relationship of noise to information as internal rupture and external interference. In their examination of historical constructions of information, Hobart and Schiffman locate the noise of the analogue within its physical materials; they write, “All analogue machines harbour a certain amount of vagueness, known technically as ‘noise’. Which describes the disturbing influences of the machine’s physical materials on its calculations” (208). These “certain amounts of vagueness” are essential to Claude Shannon’s articulation of a theory for information transfer that forms the basis for this paper. In transforming the structures and materials through which it travels, information has left its traces in digital art installation. These traces are located in installation’s systems, structures and materials. The usefulness of information theory as a tool to understand these relationships has until recently been overlooked by a tradition of media art history that has grouped artworks according to the properties of the artwork and/or tied them into the histories of representation and perception in art theory. Throughout this essay I use the productive dual positioning of noise and information to address the errors and impurity inherent within the viewing experiences of digital installation. Information and Noise It is not hard to see why the fractured spaces of digital installation are haunted by histories of information science. In his 1948 essay “The Mathematical Theory of Communication” Claude Shannon developed a new model for communications technologies that articulated informational feedback processes. Discussions of information transmission through phone lines were occurring alongside the development of technology capable of computing multiple discrete and variable packets of information: that is, the digital computer. And, like art, information science remains concerned with the material spaces of transmission – whether conceptual, social or critical. In the context of art something is made to be seen, understood, viewed, or presented as a series of relationships that might be established between individuals, groups, environments, and sensations. Understood this way art is an aesthetic relationship between differing material bodies, images, representations, and spaces. It is an event. Shannon was adamant that information must not be confused with meaning. To increase efficiency he insisted that the message be separated from its components; in particular, those aspects that were predictable were not to be considered information (Hansen 79). The problem that Shannon had to contend with was noise. Unwanted and disruptive, noise became symbolic of the struggle to control the growth of systems. The more complex the system, the more noise needed to be addressed. Noise is both the material from which information is constructed, as well as being the matter which information resists. Weaver (Shannon’s first commentator) writes: In the process of being transmitted, it is unfortunately characteristic that certain things are added to the signal which were not intended by the information source. These unwanted additions may be distortions of sound (in telephony, for example) or static (in radio), or distortions in shape or shading of picture (television), or errors in transmission (telegraphy or facsimile), etc. All of these changes in the transmitted signal are called noise. (4). To enable more efficient message transmission, Shannon designed systems that repressed as much noise as possible, while also acknowledging that without some noise information could not be transmitted. Shannon’s conception of information meant that information would not change if the context changed. This was crucial if a general theory of information transmission was to be plausible and meant that a methodology for noise management could be foregrounded (Pask 123). Without meaning, information became a quantity, a yes or no decision, that Shannon called a “bit” (1). Shannon’s emphasis on separating signal or message from both predicability and external noise appeared to give information an identity where it could float free of a material substance and be treated independently of context. However, for this to occur information would have to become fixed and understood as an entity. Shannon went to pains to demonstrate that the separation of meaning and information was actually to enable the reverse. A fluidity of information and the possibilities for encoding it would mean that information, although measurable, did not have a finite form. Tied into the paradox of this equation is the crucial role of noise or error. In Shannon’s communication model information is not only complicit with noise; it is totally dependant upon it for understanding. Without noise, either encoded within the original message or present from sources outside the channel, information cannot get through. The model of sender-encoder-channel-signal (message)-decoder-receiver that Shannon constructed has an arrow inserting noise. Visually and schematically this noise is a disruption pointing up and inserting itself in the nice clean lines of the message. This does not mean that noise was a last minute consideration; rather noise was the very thing Shannon was working with (and against). It is present in every image we have of information. A source, message, transmitter, receiver and their attendant noises are all material infrastructures that serve to contextualise the information they transmit, receive, and disrupt. Figure 1. Claude Shannon “The Mathematical Theory of Communication” 1948. In his analytical discussion of the diagram, Shannon actually locates noise in two crucial places. The first position accorded noise is external, marked by the arrow that demonstrates how noise is introduced to the message channel whilst in transit. External noise confuses the purity of the message whilst equivocally adding new information. External noise has a particular materiality and enters the equation as unexplained variation and random error. This is disruptive presence rather than entropic coded pattern. Shannon offers this equivocal definition of noise to be everything that is outside the linear model of sender-channel-receiver; hence, anything can be noise if it enters a channel where it is unwelcome. Secondly, noise was defined as unpredictability or entropy found and encoded within the message itself. This for Shannon was an essential and, in some ways, positive role. Entropic forces invited continual reorganisation and (when engaging the laws of redundancy) assisted with the removal of repetition enabling faster message transmission (Shannon 48). Weaver calls this shifting relationship between entropy and message “equivocation” (11). Weaver identified equivocation as central to the manner in which noise and information operated. A process of equivocation identified the receiver’s knowledge. For Shannon, a process of equivocation mediated between useful information and noise, as both were “measured in the same units” (Hayles, Chaos 55). To eliminate noise completely is to sacrifice information. Information understood in this way is also about relationships between differing material bodies, representations, and spaces, connected together for the purposes of transmission. It, like the artwork, is an event. This would appear to suggest a correlation between information transmission and viewing in galleries. Far from it. Although, the contemporary information channel is essentially a tube with fixed walls, (it is still constrained by physical properties, bandwidth and so on) and despite the implicit spatialisation of information models, I am not proposing a direct correlation between information channels and installation spaces. This is because I am not interested in ‘reading’ the information of either environment. What I am suggesting is that both environments share this material of noise. Noise is present in four places. Firstly noise is within the media errors of transmission, and secondly, it is within the media of the installation, (neither of which are one way flows). Thirdly, the viewer or listener introduces noise as interference, and lastly, it is present in the very materials thorough which it travels. Noise layered on noise. Redundancy and Modulation So far in this paper I have discussed the relationship of information to noise. For the remainder, I want to address some particular processes or manifestations of noise in New Zealand artists’ collective, et al.’s maintenance of social solidarity–instance 5 (2006, exhibited as part of the SCAPE Biennal of Art in Public Space, Christchurch Art Gallery). The installation occupies a small alcove that is partially blocked by a military-style portable table stacked with newspapers. Inside the space are three grey wooden chairs, some headphones, and a modified data projection of Google Earth. It is not immediately clear if the viewer is allowed within the spaces of the alcove to listen to the headphones as monotonous voices fill the whole space intoning political, social, and religious platitudes. The headphones might be a tool to block out the noise. In the installation it is as if multiple messages have been sent but their source, channel, and transmitter are unintelligible to the receiver. All that is left is information divorced from meaning. As other works by et al. have demonstrated, social solidarity is not a fundamentalism with directed positions and singular leaders. For example, in rapture (2004) noise disrupts all presence as a portable shed quivers in response to underground nuclear explosions 40,000km away. In the fundamental practice (2005) the viewer is left attempting to decode the un-encoded, as again sound and large steel barriers control and determine only certain movements (see http://www.etal.name/ for some documentation of these projects) . maintenance of social solidarity–instance 5 is a development of the fundamental practice. To enter its spaces viewers slip around the table and find themselves extremely close to the projection screen. Despite the provision of copious media the viewer cannot control any aspect of the environment. On screen, and apparently integral to the Google Earth imagery, are five animated and imposing dark grey monolith forms. Because of their connection to the monotonous voices in the headphones, the monoliths seem to map the imposition of narrative, power, and force in various disputed territories. Like their sudden arrival in Kubrick’s 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) it is the contradiction of the visibility and improbability of the monoliths that renders them believable. On the video landscape the five monoliths apparently house the dispassionate voices of many different media and political authorities. Their presence is both redundant and essential as they modulate the layering of media forces – and in between, error slips in. In a broad discussion of information Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari highlight the necessary role of redundancy commenting that: redundancy has two forms, frequency and resonance; the first concerns the significance of information, the second (I=I) concerns the subjectivity of communication. It becomes apparent that information and communication, and even significance and subjectification, are subordinate to redundancy (79). In maintenance of social solidarity–instance 5 patterns of frequency highlight the necessary role of entropy where it is coded into gaps in the vocal transmission. Frequency is a structuring of information tied to meaningful communication. Resonance, like the stack of un-decodable newspapers on the portable table, is the carrier of redundancy. It is in the gaps between the recorded voices that connections between the monoliths and the texts are made, and these two forms of redundancy emerge. As Shannon says, redundancy is a problem of language. This is because redundancy and modulation do not equate with relationship of signal to noise. Signal to noise is a representational relationship; frequency and resonance are not representational but relational. This means that an image that might be “real-time” interrupts our understanding that the real comes first with representation always trailing second (Virilio 65). In maintenance of social solidarity–instance 5 the monoliths occupy a fixed spatial ground, imposed over the shifting navigation of Google Earth (this is not to mistake Google Earth with the ‘real’ earth). Together they form a visual counterpoint to the texts reciting in the viewer’s ears, which themselves might present as real but again, they aren’t. As Shannon contended, information cannot be tied to meaning. Instead, in the race for authority and thus authenticity we find interlopers, noisy digital images that suggest the presence of real-time perception. The spaces of maintenance of social solidarity–instance 5 meld representation and information together through the materiality of noise. And across all the different modalities employed, the appearance of noise is not through formation, but through error, accident, or surprise. This is the last step in a movement away from the mimetic obedience of information and its adherence to meaning-making or representational systems. In maintenance of social solidarity–instance 5 we are forced to align real time with virtual spaces and suspend our disbelief in the temporal truths that we see on the screen before us. This brief introduction to the work has returned us to the relationship between analogue and digital materials. Signal to noise is an analogue relationship of presence and absence. No signal equals a break in transmission. On the other hand, a digital system, due to its basis in discrete bits, transmits through probability (that is, the transmission occurs through pattern and randomness, rather than presence and absence (Hayles, How We Became 25). In his use of Shannon’s theory for the study of information transmission, Schwartz comments that the shift in information theory from analogue to digital is a shift from an analogue relationship of signal to noise to one of the probability of error (318). As I have argued in this paper, if it is measured as a quantity, noise is productive; it adds information. In both digital and analogue systems it is predictability and repetition that do not contribute information. Von Neumann makes the distinction clear saying that to some extent the “precision” of the digital machine “is absolute.” Even though, error as a matter of normal operation and not solely … as an accident attributable to some definite breakdown, nevertheless creeps in (294). Error creeps in. In maintenance of social solidarity–instance 5, et al. disrupts signal transmission by layering ambiguities into the installation. Gaps are left for viewers to introduce misreadings of scale, space, and apprehension. Rather than selecting meaning out of information within nontechnical contexts, a viewer finds herself in the same sphere as information. Noise imbricates both information and viewer within a larger open system. When asked about the relationship with the viewer in her work, et al. collaborator p.mule writes: To answer the 1st question, communication is important, clarity of concept. To answer the 2nd question, we are all receivers of information, how we process is individual. To answer the 3rd question, the work is accessible if you receive the information. But the question remains: how do we receive the information? In maintenance of social solidarity–instance 5 the system dominates. Despite the use of sound engineering and sophisticated Google Earth mapping technologies, the work appears to be constructed from discarded technologies both analogue and digital. The ominous hovering monoliths suggest answers: that somewhere within this work are methodologies to confront the materialising forces of digital error. To don the headphones is to invite a position that operates as a filtering of power. The parameters for this power are in a constant state of flux. This means that whilst mapping these forces the work does not locate them. Sound is encountered and constructed. Furthermore, the work does not oppose digital and analogue, for as von Neumann comments “the real importance of the digital procedure lies in its ability to reduce the computational noise level to an extent which is completely unobtainable by any other (analogy) procedure” (295). maintenance of social solidarity–instance 5 shows how digital and analogue come together through the productive errors of modulation and redundancy. et al.’s research constantly turns to representational and meaning making systems. As one instance, maintenance of social solidarity–instance 5 demonstrates how the digital has challenged the logics of the binary in the traditions of information theory. Digital logics are modulated by redundancies and accidents. In maintenance of social solidarity–instance 5 it is not possible to have information without noise. If, as I have argued here, digital installation operates between noise and information, then, in a constant disruption of the legacies of representation, immersion, and interaction, it is possible to open up material languages for the digital. Furthermore, an engagement with noise and error results in a blurring of the structures of information, generating a position from which we can discuss the viewer as immersed within the system – not as receiver or meaning making actant, but as an essential material within the open system of the artwork. References Barr, Jim, and Mary Barr. “L. Budd et al.” Toi Toi Toi: Three Generations of Artists from New Zealand. Ed. Rene Block. Kassel: Museum Fridericianum, 1999. 123. Burke, Gregory, and Natasha Conland, eds. et al. the fundamental practice. Wellington: Creative New Zealand, 2005. Burke, Gregory, and Natasha Conland, eds. Venice Document. et al. the fundamental practice. Wellington: Creative New Zealand, 2006. Daly-Peoples, John. Urban Myths and the et al. Legend. 21 Aug. 2004. The Big Idea (reprint) http://www.thebigidea.co.nz/print.php?sid=2234>. Deleuze, Gilles, and Felix Guattari. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Trans. Brian Massumi. London: The Athlone Press, 1996. Hansen, Mark. New Philosophy for New Media. Cambridge, MA and London: MIT Press, 2004. Hayles, N. Katherine. How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature and Informatics. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1999. Hayles, N. Katherine. Chaos Bound: Orderly Disorder in Contemporary Literature and Science. Ithaca and London: Cornell University, 1990. Hobart, Michael, and Zachary Schiffman. Information Ages: Literacy, Numeracy, and the Computer Revolution. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1998. p.mule, et al. 2007. 2 Jul. 2007 http://www.etal.name/index.htm>. Pask, Gordon. An Approach to Cybernetics. London: Hutchinson, 1961. Paulson, William. The Noise of Culture: Literary Texts in a World of Information. Ithaca and London: Cornell University, 1988. Schwartz, Mischa. Information Transmission, Modulation, and Noise: A Unified Approach to Communication Systems. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980. Serres, Michel. The Parasite. Trans. Lawrence R. Schehr. Baltimore: John Hopkins UP, 1982. Shannon, Claude. A Mathematical Theory of Communication. July, October 1948. Online PDF. 27: 379-423, 623-656 (reprinted with corrections). 13 Jul. 2004 http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/ms/what/shannonday/paper.html>. Virilio, Paul. The Vision Machine. Trans. Julie Rose. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana UP, British Film Institute, 1994. Von Neumann, John. “The General and Logical Theory of Automata.” Collected Works. Ed. A. H. Taub. Vol. 5. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1963. Weaver, Warren. “Recent Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Communication.” The Mathematical Theory of Commnunication. Eds. Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver. paperback, 1963 ed. Urbana and Chicago: U of Illinois P, 1949. 1-16. Work Discussed et al. maintenance of social solidarity–instance 5 2006. Installation, Google Earth feed, newspapers, sound. Exhibited in SCAPE 2006 Biennial of Art in Public Space Christchurch Art Gallery, Christchurch, September 30-November 12. Images reproduced with the permission of et al. Photographs by Lee Cunliffe. Acknowledgments Research for this paper was conducted with the support of an Otago Polytechnic Resaerch Grant. Photographs of et al. maintenance of social solidarity–instance 5 by Lee Cunliffe. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Ballard, Su. "Information, Noise and et al." M/C Journal 10.5 (2007). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0710/02-ballard.php>. APA Style Ballard, S. (Oct. 2007) "Information, Noise and et al.," M/C Journal, 10(5). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0710/02-ballard.php>.