Artículos de revistas: "Synthetic economies"

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Nuti, D. Mario. "Kornai: Shortage versus surplus economies". Acta Oeconomica 68, s1 (enero de 2018): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2018.68.s.7.

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The economics of institutions and comparative systems owes an enormous debt to János Kornai. This was well exemplified by Kornai (2014a), offering a synthetic characterization of socialism and capitalism, respectively, as shortage and surplus economies. I was very fortunate, over the last fifty years, to have had many opportunities to meet him and to talk to him, and to discuss these issues directly with him. János can be very persuasive, and over the years I have somewhat converged towards his views, but in this essay, I am going to rehearse one residual major disagreement on the shortage economy, and three reservations on capitalism as the surplus economy which, after discovering from talking to him that he was in basic sympathy with them, I have downgraded to qualifications.

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Stojković, Dejan, Marija Ivanov y Ana Ćirić. "Synthetic and Natural Antifungals—Desirable and Hazardous Effects". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, n.º 17 (25 de agosto de 2022): 9608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179608.

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The increasing incidence of patients struggling with fungal infections, along with high losses in the production of different foods/crops due to fungal diseases presents a significant burden to healthcare, agronomy, and economies worldwide [...]

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Dworak, Edyta y Maria Magdalena Grzelak. "The Innovation Gap of National Innovation Systems in the European Union". Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 26, n.º 1 (29 de marzo de 2023): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1508-2008.26.01.

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The main aim of the paper is to assess the innovation gap between the national innovation systems (NIS) of the European Union (EU) and the average level of innovation of EU economies. The study takes into account NIS identified in the literature, i.e., (a) developed systems and (b) developing systems. In the theoretical part of the paper, the literature in the fields of NIS and the innovation gap is reviewed, the definitions and selected classifications of NIS around the world are presented, and the concept of the innovation gap between countries is defined. In the empirical part, the level of innovation in EU economies is assessed using Hellwig’s synthetic development indicator. In order to measure the level of innovation in individual NISs, arithmetic means of national values of the synthetic measure of development (innovation) are used. The innovation gap is calculated as the quotient between the level of innovation of individual NISs analyzed in the study and the average level of innovation in EU economies. The study covered 2010 and 2021. The paper formulates the following research hypothesis: the level of innovation in EU economies is determined by the type of NIS. Consequently, developing system countries are less innovative and, thus, are characterized by an innovation gap in relation to the EU average. The results of the study confirm the hypothesis. The relationship between the innovation level of the EU economies and the type of NIS, as well as the assessment of the innovation gap between the national innovation systems of the EU and the average level of innovation of the EU economies, constitute the value‑added of the paper.

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Kasztelan, Armand. "How Circular Are the European Economies? A Taxonomic Analysis Based on the INEC (Index of National Economies’ Circularity)". Sustainability 12, n.º 18 (15 de septiembre de 2020): 7613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187613.

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In this paper, the aggregate index of national economies’ circularity (INEC) was proposed and empirically verified. For this purpose, the taxonomic linear ordering method was used, which is a multi-criteria decision-making procedure. This method replaces the analysis of the phenomenon described by a set of indicators with an analysis using one aggregate indicator: the so-called ‘synthetic metric’. Based on 14 circular economy indicators that are available in the Eurostat database, the circularity indexes were constructed for 24 EU countries (including the United Kingdom). This allowed the author, on the one hand, to create a ranking of the countries, and on the other, to assign them to four groups, which were characterized by a similar level of circularity. This paper attempts to answer the following questions: how circular are the European economies? What are the main challenges in achieving circularity in Europe? Taking into account the INEC range [0,1], it should be noted that the level of circularity in the analysed European countries is low (an average of 0.3021). Therefore, the paper indicates the areas requiring improvement in this respect.

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Baker, Michael J. "Marketing is Marketing—Everywhere!" Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 30, n.º 3 (julio de 2005): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920050301.

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The theme of this paper is that in seeking to develop strategies for the future, we should not neglect or overlook hard-won lessons from the past. Learning through direct experience is almost invariably a process of experimentation or trial and error. It is uncertain, time-consuming, inefficient, and often risky. Accordingly, if we encounter a problem new to ourselves, our first reaction should be: “Has anyone encountered this problem before?” If so, then “What did they do, with what results?” Answers to these questions are to be found in the so-called secondary sources that record the knowledge gained by previous generations. Knowledge is distilled experience which has accumulated over time. It represents our current understanding of how the world works and, because it has been recorded, it is usually easily available and often free. Common sense dictates that we should start any problem-solving activity by establishing what we know already. To support this argument, this article reviews the processes of knowledge creation and ‘cumulativity’. Unless and until we have confirmed what is already known about a subject, any effort to solve a new problem can only be a hit-or-miss affair — a case of managerial myopia. Therefore, while addressing an important question such as the role of marketing in emerging economies, we should first define what we mean by ‘emerging economies’ and ‘marketing.’ Marketing is a synthetic discipline that integrates findings from other disciplines like economics, psychology, and sociology into a holistic explanation of commercial exchange behaviour. As for emerging economies, indeed, all the advanced economies were emerging economies once, and it is quite evident that as the Industrial Revolution that started in Great Britain in the 18th century spread through Europe and North America, so each newly indutrialized country, in turn, achieved take-off more quickly by learning from the experience of its predecessors. In conclusion, this paper cites three examples of robust ideas that have stood the test of time and offers important insights into marketing today: Ricardo's ‘Theory of Comparative Advantage’ which argues that countries should specialize in doing what they do best and exchange their surpluses with other countries Darwin‘s theory of evolution and its marketing derivative — the product life cycle Copeland's ‘classification of goods’ that first identified the importance of defining goods and services in terms of needs and benefits. The message is that our knowledge of marketing is universal. Marketing is marketing—everywhere.

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Zou, Huibin, Tongtong Zhang, Lei Li, Jingling Huang, Nan Zhang, Mengxun Shi, He Hao y Mo Xian. "Systematic Engineering for Improved Carbon Economy in the Biosynthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoates and Isoprenoids". Materials 11, n.º 8 (24 de julio de 2018): 1271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11081271.

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With the rapid development of synthetic biology and metabolic engineering, a broad range of biochemicals can be biosynthesized, which include polyhydroxyalkanoates and isoprenoids. However, some of the bio-approaches in chemical synthesis have just started to be applied outside of laboratory settings, and many require considerable efforts to achieve economies of scale. One of the often-seen barriers is the low yield and productivity, which leads to higher unit cost and unit capital investment for the bioconversion process. In general, higher carbon economy (less carbon wastes during conversion process from biomass to objective bio-based chemicals) will result in higher bioconversion yield, which results in less waste being generated during the process. To achieve this goal, diversified strategies have been applied; matured strategies include pathway engineering to block competitive pathways, enzyme engineering to enhance the activities of enzymes, and process optimization to improve biomass/carbon yield. In this review, we analyze the impact of carbon sources from different types of biomass on the yield of bio-based chemicals (especially for polyhydroxyalkanoates and isoprenoids). Moreover, we summarize the traditional strategies for improving carbon economy during the bioconversion process and introduce the updated techniques in building up non-natural carbon pathways, which demonstrate higher carbon economies than their natural counterparts.

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Muchová, Eva y Agáta Šuláková. "The impact of EMU integration on GDP and productivity in the Baltic countries". Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research (JEECAR) 9, n.º 6 (3 de diciembre de 2022): 1095–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v9i6.1038.

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We examined the effect of the accession to the Eurozone using the method of synthetic control groups. This method enabled us to compare the performance of the Estonian, Lithuanian, and Latvian economies with a combination of countries that have not accessed the Eurozone yet. We constructed a synthetic Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia model as synthetic control units from a donor pool to evaluate the impact of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) on macroeconomic performance through synthetic control groups. The donor pool in our model consisted of European countries that do not use the euro. We used annual data from 1990 to 2019 for models with GDP and productivity. The results indicate that deciding to enter the Eurozone could increase productivity – measured as GDP over employment. Or in other words - if these Baltic countries did not join the euro, their GDP per employer would be lower than the actual. Accession to the Eurozone or ERM II has not increased or decreased GDP in Baltic countries as much as productivity.

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Bałtowski, Maciej y Marlena Gołębiowska. "Udział i charakterystyka największych przedsiębiorstw państwowych w gospodarkach wybranych krajów Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej". Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej 17, n.º 1 (diciembre de 2019): 197–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.36874/riesw.2019.1.9.

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The article aims to empirically indicate the share and industry characteristics of the largest state-owned enterprises in five selected countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Furthermore, based on the analysis, an attempt is made to answer relevant research questions: Whether and to what extent after almost 30 years of transition have the economies of the analysed countries become similar to the economies of selected developed countries of Western Europe with regard to the scope of state ownership in the economy? If so, to what extend? Could the economies of the analysed countries be seen as an occurrence of growing importance of state-owned enterprises after the financial crisis of 2008–2009, referred to in the literature as the “return of state-owned enterprises”? The analysis of the scope of state ownership in the economy was made using the processed and completed source data contained in the Orbis database. The study consists of three parts. The first part presents methodological assumptions of the analysis, definitions, description of data sources and basic characteristics of the studied set of enterprises. The second part contains data on state-owned enterprises in the analysed countries, divided into the state-owned and statecontrolled with a minority shareholding also includes industry-specific analysis. The third part contains synthetic international comparisons and a retrospective analysis, including the status and characteristics of state-owned enterprises in the surveyed countries in 2009, 2013 and 2017. The conclusions contained in the summary indicate a significant diversification of the scope and importance of state enterprises in the economies of the analysed countries.

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9

Pérez, Yoya Betzabé Flores, Fany Margarita Aguilar Pichón, Franklin Elder Abanto Chavez, María Emma Zúñiga Vásquez, Soledad Jackeline Zegarra Ugarte, Mario José Vásquez-Pauca, Luz Herfilia Cruzado Saucedo y Rigoberto Hernan Navarrete Flores. "The Solidarity Economy in the Families of Cascas (La Libertad) and San Agustín (Arequipa): A Comparative Study". Journal of Advanced Zoology 44, S-1 (15 de septiembre de 2023): 330–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/jaz.v44is-1.330.

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The present study was carried out with the objective of knowing, making visible and articulating how family enterprises are presented in two communities of Peru, one from the north: Cascas (La Libertad) and another from the South: San Agustín (Arequipa), allowing the construction of synergies with a territoriality criterion. The solidarity economy achieves the support of people, promotes the development of initiatives, becomes a generator of economic income, a source of skills development, creation of more community economies and extension of the middle class. The methods used are inductive - deductive and analytical - synthetic, which allowed an analysis of the content of family economies, using the techniques questionnaire of closed questions and in-depth interviews, with 100 families from each of the selected communities as the object of study. and autonomy of the family members, allows the equitable distribution and management of resources, bringing as a goal the well-being of these families.

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Dworak, Edyta, Maria Magdalena Grzelak y Elżbieta Roszko-Wójtowicz. "Comparison of National Innovation Systems in the European Union Countries". Risks 10, n.º 1 (29 de diciembre de 2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks10010006.

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The effective operation of national innovation systems can be a source of many opportunities, but it cannot be forgotten that innovation in itself may mean limiting but also generating various types of risks for the functioning of the local market. The main aim of the article is to present the concept and classification of national innovation systems in the world and to try to answer whether the type of NIS determines the level of innovation of the economies of the European Union countries. The following research thesis was formulated in the study: the type of National Innovation System determines a certain level of innovation in the economy of an European Union country, i.e., in countries belonging to a developed NIS, the level of innovation of the economy is higher than in countries belonging to developing systems. The results of the analysis confirm the research thesis. In the empirical part, the level of innovation in the European Union countries was assessed using the synthetic measure of development (SMD) by Z. Hellwig. Based on the obtained values of the synthetic measure of development (innovation), a ranking of the innovation of the economies of the EU countries was compiled and groups of countries with a similar degree of innovation in the economy were distinguished. The developed ranking of the European Union countries was compared with the NSI classification presented in the theoretical part of the article. The study covered 2010 and 2019.

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Mishina, S. V. "CONTENT AND STRUCTURE OF PROFESSIONALLY SIGNIFICANT QUALITIES OF ECONOMICS STUDENTS". Bulletin of Nizhnevartovsk State University, n.º 4 (15 de diciembre de 2019): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36906/2311-4444/19-4/18.

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The subject of the study is the vocational training of Bachelors of Economics. The object of the study is the content and structure of professionally significant qualities of Bachelors of Economics. The aim of the work is to study the content and structure of professionally significant qualities of future of Bachelors of Economicsin the context of the requirements posed by modern labour market and the possibilities of professional training. The study appears relevant due to the need to find optimal ways of training professional economists who could meet the requirements of rapidly changing and digitalized world economies. The article clarifies the concept of professionally significant qualities of an economist. Based on the analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature, the expert survey results, and interviews of potential employers, the article gives the structure of professionally significant qualities of Bachelors of Economics. They are attitude-related qualities: standard (situational professional motivation, knowledge of professional ethics, stable civic stand) and supplementary (dominant professional motivation, professional values, strong civic identity and behaviour); individual and personal qualities and abilities: standard(emotional balance, discipline, objectiveness, integrity) and supplementary (mental flexibility, professional mobility, capability for self-education and self-development); special qualities and abilities: standard(analytical, synthetic and prognostic abilities) and supplementary (critical thinking, lean thinking, project thinking); social and personal qualities and abilities: standard(sociability, ability to resolve conflicts) and supplementary (client orientation, team building). The paper also presents the results of an ascertaining experiment, which confirmed the deficit of the supplementary professionally significant qualities of Bachelors of Economics.

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Castronova, Edward. "A cost‐benefit analysis of real‐money trade in the products of synthetic economies". info 8, n.º 6 (noviembre de 2006): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14636690610707482.

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Islam, Muhammad Q. "Local Development Effect of Sports Facilities and Sports Teams: Case Studies Using Synthetic Control Method". Journal of Sports Economics 20, n.º 2 (16 de noviembre de 2017): 242–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002517731874.

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Studies of the economic benefit of sports franchises to local economies typically utilize panel regression procedures to estimate the effect on variables of interest. An alternative to regression-type estimation is to adopt a case study approach utilizing the synthetic control method. We utilize this approach to study the effect of the National Football League (NFL) expansion into three cities. Specifically, we ask, how the presence of an NFL team in selected cities affected the time path of employment growth in those cities. Results reinforce the dominant view that presence of a sports franchise does not significantly affect the time path of employment.

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Sadikov, A., D. P. Radjibaev y A. M. Nizamov. "ECOLOGICAL ISSUES OF THE SAFETY OF OIL AND OIL PRODUCTS WASTE DISPOSAL". American Journal of Applied Science and Technology 3, n.º 10 (1 de octubre de 2023): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ajast/volume03issue10-10.

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Oil and gas are the main energy resources that play a key role in the economies of all developed countries of the world. The products of their processing are used in almost all industries, in all types of transport, in construction, agriculture, energy, everyday life, etc. Also, a variety of chemical materials, plastics, synthetic fibres, rubbers, etc. are produced from oil and gas in large quantities. varnishes, paints, detergents, mineral fertilizers and much more. The use of oil and gas determines the level of economic development and life of modern man.

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Kleszcz, Agnieszka y Ewa Nowak. "Competitiveness of European Union countries in terms of the level of digitalization". Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 65, n.º 5 (29 de mayo de 2020): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1331.

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Digitalization involves an increase in the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in all areas of the economy and all domains of the functioning of a society. Technologies of this kind affect the level of competitiveness of economies. The aim of the article is to compare the levels of competitiveness of European Union countries in the field of information and communication technologies, on the basis of indices developed by international institutions.The European Commission, World Economic Forum and Eurostat databases were used for comparative analysis of economies. Synthetic indices, such as the 9th pillar of the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI Pillar 9), the European Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) and the Networked Readiness Index (NRI) were used to compare the levels of digitalization of the economies. The actual individual consumption (AIC) value was adopted as an indicator of the wealth of EU economies. Changes in single indices were analysed as follows: in the NRI in 2014–2016, in the GCI Pillar 9 in 2015–2017 and in the DESI in 2016–2018, while the multi-character classification of countries according to the three variables (the NRI, DESI and GCI Pillar 9) was performed for the year 2016. Ward's hierarchical method and non-hierarchical analysis of k-means clusters were used to this effect. The multiple regression model revealed relationships between the welfare level measured by the AIC and the level of digitalization. The NRI turned out to be the best predictor. The results of the analysis indicate that there are still differences between the ‘old’ and the ‘new’ EU countries in terms of the development of the ICT sector.

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Dworak, Edyta. "Assessing the Effectiveness of Selected European Innovation Systems". Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 25, n.º 2 (20 de junio de 2022): 99–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1508-2008.25.15.

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The growing importance of innovation in the modern economy has revived the interest of economic sciences in studies on the mechanisms that govern innovation and its impact on economic development. This growth of interest induced the concept of the national system of innovation (NSI), which occupies an important place in the innovation policy of all developed market economies. The economic literature distinguishes various typologies of innovation systems. The aim of the article is to assess the effectiveness of the system of European integration, the socio‑democratic system, and the mutated system, measured by the level of innovation of the economies that belong to these systems, in 2014 and 2019. The article analyzes the literature on the subject of innovation systems. The method of linear ordering, which makes it possible to build a synthetic measure calculated using the Hellwig method, is used to assess the effectiveness of innovation systems. The article formulates a research hypothesis that the most effective innovation systems are the socio‑democratic system and the system of European integration. This hypothesis has been positively verified.

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Grzegorzewska, Emilia. "Chosen aspects of economic profitability in agricultural companies in the context of global economic crisis". Journal of Intercultural Management 6, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2015): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/joim-2014-0022.

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Abstract Negative consequences of the economic crisis, which began in the United Sates in 2007, affected economies of all countries. The unfavourable economic situation on world markets was also reflected in the financial condition of Polish companies. It also refers to agriculture which plays a significant role in Polish economy. The following paper covers change trends in economic profitability of a group of 10 agricultural companies. Chosen liquidity and profitability ratios have been presented as well as synthetic measure which is at the root of the compilation “Ranking of 300 best agricultural companies”. The presented findings cover the years 2007-2012.

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Benítez Sánchez, Alberto. "An Extension of the Hawkins and Simon Condition Characterizing Viable Techniques". Economics Research International 2015 (31 de agosto de 2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/181284.

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This paper discusses an extended version of the Hawkins and Simon condition which constitutes a synthetic formulation of the mathematical properties that viable economies must satisfy in single production models. The new version is implicit in the economic interpretations offered by them of the Hawkins and Simon condition, once a correction is introduced in one of those interpretations. Moreover, the paper details the meaning of the extended version following the interpretation of the original version proposed by Dorfman, Samuelson, and Solow. It also introduces a characteristic property of indecomposable matrices that has not previously been published.

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Roupas, Christos V., Alexandros Flamos y John Psarras. "Measurement of EU27 oil vulnerability". International Journal of Energy Sector Management 3, n.º 2 (26 de junio de 2009): 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17506220910970597.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to compare the security of oil supply of the 27 European Union (EU27) member countries throughout the measurement of the vulnerability that their economies have exhibited to oil during the period from 1995 to 2007. Additionally, the EU27 future oil vulnerability is to be estimated for two indicative scenarios: a low oil price projection and a high price one. The two projections are going up to 2030.Design/methodology/approachSix indicators that quantify the core concepts that affect the security of supply of a country have been integrated in a synthetic index that measures the vulnerability of the case study countries for the time period under consideration. For the development of the synthetic index the principal component analysis (PCA) has been applied.FindingsThe results of this paper are illustrative of the existing vulnerabilities in the oil supply that may signal for a common EU policy addressing the energy availability risk issue.Research limitations/implicationsThe main limitation of the analysis is the usage of six indicators in order to capture the core essence of vulnerability and security of supply. The integration of additional indicators in the synthetic index may strive towards a more precise analysis.Originality/valueThe contribution of the paper lies in the usage of a statistical technique, PCA, for the development of a synthetic index that specifies the vulnerability in oil for EU27.

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Saith, Ashwani. "Early post-Keynesian journeys from Cambridge into development: Bridges and boundaries". Economic and Labour Relations Review 34, n.º 2 (junio de 2023): 212–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/elr.2023.19.

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AbstractThis synthetic commentary offers a handful of observations. First, it highlights structural differences between the advanced market/capitalist economy that forms the theoretical scaffolding of Keynesian theory, as against the diverse range of structural and institutional configurations that characterise contemporary developing economies. Second, bearing these distinctions in mind, how far does the notion of “full employment” hold relevance in the context of developing economies? Third, the focus shifts to the central Keynesian policy prescription: reflating economic activity through injecting additional demand into the system, in extremis through pump-priming, digging and filling trenches – would this perform in a poor agrarian economy? Would the multiplier work and deliver in the realities of developing economies? Fourth, the central policy agenda in the South was that of launching industrialisation, leading to a sustained structural transformation of the economy – a la the Kaldorian industrialisation paradigm, which is scarcely visible in the (post-)Keynesianism template. Fifth, it queries the investment function and the role of state investment, and/or of “animal spirits” of capitalist entrepreneurs and agents, whether of domestic or foreign origins. Sixth, there is need to widen the focus, as well argued by Hans Singer, Amiya Bagchi and others, from Keynes-I of The General Theory, to Keynes-II of Bretton Woods, thereby substantially widening the interface with the agenda of development. Finally, there is the inevitable question concerning the nature and role of the state in the contrasting developed-vs-developing-economy, then-and-now scenarios. This discursive commentary is largely a Cambridge dialogue, not inappropriate in a tribute to Geoff Harcourt.

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Łukiewska, Katarzyna y Małgorzata Juchniewicz. "Identification of the Relationships between Competitive Potential and Competitive Position of the Food Industry in the European Union". Sustainability 13, n.º 8 (8 de abril de 2021): 4160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084160.

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The competitiveness of the food industry, which is among the most important areas in the Central European economy, is a significant and topical research area in economics. The sector is particularly important for long-term sustainable growth in Central European national economies. Its high competitiveness is an important stabiliser in an environment of global economic instability. This study aimed to assess the relationships between elements of competitive potential and the competitive position of the food industry in E.U. countries. The relationships between these categories were examined using econometric models with the use of panel data. The results of the spatial-temporal modelling of the panel data confirmed the significant impact of production potential on the share of exports, profitability and the synthetic competitive position index, the impact of labour productivity on all analysed competitive position ratios, the impact of labour costs on the trade coverage, profitability and overall competitive position and the positive impact of innovation on profitability. It was found that labour productivity was of the greatest importance in building a competitive position. The results of the research can be used by food industry companies and government authorities in creating competitive advantages for the food industry in international markets.

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Roszko-Wójtowicz, Elżbieta y Jacek Białek. "EVALUATION OF THE EU COUNTRIES’ INNOVATIVE POTENTIAL – MULTIVARIATE APPROACH". Statistics in Transition new series 18, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2017): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.59170/stattrans-2017-009.

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The aim of the article is to work out a synthetic measure for estimating country’s innovation potential (CIP) of EU economies. For the purpose of the research, data from the European Statistical Office (Eurostat) are used and several indicators are organized by four different areas of analysis, i.e. investment expenditure, education, labour market and effects. Applying multi-dimensional statistics allows us to reduce the primary set of diagnostics variables and, simultaneously, identify those which best describe the potential. The final step is linear ordering of EU countries according to their innovative potential on the basis of CIP synthetic measure. The rating is compared with other ratings based on the recognized Summary Innovation Index and Global Innovation Index. The main conclusion is that the methodology of innovativeness assessment remains an open issue and requires further research. The most important task is the selection of indicators, followed by statistical verification in relation to their importance to innovativeness. The results show that there is a tendency to between the author’s ratings and other already published ratings of innovativeness.

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Ženka, Jan, Ondřej Slach y Igor Ivan. "Spatial Patterns of Knowledge-Intensive Business Services in Cities of Various Sizes, Morphologies and Economies". Sustainability 12, n.º 5 (1 de marzo de 2020): 1845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12051845.

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We compare intra-urban localization patterns of advertising and IT companies in three large Czech cities. The main aim of our analysis is an empirically-based contribution to the question to what extent do knowledge bases affect the spatial distribution of various knowledge-intensive business industries. The central research question is: To what extent is the localization of these two industries influenced by different modes of innovation/knowledge bases (symbolic vs. synthetic) and to what extent by contextual factors, such as urban size, morphology, position in the urban hierarchy and economic profile of the given city. We found that the urban contexts shape the localization patterns of advertising and IT companies more than differences in knowledge bases—both industries cluster primarily in the inner cities and urban cores. Formation of more suburban IT “scientific neighborhoods” is limited.

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Pepinsky, Thomas B. y Maria M. Wihardja. "Decentralization and Economic Performance in Indonesia". Journal of East Asian Studies 11, n.º 3 (diciembre de 2011): 337–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1598240800007372.

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Indonesia's 1999 decentralization law gave local governments in Indonesia an unprecedented opportunity to adopt prodevelopment policies. In this article, we study whether decentralization has in fact generated improved economic performance in Indonesia. Using a synthetic case control methodology, we argue that Indonesian decentralization has had no discernable effect on the country's national-level economic performance. To explain why not, we use subnational data to probe two political economy mechanisms—interjurisdictional competition and democratic accountability—that underlie all theories linking decentralization to better economic outcomes. Our findings suggest that extreme heterogeneity in endowments, factor immobility, and the endogenous deterioration of local governance institutions can each undermine the supposed development-enhancing promises of decentralized government in emerging economies such as Indonesia.

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Belov, Andrey, Galina Chernova, Vladimir Khalin y Natalia Kuznetsova. "UNIVERSITIES’ COMPETITIVENESS MODELS IN ACADEMIC MANAGEMENT: A NATIONAL-LEVEL APPROACH". Management Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development 40, n.º 2 (21 de junio de 2018): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/mts.2018.15.

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The developing international education market requires additional qualitative and detailed information on the comparative characteristics of universities. This study suggests a single synthetic model for describing and assessing universities’ competitiveness at the national level for advanced, emerging, and transitioning economies. The model is based on the same methodology as international university rankings, but employs different techniques for initial clustering and further analysis. We identified four different university clusters in the Russian Ministry of Education and Science database, distinguished by specific development goals. We argue that applying these clear and welldefined criteria as clustering attributes allows us to compare competitiveness in different settings, formulate academic management strategy and recommend policy guidelines tailored precisely for each university’s requirements.

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26

Zhan, Shuyuan. "ESG and Corporate Performance: A Review". SHS Web of Conferences 169 (2023): 01064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202316901064.

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ESG is becoming increasingly important topic in corporate finance literature. In addition to developed countries, emerging market economies have also increased their attention on ESG in recent years. The number of papers on ESG published by finance and accounting journals skyrocketed. The effect of ESG on corporate performance is uncertain. This paper provides implications for investors, ESG can build up reputation, transmit positive signals, and investors react positively to socially responsible firms, increasing corporate performance. On the other hand, according to the agency theory, more ESG involvements may reflect managerial opportunism, which negatively affects corporate innovation. This paper aims to provide a synthetic and evaluation monograph of literature that examines the relationship between ESG and corporate performance.

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Bąk, Julia y Sylwia Roszkowska. "Measurement and determinants of creative capital in Europe". Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 66, n.º 9 (30 de septiembre de 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.2697.

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One of the important factors influencing the development and competitiveness of economies is creative capital. It differs significantly among European countries, which has an influence on income and quality of life. The aim of the research discussed in this article is to determine the level of creative capital in Europe and to identify its determinants. The starting point of the analysis is the 3T theory (talent, technology, tolerance), formulated by Richard Florida, and the concept of a creativity index, which derives from the theory. The concept does not define creative capital precisely, therefore, this article proposes its measures based on statistical data obtained from Eurostat and a synthetic measure of creative capital. Data relating to European countries and covering the period of 2011–2018 were used. Moreover, an attempt was made to determine the level of creative capital by means of socio-economic factors (e.g. the number of people working in creative professions, the structure of the population by age and income, and expenditure on culture). Empirical analyses indicate significant differences in the level of creative capital in Europe. This is mainly influenced by the level of the wealth of economies and the number of people working in creative occupations, while cultural expenditure is less important for the development of creative capital.

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28

Kokocińska, Małgorzata, Marcin Nowak y Paweł Łopatka. "Measuring the Efficiency of Economic Growth towards Sustainable Growth with Grey System Theory". Sustainability 12, n.º 23 (3 de diciembre de 2020): 10121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122310121.

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In the paper, a new indicator exemplifying the conversion efficiency of expenditures towards economic growth into results pertaining to sustainable development, dubbed the “Synthetic Efficiency Indicator for Economic Growth” (hereinafter: “SEI-EG”) has been proposed. The inspiration for proposing such an indicator was the identification of the lack of connections between research on economic convergence and the research area connected with sustainable growth category. It was assumed that, in the first place, outcomes of the proposed convergence will be visible in developed economies, represented by EU15 member states. The set goal was to provide an answer to the question of difference between EU15 member states with respect to efficiency of converging expenditures exemplifying economic growth into results pertaining to sustainable growth. The research was conducted for 2016–2018 using Grey System Theory. With the use of the elaborated indicator, the authors created a ranking list of countries based on the efficiency of economic growth towards sustainable growth criterion. The conducted research proved that, in general, the smaller EU member states are characterized by significantly higher efficiency of converging expenditures exemplifying economic growth into results pertaining to sustainable development in the researched area. Among the countries with large economies, only Germany showed efficiency comparable to smaller ones.

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29

Denkowska, Sabina, Kamil Fijorek y Grazyna Wegrzyn. "Formal and Non-Formal Education and Training As an Instrument Fostering Innovation and Competitiveness in EU Member Countries". Journal of Competitiveness 12, n.º 3 (30 de septiembre de 2020): 82–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.7441/joc.2020.03.05.

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An important role in economic development and competitiveness is played by human capital, that is believed to lead to the growth of innovation. The innovative activities of companies, with a well-educated workforce as an essential component, are a necessary condition for any economy to achieve a competitive advantage in the international arena. The study objective was to investigate the relationship between the type of education (formal or non-formal) of individuals aged 25-64 and the level of innovation in the European Union member countries. The study uses data provided by Eurostat from three international surveys: The Labor Force Survey (LFS), Adult Education Survey (AES) and Community Innovation Surveys (CIS). The econometric analysis was carried out using tobit regression models. The study shows that innovation levels of EU countries, as measured by the synthetic SII index strongly depend on 1) the share of people with tertiary education undertaking additional formal or non-formal education, 2) the share of employees undertaking additional formal education, and 3) the share of persons undertaking additional formal or non-formal education. Among the variables studied, the smallest impact on the innovativeness of economies was that of the share of persons undertaking additional formal education. The results indicate a significant and positive role of additional education in increasing the level of innovation and competitiveness in the EU economies.

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30

Cardenas Cardenas, Gilberto, Sofía García Gamez y Alvaro Salas Suarez. "A synthetic indicator of corruption for Latin America: a global vision". Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal 28, n.º 2 (19 de marzo de 2018): 194–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cr-09-2017-0061.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop an overview of the phenomenon of corruption in Latin America and to propose a synthetic aggregate indicator to compress most of the statistical information available on corruption for Latin American countries. Design/methodology/approach The indicator of corruption has been obtained through factor analysis by applying the principal component methodology. Findings The authors have managed to obtain a single component that reproduces and synthesizes 86 per cent of all the information about corruption in Latin America gathered by prestigious institutions. Research limitations/implications The authors are aware that their study is not free from limitations. The first limitation is associated with the impossibility of incorporating information related to the phenomenon of corruption from the indicator called Latinobarómetro, as the economies of Cuba and Haiti (included in this research) are not part of the sample analyzed by that indicator. Second, this study reproduces and synthesizes 86 per cent of all available information by prestigious institutions about corruption in Latin America, and although this percentage is significant, it does not constitute 100 per cent. Originality/value This study has created a new indicator that gathers methodologies to measure corruption in Latin American countries.

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31

Żelazny, Rafał y Jacek Pietrucha. "Measuring innovation and institution: the creative economy index". Equilibrium 12, n.º 1 (31 de marzo de 2017): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/eq.v12i1.3.

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Research background: A literature review on innovativeness and institutions pointing to their correlation and the possibility of their joint examination. Purpose of the article: This paper attempts to devise a measurement method for a creative economy, where as a result of feedback between institutions, human capital and technology conditions facilitating the development of creativity are created. Methods: An empirical meta-analysis of indicators characterising innovativeness and institutional environment was carried out, following the hypothesis that at least in part they contain common information on creative economy. Findings and Value added: The new synthetic index, a creative economy index (CEI), was constructed. The study was conducted for a group of 34 economies of the European Union and its associated states for the period of 2005–2014.

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32

Fuchs, Clemens, Drees Meyer y Axel Poehls. "Production and Economic Assessment of Synthetic Fuels in Agriculture—A Case Study from Northern Germany". Energies 15, n.º 3 (4 de febrero de 2022): 1156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15031156.

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A climate-friendly and CO2-neutral energy supply for agricultural farms is the subject of investigation of this study. The supply concerns the internal economy (buildings and animal husbandry) as well as the production of synthetic fuels for outdoor work (cultivation of the fields). This energy is in demand with many customers, e.g., the dairy cooperative Arla Foods, whose goal is the production of cow’s milk with net-zero CO2 emissions by the year 2050. The operational energy system considered here included renewable electricity generation, covering electricity consumption in the cowshed, battery storage for times without electricity generation, the production of synthetic fuels and feeding into the public power grid. Fluctuations depending on the day and the season were taken into account for electricity at 15-min intervals and for fuel per calendar week for one year. The aim was to determine the necessary capacities of renewable energy (RE) generation systems and production systems for synthetic fuel, as well as an economic evaluation with the calculation of the energy costs per kWh and the break-evens for the capital expenses (CapEx). Two different scenarios were developed using the example of a survey dairy farm with an annual electricity consumption of approximately 80,000 kWh in the cowshed and an annual diesel consumption of 35,000 L, corresponding to 350,000 kWh for field work. To ensure the energy supply, Scenario 1 required a photovoltaic system (PV) on the roof with an output of 125 kWp, a 250 kW small wind turbine, a battery with a storage capacity of 2 kWh and synthetic fuel production with an output of 210 kW. Scenario 2 required a 200 kWp PV system on the roof and a 520 kWp PV system in the open fields, a battery with a 105 kWh storage capacity and a synthetic fuel production facility with an output of 385 kW to cover the farm’s energy needs. The results showed that a farm’s own electricity production is currently profitable; however, a farm’s production of synthetic fuel still has comparatively high costs and therefore is not yet profitable. Further technical advances, rising prices of fossil fuels and economies of scale, e.g., larger cooperatively-operated plants, could help new technology to make a breakthrough.

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Yassin, Mohamed Taha, Fatimah O. Al-Otibi y Abdulaziz A. Al-Askar. "Photocatalytic Removal of Crystal Violet Dye Utilizing Greenly Synthesized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles". Separations 10, n.º 9 (17 de septiembre de 2023): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations10090513.

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The presence of synthetic industrial dyes in the environment poses significant risks to aquatic ecosystems, human health, and economies. This study aims to synthesize iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) using a green method, analyze them using physicochemical techniques, and examine the effectiveness with which they photocatalytically degrade crystal violet dye in sunlight. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed that the biogenic IONPs showed a UV peak at a wavelength of 241 nm, with functional groups including phenols, alkynes, and alkenes. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the amorphous nature of the bioinspired IONPs. The mean diameter of the biogenic IONPs was 49.63 ± 9.23 nm, and they had a surface charge of −5.69 mV. The efficiency with which the synthesized IONPs removed the crystal violet dye was evaluated under dark and sunlight conditions. The removal efficiency was found to be concentration and time dependent, with a peak removal percentage of 99.23% being achieved when the IONPs were exposed to sunlight for 210 min. The biogenic IONPs also demonstrated antioxidant activity, with a relative IC50 value of 64.31 µg/mL. In conclusion, biogenic IONPs offer a viable and environmentally friendly approach for eradicating industrial synthetic dyes and remediating contaminated environments and aquatic ecosystems.

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34

Turi, Ivano De y Margaret Antonicelli. "A New Business Design Tool for Digital Business Model Innovation: DEA Approach". International Business Research 13, n.º 6 (20 de mayo de 2020): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v13n6p86.

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The new economic structures characterized by the growing dynamics of the economic context and a greater influence of the market on entrepreneurial activities requires companies to generate and adopt more and more competitive innovations, to maintain and develop a high level of innovative activity. Innovations are perceived as a necessity, they are a factor, and they are the mobile strength of companies in the 21st century. Every modern manager should recognize the role of innovations for the existence of companies and aim for innovative development. The news in various sectors must be followed. In this sense, it is necessary to look for options and overcome the obstacles that stand in the way of innovations. This paper attempts to assess the level of innovativeness of 26 European economies in the years 2016–2018 by using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). To perform this study, the evaluation used was carried out on the basis of a summary index constructed with the use of statistical methods of non linear ordering; in particular. In the analysis carried out, the statistics of the Global Innovation Index were used to describe the innovative capacity of economies in two areas: (a) science and technology; and (b) education and training. The evolved classification of innovativeness of these countries, built on the basis of a synthetic index, will allow to create a ranking that will lead to comparative analysis among these countries.

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35

Topolewski, Łukasz, Michał Moszyński y Yanrong Guo. "Economic Vulnerability and Resilience to Shocks – An Attempt to Measure". Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 68, n.º 1 (1 de diciembre de 2023): 463–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2023-0025.

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Abstract Especially in periods of crises, economists try to explain why some economies suffer negative consequences more strongly than others. In order to explain these differential effects, two economic categories known as economic vulnerability and economic resilience can be used. Hence, the aim of the paper is to undertake a critical reflection on the interrelated categories of economic vulnerability and resilience to shocks. The paper analyses these categories from a theoretical perspective and identifies the factors that shape each of them. It then attempts to measure the economic vulnerability and resilience of selected European countries using two synthetic variables. Based on these, a classification of countries in terms of economic vulnerability and resilience was made. The results achieved provide a good starting point for a more detailed study of the paths of crises and their consequences in individual countries.

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36

Romano, Mauro y Christian Favino. "Board composition and interlocking directorate evolution as a consequence of the recent financial crisis: evidence from Italian listed companies". Corporate Ownership and Control 11, n.º 1 (2013): 175–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv11i1c1art5.

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The recent systemic crisis that has affected the financial markets and real economies of major industrialized countries has had significant effects on the corporate governance and key organizational choices of large firms. In this context, the present study aims to verify whether the international crisis has significantly changed the structure of the interlocking directorate network that links large firms in the regulated Italian market. To this end, the first part of the paper presents an analysis of the evolution of corporate governance in the main European regulated markets through a comparative analysis of some synthetic statistical data observed at the end of the years 2006, 2008 and 2010. In the second part, after framing the concept of interlocking directorate in a theoretical perspective, we examine the evolution of the network of personal ties between large Italian listed companies in the period of observation (2006-2010) using Social Network Analysis

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37

Hagemejer, Jan, Jan J. Michałek y Pavel Svatko. "Economic impact of the EU Eastern enlargement on New Member States revisited: The role of economic institutions". Central European Economic Journal 8, n.º 55 (1 de enero de 2021): 126–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ceej-2021-0008.

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Abstract The paper analyses the economic implications of the accession of New Member States (NMS) to the European Union (EU) in 2004 and 2007. The estimation effects of integration with the EU were carried out as a comparative case study using the synthetic control method (SCM) proposed by Abadie and Gardeazabal. Compared to previous studies analysing the effects of accession to the EU (Campos, Coricelli and Moretti), we check for the importance of the quality of economic institutions for the matching process of the analysed economies with their comparators. The results of the econometric analysis show a positive impact on the country performance 6 years and 12 years after accession to the EU. The gains from accession are large but not universal. For 5 of the 10 analysed countries the difference in levels of per capita gross domestic product (GDP) against the counterfactual is at least 30%.

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Škrinjarić, Tihana y Mirjana Čižmešija. "Has the Accession of Croatia to the EU Affected Business Sentiment in Industry? Synthetic Control Method Approach". Drustvena istrazivanja 29, n.º 4 (30 de noviembre de 2020): 643–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5559/di.29.4.07.

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Some economic and political events determine the level and dynamics of real economic variables on one hand, and business sentiment as a "soft" variable with a good predictive power for those variables, on the other. In this paper, we observe the impact Croatia's accession to the European Union (EU) in 2013 had on the Industrial confidence indicator (ICI) as a measure of business sentiment in Croatia's industry. Entering the EU had a strong positive impact on the economies of countries that had joined the Union. Unlike other new EU member states, which entered the EU in an upward phase of the European business cycle, Croatia entered this community immediately after the stabilization of the European debt crisis and in a long period of recession. Using a novel application of the Synthetic Control Method (SCM) to the business survey (BS) data, the main hypothesis, that Croatia's accession to the EU had a strong positive impact on the ICI (which can be explained as euphoria), is confirmed. Conclusions derived from this research are a contribution to the improvement and popularization of BS and SCM.

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An, Hyun-Jin, Jung-Yeon Kim, Mi-Gyeong Gwon, Hyemin Gu, Hyun-Ju Kim, Jaechan Leem, Sung Won Youn y Kwan-Kyu Park. "Beneficial Effects of SREBP Decoy Oligodeoxynucleotide in an Animal Model of Hyperlipidemia". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, n.º 2 (15 de enero de 2020): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020552.

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Hyperlipidemia is a chronic disorder that plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular diseases, type II diabetes, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Hyperlipidemias have created a worldwide health crisis and impose a substantial burden not only on personal health but also on societies and economies. Transcription factors in the sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) family are key regulators of the lipogenic genes in the liver. SREBPs regulate lipid homeostasis by controlling the expression of a range of enzymes required for the synthesis of endogenous cholesterol, fatty acids, triacylglycerol, and phospholipids. Thereby, SREBPs have been considered as targets for the treatment of metabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the beneficial functions and the possible underlying molecular mechanisms of SREBP decoy ODN, which is a novel inhibitor of SREBPs, in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed hyperlipidemic mice. Our studies using HFD-induced hyperlipidemia animal model revealed that SREBB decoy ODN inhibited the increased expression of fatty acid synthetic pathway, such as SREBP-1c, FAS, SCD-1, ACC1, and HMGCR. In addition, SREBP decoy ODN decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-6 expression. These results suggest that SREBP decoy ODN exerts its anti-hyperlipidemia effects in HFD-induced hyperlipidemia mice by regulating their lipid metabolism and inhibiting lipogenesis through inactivation of the SREPB pathway.

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40

Dahmen, Nicolaus y Jörg Sauer. "Evaluation of Techno-Economic Studies on the bioliq® Process for Synthetic Fuels Production from Biomass". Processes 9, n.º 4 (13 de abril de 2021): 684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9040684.

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Techno-economic studies by various research institutions on the costs for the production of biomass to liquid (BtL) fuels using the bioliq® process were analyzed and evaluated. The bioliq® process consists of decentralized pretreatment by fast pyrolysis plants for biomass energy densification, and of a central gasification and synthesis step for synthesis of gas and synthetic fuel production. For comparison, specific material and energy flows were worked out for both process steps, and conversion efficiencies were calculated for the conversion of straw to diesel fuel via the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. A significant variation of the overall process efficiency in the range of 33–46% was mainly a result of the different assumptions made for electricity generation at the central location. After breaking down the individual cost items to either fixed or variable costs, it turned out that the largest cost items in the production of BtL fuels were attributable to feedstock and capital costs. Comparison of the specific investments showed that, in addition to economies of scale, other factors had a significant influence leading to values between 1000 and 5000 EUR/kW. This, particularly, included the origin of the equipment purchase costs and the factors applied to them. Fuel production costs were found to range between 0.8 and 2.6 EUR/L. Possible cost reduction by learning potential was investigated, leading to an improvement by a few percent of production costs. A sensitivity analysis of the individual cost items by up to 30%, for “investments” and “biomass and transport” cost increases, led to higher manufacturing costs of up to 17% in both cases. By harmonizing the depreciation period and the chosen interest rate, the production costs changed from −16% to +17%. Similarly, effects could be shown by adjusting the costs for maintenance and servicing, and the plant operation time. A superposition of these effects in a best-case scenario led to cost reductions of 21%. The most expensive variant in the opposing worst-case scenario raised costs by up to 27%. This uncertainty contributed already fifty percent to a preliminary cost estimate based on a conceptual design.

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Ertman, Agnieszka. "Differences in flexibility of labour markets in OECD countries – the topsis method". Oeconomia Copernicana 2, n.º 3 (30 de septiembre de 2011): 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/oec.2011.012.

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Flexible labour market can be defined as the market with capability to adapt to changing economic conditions so as to keep high employment rate, unemployment and inflation low and ensure continued growth in real incomes. Labour market flexibility has a significant influence on employment level in the economy. Some economists believe that higher level of protection in the labour market is accompanied with lower employment rates in the economy. Low labour market flexibility is a contemporary problem of many economies. Lack of flexibility in this market is often associated with regulation of labour market in such areas as social insurance, minimum wage, legislation relating to employment protection and the strength of trade unions. EPL index (Employment Protection Level) is a basic measure indicating degree of labour market regulation. The index was created by the OECD experts and is used for international comparisons. The article aims to examine a degree of labour markets flexibility in OECD countries and identify position of Poland compared to other OECD members. TOPSIS method (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution) is applied to achieve the goal. This method consists in creating synthetic index and calculates the distance of each object between the ideal solution and negative ideal solution, and then linear ordering of researched objects. Synthetic indicator of labour market flexibility was calculated using 11 variables, among which institutional variables such as restrictiveness of employment protection, tax wedge, trade union density or percentage of part time workers in total employment dominated. Synthetic index also covers variables describing labour market performance e.g. employment rate of young and older workers or long term unemployment rate as they indicate a speed of labour market’s responsiveness on external changes.

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42

Kacem, Sana, Lobna Abid y Sonia Ghorbel-Zouari. "Measurement of inclusive growth: evidence from Tunisia". Economics of Development 18, n.º 3 (25 de diciembre de 2019): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ed.18(3).2019.03.

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In most economies, strategies that promote greater equity and less precariousness have become more than a necessity for reducing the effects of poverty. Thus, the focus is on inclusive growth by policy makers and institutions in charge of development and poverty alleviation. For Tunisia, there was a broad consensus on the need for structural reforms to promote inclusive economic growth that reduce social inequalities and regional disparities. This article aims to determine a synthetic indicator of inclusive growth in Tunisia. The method used is the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The purpose of the latter is to provide weightings that take into account the variability of the data through time. The results found showed that Tunisia’s Inclusive Growth Index (IGI) deteriorated during the period from 1980 to 2017, falling from 5.35 to –3.40. The Tunisian government must embark on deep structural reforms to open up channels for a more egalitarian and inclusive society and put the country on a path to more sustainable development.

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43

Łada, Magdalena. "The competitive potential of the advanced technology sector". Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu 64, n.º 7 (2020): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15611/pn.2020.7.05.

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The increasing use of advanced technologies by enterprises increases the importance of the advanced technology sector in national economies. For this reason, the purpose of the research presented in the study was to determine the competitive potential of the advanced technology sector on the intra-EU market in recent years. The evaluation was conducted using the labour productivity index, labour costs and the share of the number of high technology sector enterprises in the total number of enterprises in the EU sector. Based on partial indicators, a synthetic indicator was built which allowed for the precise determination of the potential of each of the countries studied. Enterprises in countries with a strong and stable economy have higher potential, are more developed and more easily tackle the new challenges that occur in the economy. Enterprises with low competitive potential are located primarily in smaller countries with smaller support possibilities. The decisive factor was, above all, the high productivity of work.

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44

Vivekanandhan, Perumal, Kannan Swathy, Adelina Thomas, Eliningaya J. Kweka, Afroja Rahman, Sarayut Pittarate y Patcharin Krutmuang. "Insecticidal Efficacy of Microbial-Mediated Synthesized Copper Nano-Pesticide against Insect Pests and Non-Target Organisms". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n.º 19 (8 de octubre de 2021): 10536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910536.

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Currently, medical and stored grain pests are major concerns of public health and economies worldwide. The synthetic pesticides cause several side effects to human and non-target organisms. Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) were synthesized from an aqueous extract of Metarhizium robertsii and screened for insecticidal activity against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, Tenebrio molitor and other non-target organisms such as Artemia salina, Artemia nauplii, Eudrilus eugeniae and Eudrilus andrei. The synthesized copper nano-particles were characterized using, UV-vis spectrophotometer, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDaX), High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscope (HR-SEM) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) analysis. Insects were exposed to 25 μg/mL concentration produced significant mortality against larvae of A. stephensi, A. aegypti, C. quinquefasciatus and T. molitor. The lower toxicity was observed on non-target organisms. Results showed that, M. robertsii mediated synthesized CuNPs is highly toxic to targeted pests while they had lower toxicity were observed on non-target organisms.

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45

Liu, Wei, Huan Xu y Xin Zhao. "AGILE SERVICE ORIENTED SHIPPING COMPANIES IN THE CONTAINER TERMINAL". TRANSPORT 24, n.º 2 (30 de junio de 2009): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648-4142.2009.24.143-153.

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Agility is regarded as one of the core capabilities and the developing trend of supply chains and their enterprises. Along with the development of economical globalization, supply chain management and containerization as well as container ports as a part of supply chain take more roles like logistics or distribution centers. Under this background, the container terminal should have superior response and develop agility. The main goal of this paper is to emphasize and illustrate the importance and imminence of implementing agility in container terminals. To achieve this goal, the analysis of the economies of scale in the container terminal is presented. In this paper, however, more attention will be paid to agile service oriented shipping companies. The concept and characters of agile service in the container terminal is illustrated. The paper also focuses on the agile organizational structure of the container terminal. Finally, the fuzzy quality synthetic evaluation method is given to evaluate the performance level of agile service in container terminal oriented shipping companies.

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46

Chaters, G. L., P. C. D. Johnson, S. Cleaveland, J. Crispell, W. A. de Glanville, T. Doherty, L. Matthews et al. "Analysing livestock network data for infectious disease control: an argument for routine data collection in emerging economies". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, n.º 1776 (20 de mayo de 2019): 20180264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0264.

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Livestock movements are an important mechanism of infectious disease transmission. Where these are well recorded, network analysis tools have been used to successfully identify system properties, highlight vulnerabilities to transmission, and inform targeted surveillance and control. Here we highlight the main uses of network properties in understanding livestock disease epidemiology and discuss statistical approaches to infer network characteristics from biased or fragmented datasets. We use a ‘hurdle model’ approach that predicts (i) the probability of movement and (ii) the number of livestock moved to generate synthetic ‘complete’ networks of movements between administrative wards, exploiting routinely collected government movement permit data from northern Tanzania. We demonstrate that this model captures a significant amount of the observed variation. Combining the cattle movement network with a spatial between-ward contact layer, we create a multiplex, over which we simulated the spread of ‘fast’ ( R 0 = 3) and ‘slow’ ( R 0 = 1.5) pathogens, and assess the effects of random versus targeted disease control interventions (vaccination and movement ban). The targeted interventions substantially outperform those randomly implemented for both fast and slow pathogens. Our findings provide motivation to encourage routine collection and centralization of movement data to construct representative networks. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: epidemic forecasting and control’. This theme issue is linked with the earlier issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: approaches and important themes’.

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47

Bao, Jian y Meiling He. "Does green credit promote green sustainable development in regional economies?—Empirical evidence from 280 cities in China". PLOS ONE 17, n.º 11 (10 de noviembre de 2022): e0277569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277569.

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Background China has been exploring a sustainable development path that harmonizes economic growth and environmental protection, targeting to build a beautiful China. The role of green finance in adjusting the misallocation of financial resources and leading the green sustainable development of the real economy is receiving increasingly more attention. Currently, green credit accounts for more than 90% of the total green finance funding in China and constitutes the most significant component of the green finance matrix. Whether green credit effectively promotes the green and sustainable development of the regional economy largely determines the success of China’s economic green transformation. Objective Existing studies of green credit mainly focus on its influences on financing, investment, and emission reduction of environmental pollution industries or companies. Extending the literature by exploring whether green credit is effective in promoting green sustainable development and what impact green credit exerts on the upstream (energy inputs), midstream (technological innovation), and downstream (pollution outputs) stages of the green sustainable development value chain, is the leading research objective of this paper. Methods This paper discusses the impact of green credit on green sustainable development based on city panel data from 2012 to 2019. The level of green sustainable development is calculated by the GML index based on SBM directional distance function. The city-level green credit scale is calculated from the green credit issued by banks, weighted by the density of bank branches in a city. Synthetic control methods are employed in the robustness analysis to reduce the impact of endogeneity issues. Results and conclusion The results of this paper indicate that green credit can promote green sustainable development and the impact gradually strengthens over time as the incremental implementations of complementary policies with substantial constraints and incentives, through which pollution control and economic growth achieve a "win-win" situation. Furthermore, the results indicate that green credit reduces the overall amount of energy inputs while optimizing the energy input structure. However, green credit does not boost the green technological level and even crowds out high technical value green innovations. Besides, the pollution reduction effects of green credit are associated with the strength of green credit constraints and the importance of pollution industries in the local economy, which means green credit performs better pollution reduction effects in regions with relatively strong green credit binding effects or in regions where pollution industries are not local economic pillars. The empirical results are further validated through robustness tests, including changing scope and measurement variables and applying the synthetic control method. Limitations Although this paper provides valuable contributions to the research area of green credit and green sustainable development, specific limitations exist in the current study. Firstly, as the official information disclosure of green credit in China is not sufficient, existing studies, including ours, could only use estimation methods through different perspectives to measure green credit, which is overall logical and reasonable but may lose some accuracy. Secondly, since there might be a certain degree of lag in the effect of green credit on the economy, the dynamic impact and long-term effects of green credit deserve further study. Thirdly, considering the characteristics of the Chinese administrative systems, introducing the behavior of local governments and local officials into the analysis of green credit and green sustainable development could be valuable.

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Dhillon, Maninder Singh, Thorsten Dahms, Carina Kuebert-Flock, Erik Borg, Christopher Conrad y Tobias Ullmann. "Modelling Crop Biomass from Synthetic Remote Sensing Time Series: Example for the DEMMIN Test Site, Germany". Remote Sensing 12, n.º 11 (4 de junio de 2020): 1819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12111819.

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This study compares the performance of the five widely used crop growth models (CGMs): World Food Studies (WOFOST), Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies (CERES)-Wheat, AquaCrop, cropping systems simulation model (CropSyst), and the semi-empiric light use efficiency approach (LUE) for the prediction of winter wheat biomass on the Durable Environmental Multidisciplinary Monitoring Information Network (DEMMIN) test site, Germany. The study focuses on the use of remote sensing (RS) data, acquired in 2015, in CGMs, as they offer spatial information on the actual conditions of the vegetation. Along with this, the study investigates the data fusion of Landsat (30 m) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) (500 m) data using the spatial and temporal reflectance adaptive reflectance fusion model (STARFM) fusion algorithm. These synthetic RS data offer a 30-m spatial and one-day temporal resolution. The dataset therefore provides the necessary information to run CGMs and it is possible to examine the fine-scale spatial and temporal changes in crop phenology for specific fields, or sub sections of them, and to monitor crop growth daily, considering the impact of daily climate variability. The analysis includes a detailed comparison of the simulated and measured crop biomass. The modelled crop biomass using synthetic RS data is compared to the model outputs using the original MODIS time series as well. On comparison with the MODIS product, the study finds the performance of CGMs more reliable, precise, and significant with synthetic time series. Using synthetic RS data, the models AquaCrop and LUE, in contrast to other models, simulate the winter wheat biomass best, with an output of high R2 (>0.82), low RMSE (<600 g/m2) and significant p-value (<0.05) during the study period. However, inputting MODIS data makes the models underperform, with low R2 (<0.68) and high RMSE (>600 g/m2). The study shows that the models requiring fewer input parameters (AquaCrop and LUE) to simulate crop biomass are highly applicable and precise. At the same time, they are easier to implement than models, which need more input parameters (WOFOST and CERES-Wheat).

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Jiang, Z., T. Xiao, V. L. Kuznetsov y P. P. Edwards. "Turning carbon dioxide into fuel". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 368, n.º 1923 (28 de julio de 2010): 3343–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0119.

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Our present dependence on fossil fuels means that, as our demand for energy inevitably increases, so do emissions of greenhouse gases, most notably carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). To avoid the obvious consequences on climate change, the concentration of such greenhouse gases in the atmosphere must be stabilized. But, as populations grow and economies develop, future demands now ensure that energy will be one of the defining issues of this century. This unique set of (coupled) challenges also means that science and engineering have a unique opportunity—and a burgeoning challenge—to apply their understanding to provide sustainable energy solutions. Integrated carbon capture and subsequent sequestration is generally advanced as the most promising option to tackle greenhouse gases in the short to medium term. Here, we provide a brief overview of an alternative mid- to long-term option, namely, the capture and conversion of CO 2 , to produce sustainable, synthetic hydrocarbon or carbonaceous fuels, most notably for transportation purposes. Basically, the approach centres on the concept of the large-scale re-use of CO 2 released by human activity to produce synthetic fuels, and how this challenging approach could assume an important role in tackling the issue of global CO 2 emissions. We highlight three possible strategies involving CO 2 conversion by physico-chemical approaches: sustainable (or renewable) synthetic methanol, syngas production derived from flue gases from coal-, gas- or oil-fired electric power stations, and photochemical production of synthetic fuels. The use of CO 2 to synthesize commodity chemicals is covered elsewhere ( Arakawa et al. 2001 Chem. Rev. 101 , 953–996); this review is focused on the possibilities for the conversion of CO 2 to fuels. Although these three prototypical areas differ in their ultimate applications, the underpinning thermodynamic considerations centre on the conversion—and hence the utilization—of CO 2 . Here, we hope to illustrate that advances in the science and engineering of materials are critical for these new energy technologies, and specific examples are given for all three examples. With sufficient advances, and institutional and political support, such scientific and technological innovations could help to regulate/stabilize the CO 2 levels in the atmosphere and thereby extend the use of fossil-fuel-derived feedstocks.

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Xie, Yichun, Chao Liu, Shujuan Chang y Bin Jiang. "Urban Sustainability: Integrating Socioeconomic and Environmental Data for Multi-Objective Assessment". Sustainability 14, n.º 15 (26 de julio de 2022): 9142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159142.

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The large concentration of the world’s population in cities, along with rapid urbanization, have brought numerous environmental and socioeconomic challenges to sustainable urban systems (SUS). However, current SUS studies focus heavily on ecological aspects, rely on SUS indicators that are not supported by available data, lack comprehensive analytical frameworks, and neglect SUS regional differences. This paper develops a novel approach to assessing urban sustainability from regional perspectives using commonly enumerated socioeconomic statistics. It integrates land use and land cover change data and ecosystem service values, applies data mining analytics to derive SUS indicators, and evaluates SUS states as trade-offs among relevant SUS indicators. This synthetic approach is called the integrated socioeconomic and land-use data mining–based multi-objective assessment (ISL-DM-MOA). The paper presents a case study of urban sustainability development in cities and counties in Inner Mongolia, China, which face many environmental and sustainable development problems. The case study identifies two SUS types: (1) several large cities that boast well-developed economies, diversified industrial sectors, vital transportation locations, good living conditions, and cleaner environments; and (2) a few small counties that have a small population, small urban construction areas, extensive natural grasslands, and primary grazing economies. The ISL-DM-MOA framework innovatively synthesizes currently available socioeconomic statistics and environmental data as a unified dataset to assess urban sustainability as a total socio-environmental system. ISL-DM-MOA deviates from the current indicator approach and advocates the notion of a data-mining-driven approach to derive urban sustainability dimensions. Furthermore, ISL-DM-MOA diverges from the concept of a composite score for determining urban sustainability. Instead, it promotes the concept of Pareto Front as a choice set of sustainability candidates, because sustainability varies among nations, regions, and locations and differs between political, economic, environmental, and cultural systems.

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