Tesis: "Surveillance and investigations"

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Palma, Federica <1988&gt. "Genomic methods for enhanced surveillance and persistence investigations of foodborne pathogens". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/8682/1/PhD_Thesis_Federica_Palma_2018.pdf.

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The globalized food supply chain became a vast and complex network leading to an increased risk of spread of known and emerging foodborne pathogens, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium variant 4,[5],12:i:-. Based on a previous study of persistence of L. monocytogenes, 27 ST14 and 6 ST121 newly sequenced genomes collected over one year on the same rabbit meat processing plant were investigated in comparison to a selection of public genomes. cgMLST analysis of sequenced genomes showed higher discriminatory power in comparison to conventional typing methods. wgSNPs phylogeny inferred on 273 newly sequenced and publicly available ST121 and ST14 genomes confirmed that a persistent clone was circulating in the Italian rabbit-meat plant along with not persistent strains. Mass screening of a novel dataset of genes involved in physiological adaptation to food-processing environment showed a significant enrichment in ST121 genomes concerned genetic features related to sanitizing procedures adaptation, whereas genes related to biofilm forming enhanced ability and cadmium resistance was associated to ST14, as confirmed by phenotypic tests. Genomic data of 148 Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium monophasic variant 4,[5],12:i:- (MVSTm) isolates circulating in human and swine in Italy have been investigated in comparison to publicly available S. Typhimurium/ MVSTm strains collected in Italy and worldwide. The innovative genome-wide approach applied in this study allowed to mine population structure of a large Salmonella serovars dataset (~4,000 genomes) including Italian MVST strains belonging to a large population of ~1,300 clonal S. Typhimurium/ MVSTm isolates (2.5% of allele differences) isolated from a wide-range of countries in last two decades. cgSNPs phylogeny revealed and Genome-Wide Association Study suggested that discrete geographical segregation has had a strong impact on the accessory gene content with particular significance for a large SopE-containing prophage associated to Italian population and constituting specific biomarkers relevant in course of large epidemics.

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2

Molia, Sophie. "Avian influenza and Newcastle disease in poultry in Mali : epidemiological investigations and modelling for improved surveillance and control". Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.701657.

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3

Noël, Harold. "Le rôle des formes infracliniques dans l’émergence des infections vectorielles ? L'apport des investigations de terrain". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS357.

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Le chikungunya, la dengue et la bilharziose urogénitale sont des maladies vectorielles émergentes qui ont récemment trouvé des conditions favorables à leur transmission en France métropolitaine.Santé publique France, l’Agence en charge de la surveillance de l’état de santé de la population française est en première ligne pour détecter et investiguer ces émergences afin d’orienter les mesures de leur prévention et de leur contrôle. Postulant que chaque épidémie constitue une situation d’« expérimentation naturelle », l’objectif de cette thèse était de montrer comment chaque investigation d’épidémie apporte l’opportunité d’acquérir des connaissances scientifiques sur la contribution des cas asymptomatiques à l’introduction, la dissémination et l’endémisation des maladies vectorielles de façon réactive.Notre méta-analyse d’études de séroprévalence per- et post-épidémiques suggère que, contrairement à nos attentes, la lignée de virus chikungunya qui a émergé en 2004 dans l’Océan Indien qui était associée moins d’infections asymptomatiques que les autres. Dans une étude de la séroprévalence de la dengue à Nîmes en 2015, nous avons montré que le potentiel de diffusion de la dengue en France restait actuellement limité. Les données du dépistage des personnes exposées au risque de bilharziose urogénitale en Corse montrant une fréquence élevée d'infections pré-symptomatiques, nous avons évoqué un risque d’endémisation de la maladie qui a justifié son inscription sur la liste des maladies à déclaration obligatoire.Ce travail de thèse démontre qu’une approche pragmatique basée sur une veille sanitaire sensible associée à des investigations épidémiologiques de terrain précoces peut contribuer à aussi bien à la lutte contre les émergences qu’à l’évolution des connaissances
Conditions recently proved favourable to transmission of emerging vector-borne diseases, chikungunya, dengue and urogenital schistosomiasis in mainland France.Santé publique France, the Agency in charge of public health surveillance in France is at the forefront of detecting and investigating emerging infectious disease in order to guide prevention and control measures. Assuming that each outbreak constitutes a situation of "natural experimentation", the aim of this thesis was to show how outbreak investigations give the opportunity to acquire rapidly scientific knowledge on the contribution of asymptomatic cases to the introduction, dissemination and endemisation of vector-borne diseases.Through a meta-analysis of per and post-epidemic seroprevalence studies,we have shown that the chikungunya virus lineage that emerged in the Indian Ocean in 2004 is associated with a lower frequency of asymptomatic infections. In a dengue serosurvey in Nîmes in 2015, we showed that the diffusion potential of dengue in France is currently limited. Screening data of urogenital bilharziasis in persons exposed in Corsica showed a high frequency of pre-symptomatic infections suggestive of a risk of endemisation of the disease that justified its inclusion on the list of notifiable diseases.This thesis work shows that a pragmatic approach based on sensitive surveillance associated with early field outbreak investigations can significantly contribute to both emerging infections control and the advancement of knowledge

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Benschop, Jacqueline. "Epidemiological investigations of surveillance strategies of zoonotic Salmonella : a dissertation presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Massey University". Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1025.

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This thesis is concerned with the application of recently developed epidemiological and statistical tools to inform the optimisation of a national surveillance strategy of considerable importance to human health. The results of a series of epidemiological investigations of surveillance strategies for zoonotic Salmonella are presented. Salmonella are one of the most common and serious zoonotic foodborne pathogenic bacteria globally. These studies were motivated by the increasing focus on the cost-effectiveness of surveillance while maintaining consumer confidence in food supply. Although data from the Danish Salmonella surveillance and control programme has been used in these investigations, the techniques may be readily applied to other surveillance data of similar quality. The first study describes the spatial epidemiological features of Danish Salmonella surveillance and control programme data from 1995 to 2004, using a novel method of spatially adaptive smoothing. The conditional probability of a farm being a case was consistently high in the the south-west of Sonderjylland on the Jutland peninsula, identifying this area for further investigation and targeted surveillance. The identification of clustering of case farms led into the next study, which closely examines one year of data, 2003, for patterns of spatial dependency. K-function analyses provided evidence for aggregation of Salmonella case farms over that of all farms at distances of up to six kilometres. Visual semivariogram analyses of random farm-level effects from a Bayesian logistic regression model (adjusted for herd size) of Salmonella seropositivity, revealed spatial dependency between pairs of farms up to a distance of four kilometres apart. The strength of the spatial dependency was positively associated with slaughter pig farm density. We describe how this might inform the surveillance programme by potentially targeting herds within a four kilometre radius of those with high levels of Salmonella infection. In the third study, farm location details, routinely recorded surveillance information, and industry survey data from 1995 were combined to build a logistic seroprevalence model. This identified wet-feeding and specific pathogen free herd health status as protective factors for Salmonella seropositivity, while purchasing feed was a risk factor. Once adjusting for these covariates, we identified pockets of unexplained risk for Salmonella seropositivity and found spatial dependency at distances of up to six km (95% CI: 2–35 km) between farms. A generalised linear spatial model was fitted to the Jutland data allowing formal estimation of the range of spatial correlation and a measure of the uncertainty about it. There was a large within-farm component to the variance, suggesting that gathering more farm level information would be advantageous if this approach was to be used to target surveillance strategy. The fourth study again considers data from the whole study period, 1995 to 2004. A detailed temporal analysis of the data revealed there was no consistent seasonal pattern and correspondingly no benefit in targeting sampling to particular times of the year. Spatiotemporal analyses suggested a local epidemic of increased seroprevalence occured in west Jutland in late 2000. Lorelogram analyses showed a defined period of statistically significant temporal dependency, suggesting that there is little value in sampling more frequently than every 10 weeks on the average farm. The final study uses findings from the preceding chapters to develop a zero-inflated binomial model which predicts which farms are most at risk of Salmonella, and then preferentially samples these high-risk farms. This type of modelling allows assessment of similarities and differences between factors that affect herd infection status (introduction) and those that affect the seroprevalence in infected herds (persistence and spread). The model suggested that many of the herds where Salmonella was not detected were infected but at a low prevalence. Using cost and sensitivity, we compared the results with those under the standard sampling scheme based on herd size, and the recently introduced risk-based approach. Model based results were less sensitive, but showed significant cost savings. Further model refinements, sampling schemes, and the methods to evaluate their performance are important areas for future work, and should continue to occur in direct consultation with Danish authorities.

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5

Bédubourg, Gabriel. "Place des outils d'analyse des séries temporelles dans la surveillance épidémiologique pour la détection des épidémies et leur analyse : élaboration de nouveaux outils de détection et d'analyse étiologique des épidémies appliqués à la surveillance épidémiologique". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0739.

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La surveillance épidémiologique est le recueil systématique et continu d’informations sur l’état de santé des populations, leur analyse, leur interprétation et leur diffusion à tous les décideurs ayant besoin d’être informés. Un de ses objectifs est la détection des événements inhabituels, i.e. des épidémies, nécessitant la mise en place rapide de contre-mesures. Les objectifs de ce travail de thèse sont : (i) d’évaluer les principales méthodes statistiques de détection publiées et communément employées dans différents systèmes de surveillance épidémiologique, (ii) de proposer une nouvelle approche reposant sur la combinaison optimale de méthodes de détection statistique des épidémies et (iii) de développer une nouvelle méthode statistique d’analyse étiologique d’une épidémie à partir des données de surveillance épidémiologique collectées en routine par le système.Pour atteindre ces objectifs, nous évaluons les principales méthodes statistiques de la littérature, à partir d’un jeu publié de données simulées. Puis nous proposons une approche originale pour la détection des épidémies sur le principe de la combinaison de méthodes sélectionnées lors de l’étape précédente. Les performances de cette approche sont comparées aux précédentes selon la méthodologie utiliséeà la première étape. Enfin, nous proposons une méthode d’analyse étiologique d’une épidémie à partir des données de surveillance en employant des modèles statistiques adaptés aux séries chronologiques
Public health surveillance is the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of data for use in public health action to reduce morbidity and mortality of health-related events and to improve health. One of its objectives is the detection of unusualevents, i.e. outbreaks, requiring the rapid implementation of countermeasures.The objectives of this work are: (i) to evaluate the main published statistical methods for outbreak detection commonly implemented in different public health surveillance systems, (ii) to propose a new approach based on the optimal combination of statistical methods foroutbreak detection and benchmark it to other methods; and (iii) develop a new statistical method for the etiological analysis of an outbreak from public health surveillance data routinely collected by the system. To achieve these objectives, as a first step, we evaluate the main statistical methods, from a published set of simulated public health surveillance data. Statistical methods have been evaluated for an operational purpose: for all simulated time series, we used the tuning parameters recommended by their authors for each algorithm when available. We propose sensitivity and specificity metrics suitable for these tools. Then we propose an original approach for outbreak detection based on combination of methods selected in the previous step. The performance of this approach is compared to the previous ones according to the methodology implemented in the first step.Finally, we propose a method for the etiological analysis of an outbreak from surveillance data by using statistical models suitable for time series analysis

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6

Cheung, Ann F. "Investigating immune surveillance, tolerance, and therapy in cancer". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/46809.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Biology, 2009.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Vita.
Includes bibliographical references.
Maximizing the potential of cancer immunotherapy requires model systems that closely recapitulate human disease to study T cell responses to tumor antigens and to test immune therapeutic strategies. Current model systems largely relied on chemically-induced and spontaneous tumors in immunodeficient mice or on transplanted tumors. Such systems are limited because they fail to reproduce the complex interactions that exist among an emerging tumor, its microenvironment and the multiple elements of an intact immune system. We created a new system that is compatible with Cre-loxP-regulatable mouse cancer models in which the defined antigen SIY is specifically over-expressed in tumors, mimicking clinically-relevant tumor-associated antigens. To demonstrate the utility of this system, we characterized SIYreactive T cells in the context of lung adenocarcinoma, revealing multiple levels of antigenspecific T cell tolerance that serve to limit an effective anti-tumor response. Thymic deletion reduced the number of SIY-reactive T cells present in the animals. When potentially self-reactive T cells in the periphery were activated, they were efficiently eliminated. Inhibition of apoptosis resulted in more persistent self-reactive T cells, but these cells became anergic to antigen stimulation. Finally, in the presence of tumors over- expressing SIY, SIY-specific T cells required a higher level of costimulation to achieve functional activation.
(cont.) Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) therapy for cancer has demonstrated tremendous efficacy in clinical trials, particularly for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. There is great potential in broadening the application of ACT to treat other cancer types, but the threat of severe autoimmunity may limit its use. Studies in other model systems have demonstrated successful induction of anti-tumor immunity against self-antigens without detrimental autoimmunity. This is possibly due to the preferential recognition of tumor over normal somatic tissue by activated T cells. In our system, SIY provides a means to achieve this bias because of its over-expression in tumors. Thus, we applied adoptive T cell transfer therapy combined with lymphodepleting preconditioning to treat autochthonous lung tumors over-expressing SIY self-antigen. With this treatment, we overcame peripheral tolerance, successfully inducing large number of functional anti-tumor T cells. These T cells are able to influence lung tumors over-expressing self-antigen. Importantly, despite large numbers of potentially self-reactive T cells, we did not observed overt autoimmunity. Immune tolerance thwarts efforts to utilize immune therapy against cancer. We have discerned many mechanisms by which tolerance to cancer in potential achieved. Both Foxp3+ T regulatory cell and myeloid-derived suppressor cell populations are expanded in the presence of cancer in our mouse models.
(cont.) In addition, we identified LAG-3 as a potential factor that serves to limit anti-tumor T cell activity in the context of adoptive cell transfer therapy. Our new system represents a valuable tool in which to explore the mechanisms that contribute to T cell tolerance to cancer and to evaluate therapies aimed at overcoming this tolerance. In addition, our model provides a platform, on which more advanced mouse models of human cancer can be generated for cancer immunology.
by Ann F. Cheung.
Ph.D.

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7

Weyer, Camilla Theresa. "African horse sickness outbreak investigation and disease surveillance using molecular techniques". Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60127.

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African horse sickness (AHS) is a life-threatening disease of equids caused by African horse sickness virus (AHSV), a member of the genus Orbivirus in the family Reoviridae. The virus is transmitted by midges (Culicoides spp.) and the disease is most prevalent during the time of year, and in areas where vector Culicoides spp. are most abundant, namely in late summer in the summer rainfall areas of endemic regions. The disease is of importance to health and international trade in horses worldwide. Effective surveillance is critical in order to establish transparent criteria for animal trade from a country or region where AHS occurs.
The 2011 outbreak of African horse sickness in the African horse sickness controlled area in South Africa: An outbreak of AHS caused by AHSV type one (AHSV1) occurred in the surveillance zone of the AHS controlled area of the Western Cape during the summer of 2011. The epicentre of the outbreak was the town of Mamre in the magisterial district of Malmesbury, and the outbreak was confined to a defined containment zone within this area through movement control of all equids and a blanket vaccination campaign. A total of 73 confirmed cases of AHS were reported during this outbreak, which included four subclinical cases confirmed by virus isolation (VI). The estimated morbidity rate for the outbreak was 16% with an estimated mortality rate of 14% and a case fatality rate of 88% based on the figures above. Outbreak disease surveillance relied on agent identification using AHSV group specific reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (GS RT-qPCR) based assays, which was novel for an AHS outbreak in South Africa. The source of this outbreak was not confirmed at the time, but was believed to be associated with an illegal 2 movement of an infected animal into the Mamre area. A detailed description of the outbreak is given in Chapter 2, and the outbreak provided an opportunity to assess decision making in future AHS outbreaks in the AHS controlled area of South Africa and in countries where AHS is an exotic or emerging disease. This outbreak further highlighted deficiencies and complications of available AHSV diagnostic testing and surveillance methods, and the need for further refinement of these assays and strategies.
Development of three triplex real-time reverse transcription PCR assays for the qualitative molecular typing of the nine types of African horse sickness virus: The typing of the specific AHSV involved in the Mamre outbreak was initially done by partial, direct sequencing of the S10 gene (encoding the non-structural protein NS3) and the L2 gene (encoding the type-specific outer capsid protein VP2) which confirmed the virus to be AHSV1. This process is time consuming and it became evident that a faster alternative was needed. This led to the development of type specific RT-qPCR (TS RT-qPCR) assays to supplement the GS RT-qPCR assay that had already been developed, characterized and validated. Blood samples collected during routine diagnostic investigations from South African horses with clinical signs suggestive of AHS were subjected to analysis with the GS RT-qPCR assay and VI with subsequent serotyping by plaque inhibition (PI) assays using AHSV type-specific antisera. Blood samples that tested positive by AHSV GS RT-qPCR were then selected for analysis using AHSV TS RT-qPCR assays. The TS RT-qPCR assays were evaluated using both historic stocks of the South African reference strains of each of the 9 AHSV types, as well as recently derived stocks of these same viruses. Of the 503 horse blood samples tested, 156 were positive by both AHSV GS RT-qPCR and VI assays, whereas 135 samples that were VI negative were positive by AHSV GS RT-qPCR assay. The virus isolates made from the various blood samples included all 9 AHSV types, and there was 100% agreement between the results of conventional serotyping of individual virus isolates by PI assay and AHSV TS RT-qPCR typing results. Results of this study confirmed that the AHSV TS RT-qPCR assays for the identification of individual AHSV types are applicable and practicable and therefore are potentially highly useful and appropriate for virus typing in AHS outbreak situations in endemic or sporadic incursion areas, which can be crucial in determining appropriate and timely vaccination and control strategies.
Evaluation of the use of foals for active surveillance in an AHS containment zone during the season following an AHS outbreak: In order to further evaluate the AHS status of horses in the Mamre area after the outbreak of 2011, a targeted surveillance strategy was developed. Serial serum and whole blood samples were collected on a monthly basis from January to June, 2012 from foals (identified by microchip) that were born in the Mamre 3 district after the end of the outbreak. Sera were evaluated using traditional serological methods and the results were compared to the results obtained using the newly developed molecular assays for virus detection and identification. This study confirmed that AHSV was eradicated in the Mamre area after the outbreak and, therefore, that the control measures implemented in the area by the State Veterinary Authorities were effective.
Characterization of the dynamics of African horse sickness virus in horses by assessing the RNAaemia and serological responses following immunisation with a commercial polyvalent live attenuated vaccine: As was shown in the 2011 Mamre outbreak, detection of AHSV during outbreaks has become more rapid and efficient with the recent development of quantitative GS RT-qPCR assays to detect AHSV nucleic acid. Use of this assay together with the TS RT-qPCR assays described in Chapter 3, will not only expedite diagnosis of AHS but also facilitate further evaluation of the dynamics of AHSV infection in the equine host. A potential limitation to the application of these assays is that they detect viral nucleic acid originating from any AHSV live attenuated vaccine (AHSVLAV), which is the vaccine type routinely administered to horses in South Africa. A study was, therefore, designed to characterize the dynamics and duration of the RNAaemia as compared to the serological responses of horses following vaccination with a commercial AHSV-LAV, using GS and TS RT-qPCR assays and serum neutralisation tests. This study provided baseline data on the GS and TS nucleic acid dynamics in weanling foals vaccinated for the first time, yearlings vaccinated for a second time and adult mares following a booster to multiple previous vaccinations. These data are fundamental to interpreting results of AHSV GS RT-qPCR testing of vaccinated horses within an area where virological surveillance is being applied.
African horse sickness caused by genome reassortment and reversion to virulence of live, attenuated vaccine viruses, South Africa, 2004 - 2014: In 2014 a further outbreak of AHS caused by AHSV1 occurred in the Porterville area of the AHS protection zone (PZ), spreading into the Wellington area in the AHS surveillance zone (SZ). Further involvement of the Robertson area (AHS PZ) subsequently also occurred. The case fatality rate was much lower than that of the Mamre outbreak. The clinical signs in infected horses were also generally milder in the 2014 outbreak, as compared to the 2011 outbreak. Whole genome sequencing of samples from the Porterville outbreak confirmed that causative virus was a recombination (reassortant) of AHSV types 1 and 4, with genes derived from the relevant vaccine strains contained in OBP comb1 of the commercial polyvalent AHSV-LAV used in South Africa. This led to further analysis of 39 AHSV strains from field cases of AHS that originated from outbreaks within the controlled area, which confirmed reversion to virulence 4 of AHSV type 1 vaccine in two outbreaks (2004 and 2011) and multiple reassortment events in two outbreaks (2004 and 2014) with genes derived from all three AHSV vaccine strains (types 1, 3 and 4). This study provided a molecular and epidemiological comparison of the five unique AHSV type 1 outbreaks in the AHS controlled area. It was shown that all the outbreaks in the AHS controlled area attributed to AHSV type 1 since the inception of the area in 1997, have been due either to reversion to virulence of the AHSV type 1 vaccine strain, or recombination of AHSV type 1 vaccine strain with one or both of the other vaccine strains in OBP comb1 of the commercial AHSV-LAV.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
ERC
Racing South Africa (Pty) Ltd
Equine Health Fund
Mary Slack and Daughters Foundation
THRIP
National Research Foundation
Veterinary Tropical Diseases
PhD
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8

Altmann, Mathias. "Détection, investigation et contrôle des maladies émergentes. Expériences en santé mondiale". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022BORD0217.

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Contexte : l'émergence de maladies infectieuses est la conséquence de déséquilibres dynamiques, au sein d'écosystèmes complexes distribués à une échelle géographique donnée comprenant des humains, des animaux, des agents pathogènes et l’environnement. La mondialisation croissante des échanges implique une augmentation des flux internationaux de voyageurs et de marchandises qui peut favoriser la propagation des maladies infectieuses. Dorénavant, une crise sanitaire dans une région ou un pays peut avoir des répercussions très rapides sur la santé et l’économie dans de nombreuses parties du monde. Détecter les émergences, les comprendre par des investigations de terrain sont des étapes indispensables pour mieux contrôler les futures épidémies et pandémies. Expériences : au cours de mon parcours professionnel, mon travail personnel m’a permis d’aborder ces trois dimensions au travers de trois études qui ont donné lieu à publication dans des revues internationales à comité de lecture. Etude 1) Au cours d’une épidémie nationale d’Escherichia Coli O104 :H4 en 2011, j’ai exploré la rapidité du système de surveillance allemand en matière de détection, et recommandé une révision du système de surveillance en organisant la notification par les médecins et chefs de laboratoires dans une base de données centralisée et partagée avec différents droits d'accès par les services de santé aux niveau local, régional et national. Etude 2) Au décours de la pandémie grippale en 2009, j’ai investigué et comparé les caractéristiques des cas sévères pédiatriques en Allemagne durant deux saisons. La gravité inchangée de la grippe A(H1N1)pdm09 au cours de la première saison post pandémique (2010-11) et la proportion élevée et constante d'infections possiblement acquises à l'hôpital ont souligné le défi de prévenir les cas pédiatriques au-delà de la situation pandémique. Etude 3) Lors de l’épidémie du virus Ebola (MVE) en 2014, j’ai évalué les performances du contact tracing au Libéria en tant que mesure de contrôle spécifique. Malgré l'ampleur sans précédent du contact tracing pour la MVE au Libéria, sa capacité à détecter de nouveaux cas était limitée, en particulier dans les zones urbaines et pendant le pic épidémique. Discussion : la pandémie de Covid-19 a révélé des faiblesses des systèmes de surveillance dans presque tous les pays. Les leçons apprises au cours des épidémies et pandémies précédentes telles que celles auxquelles j’avais été exposé professionnellement et que je rapporte ici ont été insuffisamment prise en considération. En Afrique, les estimations de l’incidence et de la mortalité sont respectivement 100 fois et 15 fois plus élevées que les notifications. Parmi les explications à ces différences très importantes, on doit citer la faiblesse des systèmes de surveillance, du suivi des contacts, de l’utilisation des tests de dépistage et de diagnostic et le manque d’accès aux soins. L’amélioration des systèmes de surveillance des maladies émergentes nécessite : 1) d’accélérer la digitalisation et la mise en réseau des systèmes d’information sanitaire à tous les niveaux, des centres de santé et laboratoires périphériques jusqu’à l’échelon international ; 2) la captation, l’utilisation effective et la mise en relation d’autres sources de données (communautaires, enregistrements des décès, données animales et environnementales) et l’utilisation régulée d’internet et des réseaux sociaux ; 3) de renforcer les compétences et l’expertise des épidémiologistes de terrain et leur mise en réseau ; 4) d’investir dans la recherche au cours et entre les épidémies ; et 5) que les bailleurs de fonds et les gouvernements reconnaissent le caractère inévitable des prochaines épidémies de maladies infectieuses ou autres, aux conséquences graves, notre vulnérabilité à celles-ci et la nécessité d’investir en santé mondiale
Context: the emergence of infectious diseases is the consequence of dynamic imbalances, within complex ecosystems distributed at a given geographical scale including humans, animals, pathogens and the environment. The increasing globalization of trade implies an increase in international flows of travelers and goods which can promote the spread of infectious diseases. From now on, a health crisis in one region or country can have very rapid repercussions on health and the economy in many parts of the world. Detecting emergences and understanding them through field investigations are essential steps to better control future epidemics and pandemics. Experience: during my professional career, my own work has allowed me to address these three dimensions through three studies that have resulted in publications in international peer-reviewed journals. Study 1) During a nationwide outbreak of Escherichia Coli O104:H4 in 2011, I explored the timeliness of the German surveillance system for detection, and recommended a review of the surveillance system by organizing reporting by doctors and heads of laboratories in a centralized and shared database with different access rights by health services at local, regional and national level. Study 2) Following the influenza pandemic in 2009, I investigated and compared the characteristics of severe pediatric cases in Germany during two epidemic seasons. The unchanged severity of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 during the first post-pandemic season (2010-11) and the consistently high proportion of possibly hospital-acquired infections highlighted the challenge of preventing pediatric cases beyond the pandemic situation. Study 3) During the Ebola virus (EVD) outbreak in 2014, I evaluated the performance of contact tracing in Liberia as a specific control measure. Despite the unprecedented scale of contact tracing for EVD in Liberia, its ability to detect new cases was limited, especially in urban areas and during the epidemic peak. Discussion: the Covid-19 pandemic has revealed weaknesses in surveillance systems in almost all countries. Lessons learned during previous epidemics and pandemics such as those to which I had been exposed professionally and which I report here have been insufficiently considered. In Africa, estimates of incidence and mortality are respectively 100 times and 15 times higher than official reports. Explanations for these very large differences include weak surveillance systems, insufficient use of contact tracing, screening and diagnostic tests, and lack of access to care. Improving surveillance systems for emerging diseases requires: 1) accelerating the digitization and networking of health information systems at all levels, from health centers and peripheral laboratories to the international level; 2) the capture, effective use and linking of other data sources (communitybased, death registries, animal and environmental data) and the regulated use of the internet and social networks; 3) to strengthen the skills and expertise of field epidemiologists and their networking; 4) to invest in research during and between epidemics; and 5) that donors and governments recognize the inevitability of future epidemics of infectious and other disease conditions with serious consequences, our vulnerability to them and the need to invest in global health

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9

Chivers, William. "Investigating the dynamics of surveillance and resistance in the information society". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/94957/.

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This thesis investigates the relationships between surveillance, acts of resistance to surveillance and their respective roles in the contemporary social order. The context for this investigation is the contemporary ‘information society’. This is characterised by globally networked information and communication technologies, and is represented most plainly by one medium in particular: the Internet. The Internet has historically been a contested domain; it represents, for some, the cornerstone of civil liberties yet at the same time it is highly regulated and susceptible to control. The significant social, cultural, economic and political impacts of the Internet include the proliferation of techniques of digital surveillance. However, while the Internet has facilitated the growth of these practices, it has also created new opportunities for resistance to surveillance. By attending to the social dynamics and mechanics of resistance, we can generate more nuanced and subtle understandings of the ways in which social control is being performed. A framework of nodal governance steers this research. Consequently, this study locates these dynamics within three specific sites: online civil society, the regulatory process and the media. These cases demonstrate how a range of social actors, across a variety of settings, are implicated in the dynamics of digital surveillance and resistance. An innovative, multi-strategy approach to the fieldwork, including computational social science methods, captures these emergent dynamics as they are played out. The analysis of the data is guided by a theoretical preoccupation with control that serves to illustrate its plural and fluid character. Central to this are social and technological networks as forms of organisation and communication that facilitate surveillance and resistance. The thesis concludes that contemporary social control is an inherently socio-technical process, shaped primarily by dynamics of digital surveillance and resistance.

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10

Tarrit, Katy. "An investigation into common challenges of 3D scene understanding in visual surveillance". Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2017. http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/24796/.

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Nowadays, video surveillance systems are ubiquitous. Most installations simply consist of CCTV cameras connected to a central control room and rely on human operators to interpret what they see on the screen in order to, for example, detect a crime (either during or after an event). Some modern computer vision systems aim to automate the process, at least to some degree, and various algorithms have been somewhat successful in certain limited areas. However, such systems remain inefficient in general circumstances and present real challenges yet to be solved. These challenges include the ability to recognise and ultimately predict and prevent abnormal behaviour or even reliably recognise objects, for example in order to detect left luggage or suspicious objects. This thesis first aims to study the state-of-the-art and identify the major challenges and possible requirements of future automated and semi-automated CCTV technology in the field. This thesis presents the application of a suite of 2D and highly novel 3D methodologies that go some way to overcome current limitations. The methods presented here are based on the analysis of object features directly extracted from the geometry of the scene and start with a consideration of mainly existing techniques, such as the use of lines, vanishing points (VPs) and planes, applied to real scenes. Then, an investigation is presented into the use of richer 2.5D/3D surface normal data. In all cases the aim is to combine both 2D and 3D data to obtain a better understanding of the scene, aimed ultimately at capturing what is happening within the scene in order to be able to move towards automated scene analysis. Although this thesis focuses on the widespread application of video surveillance, an example case of the railway station environment is used to represent typical real-world challenges, where the principles can be readily extended elsewhere, such as to airports, motorways, the households, shopping malls etc. The context of this research work, together with an overall presentation of existing methods used in video surveillance and their challenges are described in chapter 1. Common computer vision techniques such as VP detection, camera calibration, 3D reconstruction, segmentation etc., can be applied in an effort to extract meaning to video surveillance applications. According to the literature, these methods have been well researched and their use will be assessed in the context of current surveillance requirements in chapter 2. While existing techniques can perform well in some contexts, such as an architectural environment composed of simple geometrical elements, their robustness and performance in feature extraction and object recognition tasks is not sufficient to solve the key challenges encountered in general video surveillance context. This is largely due to issues such as variable lighting, weather conditions, and shadows and in general complexity of the real-world environment. Chapter 3 presents the research and contribution on those topics – methods to extract optimal features for a specific CCTV application – as well as their strengths and weaknesses to highlight that the proposed algorithm obtains better results than most due to its specific design. The comparison of current surveillance systems and methods from the literature has shown that 2D data are however almost constantly used for many applications. Indeed, industrial systems as well as the research community have been improving intensively 2D feature extraction methods since image analysis and Scene understanding has been of interest. The constant progress on 2D feature extraction methods throughout the years makes it almost effortless nowadays due to a large variety of techniques. Moreover, even if 2D data do not allow solving all challenges in video surveillance or other applications, they are still used as starting stages towards scene understanding and image analysis. Chapter 4 will then explore 2D feature extraction via vanishing point detection and segmentation methods. A combination of most common techniques and a novel approach will be then proposed to extract vanishing points from video surveillance environments. Moreover, segmentation techniques will be explored in the aim to determine how they can be used to complement vanishing point detection and lead towards 3D data extraction and analysis. In spite of the contribution above, 2D data is insufficient for all but the simplest applications aimed at obtaining an understanding of a scene, where the aim is for a robust detection of, say, left luggage or abnormal behaviour; without significant a priori information about the scene geometry. Therefore, more information is required in order to be able to design a more automated and intelligent algorithm to obtain richer information from the scene geometry and so a better understanding of what is happening within. This can be overcome by the use of 3D data (in addition to 2D data) allowing opportunity for object “classification” and from this to infer a map of functionality, describing feasible and unfeasible object functionality in a given environment. Chapter 5 presents how 3D data can be beneficial for this task and the various solutions investigated to recover 3D data, as well as some preliminary work towards plane extraction. It is apparent that VPs and planes give useful information about a scene’s perspective and can assist in 3D data recovery within a scene. However, neither VPs nor plane detection techniques alone allow the recovery of more complex generic object shapes - for example composed of spheres, cylinders etc - and any simple model will suffer in the presence of non-Manhattan features, e.g. introduced by the presence of an escalator. For this reason, a novel photometric stereo-based surface normal retrieval methodology is introduced to capture the 3D geometry of the whole scene or part of it. Chapter 6 describes how photometric stereo allows recovery of 3D information in order to obtain a better understanding of a scene, as well as also partially overcoming some current surveillance challenges, such as difficulty in resolving fine detail, particularly at large standoff distances, and in isolating and recognising more complex objects in real scenes. Here items of interest may be obscured by complex environmental factors that are subject to rapid change, making, for example, the detection of suspicious objects and behaviour highly problematic. Here innovative use is made of an untapped latent capability offered within modern surveillance environments to introduce a form of environmental structuring to good advantage in order to achieve a richer form of data acquisition. This chapter also goes on to explore the novel application of photometric stereo in such diverse applications, how our algorithm can be incorporated into an existing surveillance system and considers a typical real commercial application. One of the most important aspects of this research work is its application. Indeed, while most of the research literature has been based on relatively simple structured environments, the approach here has been designed to be applied to real surveillance environments, such as railway stations, airports, waiting rooms, etc, and where surveillance cameras may be fixed or in the future form part of a mobile robotic free roaming surveillance device, that must continually reinterpret its changing environment. So, as mentioned previously, while the main focus has been to apply this algorithm to railway station environments, the work has been approached in a way that allows adaptation to many other applications, such as autonomous robotics, and in motorway, shopping centre, street and home environments. All of these applications require a better understanding of the scene for security or safety purposes. Finally, chapter 7 presents a global conclusion and what will be achieved in the future.

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11

Figueiredo, Jussara Elaine Sabado. "Análise de conteúdo do desencadeamento e preparação alimentar em surtos toxinfectivos alimentares no RS/Brasil entre 2001 a 2010". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/88870.

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Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar quantitativa e qualitativamente os fatores classificados como relevantes para o desencadeamento dos surtos toxinfectivos alimentares, bem como a descrição detalhada do preparo do alimento suspeito em linha de produção, em surtos alimentares encerrados entre 2001 e 2010 no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, registrados pelo fiscal sanitário executor da vistoria. Constituíram-se material de estudo os arquivos manuscritos de investigações consideradas concluídas no período entre 2001 e 2010, disponibilizados pela Divisão de Vigilância Epidemiológica / DVE, Programa de Vigilância Epidemiológica das Doenças Transmitidas pelos Alimentos do Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde / CEVS, da Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / SESRS. As informações foram organizadas quantitativamente em tabelas de frequências absoluta e relativa simples e enfocadas qualitativamente segundo técnica de análise de conteúdo. Relacionados aos conteúdos manifestos nos surtos foram desvelados fatores subjacentes de natureza educacional, como desconhecimento e desmotivação, na ordem de 58,3%, bem como fatores de natureza tecnológica (12,5%), ideológica (8,33%), econômico-financeira (8,33%), ambiental-logística (4,17%) e ambiental-estrutural (8,33%). Ressalta-se a importância e a complexidade das investigações de surtos alimentares destaca-se a necessidade de avaliação dos instrumentos de registro de dados sanitários e epidemiológicos adequando-os à realidade local e global; sugere-se aos gestores públicos em Vigilância de Alimentos investimento na formação de recursos humanos, com ênfase aos fiscais sanitários, protagonistas executores das vistorias.
This study aimed to analyze quantitatively and qualitatively the factors classified as relevant in the outbreak toxinfectivos foods, as well as a detailed description of the suspect food preparation in the production line, in food outbreaks concluded from 2001 to 2010 in Rio Grande do Sul State, done by sanitarian officials responsible for the visits. The material of the study was constituted by the investigation of manuscript files concluded from 2001 to 2010, made available by the Epidemiological Vigilance Division (DVE) from the Program of Epidemiologic Vigilance of Diseases Transmitted by Food from the State Center of Health Vigilance (CEVS) part of the State Health Secretary of Rio Grande do Sul (SESRS). The information was organized quantitatively in tables of absolute and simple relative frequencies and focused qualitatively based on the analyses of content approach.Related to the contents verified in the outbreaks manifestation, some subjacent factors were revealed: the most significant was of educational nature considering acknowledge and demotivation (58,3%), of technological nature (12,5%), of ideological nature (8,33%), of financial nature (8,33%), logistic environment (4,17%) and structural environment (8,33%).It is highlighted the importance and complexity of outbreak investigations on toxi-infective food; it is made necessary an evaluation of the registration instruments of sanitarian and epidemiologic data, considering the local and global realities; it is suggested as well to the public government of Food Vigilance, more investments on the human resource formation, mainly to the sanitarian officials, as they are the protagonists responsible for the sanitarian vigilance visits.

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12

Deaton, John Logan. "Investigating collision avoidance for small UAS using cooperative surveillance and ACAS X". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122375.

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This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2019
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 115-118).
Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS) have proliferated over the last decade. While these platforms offer many benefits to society, they pose a dangerous mid-air collision hazard. In order to safely integrate into airspace shared by other users, sUAS must be able to avoid collisions with manned aircraft. To better understand sUAS flight behavior and inform Collision Avoidance (CA) systems for sUAS, over 600 active UAS platforms were reviewed. The mean climb rate capability was 720 feet per minute (fpm) for all reviewed sUAS, which suggests that CA systems currently used by manned aircraft (which require 2,500 fpm climb capability) would be inappropriate for implementation on sUAS. Novel CA systems are therefore required. Next, to assess the feasibility of CA system equipage on sUAS, the Size, Weight, Power, and Cost (SWaP-C) of equipment necessary for CA systems were studied.
It was determined that a complete CA system utilizing cooperative surveillance could weigh less than 70 grams and require less than 2 W of average input power. Because cooperative surveillance broadcasts from sUAS could overload the spectrum currently used to share aviation information, signal transmissions were simulated for a population of sUAS broadcasting alongside current users. While transmitting sUAS would quickly degrade performance on the busy 1090 MHz channel, the 978 MHz channel could potentially support about 1 transmitting sUAS per square kilometer if sUAS broadcast ADS-B signals at only 80 mW. Finally, close encounters between sUAS and manned aircraft were simulated in the Mode C Veil environment to evaluate threat resolution options used by different CA systems. Manned aircraft using existing CA systems to avoid sUAS would achieve extremely high levels of safety (risk ratios below 0.05) but would experience high rates of alerts.
Furthermore, sUAS are so small that manned aircraft without CA systems would be unlikely to visually see and avoid them. Novel CA systems were modeled on sUAS and were able to avoid manned aircraft with currently-accepted levels of safety (risk ratios below 0.18) even with limited or no vertical maneuvering by using horizontal escape maneuvers (i.e. turns). Alerting rates for horizontal maneuvers were high but may be acceptable for use on sUAS. The new sUAS CA systems cooperated well with existing systems for manned aircraft and resulted in extremely low collision risk (risk ratios below 0.02) in encounters where manned aircraft and sUAS both took action to avoid collisions. Results therefore indicate that sUAS could utilize existing cooperative surveillance systems and prototype CA policies to mitigate close encounters with manned aircraft in Mode C Veils at safety levels that are currently accepted among manned aircraft.
by John Logan Deaton.
S.M.
S.M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

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13

Kelly-Hope, Louise A. "Investigation of risk factors for better surveillance and control of arboviruses in Australia /". St. Lucia, Qld, 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16470.pdf.

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Reilly, Simon Mark. "The use of electronic surveillance and performance measures in the workplace : a qualitative investigation". Thesis, Durham University, 2010. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/429/.

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Electronic workplace surveillance takes many forms. It includes CCTV, recording telephone conversations, employee ID cards, and electronically gathering and measuring work performance. The increased incidences of electronic surveillance have had a number of effects on employees. This research concentrated on the use of quantified electronic performance measurement. It specifically examined the impact on managers and managing. It examined surveillance from an employment relationship perspective, taking as its primary lens that of exchange and exchange theory. The research demonstrated that the exchange relationships managers have with other managers, workers, or employers, as part of the psychological contract, is being compromised. Managers feel under pressure to manage based on the surfeit of electronic measures rather than by using innate or acquired management skills. Many managers in this research are no longer managers in the conventional sense; instead, they have become “Performance Intermediary Executives” invariably reliant on a plethora of electronic measures provided for them to help them manage successfully. Managers have also started questioning the equitable nature of the psychological contract between them and their employer/line manager. The result of this equity disjuncture was made manifest by the subtle forms of resistance used on a daily basis. Managers are being led down a managerial path leading to further resistance and inequitable employment and exchange relationships. This research suggests that claimed improvements in performance and performance management using electronic surveillance could be wiped out by poor and de-professionalised management. Organisations should be aware that surveillance for surveillance sake is not necessarily always the best way forward. Electronic workplace surveillance is not intrinsically all good or all bad, but judging from the findings in this research, its impact is broadly perceived by managers negatively, which is not good for all parties in the employment relationship.

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15

Henderson, Holly Elizabeth. "An investigation into the epidemiological surveillance of inland water incidents in the United Kingdom". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.419730.

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MacWillie, John. "Technical sensoriums : a speculative investigation into the entanglement and convergence of surveillance and technology". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/13092/.

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Surveillance and technology are among the most prevalent phenomena in the developed world, the proliferation of which is abetted by an ever increasing profusion of products and services extending the competencies of these capabilities into new opportunities and markets worldwide. More significantly, this momentum is leading to a convergence of these disparate competencies towards a common techno-surveillant milieu. Yet much of what is written and theoretically understood about these topics (singularly and collectively) fails to provide for a unified accounting that anticipates either the trajectory or the heterogeneous forms of this converging phenomenon. This projects sets out to excavate why our understanding of techno-surveillance is so myopic. Following the evidence, I assert that this short-sightedness is not simply the result of methodological shortcomings. Rather, most researchers of surveillance and technology are blinded by philosophical presumptions (primarily grounded in epistemology) that exclude the kinds of questions (largely ontological) they must ask to go deeper in their investigations. This study examines the archaeological detritus of an early techno-surveillant system, the characteristics of which are typical of the kinds of systems that have come to challenge researchers about the implications of their analyses. Based on this analysis, this study proposes an ontological model, which I call ontigeny that is consistent with the evidence and helps to explain the heterogeneity of techno-surveillance, as well as its potential trajectories.

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17

Hammond, Lucy. "Hidden injury and hidden impact: a mixed methods investigation of injury surveillance in professional sport". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.606341.

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Injury surveillance is essential for reducing injury incidence in sport, and methods for surveillance have been the focus of a growing number of researchers in the last 15 years. However, work is still required to evaluate the impact of social phenomena on injury surveillance data. This thesis represents one of the first studies of its kind to incorporate both injury surveillance data and investigate psychological and sociocultural phenomena. It explores the impact of these factors on the reporting of injury in professional sport. The first study reported in this thesis compares versions 8 and 10 of the Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) for completeness and accuracy, using data from a surveillance study in professional football, cricket and rugby union. It is the first study to evaluate inter-rater reliability of OSICS-10. All injury diagnoses could be assigned an appropriate code with OSICS-10, compared to 87% of diagnoses that could be assigned an OSICS-8 code. Contusions comprised almost half of diagnoses that could not be assigned an accurate OSICS-8 code. Interrater reliability of OSICS-10 was shown to be moderate (k=0.56). The findings of the study suggest that OSICS-10 is a better system to use than OSICS-8 when classifying injury diagnoses from injury surveillance studies, and a key recommendation from this study has been incorporated into the development of an interim system, OSICS-9, which has since been published. The second study examines weaknesses of an injury surveillance system implemented in professional football, cricket and rugby union by recording issues that arose with implementing the surveillance model, with particular emphasis on instances where psychological or sociocultural issues prevented the accurate recording of injury data. Seven keys groupings emerged of reasons for issues that adversely affected the reporting of injury through traditional surveillance methods. These were: 'High importance games', 'Approaching contract signing time', 'Carrying injuries through the season', 'Awaiting insurance payout and retirement', 'Overuse injuries', 'Friendly games' and 'Availability of other players'. There were several impacts of these issues that included under- and over-reporting of injury, and impacts on the reporting of injury severity. The findings of this I -I study suggest that psychological and sociocultural phenomena affect the findings of injury surveillance, and that further work in this area is warranted.

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18

Bagge, Laura. "An investigation of the economic viability and ethical ramifications of video surveillance in the ICU". Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/943.

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The purpose of this review of literature is to investigate the various roles of video surveillance (VS) in the hospital's intensive care unit (ICU) as well as its legal and ethical implications. Today, hospitals spend more money on the ICU than on any other unit. By 2030, the population of those 65 and over is expected to double. 80% of older adults have at least one chronic diseases (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). As a consequence, the demand for ICU services will likely increase, which may burden hospital with additional costs. Because of increasing economic pressures, more hospitals are using video surveillance to enhance quality care and reduce ICU costs (Goran, 2012). Research shows that VS enhances positive outcomes among patients and best practice compliance among hospital staff. The results are fewer reports of patient complications and days spent in the ICU, and an increase in reported hospital savings. In addition, VS is becoming an important tool for the families of newborns in the neonatal ICU (NICU). The belief is that the VS can facilitate parent-baby bonding. In the United States of America, privacy rights impose legal restrictions on VS. These rights come from the U.S. Constitution, Statutory law, Regulatory law, and State law. HIPPA authorizes the patient to control the use and disclosure of his or her health information. Accordingly, hospitals are under obligation to inform patients on their right to protected health information. It is appropriate that hospitals use VS for diagnostic purposes as long as they have obtained patient consent. According to modern day privacy experts Charles Fried and Alan Westin, a violation of a person's privacy equates a violation on their liberty and morality. However, if a physician suspects that a third party person is causing harm to the patient, than the use of covert VS is justifiable.
B.S.N.
Bachelors
Nursing
Nursing

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19

Loudermilk, Elaine. "Investigation of Factors Affecting the HIV Continuum of Care in Tennessee". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3789.

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Introduction: Factors contributing to the HIV continuum of care (HCC) for adults in Tennessee (TN) have not been studied in depth with known predictors for HIV risk, specifically adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), among low annual income or sexual minority groups [lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT)]. Methods: A mixed methods study design was used to assess factors related to the HCC. Quantitative analysis used the TN Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data to examine at risk and ever tested for HIV, to (1) investigate ACEs among adults with low-income ( Results: Quantitative results found that among LGBT (N=262) and low-income (N=3258) adults living in TN, the proportion at risk for HIV and ever tested for HIV was highest in East TN (LGBT at risk – 45.53%; LGBT ever tested for HIV – 58.32%; low-income at risk – 8.14%; low-income ever tested – 52.05%). Among adults with low-income, MLR revealed 1-3 ACEs decreased the odds of HIV risk in East (aOR: aOR: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.52-0.56) whereas 4+ ACEs increased odds of being at risk in Middle TN by 32 times (aOR: 31.86, 95% CI: 29.83-34.02) compared to adults with no ACEs. Among LGBT, MLR estimated odds of HIV testing were 33 times higher among adults in West TN at risk for HIV compared to those not at risk (West TN, aOR: 33.59; 95% CI: 31.97-35.96). Qualitative analysis results provided a 55-question survey related to ACEs, HIV transmission risk, and barriers to HIV care. Discussion: Regional differences were revealed among LGBT and low-income populations; low-income and ACEs were associated with being at risk and ever tested for HIV. ACEs and HCC surveillance were considered relevant by PLWH at the clinic. Additional research including piloting the survey and longitudinal studies are necessary to improve the HCC and quality of life among PLWH in TN.

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20

Jenkins, Glenn E. y William J. Snodgrass. "The Raven Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (SUAV), investigating potential dichotomies between doctrine and practice". Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/834.

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MBA Professional Report
The goal of this MBA Project is to investigate possible disconnects between doctrine and practice in the employment of the Raven Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (SUAV). The Army's current Small UAV requirements are based upon the Future Combat System's Operations Requirements Document and has not been validated at the platoon or company level. The Raven SUAV is a Commercial off the Shelf (COTS) item that swiftly became the Army's Small UAV of choice for operations in Afghanistan and Iraq. Doctrine and Techniques, Tactics, and Procedures (TTP) have been written for the Raven SUAV; however, it is not standard practice for all units operating the system abroad. The last review of the SUAV operational requirements was conducted in 2003 but did not specifically address its usage on the battlefield. In an attempt to fill that gap, this project focuses on real-world usage of the Raven SUAV system. We compare doctrine versus practice using the Department of Defense's (DOD) Doctrine, Organization, Training, Material, Leadership, Personnel, Facilities (DOTML-PF) model as the primary logic construct. The report begins by providing a background of the Raven SUAV, to include its evolution from a COTS item to the Army's SUAV of choice, and how it has impacted the warfighter. Next, the authors provide an overview of DOTML-PF in order to provide a basis for comparing doctrine and practice. The study then looks in-depth at doctrine and practice using DOTML-PF as the model for revealing differences between the two. Finally, the authors analyze these differences and recommend solutions to mitigate shortfalls in actual Raven SUAV usage on the battlefield.--p. i.

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21

Manley, Andrew Thomas. "Surveillance, disciplinary power and athletic identity : a sociological investigation into the culture of elite sports academies". Thesis, Durham University, 2012. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5900/.

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With the exception of work conducted by Parker (1996a) research concerning identity construction, surveillance practices and power relations within the context of a professional sports academy institution appears limited. Drawing on 30 semi-structured interviews with staff and athletes at two Premiership academies (one rugby, one football), a Foucauldian framework is utilised to provide a sociological analysis of disciplinary power and its impact upon the experiences and development of elite athletes. Foucault’s (1979) concept of panopticism is employed to explore the impact of surveillance as a disciplinary tool within the academies. The concept of surveillance as a disciplinary mechanism is furthered with the application of Latour’s (2005) ‘oligopticon’ and Deleuze and Guttari’s (2003) ‘rhizomatic' notion of surveillance networks. Foucault’s (1979; 1994b) normalising judgment and the concept of self and ‘lateral’ surveillance are employed to understand how the athletes internalise the values, attitudes and behaviours witnessed within the academies. An analysis of the regulation of the social space and time is accompanied by an application of Weber’s (1978) ‘domination by authority’ to explore the authoritative role of the coaches and their relationships with the players. The Foucauldian approach is accompanied by the work of Erving Goffman (1959; 1961a; 1961b) to understand how the role of ‘elite athlete’, bound by the notion of ‘professionalism’, is constructed and managed by the players on a daily basis. By adopting both a Foucauldian and interactionist perspective the thesis explores how the structure of the academies impacts upon the development and socialisation of those housed within them, whilst also maintaining focus upon the construction and management of identity and the presentation of ‘self’ in an institutional setting.

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22

Susapu, Melinda. "Investigation of risk factors for better control and surveillance of lymphatic filariasis in Papua New Guinea". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2017. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3016510/.

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23

Nduru, Polite Munyaradzi. "Investigating biases in census questions on mortality using Agincourt heath and demographic surveillance system data". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5891.

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Includes abstract.
Includes bibliographical references.
An understanding of the errors found in census questions is important in order to assess the level of confidence in the census data and to get an appreciation of the impact of using these data in estimating mortality derived from census data. While demographic methods are often used to determine the direction of bias in the data, direct evaluation studies are required to determine the nature and extent of biases with more accuracy. Equally important is an understanding of the characteristics of the respondents who produce better responses in censuses. This can be used to inform selection of better respondents in order to improve the quality of the collected data. This research uses census data from a survey, which is matched to the longitudinal Health Demographic Surveillance System site (HDSS) data from Agincourt, Limpopo Province, South Africa, in order to assess the biases found in data used in child and adult mortality estimation that uses indirect techniques.

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24

Du, Page Michel Justin Porter. "Investigation of T cell-mediated immune surveillance against tumor-specific antigens in genetically engineered mouse models of cancer". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62620.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Biology, 2011.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis. Vita.
Includes bibliographical references.
The association of tumor cells and lymphocytes has led to the hypothesis that our immune system actively inhibits the formation and progression of cancer, a phenomenon called tumor immune surveillance. T cells specific to mutant proteins have been identified in cancer patients and the recent success of cancer immunotherapies provides evidence that the immune system can fight this disease. Yet the frequent occurrence of malignant disease despite T cell recognition presents a significant medical problem. Only after we determine how tumors bypass the immune system can immunotherapeutic approaches be improved. To understand how tumors subvert immune responses, tumor transplantation or transgenic mice expressing tumor-associated antigens have been used to model cancer. To assess the role of anti-tumor T cells in models that more accurately reflect the human disease, I developed new systems to introduce exogenous antigens, to mimic neoantigens, into genetically engineered mouse models of lung cancer and sarcomas. Utilizing the mouse model of lung cancer, I show that endogenous T cells respond to and infiltrate lung tumors, delaying malignant progression. Despite continued antigen expression, T cell infiltration does not persist and tumors ultimately escape immune attack. Transplantation of cell lines derived from lung tumors that express these antigens or prophylactic vaccination against autochthonous tumors, however, results in rapid tumor eradication or selection of tumors that lose antigen expression. These results support clinical data that suggest a role for the immune system in cancer suppression rather than prevention. Tumor immune surveillance and immunoediting have largely been defined using carcinogen-driven models of sarcomagenesis. Using a genetically engineered model of sarcomagenesis, I show that immunoediting requires potent T cell antigens and that lymphocytes drive the evolution of less immunogenic tumors by selecting for antigen loss. Finally, immunotherapies have historically been ineffective in treating cancer patients. I show that vaccination against specific antigens expressed in mouse lung cancers leads to sustained anti-tumor T cell responses that eradicate recently initiated tumors. Vaccination also stimulates anti-tumor T cell responses in an antigen-independent fashion by enhancing the expansion and activity of T cells that recognize antigens only expressed in tumors.
by Michel Justin Porter Du Page.
Ph.D.

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25

Torvik, B. "Investigation of non-cooperative target recognition of small and slow moving air targets in modern air defence surveillance radar". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2016. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1532017/.

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This thesis covers research in the field of non-cooperative target recognition given the limitations of modern air defence surveillance radars. The potential presence of low observable manned or unmanned targets within the vast surveillance volume demand highly sensitive systems. This may again introduce unwanted detections of single birds of comparable radar cross section, previously avoided by use of wide clutter rejection filters and sensitivity time control. The demand for methods effectively separating between birds and slow moving manmade targets is evident. The research questions addressed are connected to identification of characteristic features of birds and manmade targets of comparable size. Ultimately the goal has been to find methods that can utilize such features to effectively distinguish between the classes. In contrast to the vast majority of non-cooperative target recognition publications, this thesis includes non-rigid targets covering a range of dielectric properties and targets falling in the resonant and Rayleigh scattering regions. These factors combined with insufficient spatial resolution for classification require alternative approaches such as utilization of periodic RCS modulation, micro-Doppler- and polarimetric signatures. Signatures of birds and UAVs are investigated through electromagnetic prediction and radar measurements. A flexible and fully polarimetric radar capable of simultaneous operation in both L- and S-band is developed for collection of relevant signatures. Inspired by the use of polarimetric radar for classification of precipitation covered in the weather radar literature, focus has been on using similar methods to recognize signatures of rotors, propellers and bird wings. Novel micro-Doppler signatures combining polarimetric information from this sensor is found to hold information about the orientation of such target parts. This information combined with several other features is evaluated for classification. The benefit from involving polarimetric measurements is especially investigated, and is found to be highly valuable when information provided by other methods is limited.

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26

Nitzel, Damon V. "Investigation of the Oxidation/Reduction of PRMT1, Substrate Interactions with PRMT1, and the Role of Argining Methylation in RNA Surveillance". DigitalCommons@USU, 2013. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1984.

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Protein arginine methylation is an abundant post-translational modification catalyzed by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). Arginine methylation plays important roles in a variety of cellular pathways and human diseases. PRMT1, the predominant PRMT, catalyzes approximately 85% of all protein arginine methylation in vivo. While many details of how PRMT1 functions have been uncovered through the past two decades, there are many details which remain unclear, including how arginine methylation is regulated, how PRMT1 binds substrates, and what role PRMTs play in RNA surveillance. Our recent data presented in this thesis showed that reduction of the PRMT1 enzyme, following recombinant expression and purification, changes both enzymatic activity and oligomeric state. A cysteine residue(s) was found to be responsible for the observed redox chemistry in PRMT1 and at least one parameter in the kinetic mechanism, S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) binding, was faster with a reduced enzyme. This work suggests exciting potential for the regulation of PRMTs in vivo by oxidative stress. In addition to studying the effects of reduction/oxidation on PRMT1, a foundation for future experiments was laid. These experiments investigate substrate recognition by PRMTs and what the role arginine methylation may play in RNA processing and surveillance. To better understand how PRMTs selectively bind a wide variety of substrates, I have designed and preliminarily characterized several Hmt1 (the S. cerevisiae homologue of PRMT1) variants. These variants will be used for crystallization trials of a homogeneous complex, containing Hmt1, AdoMet, and a peptide substrate, capable of revealing specific chemical interactions between Hmt1 and the peptide substrate. To further our understanding of Hmt1's role in RNA processing and surveillance, particularly in RNA degradation pathways, I extracted yeast RNA from both wild type and Hmt1-null cells. The RNA was probed using a S. cerevisiae whole-genome microarray. This analysis revealed that Hmt1 exhibits statistically significant effects in several broad areas including molecular function, biological processes, cellular components, and some KEGG pathways. The presented studies have revealed the exciting potential for an in vivo regulatory mechanism of PRMT1 and each study is primed for further investigation both in vivo and in vitro.

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27

Bai, Matthew. "An investigation of algorithms to clean RFID data for activity monitoring of the elderly Master of Computer and Information Sciences, 2009 /". Click here to access this resource online, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/835.

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Macbeth, Deborough Anne. "An investigation of the assumptions that inform contemporary hospital infection control programs". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2005. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16113/1/Deborough_Macbeth_Thesis.pdf.

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The purpose of the study was to investigate the assumptions that underpin contemporary hospital infection control programs from the perspective of the influence of clinical culture on the integration and ownership of the infection control program. The results of numerous studies have linked low levels of adherence with infection control principles amongst health care providers as the most significant factor contributing to nosocomial infection. Despite early successes in reducing nosocomial infection rates, results derived from current research demonstrate that nosocomial infection has remained a challenge to healthcare providers and patients alike and outbreaks are regularly reported in the infection control literature. Serious economic and social impact has resulted from the increasing levels of antibiotic resistance that have been reported amongst pathogens associated with nosocomial infection. This interpretive study takes an ethnographic approach, using multiple data sources to provide insight into the culture and context of infection control practice drawing upon clinicians' work and the clinician's perspective. There were three approaches to data collection. A postal survey of surgeons was conducted, a group of nurses participated in a quality activity, and a clinical ethnography was conducted in an intensive care unit and an operating theatre complex. Data were analysed in accordance with the qualitative and quantitative approaches to data management. Findings indicate that the clinical culture exerts significant influence over the degree to which the infection control program activities change practice and that rather than imposing the infection control program on the clinical practice setting from outside, sustained practice change is more likely to be achieved if the motivation and impetus for change is culturally based. Moreover surveillance, if it is to influence clinicians and their practice, must provide confidence in its accuracy. It must be meaningful to them and linked to patient care outcomes. Contemporary hospital infection control programs, based on assumptions about a combination of surveillance and control activities have resulted in decreased nosocomial infection rates. However, sustained infection control practice change has not been achieved despite the application of a range of surveillance and control strategies. This research project has utilized an ethnographic approach to provide an emic perspective of infection control practice within a range of practice contexts. The findings from this study are significant within the context of spiraling health costs and increasing antibiotic resistance associated with nosocomial infection.

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29

Macbeth, Deborough Anne. "An investigation of the assumptions that inform contemporary hospital infection control programs". Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16113/.

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The purpose of the study was to investigate the assumptions that underpin contemporary hospital infection control programs from the perspective of the influence of clinical culture on the integration and ownership of the infection control program. The results of numerous studies have linked low levels of adherence with infection control principles amongst health care providers as the most significant factor contributing to nosocomial infection. Despite early successes in reducing nosocomial infection rates, results derived from current research demonstrate that nosocomial infection has remained a challenge to healthcare providers and patients alike and outbreaks are regularly reported in the infection control literature. Serious economic and social impact has resulted from the increasing levels of antibiotic resistance that have been reported amongst pathogens associated with nosocomial infection. This interpretive study takes an ethnographic approach, using multiple data sources to provide insight into the culture and context of infection control practice drawing upon clinicians' work and the clinician's perspective. There were three approaches to data collection. A postal survey of surgeons was conducted, a group of nurses participated in a quality activity, and a clinical ethnography was conducted in an intensive care unit and an operating theatre complex. Data were analysed in accordance with the qualitative and quantitative approaches to data management. Findings indicate that the clinical culture exerts significant influence over the degree to which the infection control program activities change practice and that rather than imposing the infection control program on the clinical practice setting from outside, sustained practice change is more likely to be achieved if the motivation and impetus for change is culturally based. Moreover surveillance, if it is to influence clinicians and their practice, must provide confidence in its accuracy. It must be meaningful to them and linked to patient care outcomes. Contemporary hospital infection control programs, based on assumptions about a combination of surveillance and control activities have resulted in decreased nosocomial infection rates. However, sustained infection control practice change has not been achieved despite the application of a range of surveillance and control strategies. This research project has utilized an ethnographic approach to provide an emic perspective of infection control practice within a range of practice contexts. The findings from this study are significant within the context of spiraling health costs and increasing antibiotic resistance associated with nosocomial infection.

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30

Fall, Papis. "Les déportés de la Sénégambie et du Soudan : entre résistances et répressions dans un espace colonial de 1840 à 1946". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUL074.

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La problématique de la déportation ou des déportés d’Afrique de l’Ouest, durant l’ère coloniale, n’est pas assez prise en charge par l’historiographie africaine d’expression française et même anglaise qui s'est davantage appesantie plus sur les guerres, les résistances et leurs différentes formes. Ce faisant, une réalité d’un pan de l’histoire coloniale reste plus ou moins méconnue. C'est pourquoi nous voudrions étudier le thème suivant, qui a été et demeure d’une actualité brûlante: « Les déportés de la Sénégambie et du Soudan : entre résistances et répressions dans un espace colonial de 1840 à 1946 ». Les acteurs de cette histoire des déportés sont des figures emblématiques et/ou de simples anonymes, qui ont voulu défendre la terre de leurs ancêtres, diriger les destinées de leurs peuples, lutter pour le maintien des valeurs et des traditions africaines. L’histoire de « ces soldats du refus » – à savoir les chefs religieux, les combattants au service de l’islam et des valeurs ou croyances ancestrales et les chefs politiques auxquels s’ajoutent les aliénés mentaux, les bandits sociaux et délinquants, les hommes de presse, les partisans et/ou disciples des chefs et même les tirailleurs sénégalais – mérite d’être examinée. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans les questionnements d’une histoire coloniale attentive aux enjeux de la répression et du maintien de l’ordre. Face au refus manifeste des meneurs de troupes ou créateurs d’émotions de se résigner au diktat colonial, la réponse donnée par les autorités coloniales était, entre autres, de les déporter/emprisonner, les assigner en résidence surveillée, leur interdire de séjour, pour leur couper toute forme de communication, tout contact avec leur entourage et les mettre ainsi hors d’état de nuire. Dans de nombreux cas, il s'agissait d'une forme d'emprisonnement, ce qui nous conduit à l'étude du milieu carcéral qui dévoile les formes d’évitement, les conditions de vie des déportés, l’architecture liée aux questions sécuritaires, etc. L’application de cette technique de répression, entrant dans la logique des politiques de sécurité, était une manière de freiner l’élan des chefs et d’anéantir toutes les résistances coloniales. L'étude que nous souhaitons conduire vise surtout à cerner la place déterminante de la déportation dans le dispositif de répression coloniale, dans le maintien de l’ordre sécuritaire, de mainmise politique, de contrôle des hommes et des espaces, pour l’exploitation des colonies. La trame chronologique que ce travail tente d’éclairer va de 1840 à 1946, une période charnière de l’histoire coloniale en Afrique de l’Ouest, particulièrement en Sénégambie et au Soudan, en ce sens qu’elle est marquée par des transformations rapides à tous les niveaux (politique, économique, social et culturel). La déportation était-elle si fondamentale, si nécessaire pour la réalisation du projet colonial, le maintien de l’ordre sécuritaire ? Dans quelle mesure les déportés constituaient-ils un réel obstacle, une entrave à l’implantation et à l’imposition du pouvoir colonial ? Quel a été le rôle des acteurs de l’ordre dans le processus de déportation ? Cette thèse explore des thématiques majeures telles que les contextes de déportation, les abus de pouvoir des administrateurs coloniaux, l’Indigénat et la justice indigène, les motivations de la déportation, les multiples réponses des indigènes, leur arrestation et déportation, la place des agents/acteurs (armée, gendarmerie et police coloniales) dans le maintien, le rétablissement et/ou la protection de la stabilité et les conséquences politico-économiques d’une telle « technique de pouvoir»
The problem of deportation or deportees from West Africa during the colonial era is not sufficiently addressed by French- and even English-speaking African historiography, which has focused more on wars, resistances and their different forms. In doing so, a reality of a part of colonial history remains more or less unknown. That is why we would like to study the following theme, which has been and remains of burning topicality: "The deportees of Senegambia and Sudan: between resistance and repression in a colonial space from 1840 to 1946". The actors in this story of the deportees are emblematic figures and/or simple anonymous, who wanted to defend the land of their ancestors, direct the destinies of their peoples, fight for the maintenance of African values and traditions. The history of "these soldiers of refusal" – namely religious leaders, fighters in the service of Islam and ancestral values or beliefs and political leaders to which are added the mentally insane, social bandits and delinquents, men of the press, supporters and/or followers of leaders and even Senegalese riflemen – deserves to be examined. This thesis is part of the questions of a colonial history attentive to the issues of repression and the maintenance of order. Faced with the manifest refusal of the leaders of troops or creators of emotions to resign themselves to the colonial diktat, the response given by the colonial authorities was, among other things, to deport/imprison them, to house arrest, to prohibit them from staying, to cut them off all forms of communication, any contact with their entourage and thus put them out of harm's way. In many cases, it was a form of imprisonment, which leads us to the study of the prison environment that reveals the forms of avoidance, the living conditions of the deportees, the architecture related to security issues, etc. The application of this technique of repression, part of the logic of security policies, was a way of slowing down the momentum of the leaders and annihilating all colonial resistance. The study we wish to conduct aims above all to identify the decisive place of deportation in the system of colonial repression, in the maintenance of security order, political control, control of people and spaces, for the exploitation of colonies. The chronological framework that this work attempts to illuminate goes from 1840 to 1946, a pivotal period in colonial history in West Africa, particularly in Senegambia and Sudan, in that it is marked by rapid transformations at all levels (political, economic, social and cultural). Was deportation so fundamental, so necessary for the realization of the colonial project, the maintenance of security order? To what extent did the deportees constitute a real obstacle, an obstacle to the establishment and imposition of colonial power? What was the role of law enforcement actors in the deportation process? This thesis explores major themes such as the contexts of deportation, the abuse of power by colonial administrators, indigénat and indigenous justice, the motivations of deportation, the multiple responses of indigenous people, their arrest and deportation, the place of agents/actors (army, gendarmerie and colonial police) in maintaining, restoring and/or protecting stability and the politico-economic consequences of such a "technique of power"

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31

Langkjaer, Jenny. "Övervakning för rikets säkerhet : Svensk säkerhetspolisiär övervakning av utländska personer och inhemsk politisk aktivitet, 1885–1922". Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Historiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-54782.

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During the 19th century the European states experienced a new kind of threat to their existence. The military threats from other countries were now accompanied by civilian threats that inspired mass protest, terrorism and other menaces to the established order. In Sweden, these threats were mainly seen as connected to the rising labor movement and to a growing number of foreign citizens. The aim of the dissertation is to examine surveillance for national security carried out by the Stockholm Criminal Investigation Department and its Police Bureau between 1885 and 1922. Apart from examining what specific surveillance methods that were used, the dissertation gives an answer to the question why the surveillance was carried out, and why it was carried out the way it was. It also discusses how differences and similarities between the surveillance in Sweden and other countries can be explained and how the surveillance between 1885 and 1922 relates to the corresponding activities during the latter part of the 20th century. The main conclusions are that there was a lack of formal rules regulating the surveillance, and that it therefore was based on the following of routines. The bureaucratization process that characterized the period influenced the surveillance, which came to be performed as a bureaucratic machine, characterized by a tendency of expansion. This meant that the surveillance activities were constantly expanded and became more and more extensive. The expansion is connected to the surveillance phenomenon, which could be said to have an unlimited scope. Furthermore, it is suggested that this specific historic legacy has affected the development of Swedish security police activity during the second half of the 20th century.

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32

Almeida, Ildeberto Muniz de. "Construindo a culpa e evitando a prevenção: caminhos da investigação de acidentes do trabalho em empresas e município de porte médio, Botucatu, São Paulo, 1997". Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6134/tde-01112001-145305/.

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Objetivos. Analisar investigações de acidentes e materiais didáticos e educativos, explorando aspectos da construção das análises e de atribuição de culpa. Métodos. Registros de investigações e materiais didáticos de empresas de Botucatu-SP, em 1997, obtidos de instituições e empresas, foram analisados, identificando-se fatores causais, recomendações e referências a comportamentos faltosos ou características da vítima. Árvores de causas foram checadas quanto a cuidados de linguagem, desenhos, interrupções da investigação, tipos de relações entre fatos e exploração para prevenção. Materiais educativos foram analisados, identificando-se concepções de acidente, orientações para investigações e recomendações. Bancos de dados foram formados e gerenciados com EPIinfo. Resultados. Foram analisadas 203 investigações. A média de causas por AT foi 1,68 e a de recomendações foi 1,4 por AT, com predomínio de referências a comportamentos ou características da vítima. A maioria das análises baseava-se em formulário obrigatório. Todas as árvores analisadas mostravam desrespeito flagrante a regras e princípios do método. Materiais didáticos veiculavam mesma concepção de acidente das investigações, método de análise centrado em comportamentos faltosos do operador, estímulo ao medo de lesões e recomendações para obediência a regras e uso de equipamentos de proteção. Conclusão. As investigações adotam concepção de acidente baseada na identificação de situações de desrespeito a regras idealizadas, atribuem culpa ao acidentado e não subsidiam a gestão de riscos nas empresas. A atribuição de culpa ocorre independentemente da natureza e/ou tipo de perigo presente nos acidentes. Tentativas de uso do método de árvore de causas mostraram distorções, revelando insuficiência no seu domínio. A construção da culpa foi reforçada por materiais didáticos e educativos. Descritores: Acidentes do trabalho, investigações de acidentes, vigilância de acidentes.
Objectives: To analyze accident investigations and teaching and educational materials exploring aspects of analysis construction and blame attribution. Methods: Investigation reports and educational materials of companies in Botucatu, SP, in 1997, obtained from institutions and companies were analyzed and causal factors, recommendations and references to faulty behavior or victim characteristics were identified. Causal tree were checked in regard to language, design, investigation interruptions, types of relations between facts and exploration for prevention. Educational materials were analyzed identifying the conception of accident, orientation for investigations and recommendation. Data banks were formed and managed by EPIinfo. Results: 203 investigations with an average of 1,68 causes and 1,4 recommendations were analyzed and revealed that references to victims behavior or characteristics prevailed. Most analyses were based on an obligatory form. All analyzed trees showed evident disrespect to rules and methodological principles. The educational and teaching materials convey the same accident concept as the investigations, the analyses method centered in the faulty behavior of the operator, stimulus of fear to injury and recommendation for obedience to rules and use of protection equipment. Conclusion: The investigations studied use an accident concept based on the identification of situations of disrespect to idealized rules, blame the injured subjects, and do not support the risk management in the companies. The blame bias occurs independently of the nature or kind of danger involved in the accidents. The attempts to use the causal tree method revealed distortions due to insufficient command. Educational materials strengthened the construction of blame.

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33

Polisena, Julie. "Factors that Influence the Recognition, Reporting, and Resolution of Incidents Related to Medical Devices and an Investigation of the Continuous Quality Improvement Data Automatically Reported by Wireless Smart Infusion Pumps". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/33414.

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Medical devices are used to diagnose, treat, or prevent a disease or abnormal physical condition without any chemical action in the body. They can also result in unintended incidents and other errors. This thesis was divided into three chapters: i) a systematic review on the recognition, reporting and resolution of incidents related to medical devices and other health technologies; ii) telephone interviews with physicians and registered nurses (RNs) to solicit information on the resolution, reporting and resolution of medical device-related incidents based on their professional experience; and iii) a case study to review the continuous quality improvement (CQI) data retrieved from the wireless smart infusion pump system at The Ottawa Hospital (TOH) and to propose a CQI data analysis process. The systematic review included 30 studies on factors that influence the recognition, reporting and resolution of incidents in hospitals and interventions to improve patient safety. Central themes that emerged for incident reporting were personal attitudes, awareness and perception of incident reporting systems, organizational culture, and feedback to healthcare professionals. In our telephone interviews, physicians and RNs attributed incident recognition to devices not operating based on the manufacturer’s instructions, and to the hospital staff’s knowledge of and professional experience with the use of the medical device, and clinical manifestations of patients. Suggestions to improve medical device safety surveillance centered on education and training to ensure that the staff is able to use the medical device properly and know what would be considered an error, and how to report these errors. The results of the systematic review and interviews helped to inform the design of a medical device surveillance framework in a hospital setting. Our case study assessed the Dose Error Reduction Software compliance and frequency of soft and hard limit alerts with wireless smart infusion pump systems over a one year period. A CQI data analysis process to monitor the performance of wireless smart infusion pumps is proposed. The findings of this doctoral thesis can contribute to the development of a medical device surveillance system that would help to improve health care delivery and patient safety in a health care institution.

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34

Bruwer, Zandré. "An investigation into factors which have an impact on access to and utilisation of the genetic and endoscopic surveillance clinic offered to high-risk members of known Lynch families". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12794.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 257-302).
The Genetic and Endoscopic Surveillance Clinic provides predictive testing and life-saving colorectal cancer screening services to individuals with Lynch syndrome in the Western and Northern Cape provinces of South Africa. The risk of colorectal cancer is reduced by 50% and mortality is decreased by 65% with regular colonoscopic screening; however, the attendance rate at the clinic has been declining over several years. Concerns exist for those individuals undergoing screening at levels below the desired recommendations. It was thus opportune for a formal evaluation of both the surveillance and predictive testing programmes to be conducted to determine factors affecting the access, utilisation and satisfaction with the service, from the perspective of the service users.

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35

Hadley, Katherine M. "An investigation of cefotaxime resistance in aerobic Gram-negative bacilli isolated from surveillance flora of patients undergoing a selective parenteral and enteral antisepsis regimen in the intensive therapy unit". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22281.

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Disenchanted by the failure of conventional approaches to infection in a Dutch team developed a preventative approach stressing the importance of endogenously-derived infection and the protective role of the anaerobic flora in colonization resistance. They applied selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) to the novel setting of the intensive therapy unit (ITU) with impressive results. SDD was part of a triple regimen which included systemic cefotaxime and intensive microbiological surveillance. Intrigued by the Dutch findings a Scottish team applied a similar selective parental and enteral antisepsis regimen (SPEAR) to patients in a local medical-surgical ITU with encouraging results. Such use of cefotaxime might result in 1) the selection in certain species of aerobic Gram-negative bacilli (AGNB) of stably derepressed mutants which hyperproduce AmpC b-lactamases or 2) the selection and dissemination of extended-spectrum b-lactamases. Both types of enzymes attack multiple b-lactam antibiotics. The objective was to investigate those AGNB from surveillance flora showing resistance to cefotaxime with reference to plasmid-mediation and b-lactamase characterization using molecular biology techniques. One hundred and seventy-five of 200 isolates collected over a period of two years and ten months fulfilled the criteria for the study. Plasmids were detected in 78 of 175 isolates by agarose gel electrophoresis with sizes ranging from 2 kb to 214 kb. Transconjugation experiments were carried out on all isolates. Both test and control systems were used. b-Lactamases were detected in 144 of 175 isolates by isoelectric focusing. All isolates were tested for susceptibility to a battery of b-lactam antibiotics chosen to facilitate the recognition of the resistance patterns associated with particular b-lactamase types. Disk diffusion and agar dilution methods were used. All isolates were tested for the production of extended-spectrum b-lactamases (ESBLs). Potential ESBLs were found in four isolates and their relevance is discussed. There was evidence of chromosomal b-lactamase derepression in 65 of the 175 isolates examined.

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Pereira, Marta Santana Lima. "O efeito da estratégia de saúde da família na vigilância de óbitos infantis no Estado da Bahia". Programa de pós-graduação em saúde coletiva, 2010. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/10342.

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p. 1-48
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O estudo avaliou o efeito da Estratégia de Saúde da Família na vigilância de óbitos infantis nos municípios do Estado da Bahia no ano de 2008. O desenho de estudo foi ecológico de múltiplos grupos, tendo o município como unidade de análise. Foi realizada uma análise descritiva das características dos municípios onde houve investigação de pelo menos um óbito infantil e daqueles onde houve investigação de pelo menos 25% dos óbitos infantis (meta mínima) para o ano de 2008, segundo o porte opulacional, localização geográfica (macrorregião), IDH municipal, cobertura de Saúde da Família, existência de Comitê de prevenção de óbito infantil, de responsável técnico municipal e de leito obstétrico (clínico ou cirúrgico). Foi investigada a associação entre a cobertura de Saúde da Família e o desenvolvimento de ações de investigação de óbito infantil no município através de análise de regressão logística bivariada e multivariada, ajustando pelas variáveis sócio-econômicas, demográficas e de organização de serviços. Os dados capturados dos diversos sistemas de informação foram processados em uma única base de dados utilizando o pacote estatístico Stata 10, também utilizado para análise dos dados. Em 2008, no Estado da Bahia, foram investigados 21,3% dos óbitos infantis, percentual aquém da meta mínima pactuada. Embora em 48,9% dos municípios tenha havido investigação de pelo menos um óbito infantil, em apenas 35,5% foi alcançada a meta mínima de investigação de pelo menos 25% dos óbitos e em 26,6%, a meta municipal pactuada pelos gestores. Não houve associação entre a cobertura da Estratégia de Saúde da Família e a implementação de ações de investigação de óbitos infantis nos municípios baianos. As características principais dos municípios onde houve investigação de pelo menos um óbito infantil foram: maior porte populacional, melhores condições de vida, existência de Comitê e de pelo menos um leito obstétrico implantado. No entanto, quanto ao alcance da meta mínima, não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as variáveis estudadas. Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que a Vigilância do Óbito Infantil no Estado da Bahia ainda encontra-se incipiente e centralizada, havendo necessidade de investimentos ainda maiores da gestão estadual e municipal no sentido de fortalecer a descentralização dessas ações para as equipes locais de atenção primária, apontando para a necessidade de expansão da Estratégia de Saúde da Família para os grandes centros urbanos, local onde se concentra maior número de óbitos em menores de um ano e para a qualificação dessas equipes, visando à melhoria da qualidade e organização do cuidado de gestantes e crianças, e conseqüentemente a redução da mortalidade infantil no Estado da Bahia.
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37

Mee, Paul. "Who died, where, when and why? : an investigation of HIV-related mortality in rural South Africa". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Epidemiologi och global hälsa, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-108610.

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Background South Africa has experienced the most severe consequences of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Every community has been affected in some way, many experiencing huge increases in mortality,particularly before antiretroviral therapies (ART) were readily available. However, the micro-level understanding of the HIV epidemic in South Africa is weak, because of a lack of detailed data for most of the population. This thesis is based on detailed individual follow-up in the Agincourt Health and Demographic Surveillance Site (HDSS) located in the Agincourt subdistrict of Mpumalanga Province and investigates micro-level determinants of HIV epidemiology and the impact of treatment provided. Methods The Agincourt HDSS has followed a geographically defined population since 1992,approximately the time when the HIV/AIDS epidemic first became apparent. This population based surveillance has included capturing details of all deaths, with cause of death determined by verbal autopsy, as well as the geographical location of individual households within the overall Agincourt area. Background information on the roll-out of ART over time was also recorded. Results A comparison immediately before and after the major roll-out of ART showed a substantial decrease in HIV-related mortality, greater in some local communities within the area than others. Individual determinants associated with a decreased risk of HIV/AIDS mortality included proximity to ART services, as well as being female, younger, and in higher socioeconomic and educational strata. There was a decrease in the use of traditional healthcare sources and an increase in the use of biomedical healthcare amongst those dying of HIV/AIDS between periods before and after the roll-out of ART. Conclusions Understanding micro-level determinants of HIV/AIDS infection and mortality was very important in terms of characterising the overall epidemic in this community. This approach will enable public health interventions to be more effectively targeted towards those who need them most in the continuing evolution of the HIV/AIDS epidemic.

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38

Bonneterre, Vincent. "Détection et investigation de maladies professionnelles potentiellement émergentes à partir du Réseau National de Vigilance et de Prévention des Pathologies Professionnelles (RNV3P)". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00508967.

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Le Réseau National de Vigilance et de Prévention des Pathologies Professionnelles (RNV3P) enregistre au sein d'une base nationale un résumé structuré de chaque consultation réalisée au sein des centres de consultations de pathologies professionnelles. L'objectif est de proposer et tester des méthodes avec lesquelles le RNV3P pourrait être en mesure de renforcer sa capacité de détection précoce de " pathologies professionnelles potentiellement émergentes ", définies comme étant des associations " pathologie x exposition professionnelle ", non préalablement identifiées, et qui semblent justifier d'une exploration complémentaire de part les données internes du RNV3P. Ce travail débute par une analyse des méthodes de surveillance et de détection d'évènements émergents utilisés au sein d'autres vigilances sanitaires (Partie 1). Sept méthodes de Data Mining utilisées en pharmacovigilance pour explorer les bases de notifications spontanées d'effets indésirables médicamenteux suspectés, ont été identifiées, testées et comparées. Finalement, la méthode globale retenue s'appuie sur la détection de signaux avec la méthode " Proportional Reporting Ratio " (PRR), puis leur investigation secondaire à partir de données internes mais aussi externes à la base (Partie 2). Une 2e méthode de mise en évidence d'évènements de santé émergents valorisant directement l'expertise clinique, point fort du réseau, a été formalisée (Partie 3). Enfin, les forces et limites du RNV3P ont été identifiées pour chacune des étapes entre la survenue d'un phénomène de santé émergent en santé-travail, jusqu'à sa prise en charge en termes de prévention, afin de proposer des pistes d'amélioration.

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39

Berrios-Ayala, Mark. "Brave New World Reloaded: Advocating for Basic Constitutional Search Protections to Apply to Cell Phones from Eavesdropping and Tracking by Government and Corporate Entities". Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1547.

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Imagine a world where someone’s personal information is constantly compromised, where federal government entities AKA Big Brother always knows what anyone is Googling, who an individual is texting, and their emoticons on Twitter. Government entities have been doing this for years; they never cared if they were breaking the law or their moral compass of human dignity. Every day the Federal government blatantly siphons data with programs from the original ECHELON to the new series like PRISM and Xkeyscore so they can keep their tabs on issues that are none of their business; namely, the personal lives of millions. Our allies are taking note; some are learning our bad habits, from Government Communications Headquarters’ (GCHQ) mass shadowing sharing plan to America’s Russian inspiration, SORM. Some countries are following the United States’ poster child pose of a Brave New World like order of global events. Others like Germany are showing their resolve in their disdain for the rise of tyranny. Soon, these new found surveillance troubles will test the resolve of the American Constitution and its nation’s strong love and tradition of liberty. Courts are currently at work to resolve how current concepts of liberty and privacy apply to the current conditions facing the privacy of society. It remains to be determined how liberty will be affected as well; liberty for the United States of America, for the European Union, the Russian Federation and for the people of the World in regards to the extent of privacy in today’s blurred privacy expectations.
B.S.
Bachelors
Health and Public Affairs
Legal Studies

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40

"The Rhetoric of Surveillance in Post-Snowden Background Investigation Policy Reform". Doctoral diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.42051.

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abstract: In June 2013, United States (US) government contractor Edward Snowden arranged for journalists at The Guardian to release classified information detailing US government surveillance programs. While this release caused the public to decry the scope and privacy concerns of these surveillance systems, Snowden's actions also caused the US Congress to critique how Snowden got a security clearance allowing him access to sensitive information in the first place. Using Snowden's actions as a kairotic moment, this study examined congressional policy documents through a qualitative content analysis to identify what Congress suggested could “fix” in the background investigation (BI) process. The study then looked at the same documents to problematize these “solutions” through the terministic screen of surveillance studies. By doing this interdisciplinary rhetorical analysis, the study showed that while Congress encouraged more oversight, standardization, and monitoring for selected steps of the BI process, these suggestions are not neutral solutions without larger implications; they are value-laden choices which have consequences for matters of both national security and social justice. Further, this study illustrates the value of incorporating surveillance as framework in rhetoric, composition, and professional/technical communication research.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation English 2017

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41

Mecher, Taryn, Christine E. Stauber y L. Hannah Gould. "Contributing Factors in a Successful Foodborne Outbreak Investigation: an Analysis of Data Collected by the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), 2003-2010". 2015. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/iph_theses/382.

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Background. Foodborne disease is estimated to cause 48 million illnesses annually in the US resulting in 3000 deaths [1]. Although most infections occur as sporadic cases, outbreak surveillance offers valuable insight about the foods and pathogens responsible for illnesses [2]. A total of 1632 foodborne disease outbreaks were reported during 2011-2012 [3] and recent data indicates an overall decrease in the number of outbreaks reported each year [4]. Understanding which factors contribute to the successful identification of a food vehicle in a foodborne outbreak investigation is crucial for improving outbreak response [5-10]. The purpose of this study was to describe outbreak characteristics and to determine which may be associated with the success of a foodborne outbreak investigation (i.e. one in which a food vehicle has been reported). Methods. A foodborne disease outbreak was defined as the event in which two or more people acquired similar illnesses from consuming the same food or beverage. Outbreaks occurring in FoodNet sites during 2003 through 2010 were included in the analysis. Results. Data were available for 1441 (87%) of the 1655 foodborne disease outbreaks documented in FoodNet Outbreak Supplement forms from 2003 through 2010. A food vehicle was identified in 692 of the 1441 (48%) outbreaks. Six outbreak characteristics remained statistically significant in both univariate and multivariate analyses: environmental and/or food culture collection, FDA or state agriculture involvement, outbreak size, case-control studies, and number of fecal specimens tested for norovirus. Conclusions. Less than half of foodborne outbreaks examined here resulted in a food vehicle being identified. Having more robust resources available for outbreak detection and investigation may improve likelihood of a food vehicle being identified.

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42

Weinstein, Philip. "Applied epidemiology in South Australia : outbreak investigations, notifiable disease summaries and the review of a surveillance system". Master's thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/144267.

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43

Glynn-Robinson, Anna-Jane. "Investigation and surveillance of infectious diseases". Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/15223.

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In this thesis, I present selected works I conducted in my Master of Philosophy Applied Epidemiology (MAE) placement at the Vaccine Preventable Disease Surveillance (VPDS) Section of the Office of Health Protection (OHP), at the Australian Government Department of Health from March 2013 to November 2014. The works presented comprise my MAE requirements and describe my experiences as an MAE. I discuss my role in the day-the-day activities of the VPDS section, including the surveillance of notifiable diseases, being the secretariat for the rotavirus working group, writing annual reports and editing Communicable Disease Intelligence Journal submissions. I also describe my role as a Watch Officer for the National Incident Room within the OHP. I investigated a foodborne outbreak of gastroenteritis at a Mother’s Day buffet luncheon in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), where curried prawns and Caesar salad were the suspected cause of the outbreak. The investigation was unable to determine the aetiological cause of illness but highlighted the risk often associated with serving buffet style meals. I present two epidemiological studies. The first is an analysis of notified Legionella infections from 2001 and 2012. Describing the epidemiology of legionellosis in Australia, the analysis found rates of infection are low and more likely to affect males and vulnerable populations such as the elderly. Comparing these results to a previous review of legionellosis in Australia (1991-2000), we found age, sex and season of infection were consistent, but notification rates were stable and higher compared with rates from 1991 to 2000, and Legionella longbeachae was notified more than Legionella pneumophila. I presented the findings of my analysis in an oral presentation at the 2014 Public Health Association of Australia 43rd Annual Conference in Perth. The second epidemiological project I undertook examined why Indigenous status was underreported in National Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Register (NHVPR). Analysing female vaccination records from 2007 to 2012, we identified 46% were missing Indigenous status. We reviewed the literature, examined register data and consulted with jurisdictional health departments to identify what barriers exist that potentially prevent the reporting of Indigenous status to the NHVPR. I evaluated the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) as a surveillance system for influenza. The evaluation found that the NNDSS is an acceptable, simple and useable system that provides high quality data for the national surveillance of laboratory-confirmed influenza. However, improvements in the systems flexibility and sensitivity would ensure higher quality surveillance data continues to be available. Lastly, to fulfil my teaching requirements I prepared a ‘Lessons From the Field’ case study on how to work with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander data and conducted a teaching session on measurement and information biases as part of a half day training session undertaken for the MAE cohort of 2014. This thesis describes my experiences in my MAE placement, the fulfilment of requirements and the findings of my investigations. The work presented in this thesis contributes to the work of VPDS section by improving our understanding of communicable disease surveillance in Australia.

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44

Knoesen, Andre Leon. "The use of physical surveillance in forensic investigation". Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/9233.

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The problem that was identified is that physical surveillance is not generally used by general detectives in the South African Police Service as a technique during their investigations. According to the researcher’s experience, this can be due to lack of understanding or experience or may stem from ignorance. A lack of training on the use of physical surveillance as a method to obtain information for the investigation process was also identified as a problem. This study therefore investigated the role and use of physical surveillance within the forensic investigation process. The focus of the research was on basic static (stationary), foot and vehicle surveillance as these types of surveillance are usually conducted in conjunction with each other. An empirical research design was used to conduct the research. A qualitative research approach enabled the researcher to obtain first-hand information from interviews with general detectives. Information was also obtained from a thorough literature study and from the researcher’s own experience on the topic. To conduct effective investigation, it is important for investigators to be familiar with the concept of physical surveillance, its elements, its influence and its values. A physical surveillance operation is a forensic tool used to gather evidence, to recover stolen property, and to identify and arrest the perpetrator. The use of physical surveillance during investigations serves the purpose of gathering evidence and information that can be used as intelligence. Successful forensic investigation requires skill and places extraordinary demands on detectives to utilise all available methods and techniques. The recognition of the use of physical surveillance as a method of evidence gathering is of outmost importance. The research has revealed that general detectives do not acknowledge the importance of physical surveillance as a method to obtain information for the investigation process. It is of vital importance that all detectives be properly trained with the necessary knowledge and skills to make use of this valuable investigative tool.
Police Practice
M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

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45

Chadillon-Farinacci, Véronique. "Le proxénétisme et la police : trajectoires, efficacité et logiques de décision policières". Thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25563.

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La présente thèse vise à analyser et à explorer la gestion du proxénétisme par les forces de l’ordre suivant les trajectoires criminelles et policières de personnes éventuellement enquêtées pour du proxénétisme, les logiques de décisions policières et l’efficacité des interventions policières dont ces proxénètes font l’objet. Elle étudie les interventions policières dont les proxénètes font l’objet par l’analyse quantitative de données policières d’une grande ville canadienne entre 2001 et 2014 (n=589) en trois analyses. D’abord, l’approche typologique privilégiée consiste à partitionner les trajectoires des proxénètes enquêtés en différentes classes. Elle rend compte de la diversité des proxénètes contemporains, diversité perceptible dans les caractéristiques mises en lumière par la construction de trois groupes de trajectoires : les gestionnaires discrets, les polymorphes peu violents et les suractifs querelleurs. Nos résultats indiquent qu’une minorité de proxénètes se démarquent par leur polymorphisme criminel. Ensuite, l’étude des logiques de décisions policières comprend l’examen de trois principaux registres : le premier s’opère dans une logique policière de résolution d’un crime où le policier priorise les crimes graves et ceux qui s’inscrivent dans une série, le deuxième découle d’un profilage basé sur l’apparence ethnique cumulée du sexe et de l’âge et le troisième registre reprend un discours moralisateur en matière de prostitution. Les séries chronologiques indiquent qu’au fil des années le proxénétisme principalement coercitif gagne en importance par rapport au proxénétisme non coercitif. Les analyses de survie montrent que la fréquence de la criminalité n’influence pas les risques de surveillance proactive, mais que le score moyen de gravité influence les probabilités d’être visé par un contrôle d’identité pour un mois donné. Ce résultat est logique : la gravité d’un crime joue plus sur la surveillance que sa fréquence. Ces résultats cumulés à l’effet important de trois caractéristiques sociodémographiques nous conduisent à rejeter l’hypothèse selon laquelle les policiers sévissent uniformément sans tenir compte du fait que les proxénètes sont criminalisés à des degrés très divers. Or, même si les décisions policières ciblant les proxénètes obéissent à une logique pragmatique qui les conduit à contrôler plus souvent les suspects ayant des antécédents les plus graves, il n’en reste pas moins que, à criminalité comparable, la distribution des interventions policières s’apparente à des pratiques qui ne sont pas limitées à des considérations pragmatiques. Enfin, en ce qui a trait à l’efficacité des interventions policières à dissuader la récidive des proxénètes enquêtés, d’autres analyses de survie indiquent qu’une criminalité fréquente précipite la récidive, peu importe le type de proxénétisme. De plus, la surveillance policière n'a pas d’effet sur les probabilités de récidive. Les proxénètes enquêtés semblent insensibles à ces mesures, donc si l’arrestation est dissuasive, elle ne l’est pas suffisamment pour montrer un effet sur la trajectoire. De plus, l’influence de la gravité moyenne sur les risques de récidive porte à croire à la présence d’un délai de l’effet de dissuasion où les proxénètes en viennent à commettre plusieurs délits, donc leur trajectoire accumule les interventions policières, par exemple pour des crimes contre la personne ou encore pour des bris de conditions. Sans prostitution, il n’y a pas de proxénétisme. C’est pourquoi afin de comprendre la place du proxénétisme dans l'industrie de la prostitution, il est essentiel de tenir compte des deux principales approches d’études de la prostitution : d'une part la perspective réglementariste, qui cadre la prostitution comme un travail non reconnu, d'autre part la position abolitionniste, qui suggère que la prostitution est une forme de violence faite aux femmes dans le cadre d'une situation à laquelle elles n'ont jamais consenti. Bien que les deux postures puissent être défendues, la présente thèse offre un point de vue nuancé où des questions relatives à la criminalité des proxénètes et à l’influence du discours dominant sur les pratiques policières et à leur efficacité sont soulevées. La thèse conclut par une discussion sur l’allocation de ressources policières spécialisées dans la lutte au proxénétisme, à la traite de personne et à l’exploitation sexuelle et sur leur apport pour réunir des conditions de prostitution plus sécuritaires.
The present thesis aims to analyze and explore the management of procuring by the police according to the criminal and police trajectories of people eventually investigated for procuring crimes, the logics of police decisions and the effectiveness of police interventions aiming these people. The thesis analyzes police interventions of which pimps are the object during their trajectory by the quantitative analysis of police data reconstituting the criminal and police trajectories of people eventually targeted in a pimping investigation of a large Canadian city between 2001 and 2014 (n=589). First, the preferred typological approach consists in dividing trajectories into different classes. It accounts for the diversity of contemporary pimps, a perceptible diversity in the characteristics brought to light by the construction of three groups of trajectories: discrete managers, low-violent polymorphs and quarrelsome overactives. Our results indicate that a minority of pimps stand out for their criminal polymorphism. Second, the study of the logics of police decisions includes the examination of three main registers: the first takes place in a police logic of resolution of a crime where the police officer prioritizes the serious crimes and those which are part of a series, the second arises from profiling based on the cumulative of ethnic appearance, sex and age and the third register takes up a moralizing discourse on prostitution. Time series indicate that, over the years, coercive pimping has gained in importance in investigations over non-coercive pimping. However, survival analyzes show the frequency of crime does not influence the risks of proactive surveillance, but that the average severity score does influence the odds of being targeted for an identity check in a given month. This result is logical: the seriousness of a crime affects surveillance more than its frequency. These results, combined with the important effect of the three socio-demographic characteristics leads us to reject the hypothesis according to which the police force uniformly target their suspects without considering the fact that alleged pimps are criminalized to varying degrees. However, even if police decisions targeting pimps obey a pragmatic logic which leads them to more often check suspects with the most serious criminal records, the fact remains that, for comparable criminality, the distribution of police interventions regarding street checks are not limited to pragmatic considerations. Third, with regard to the effectiveness of police interventions in deterring the recidivism of alleged pimps, survival analyzes indicate that frequent crime precipitates recidivism, regardless of the type of pimping. In addition, police surveillance has no effect on the likelihood of recidivism. The pimps investigated seem unresponsive to these measures, so while the arrest might be a deterrent, it is not enough to show an effect on the trajectory. In addition, the influence of average severity on the risk of recidivism suggests the presence of a delay in the deterrent effect where pimps come to commit several offenses, so their trajectory accumulates police interventions, for example for violent crimes or for breach of conditions. Without prostitution, there is no third parties or pimps. This is why in order to understand the place of pimps and third parties in the sex industry, it is essential to address the two main approaches and their vision of prostitution: one perspective frames prostitution as a unrecognized work, and the other one suggests that prostitution is a form of violence against women in a situation to which they have never consented. Although both positions can be defended, this thesis offers a nuanced point of view where questions relating to the criminality of pimps and the influence of the dominant discourse on police practices and their effectiveness are raised. The thesis concludes with a discussion on the allocation of police resources specializing in the fight against human trafficking and sexual exploitation and their contribution to bringing together safer prostitution conditions.

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46

Shinguto, Lahya Ndapandula. "An evaluation of physical surveillance in the investigation of robberies". Diss., 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27351.

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It was the objective of this research to determine how physical surveillance can be utilised in combating robberies, to find out whether city police utilise physical surveillance as an investigation tool in combating robberies, as well as to assess the value of such surveillance in criminal investigations. To achieve such aims and objectives, the researcher has collected data from interviews with participants, published books, internet sources, journals, newspapers, previous researches and crime statistics. The researcher interviewed the crime suppression officers from WCPS who are dealing with investigations and physical surveillance operations, by using a semi-structured-interviews. The researcher has also employed a qualitative approach and collected a sample by using a simple random sampling method. The study has indeed determined that crime suppression members and investigators are ignoring the use of physical surveillance when robberies have been committed. The research has also revealed that the officers also lack the necessary training and expertise on how to employ surveillance during their investigation and recommendation are made at the end of the research, for such training to be offered to them regularly.
Criminology and Security Science
M.A. (Criminal Justice)

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47

HSU, SUNG-TENG y 徐崧騰. "Application of Video Surveillance System to Criminal Investigation". Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/xfmg8f.

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碩士
國立臺北教育大學
資訊科學系碩士班
107
The police in Taiwan has gradually utilized various types of cutting-edge technologies and tools to investigate criminal cases in the recent years. Among all the types of crime investigation technologies and tools, the Video Surveillance System (VSS) would be the most impressive for citizens in the society. The VSS system has been widely spread to each streets and every corners of the city. The purpose of this thesis contains three aspects to research: the condition of VSS system installed by the police agencies, the effects of the system for the crime prevention and investigation, and the protection of citizens’privacy. In this thesis, document analysis is adopted as the method of research in the first place. With collecting structures of the installment of the VSS system and the theories of crime prevention, the thesis try to figure out the causes of crimes and strategies to prevent them. Secondly, with the method of questionnaire survey, this thesis research the effects of the VSS systems for police work, as the reference to the process of policy - making.According to results of the research, the VSS system is the excellent tool to monitor, to combat and to curb crimes. The system has its dual functions to prevent crimes beforehand and to investigate the evidences of crimes afterwards. In addition, the digital footage collected by the VSS system is regarded as the most powerful evidence of crimes.As a result, the VSS system has become one of the most important tools to combat crimes for the police. However, the research found the lack of regulations of the privacy protection is the major concern of the VSS system. The conclusion of this thesis is the usage of the VSS system may well enhance and improve the quality and the efficiency of crime investigation with the way of adopting,managing,operating and training for the VSS system when the police is conducting crime prevention and investigation. This research suggests police agencies should formulate consistent regulations for the installment, operation and the access of the VSS system while they are utilizing the system to prevent and investigate crimes. For the purpose of privacy protection, avoiding it would be undermined because of the disclosure of the footage for the media reports, the authority should be more cautious and adopt the approach which has the least influence on the rights of civilians.

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48

Chetty, Jessie Soobramoney. "An evaluation of electronic surveillance as a covert technique in the investigation of organised crime". Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26677.

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This research was initiated as a result of the ever-evolving sophistication of criminal syndicates in their perseverance of organised crime and their use of electronic covert methodologies. Based on the researcher’s extensive managerial and operational experience, and on his unofficial observation of prosecutors, investigators and intelligence operatives, it became clear to him that there is a lack of evidence in court regarding serious and organised crime prosecutions. This can be attributed to the lack of use of investigative techniques, or investigative techniques being incorrectly used and/or a lack of knowledge regarding the use of investigative techniques. One such example of an investigative technique is surveillance or electronic surveillance. In this research study, the use and legality of electronic surveillance as a technique in the fight against organised crime, is discussed. Both national and international literature have been perused on the topic in question. Interviews were conducted with experienced former SAPS officers who were exposed to the use of electronic surveillance in the investigation of organised crime, as well as interviews with prosecutors, outlining the positive attributes of, as well as the shortcomings in, the use of electronic surveillance as an investigative tool in the investigation of organised crime. Surveillance or electronic surveillance has been in existence for a long period of time, but its usage or “know how” has been limited to only a few. The main purpose of the research is to highlight the importance of electronic surveillance as a covert technique in the investigation of organised crime.
Criminology and Security Science
M. Tech. (Criminal Justice)

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49

WU, PENG-TING y 吳芃霆. "RESEARCH OF THE CRIME-INVESTIGATION - FOCUS ON GPS SURVEILLANCE". Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/yp95k2.

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碩士
東吳大學
法律學系
107
Due to the rapid development of technology, wireless location-tracking technology and equipment such as Global Position System (GPS) have been widely used in daily life. Both government agencies and private individuals take it as a tool to collect criminal evidence. Though these kinds of high-tech devices could significantly enhance the police and individuals’ ability of investigation, and make it more efficient, precise and inexpensive. However, there is a danger of infringing people’s fundamental rights like privacy, dignity and the freedom and privacy of correspondence provided in Article 12 of the Constitution. The use of GPS tracking devices is regarded as a legal vacuum in the current legal norms in Taiwan. Thus, in the absence of clear legal authorization, the use of such devices could constitute illegal investigation. This article will examine the use of GPS tracking devices in criminal investigations and analyze some contentions among courts and scholars, such as whether to use the Criminal Code, the Personal Information Protection Act or the Communication Security and Surveillance Act to define this situation. In the end, for the purpose of solving the current legal privacy problems, this article seeks applicable principles and presents some suggestions under this existing legal situation prior to the establishment of relevant regulatory policies, with the hope to provide reference of practical operation of law and legal policy in the future.

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50

Ngwenya, Mboiko Obed. "Closed circuit television as a surveillance technique: a case study of filling stations in Middelburg, Mpumalanga, South Africa". Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/7703.

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The researcher attempts to establish how CCTV footage can be used as a surveillance technique, for evidence gained in that way to be admissible in court. To conduct effective investigation, it is important for investigators to be familiar with the application of CCTV footage, its purpose, its benefits and shortfalls. To achieve the goals and objectives of the practice of CCTV footage, investigators must know how to utilise the value of its evidence, and how to use it to identify suspects. The clarification and application to the crime situation, the identification of the perpetrator or suspect of a criminal act is mostly impossible, if CCTV footage is not available to assist in identification and tracing of suspects.
Police Practice
M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

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