Tesis sobre el tema "Surface de la Terre"
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Jiang, Geng-Ming Li Zhao-Liang. "Retrievals of land surface emissivity and land surface temperature from MSG1-SEVIRI data". Strasbourg : Université Louis Pasteur, 2008. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/848/01/JIANG_Geng_Ming_2007.pdf.
Texto completoPoda, Anzagreyir Lucien. "Hydrofugation de blocs à bâtir en terre crue compactée". Lyon, INSA, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ISAL0080.
Texto completoAmory, Charles. "Érosion éolienne et rugosité de la surface neigeuse en Terre Adélie : observations et approche numérique". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU007/document.
Texto completoThe Antarctic ice sheet surface mass balance (SMB; the result of the balance between accumulation and ablation terms) has a direct influence on variations in the global mean sea level. In the context of climate change, atmospheric models are needed to improve its current and future estimation.Intense surface winds over the coastal slopes of East Antarctica are responsible for aerodynamic entrainment of snow at the surface, which has a significant influence on the BMS. Transport of snow by the wind also produces aeolian erosion features aligned parallel to the prevailing winds at the time of their formation. The spatial distribution of these features is a major determinant of surface roughness. On the other hand, surface roughness is an obstacle to flow and directly affects the surface wind field and, by extension, aeolian snow transport.The work presented here is based on observations and numerical modeling of aeolian snow erosion in a coastal stretch of Adélie Land, East Antarctica. First, the regional atmospheric model MAR, which includes a detailed representation of aeolian transport processes, was run at a spatial resolution of 5 km over a zone including Adélie Land and model results were compared with meteorological observations made over one month in summer, including continuous measurements of the wind and the aeolian snow mass flux. Aeolian snow mass fluxes modeled by MAR were highly sensitive to parameterization of surface roughness, and a single calibration of this parameter was not enough to simulate the surface wind field at two measurement points located only 100 km apart with the same accuracy. Consequently, roughness-erosion interactions were analyzed at the scale of individual aeolian erosion events using observations. The results of this analysis underlined that (i) the barrier effect generated by aeolian erosion features had an inhibiting impact on the aeolian snow mass flux and (ii) that the barrier effect can be strongly reduced by the ability of aeolian erosion features to realign with the dominant wind during a transport event. Examination of observations made over a period of one year revealed that this adjustment process is prone to temporal variations mainly linked to past temperatures. Finally, we showed that reconfiguring the model, including introducing temperature dependence in the parameterization of surface roughness considerably improved the representation of aeolian snow mass fluxes by the MAR model for the year concerned. These results suggest that spatial and temporal distribution of surface roughness should be included in atmospheric models for realistic simulations of aeolian snow transport over Antarctica
DAOUT, FRANCK. "Etude de la depolarisation des ondes centimetriques par une surface rugueuse application au domaine maritime". Nantes, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NANT2066.
Texto completoLévêque, Jean-Jacques. "Etude du manteau supérieur de la terre par inversion anisotrope des ondes de surface et de leurs harmoniques". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STR13028.
Texto completoRaucoules, Daniel. "Mesure des déformations sur la surface de la Terre à partir de techniques de télédétection spatiales". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université d'Orléans, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00601459.
Texto completoAyoub, François. "Suivi de changements morphologiques de surface à partir d'images aériennes et satellitaires, sur Terre et Mars". Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2621/.
Texto completoThe analysis of satellites imagery acquired at different dates allows the measurement of Earth surface displacement (earthquake ground deformation, glacier advance and retreat, sand dunes migration, slow-moving landslide,. . . ) that occured between the images acquisitions. In this thesis we investigate 1) the extension of the processing techniques established for satellite imagery to aerial imagery, and 2) the applicability of Earth-based technique to monitor eolian surface processes on Mars. Aerial imagery, whose first acquisition dates back decades before the satellite era, and whose ground resolution is higher than satellite one, can be relevant to monitor Earth surface displacement. We present a methodological extension of the satellite technique to aerial imagery. Potential and limitations are investigated. Application to the Krafla rift opening in Iceland (1975-1984), using aerial imagery, declassied spy imagery, and modern satellite imagery is presented. Next, we applied the method to Mars imagery taking advantage of the high resolution HiRISE instrument. A pair of HiRISE images is processed to monitor the activitys of a dune field. We measured sand ripple migration and inferred a sand flux comparable to some the Earth dune fields sand flux. We then expand our processing to a time-series of 10 HiRISE images, and characterized the seasonal variability of the sand flux throughout the year. This seasonal sand flux variability is used jointly with a sand flux prediction from atmospheric simulations to constrain the sand mobility threshold
Montagner, Jean-Paul. "Etude de la structure profonde de la terre a partir des ondes de surface de longue periode". Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066188.
Texto completoBoy, Jean-Paul. "Effets des surcharges atmospheriques sur les variations de gravite et les deplacements de surface de la terre". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000STR13232.
Texto completoMontagner, Jean-Paul. "Etude de la structure profonde de la terre à partir des ondes de surface de longue période". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37599735t.
Texto completoFassier, Marielle. "Interactions entre l'environnement et la terre cuite : Rôle de la rugosité de surface : Influence de revêtements avec des propriétés photocatalytiques". Limoges, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIMO4023.
Texto completoThe developpement and proliferation of micro-organisms on clay roof tiles can cause, besides an unaesthetic aspect, mechanical and chemical damage to the material. Current research is devoted to self cleaning of the tile surface to prevent such micro-organisms growth through two different approaches. The first one is based on reproduction of the micro and nanostructure of the lotus leaf in the surface roughness. At the microstructure scale, this involves the use of a negative replica whereas the nanostructure requires an organic coating. Measurements of the contact angle yield a value of 80° which is further increased by the coating. The second approach is based on the developpement of photocatalytic coatings using semi-conductor oxide powders. Critical parameters such as coherent domain size and specific surface area for the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 were investigated. Promising results for ZnO and SnO2 as alternatives were obtained. Finally, the developed solutions were tested with real micro-organisms to evaluate their ability to inhibit colonisation and proliferation
Roussel, Nicolas. "Application de la réflectométrie GNSS à l'étude des redistributions des masses d'eau à la surface de la terre". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30327/document.
Texto completoGNSS reflectometry (or GNSS-R) is an original and opportunistic remote sensing technique based on the analysis of the electromagnetic waves continuously emitted by GNSS positioning systems satellites (GPS, GLONASS, etc.) that are captured by an antenna after reflection on the Earth's surface. These signals interact with the reflective surface and hence contain information about its properties. When they reach the antenna, the reflected waves interfere with those coming directly from the satellites. This interference is particularly visible in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) parameter recorded by conventional GNSS stations. It is thus possible to reverse the SNR time series to estimate the reflective surface characteristics. If the feasibility and usefulness of thismethod are well established, the implementation of this technique poses a number of issues. Namely the spatio-temporal accuracies and resolutions that can be achieved and thus what geophysical observables are accessible.The aim of my PhD research work is to provide some answers on this point, focusing on the methodological development and geophysical exploitation of the SNR measurements performed by conventional GNSS stations. I focused on the estimation of variations in the antenna height relative to the reflecting surface (altimetry) and on the soil moisture in continental areas. The SNR data inversion method that I propose has been successfully applied to determine local variations of : (1) the sea level near the Cordouan lighthouse (not far from Bordeaux, France) from March 3 to May 31, 2013, where the main tidal periods and waves have been clearly identified ; and (2) the soil moisture in an agricultural plot near Toulouse, France, from February 5 to March 15, 2014. My method eliminates some restrictions imposed in earlier work, where the velocity of the vertical variation of the reflective surface was assumed to be negligible. Furthermore, I developed a simulator that allowed me to assess the influence of several parameters (troposphere, satellite elevation angle, antenna height, local relief, etc.) on the path of the reflected waves and hence on the position of the reflection points. My work shows that GNSS-R is a powerful alternative and a significant complement to the current measurement techniques, establishing a link between the different temporal and spatial resolutions currently achieved by conventional tools (sensors, radar, scatterometer, etc.). This technique offers the major advantage of being based on already-developed and sustainable satellites networks, and can be applied to any GNSS geodetic station, including permanent networks (e.g., the French RGP). Therefore, by installing a processing chain of these SNR acquisitions, data from hundreds of pre-existing stations could be used to make local altimetry measurements in coastal areas or to estimate soil moisture for inland antennas
Lévêque, Jean-Jacques. "Etude du manteau supérieur de la terre par inversion anisotrope des ondes de surface et de leurs harmoniques". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37607381q.
Texto completoPalmino, F. "Etudes d'interfaces terre rare/semi-conducteur et réalisation de croissances nanostructurées: Er/Si, Sm/Si et Pb/Sm-Si". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Franche-Comté, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00091968.
Texto completoLabatut, Alain. "Contribution à l'étude des flux d'ozone dans la couche de surface". Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30282.
Texto completoSoufflet, Véronique. "Étude des aérosols troposphériques à partir du sol et de l'espace : application aux corrections atmosphériques". Lille 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LIL10075.
Texto completoSieminski, Anne. "Tomographie du manteau supérieur antarctique par les ondes de surface multimodes : Etude en théorie des rais et apport d'une théorie de propagation à fréquence finie". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/SIEMINSKI_Anne_2005.pdf.
Texto completoSeismic tomography is a crucial tool to understand mantle dynamics particularly because it is a good way to image the convection motions. The first part of this work is a S-wave velocity tomography of Antarctica upper mantle by the analysis of multimode surface waves. Using these data insures a high vertical resolution down to at least the transition zone. The lateral resolution is also better than in previous studies. We have imaged deeply-rooted low-velocity anomalies beneath West Antarctica that are new and important elements to discuss the origin of the regional volcanism. This study is also part of the building of a global upper mantle model. However, these images are not accurate enough to detect narrow objects like mantle plumes. With the usual data set, the size of such structures is actually close to the theoretical limit of the lateral resolution in ray theory, commonly used in tomography. To improve the accuracy of the images, in the second part of this work, we therefore propose a tomography method including a finite frequency wave propagation deduced from first-order scattering theory, more precise than ray theory. Applied to synthetic data, this finite frequency tomography indeed succeeds in producing more precise images. When applied to the real antarctic data set, the results are not however convincing. An improvement of the imaging is even hardly observed. From these first results, improving the propagation theory as we have done here thus does not appear to be the conclusive solution to make tremendous progress in seismic imaging of the mantle from surface waves, at least with the quality of the present data sets. Other aspects of wave propagation should now be explored
Bessin, Paul. "Évolution géomorphologique du Massif armoricain depuis 200 MA : approche Terre-Mer". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S180/document.
Texto completoThe Armoricain massif is a west-european Cadomo-variscan domain of low altitude (maximum 400 m), characterized by planation surfaces, whose Mesozoic and Cenozoic geological and geomorphological evolution is still debated. The purpose of this study is to retrace the growth of this relief. A geomorphological analysis of the planation surfaces was performed on land and at sea. It is based on their (i) mapping, (ii) relative chronology, (iii) relationships with weathering mantles and (iv) dating using dated sediments that seal those them. Six stepped planation surfaces have been identified and mapped and most of them are exhumed. They are pre-early Jurassic (PS1 to PS3), pre-middle Jurassic (PS4), pre-late Cretaceous (PS5) and Paleocene (PS6). At least two phases of burial and exhumation have been identified: (1) burial in Jurassic time followed by denudation during the early Cretaceous and (2) burial in late Cretaceous time followed dy denudation during the latest Cretaceous to early Eocene. The first period of exhumation is probably related to the initiation and break-up of the rift between Iberia and Eurasia (Bay of Biscay) and the second to the convergence betwenn these two plates. At last, Cenozoic vertical movements of the massif have been quantified from (i) position of dated marine sediments of known depositional environment and (ii) their respective paleo-sea levels deduced from different eustatic charts. This work highlights (i) Paleocene uplift, (ii) late Eocene subsidence and (iii) the already characterized Pleistocene uplift
Zaroli, Christophe. "Global multiple-frequency S-wave tomography of the Earth’s mantle". Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2010/ZAROLI_Christophe_2010.pdf.
Texto completoFor better constraining the structure of the Earth's interior, new theoretical developments on seismic wave propagation have emerged in recent years, and received increasing attention in tomography. One of these new methods is the multiple-frequency tomography, which aims at exploiting the frequency-dependency of body wave travel times related to diffraction effects. In this thesis, we have applied this method in order to obtain a ``high-resolution'' 3-D shear-wave tomographic model of the mantle, that could contribute to a better understanding of the Earth's dynamics
Le, Huy Minh. "Le champ geomagnetique, les mouvements du fluide a la surface du noyau et les variations decennales de la rotation de la terre". Paris 7, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA077222.
Texto completoMichaud, Réjean. "Sensibilite de previsions meteorologiques a longue echeance aux anomalies de temperature superficielle des oceans". Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066528.
Texto completoLarbi, Youcef Mohamed Habib Abou Baker. "Contribution à l'étude d'un plancher solaire direct sur terre-plein : modélisation et application au cas d'apports solaires gratuits sur la surface du plancher". Toulouse 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOU30084.
Texto completoLarbi, Youcef Mohamed Habib. "Contribution à l'étude d'un plancher solaire direct sur terre-plein modélisation et application au cas d'apports solaires gratuits sur la surface du plancher /". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37606985h.
Texto completoArtru, Juliette. "Observations au sol ou par satellite et modélisation des signaux ionosphériques post-sismiques". Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GLOB0006.
Texto completoLetetrel, Camille. "Mouvements verticaux à la surface de la Terre par altimétrie radar embarquée sur satellite, marégraphie et GPS. : un exemple d'application : le Golfe du Mexique". Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00555566.
Texto completoHURTREZ, STEPHANE. "Caracterisation geologique des surfaces de mars et de la terre par spectro-imagerie infrarouge". Paris 11, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA112434.
Texto completoCouturier, François. "Dynamique interne des planètes telluriques et observables géophysiques de surface". Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00278111.
Texto completoLa seconde partie de ce travail traite de la dynamique interne des planètes telluriques et de son lien avec les observables géophysiques. En l'absence de données sismologiques, la mesure du champ de gravité d'une planète et de son relief fournit une contrainte de premier ordre sur la nature de la structure interne. Nous proposons donc le calcul systématique du géoïde et de la topographie dynamique associés à des modèles numériques 3D sphériques de la dynamique interne (convection thermique pour un fluide à viscosité variable). Une méthode spectrale de calcul est proposée dans un cadre adimensionné. L'analyse spectrale
de modèles synthétiques de structure interne permet d'évaluer le rôle de certains paramètres clés de la dynamique interne (variations de viscosité, chauffage interne).
Mocquet, Antoine. "Structure tri-dimensionnelle du manteau supérieur sous l'océan atlantique d'après l'étude des ondes de Rayleigh longue période". Rennes 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988REN10136.
Texto completoWang, Ao. "Imagerie différentielle en ondes de surface sismiques et ultrasonores pour le monitoring de structures anthropiques et du proche sous-sol environnant". Thesis, Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NANT4067.
Texto completoThe 1st meters of the underground media, the Critical Zone, involve many human activities. It is also the site of disturbances due to climate change through variations in the level of the water table, hydric and mechanical modifications that increase erosion and the risks of damage or even collapse. Therefore, monitoring of the subsurface and its anthropogenic structures is currently a major challenge. Therefore, geophysical methods, especially seismic methods, which allow to evaluate the mechanical parameters of the environment, are interesting. Among them, the MASW technique based on Surface Seismic Waves estimates a 1D-profile of S wave velocities. The inverted data corresponds to the dispersion of the phase velocity (Vph) or group velocity. However, the accuracy of the MASW inverse solutions does not discriminate Vs variations lower than a few percent. These limits are due to the current level of measurements uncertainty but also to the sensitivity of the data to the medium parameters. To overcome this key issue, we propose 3 methodological alternatives. The first proposes to invert the frequency derivative of Vph. The 2 others are based on the inversion of differential data. In the first one, it is the statistical distance between the main lobes of dispersion diagrams assimilated to histograms. In the second, it is an analytical formulation by linear approximation of Vph. These proposals show a contribution of the resolution for typical two-layer models of the subsurface, based on synthetic data and laboratory measurements by laser interferometry on resin and concrete models
Balan, Etienne. "Cristallochimie des silicates a la surface de la terre. Evolution de la kaolinite et du zircon dans les sediments et les sols du bassin amazonien". Paris 7, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA077009.
Texto completoBiddiss, Mark. "Surface deformation in eastern Aphrodite Terra and Alto Regio, Venus". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243415.
Texto completoPérez, Solano Carlos Andrés. "Imagerie sismique de la proche sub-surface : modification de l'inversion des formes d'onde pour l'analyse des ondes de surface". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, ENMP, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENMP0023.
Texto completoHigh-resolution seismic imaging is essential to improve results of hydrocarbon exploration.Elastic waves propagate in the Earth as body and surface waves, the latter being the mostenergetic ones. Body waves are preferred for exploration seismic imaging while surfacewaves are usually considered to be noise. However, it has been recognised that the nearsurface can be characterised by analysing surface waves and that such result may improvethe outcome of body-wave processing. Currently, surface waves analysis leads to retrievelocal 1D property profiles.We propose a waveform-based inversion procedure to derive 2D velocity models fromsurface waves. This method consists of a misfit functional modification of classical FullWaveform Inversion and we call it windowed-Amplitude Waveform Inversion (w-AWI). Weshow that w-AWI is robust regarding the choice of initial velocity model. We apply w-AWI tosynthetic and real data obtaining encouraging near-surface imaging results
Gohin, Francis. "Analyse geostatistique des champs thermiques de surface de la mer". Paris, ENMP, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ENMP0095.
Texto completoPallotta, Sandrine. "Compréhension du signal issu d'une surface hétérogène rugueuse dans le domaine infrarouge en télédétection : analyse de l'agrégation des propriétés thermo-optiques de ses constituants". Toulouse, ENSAE, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ESAE0007.
Texto completoCarrer, Dominique. "Suivi des flux d'énergie, d'eau et de carbone à la surface : apport de la télédétection et de la modélisation du rayonnement solaire absorbé par la végétation". Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066695/document.
Texto completoIt is known that a global 4% increase of land surface albedo (also called reflectivity) may result approximately in a decrease of 0.7°C in the Earth’s equilibrium temperature. Nowadays the surface properties (including albedo) are changing under climatic and human pressure. At the same time, there is a debate that divides the scientific community about the potential trends (increase or decrease) affecting the surface incoming solar radiation since mid-1980 (resulting of a decrease or increase of aerosol concentration in the atmosphere, respectively). The Earth is a complex system driven at the surface level by three cycles (energy, water, and carbon). These cycles are not insensitive to changes of surface reflectivity, incoming radiation, or aerosol properties. For example, some argue that the increase of diffuse radiation during the last decades would have led to an exceed of carbon uptake by the Earth’s vegetation of 9.3%. The main issue raised here is to assess the added value of the knowledge in absorbed solar radiation by the surface (combination of incoming solar radiation with surface albedo) and, especially, by the vegetation for the monitoring of energy, water and carbon fluxes.In this work, I have used satellite observations and modeled the radiative transfer theory in order to make dynamic mapping of solar radiation absorbed by the surface and through the vertical dimension of the vegetation. First, I quantified each uncertainty source affecting incoming solar radiation, surface albedo and the way radiation is split between horizontal and vertical heterogeneity. In a second step, I measured the added value of using this absorbed radiation mapping of the surface by satellite to estimate the energy and water fluxes at the surface. The resulting improved scores of weather forecast models in the short-range time scale suggested potential feedbacks at the climatic time scale over sensible areas such as the Sahel region. Another significant outcome is that the developments proposed to better characterize the vertical heterogeneity within the canopy led to an improvement of 15% of annual global terrestrial gross primary production (GPP). Moreover, this study has led to measure the impact of the lack of knowledge of spatial and temporal variability of aerosol properties (concentration and type). I have shown that the tracking of temporal changes of directional properties of reflectance allows me to retrieve to the amount of aerosols in the atmosphere as precisely as other widely used methods but with a higher frequency (5 times more) by using data from geostationary satellite. Finally, this study addresses some possibilities to better track temporal changes of properties of reflectivity of surface and aerosol of atmosphere, and to access to a better monitoring of biogeochemical cycles of the terrestrial biosphere
Benavides, Pinjosovsky Hector Simon. "Assimilation variationnelle des données dans le modèle de surface continentale ORCHIDEE grâce au logiciel YAO". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066590.
Texto completoA land surface model (LSM) is a numerical model describing the exchange of water and energy between the land surface and the atmosphere. Land surface physics includes an extensive collection of complex processes. The balance between model complexity and resolution, subject to computational limitations, represents a fundamental query in the development of a LSM. With the purpose of adapting the value of the model parameters to values that reproduces results in the real world, measurements are necessary in order to compare to our estimations to the real world. The calibration process consists in an optimization of model parameters for a better agreement between model results and a set of observations, reducing the gap between the model and the available measurements. Here we show how variational data assimilation is applied to the energy and water budgets modules of the ORCHIDEE land surface model in order to constrain the model internal parameters. This part of the model is denoted SECHIBA. The adjoint semi-generator software denoted YAO is used as a framework to implement the 4DVAR assimilation. A sensitivity analysis was performed in order to identify the most influent parameters to temperature. With the parameter hierarchy resolved, twin experiments using synthetic observations were implemented for controlling the most sensitive parameters. Results obtained suggest that land surface temperature assimilation has the potential of improving the output estimations by adjusting properly the control parameters. Finally, several assimilations were made using observational meteorology dataset from the SMOSREX site in Toulouse, France. The experiments implemented, using different prior values for the parameters, show the limits of the temperature assimilation to constrain control parameters. Even though variable estimation is slightly improved, this is due to final parameter values are at the edge of a variation interval in the cost function. Effectively reaching a minimum would require allowing the parameters to visit unrealistic values. SECHIBA does not correctly simulates simultaneously temperature and fluxes and the relationship between the two is not always consistent according to the regime (or parameter values that are used). We must therefore work on the physical aspects to better simulate the temperature. Likewise, the parameter sensitivity to temperature is not always sufficient, giving as a result a flat cost function. Our results show that the assimilation system implemented is robust, since performances results in twin experiments are satisfactory. The coupling between the hydrology and the thermodynamics in SECHIBA must be reviewed in order to improve variable estimation. An exhaustive study of the prior errors in the measurements must be conducted in order to retrieve more adapted weighing terms in the cost function. Finally, the assimilation of other variables such as soil moisture should be performed to evaluate the impacts in constraining control parameters
Morais, Anne. "Potentiel hydrométéorologique du schéma de surface canadien CLASS". Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29013/29013.pdf.
Texto completoThe performance of the Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS) was assessed using meteorological observations from stations located in a potato field during a whole season in 2007, and from tuber initiation to tuber bulking in 2010. The scheme’s performance has been evaluated for both the energetic and hydric balance. Over the two seasons, CLASS overestimated the latent flux and generated a ground heat flux of higher amplitude compared to the observed one. The evapotranspiration and the drainage generated by CLASS were then compared to those of BV3C, a submodel of the hydrological model HYDROTEL. BVC3 seemed to have produced an overestimated evapotranspiration, which the dynamics did not match with those of the observed one. Finally, both CLASS and ISBA, an other land surface scheme in use in Canada, were run with data derived from the regional product of the global environmental multiscale model, for the same location. During this test, ISBA showed a higher flow than CLASS. ISBA also showed little quantity of drained water in disagreement with the available observations.
Ayadi, Abdelhak. "Ecoulement à surface libre des boues argileuses". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10037.
Texto completoPommerol, Antoine. "Hydratation minérale à la surface de Mars : caractérisation spectroscopique, thermodynamique et application à la télédétection". Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10015.
Texto completoThe Solar light reflected by the Martian surface in the spectral range of near infrared reveals the signature of water present in hydrated minerals located in the regolith. Successive remote-sensing instruments on-board space probes caracterized the spatial and seasonal variabilities of these spectral signatures. However, the physical interpretation of spectroscopic signals is highly challenging in the case of reflection spectroscopy. Many parameters concerning different aspects of the measurement are likely to influence the reflectance spectra. In the laboratory, we studied the effects of particules size, mixtures between different materials, incidence, emergence and phase angle on the strength of two absorption bands at 1,9 and 3 µm. Using simultaneously laboratory measurements and radiative transfer numerical modeling, we were able to derive quantitative relationships between those parameters. In the same time, we developed an original experimental facility designed to measure adsorption and desorption isotherms of Martian reglith analog materials under conditions representative of the Martian surface. Visible and near infrared reflectance spectra are also measured at each step of the hydration and dehydration processes. Results allow better understanding of the possible interactions between water and minerals and the spectrosopic properties of water-of-hydration. Finally, we show how results obtained in the laboratory apply to the case of the Martian surface thanks to the OMEGA / Mars Express dataset. The causes of spatial and seasonal variabilities of the surface spectral signatures are especially discussed
Grappe, Benjamin. "Modèles d'écoulement à surface libre pour la simulation à long terme de la migration des systèmes méandriformes". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, ENMP, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENMP0008.
Texto completoOver a long time, Meandering systems build sedimentary architectures composed of porous bodies scattered inside a volume of low-permeability sediments. These bodies may contain natural resources. In order to optimize their mining, it is essential to estimate the distribution and connectivity of such bodies. To this end, Mines ParisTech develops Flumy, a process-based model simulating the formation of these architectures. This thesis aims to improve the simulation of the migration in Flumy by taking into consideration the influence of the local slope.For this purpose, three distinct models were considered in conjunction, and compared. The first one (constant slope model), which constitutes the basis of the current Flumy version, was originally developed by [Ikeda 1981]. The second model (variable slope model), developed by [Lopez 2003], assigns to the free surface the slope of the surrounding topography. Finally, the last model (Saint-Venant model) has been derived from the variable slope model. Initially calculated under a known free surface, the mean flow in each cross-section is now obtained by solving the Saint-Venant equations over a known river bed. Each of those three models has been applied to the simulation of free meanders. Moreover, the constant-slope and variable slope models have been used to reproduce the confined meanders of two Canadian streams.The results point to a more realistic meanders development using the variable slope model than with the constant slope model. This improvement can particularly be observed in individual meanders, whose rate of extension decreases with the age. It is also noticeable in the overall river behavior, which self-confines in a meander belt. The specific morphology of the confined meanders is also better reproduced using the variable slope model than with the constant slope model. Lastly, though a lesser extent, the Saint-Venant model shows the same advantages than the variable slope model. In addition, it allows the construction of a physically meaningful free surface over a wide range of beds and, in doing so, resolves a limit of the variable slope model
Bringer, Alexandra. "Description statistique de la surface océanique et mesures conjointes micro-ondes : une analyse cohérente". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUL0009.
Texto completoMore and more micro-wave data are available from spatial and airborne measurements over sea surface. An accurate backscattering model which is capable of taking the multi-scale aspect of the sea surface into account, is required to model correctly the data as well as a precise sea spectrum. Several unified backscattering models have been developed in recent years under Gaussian statistics. However, these models are not able to give a correct modelization of the backscattered signal when different data sets are studied together. One of the objectives of this study is to improve the modelization of the backscattered signal to get better agreement with the data.The first step of this study is to include non Gaussian statistics into backscattering model as it is well known they have a significant impact on the normalized radar cross section (NRCS). Then, a non Gaussian version of the Weighted Curvature Approximation was developed taking the kurtosis of slopes into account. This work was based only upon vertical polarization.It is then shown that the corrections allow a better agreement with the data but they are not sufficient to get a good estimation of the NRCS for all incidences and electromagnetic frequencies. This induces the hypothesis of a modification of the short wave sea spectrum.Then, a new parametrisation of the omnidirectional sea spectrum is suggested to get a better agreement with the multiband data sets and is based on the spectrum developed by Elfouhaily et al. The new omnidirectional short wave sea spectrum is quite alike the Elfouhaily’s spectrum with some noticeable differences for the decimetric scales
Pommerol, Antoine. "Hydratation minérale à la surface de Mars : caractérisation spectroscopique, thermodynamique et application à la télédétection". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00360376.
Texto completoZine, Sonia. "Contribution de la télédétection satellitale radar pour le suivi des paramètres de surface d’une zone sahélienne agro-pastorale". Marne-la-Vallée, 2004. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009644.
Texto completoWind scatterometers (WSC) are radar sensors that operate at coarse spatial resolution (50 km) and high temporal resolution (one acquisition every 3-4 days approximately). They are well suited to land surface monitoring at global and regional scales. Due to their high sensitivity to strong biomass and soil moisture seasonal variations, they show good potential for the monitoring of semi-arid regions such as the Sahel in West Africa. Previous studies conducted over the relatively homogeneous Sahelian pastoral areas have led to the output of herbaceous mass maps derived from WSC data. In order to extend those studies to the entire Sahelian belt, the objective of this thesis is to investigate the potential of scatterometers for the monitoring of agro-pastoral zones, which are characterized by greater spatial heterogeneity at the scale of a resolution cell. The study area, where numerous in situ measurements have been carried out during the 1992 2000 period, is located in the Fakara region, Niger. First, the influence of the study area’s spatial heterogeneity is investigated by comparison with ERS synthetic aperture radar data, whose spatial resolution is higher (around 20 m). Then, a quantitative analysis is carried out by coupling a Sahelian ecosystem process model, which describes the evolution of the observed scene, with a backscattering model that simulates the signal as a radar sensor would measure it. Results show that the influence of vegetation on the signal is negligible due to low vegetation cover in agro-pastoral areas. This allows the retrieval of surface soil moisture from WSC data alone over such areas
Mahfoud, Ould Amy. "Modélisation numérique des écoulements et des déformations dans les barrages en terre construits sur des sols mous". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1990. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529472.
Texto completoNataf, Henri-Claude. "Éléments d'anatomie et de physiologie du manteau terrestre : tomographie sismique et convection expérimentale". Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112357.
Texto completoThe first part of this thesis presents a global map of the lateral heterogeneities in the earth's upper mantle, obtained from the inversion of the velocity anomalies of surface waves. We retrieve the lateral variations of the seismic velocities and of their anisotropy. The results are compared with specific observations on various tectonic provinces from the literature (mid-oceanic ridges, continental shields, mountains, etc. ). Shields appear to be systematically fast for S waves. Several anomalous regions are discovered. It is shown that the amplitude of the anisotropy of seismic velocities is as large as their lateral variations, and that it is necessary to account for this effect when building regional or global seismic models. The second part of this work is an analysis of convection in a fluid whose viscosity is strongly temperature-dependent. The discussion relies on laboratory experiments performed with fluids in which the viscosity varies by up to 105 across the convecting layer. A simple model is proposed, in which convection takes place under a very viscous lid which does not move. The model explains the experimental data and is used to build a realistic scheme for the thermal evolution of the planets. One of the limitations of the model is that it does not explain the 'plate tectonics' regime observed on the earth. Ways are proposed to remedy for that. The conclusion is a synthesis of the results obtained in the first two parts, concerning the 'anatomy' and the 'physiology' of the earth's mantle. We discuss the stratification of convection in the mantle into one or two layers, and we speculate about the origin of 'hot spots'
Billien, Magali. "Hétérogénéités de vitesse et d'atténuation du manteau supérieur à l'échelle globale par modélisation du mode fondamental des ondes de surface". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999STR13035.
Texto completoBringer, Alexandra. "Description statistique de la surface océanique et mesures conjointes micro-ondes : une analyse cohérente". Phd thesis, Toulon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00794381.
Texto completoSamain, Olivier. "Fusion multi-capteurs de données satellitaires optiques pour la restitution de variables biophysiques de surface". Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30035.
Texto completoThis work aims at improving the determination of surface biophysical parameters, such as albedo, leaf area index or fraction of vegetation cover, by combining data from different wide field optical sensors like VEGETATION, MERIS, AVHRR, or POLDER. The multi-sensor fusion requires the application of a spectral normalization to compensate the spectral responses of the different sensors, which is validated with airborne hyperspectral measurements and MERIS and VEGETATION datasets. The fusion of measurements at different spatial resolutions is based on the use of a Kalman filter for the downscaling of the low resolution data. The latter also gives the possibility to deliver continuous products, contrarily to standard regressions methods that are limited in the case of cloud coverage
Guimbard, Sébastien. "Interprétation et modélisation de mesures à distance de la surface marine dans le domaine micro−onde". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010VERS0067.
Texto completoThis dissertation presents a general investigation on the use and interpretation of remote sensing measurements of the sea surface at microwave frequencies and specifically aims at better characterizing sea surface roughness effects on emissivity. A review of the state of the art of the scattering and emission theories of the sea surface at microwave frequencies is first proposed. Theorical links between active and passive remote sensing measurements are recalled and discused. Based on electromagnetic models and several active/passive data set analysis, a consistent semi-empirical model of the mutl-incidence angle emissivity change associated with the surface roughness variation is developed. The latter characterizes emissivity changes in terms of Fresnel Reflection coefficient and two rough sea surface statistical parameters. Based on this parameterization, a methodology is proposed to quantify the impacts of ocean surface roughness on the brightness temperature observed in the new mutli-angular data from SMOS
Mallard, Claire. "Analyse tectonique de la surface des modèles de convection mantellique". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1143/document.
Texto completoPlate tectonics theory describes first order surface motions at the surface of the Earth. Although it is agreed upon that convection in the mantle drives the plates, the relationships between deep dynamics and surface tectonics are still largely unknown. Until recently, mantle convection models could not produce surface tectonics that could be compared to that of the Earth. New global models are able to form large-scale ascending and descending mantle currents, as well as narrow regions of localized deformation at the surface where convergence and divergence occur. These models selfconsistently generate an expansion of the oceanic floor similar to that of the last 200 million years on Earth, and continental drift similar to what can be reconstructed with palaeomagnetism. This Ph.D. thesis constitutes one of the first attempts to use self-organised, spherical convection models in order to better understand surface tectonics. Here, the tectonics produced by the models is finely charaterized through the study of plate boundaries, their organisation and their velocities. The goal is to be able to compare qualitatively and quantitatively the results of convection computations with surface motions, as reconstructed using the rules of plate tectonics and field observations. Plate boundaries emerging from the models were first traced and analyzed by hand so as to understand the physics that govern the typical organization of the tectonics plates on Earth. It is characterised by seven large plates and several smaller ones, following a statistical distribution that suggests that two distinct physical processes control the plates’ layout. We have determined the processes responsible for this distribution while varying the strength of the lithosphere (the yield stress). In our models, the stronger the lithosphere, the greater the total subduction length and their curvature, and the fewer the small plates. By studying surface fragmentation with triple junctions, we showed that the formation of small plates is associated with oceanic trench curvature. Large plates, however, are controlled by the long wavelengths of the convection cells. These two processes involve two different reorganisation times, controlled either by the accretion and the subduction of the large plates (about 100 Myrs), or by trench motions for the smaller plates. In order to improve the efficiency of our analysis, we have developed automated methods to study the surface and the interior of the models. The first technique is about detecting the tectonic plates automatically at the surface of the models. It is called ADOPT. It is a tool based on image segmentation technique to detect the watersheds. The surface fields of the convection models are converted into a relief field, either directly or using a distance method. This automatic detection allows to obtain plates polygons similar to the hand analysis. Another technique of detection has been developed to study mantle plumes. These analyzes were used to determine the driving forces behind the plates layout, to quantify the timing of reorganizations and to evaluate the implication of the models rheology on the surface distribution. These new analytical tools and the constant evolution of the quality of mantle convection models allow us to improve our understanding of the link between mantle dynamics and surface tectonics, but also to target necessary improvements in the convection models used