Artículos de revistas: "Supercritical boilers"

1

Pronobis, Marek y Rafał Litka. "Rate of corrosion of waterwalls in supercritical pulverised fuel boilers". Chemical and Process Engineering 33, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2012): 263–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10176-012-0026-x.

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Rate of corrosion of waterwalls in supercritical pulverised fuel boilers This paper presents an analysis of the corrosion hazard in the burner belt area of waterwalls in pulverised fuel (PF) boilers that results from low-NOx combustion. Temperature distributions along the waterwall tubes in subcritical (denoted as SUB) and supercritical (SUP) boilers were calculated and compared. Two hypothetical distributions of CO concentrations were assumed in the near-wall layer of the flue gas in the boiler furnace, and the kinetics of the waterwall corrosion were analysed as a function of the local temperature of the tubes. The predicted rate of corrosion of the boiler furnace waterwalls in the supercritical boilers was compared with that of in the subcritical boilers.

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2

Ma, Da Fu y Xiao Hong Hao. "Status and Prospect of Large-Scale Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler". Advanced Materials Research 516-517 (mayo de 2012): 444–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.516-517.444.

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The paper is focused on the present situation and the development of large-scale circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers. Several developed technology of CFB such as supercritical and ultra supercritical pressure CFB boilers for power plants, oxy-fuel CFB boiler for CO2 capture and high-density circulating fluidized bed gasifier for advanced IGCC/IGFC are introduced in this paper.

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3

Deng, Boyu, Tuo Zhou, Shuangming Zhang, Haowen Wu, Xiaoguo Jiang, Man Zhang y Hairui Yang. "Safety Analysis on the Heating Surfaces in the 660 MW Ultra-Supercritical CFB Boiler under Sudden Electricity Failure". Energies 15, n.º 21 (27 de octubre de 2022): 7982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15217982.

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Ultra-supercritical circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers are taking up an increasing proportion of the CFB boiler fleet in China, making the safety concern about the heating surfaces in this type of boilers under sudden electricity failure draw more and more attention from the industry. For the time being, however, few studies have made efforts to resolve this concern. Given this, the physical process in a 660 MW ultra-supercritical boiler during the electricity failure accident was precited with a comprehensive model composed of mass and energy conservation equations in this work. The tube temperature of the boiler components with the highest safety risk, i.e., the water wall and a superheater, was obtained to evaluate the safety of the heating surfaces. The results revealed that the tube temperature (about 516 °C and 544 °C) would be obviously lower than the maximum permissible temperature of the tube material (600 °C and 630 °C) even when electricity could be restored at the power plant, indicating that the heating surfaces in the 660 MW ultra-supercritical CFB boilers would generally be recognized to be safe under sudden electricity failure.

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4

Li, Mengxi y Chao Zhang. "Numerical Investigation of the Influence of Furnace Wall Temperature on Pulverized Coal Combustion and NO_x Emissions in a Supercritical CO₂ Boiler". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2449, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2023): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2449/1/012024.

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Abstract A study on the combustion process and NOx emission of pulverized coal in a supercritical CO2 boiler was carried out by using the method of numerical simulation. Using a comprehensive combustion model and a post-treatment NOx formation model, the influence of wall temperature on the characteristics of combustion and NOx emissions of a 300 MW tangential coal-fired boiler were studied. The temperature field and the concentration distribution of waste flue gas at the furnace outlet are analysed and studied. It was found that the furnace wall temperature seriously affected both the distribution of the temperature field and the emission of NOx. The supercritical CO2 boiler’s partial flow strategy led to further increases in temperature and NOx near the tail. According to the results of the calculations, the supercritical CO2 boiler might raise the exhaust gas temperature, making the difficulty of extracting energy from waste gas increased dramatically. The increased NOx emissions will lead to higher cost for implementation of after treatment of NOx emissions. The work’s findings can be used to improve the design of coal-fired supercritical CO2 boilers as well as gain a deeper comprehension of the formation of NOx.

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5

Jin, Yingai, Yanwei Sun, Yuanbo Zhang y Zhipeng Jiang. "Research on Air Distribution Control Strategy of Supercritical Boiler". Energies 16, n.º 1 (31 de diciembre de 2022): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010458.

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Supercritical boilers have become a major development trend in coal-fired power plants, and the air distribution strategy is a key factor in the design and operation of making it fully combustible. In this paper, the mathematical and physical models of a 350 MW supercritical boiler is established, and the optimal air distribution mode of the boiler at different load is determined based on the furnace outlet temperature, NOx concentration, and O2 content. The air distribution control strategies were derived and the corresponding procedures were established. 160 MW and 280 MW were selected for positive pagoda and 180 MW and 230 MW for waist reduced. At 290–350 MW load, the effect of adjusting the combustion damper opening on the outlet oxygen is weak, so preferentially adjusting the SOFA damper opening can achieve better results. The results show good thermal efficiency and emission performance and are applicable to adjust the air distribution mode to achieve fuller combustion of supercritical boilers.

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6

Vikhraman Muniandy, Mohd Sharizal Abdul Aziz y Hadafi Fitri Mohd Latip. "Study on The Improvement of Heat Recovery Steam Generator Efficiency – A Review". Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 94, n.º 2 (24 de mayo de 2022): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.94.2.8998.

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Boilers are widely used in industries to produce steam. In some sectors, the steam generated is utilized directly in the production line for heating. Certain industries use steam to produce electricity. Fire tube boilers are limited to generating steam for processing; meanwhile, water tube boilers are widely used in electricity generation besides steam generation for processing lines. Subcritical boilers, supercritical boilers, and Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) are types of boilers commonly used to produce high capacity steam. This review article focuses on the optimization of HRSG operational efficiency. Industry players are keen on the improvement of operational efficiency since these directly influence the operating cost. Steam pressure, steam output, heat transfer efficiency and temperature distributions are key areas comprehensively reviewed in this article. Generally, improvement studies on boilers are not feasible to conduct during operation. Therefore, the scaled-down model used in the experiment or the boilers CFD models are simulated to understand the characteristics of the boilers. This review article is expected to overview HRSG boiler efficiency improvements and factors influencing boiler operational parameters.

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7

Chandrasekharan, Sreepradha, Rames Chandra Panda y Bhuvaneswari Natrajan Swaminathan. "Dynamic analysis of the boiler drum of a coal-fired thermal power plant". SIMULATION 93, n.º 11 (13 de abril de 2017): 995–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037549717703465.

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The subcritical coal-fired boilers of thermal power plants consist of a combustion chamber, economizer unit, drum unit (drum, riser, and downcomer), superheater unit (primary superheater, secondary superheater, and final superheater), and reheater unit. The input and output of these units are highly interactive in nature. The efficiency of the subcritical plants is only around 33%. The efficiency needs to be increased to produce more power for the increasing demand, which can be achieved only by implementing supercritical technology or ultra-supercritical technology. However, the conversion of existing subcritical power plants to supercritical power plants is impossible due to the installation cost. So in order to increase the overall efficiency of the existing subcritical power plants, boilers of such units must be examined in order to find safer operational practices. This paper highlights the mathematical modeling of the economizer unit and drum unit of boiler, which can help in enhancing the performance of the boiler system of the power plant. Mass and energy balances for the integrating boiler units have been formulated using first principle laws. The developed model has then been validated with actual plant data obtained from a 210 MW coal-fired thermal power plant. The performance of the open loop responses of the model are analyzed and are included in the results and discussion of the paper. The model provides support for level, pressure, and temperature measurements and predictions. The effect of changes in the parameters of the boiler are studied and discussed in detail.

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8

Lu, Xiao, Chao Yang Wang, Gang Wei y Shou Wei Yang. "Study of Cold-State Aerodynamic Field Test on the Outlet of 2150t/h Supercritical Once-Through Boiler". Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (octubre de 2013): 3217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.3217.

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The new unit putting into production is the supercritical boiler with a level of or above 600 MW, and most of them take the corner tangential combustion technology. The Long-term operation practice shows that there is gas temperature deviation on all the horizontal flues of boilers, which usually leads to the overheating tube burst of the high-temperature superheater and reheater, thus threats the safe and economic operation of power station. Towards the gas temperature deviation phenomenon that exists commonly in tangentially fired boiler, this paper went on the pertinent cold-state aerodynamic field test on the tangentially fired boilers in one new power plant and studied the airflow velocity at the furnace outlet in eight vertical levels by changing the SOFA horizontally rotating angle. The experiment showed that changing the baffles opening and horizontally rotating angle of SOFA air door could adjust airflow quite well and make it uniform, furthermore, the airflow can reach a basic balance at the biggest anti-tangential angle. This paper has some reference value towards improving the gas temperature deviation problem of tangentially fired boilers.

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9

Nie, Li, Jiayi Lu, Qigang Deng, Liming Gong, Dayong Xue, Zhongzhi Yang y Xiaofeng Lu. "Study on the Uniformity of Secondary Air of a 660 MW Ultra-Supercritical CFB Boiler". Energies 15, n.º 10 (14 de mayo de 2022): 3604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15103604.

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Based on the field test of a 600 MW supercritical circulating-fluidized bed boiler, this paper optimizes the secondary air pipe layout scheme of a 660 MW ultra-supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler with a similar furnace structure and carried out a numerical simulation on its air distribution uniformity. The secondary air box of the 660 MW ultra-supercritical circulating-fluidized bed boiler adopts a variable section design, and the secondary air branch pipe adopts a separate air inlet mode. The experimental results showed that the oxygen concentration was uniform near the rear wall, but all exhibited a “decrease–increase–decrease” profile along the horizontal line, which indicated that the trajectory of the secondary air jet was first in the shape of bending downward and then upward. To achieve a more uniform secondary air distribution for supercritical CFB boilers, further optimization of the layout of the bellows and branch pipes should be considered. Numerical results showed that the deviation rate of the internal and lower secondary air reached 17%, and there was optimization space for the secondary air branch pipe layout of the boiler. Its uniformity can be increased by adding valves and other measures. The velocity deviation of the secondary air of the 660 MW ultra-supercritical circulating-fluidized bed boiler can be within 3% by means of separate air supply and pipe diameter change, and better uniform air supply can be achieved to reduce the speed deviation by adding valves and adjusting the combustion.

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10

Błaszczuk, Artur, Wojciech Nowak y Szymon Jagodzik. "Bed-To-Wall Heat Transfer in a Supercritical Circulating Fluidised Bed Boiler". Chemical and Process Engineering 35, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2014): 191–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cpe-2014-0015.

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Abstract The purpose of this work is to find a correlation for heat transfer to walls in a 1296 t/h supercritical circulating fluidised bed (CFB) boiler. The effect of bed-to-wall heat transfer coefficient in a long active heat transfer surface was discussed, excluding the radiation component. Experiments for four different unit loads (i.e. 100% MCR, 80% MCR, 60% MCR and 40% MCR) were conducted at a constant excess air ratio and high level of bed pressure (ca. 6 kPa) in each test run. The empirical correlation of the heat transfer coefficient in a large-scale CFB boiler was mainly determined by two key operating parameters, suspension density and bed temperature. Furthermore, data processing was used in order to develop empirical correlation ranges between 3.05 to 5.35 m·s-1 for gas superficial velocity, 0.25 to 0.51 for the ratio of the secondary to the primary air, 1028 to 1137K for bed temperature inside the furnace chamber of a commercial CFB boiler, and 1.20 to 553 kg·m-3 for suspension density. The suspension density was specified on the base of pressure measurements inside the boiler’s combustion chamber using pressure sensors. Pressure measurements were collected at the measuring ports situated on the front wall of the combustion chamber. The obtained correlation of the heat transfer coefficient is in agreement with the data obtained from typical industrial CFB boilers.

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11

Jamrozik, Przemysław y Maria Sozańska. "High-Temperature Corrosion Resistance of Welded Joints in HR6W Alloy". Solid State Phenomena 227 (enero de 2015): 405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.227.405.

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The trials conducted in sulfur– and chlorine–rich environment were aimed at simulating the conditions prevalent in operating power boilers. The tests conducted in the temperatures of 700°C and 750°C have been selected in such a way as to enable reference between them and the supercritical parameters of boiler steam. The analysis of the rate of high–temperature corrosion kinetics in the HR6W alloy was carried out for up to 3000 hours.

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12

Xia, Hong Liang. "The Implementation of Martensitic Heat-Resistant Steel Welding Performance Analysis and Process". Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (junio de 2014): 2079–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.2079.

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This paper mainly introduces the properties of welded joints of supercritical boilers, combined with the actual construction of a power plant, of these new type heat-resistant steel we Ultra supercritical unit; heat resistant steel; weldability al exploration.

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13

Wang, Wei Shu, Jun Liu, Hong Wei, Hong Sheng Zhang, Long Gang Pan, Guang Yan y Shuai Shuai Li. "Study on the Burning Characteristics of Poor-Quality Anthracite in Supercritical W-Shaped Flame Boiler". Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (febrero de 2011): 1872–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.1872.

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With the good characteristics of high efficiency, energy saving and environmental protection, supercritical W-flame boiler can effectively solve the problems of clean and high efficiency combustion of poor-quality anthracite using for supercritical pressure boilers. In light of a 600MW supercritical W-shaped flame boiler, combustion models in fluent 6.3 were used to study the combustion law of poor-quality anthracite in the furnace, the effect of air distribution on the combustion process was analyzed. The results indicate that symmetrical air distribution can not form symmetrical flow field because of the structure effect of the nose of the furnace. The effect of the nose of the furnace can be effectively balanced by increasing the velocity on the front wall and there exists an optimal ratio of air distribution. In the central zone of the lower furnace, the temperature is high and the O2 concentration is low, which is beneficial to the ignition and combustion of pulverized coal. Because the pressure in the center of the furnace is higher than that near the side walls, the pulverized coal are forced to move towards the side walls, which can cause the sidewalls to be eroded by the flame and slagging. The study results have great significance for the optimization design and improving the efficiency of pulverized coal combustion of supercritical W-shaped flame boiler.

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14

Liu, Ding Ping, Zhi Hu Ai y Jian Chen Hu. "An Assessment of Mechanism for Oxidation Corrosion of Alloy T91 Tubes in Supercritical Boilers". Advanced Materials Research 239-242 (mayo de 2011): 3171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.239-242.3171.

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The paper addresses the assessment of the high-temperature oxidation behavior of T91 in supercritical boilers. The trend to higher steam temperatures and longer periods of full-load operation greatly increases the oxidation corrosion on the steam-side surface. The oxide films can lead to major failures and consequently to reduced plant availability. The exfoliation of the oxide scale may block the tubes somewhere in the system with the potential for causing tube explosion. The oxide scale of T91 was sampled and analyzed by the energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDXS) and the X-ray diffractmeter (XRD). The mechanism of oxidation corrosion and scale exfoliation, as well as its influence factor, were described. The measures were brought forward so as to provide a scientific guidance for dealing with oxidation corrosion and oxide exfoliation on a large scale in T91 in the supercritical boiler.

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15

Horbaniuc, B. "Oxygen-enriched combustion in supercritical steam boilers". Energy 29, n.º 3 (marzo de 2004): 427–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2003.10.009.

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16

Balicki, Adrian y Łukasz Bartela. "Characteristics modeling for supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler working in oxy-combustion technology". Archives of Thermodynamics 35, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2014): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoter-2014-0013.

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Abstract Among the technologies which allow to reduce greenhouse gas emission, mainly carbon dioxide, special attention deserves the idea of ‘zeroemission’ technology based on boilers working in oxy-combustion technology. In the paper the results of analyses of the influence of changing two quantities, namely oxygen share in oxidant produced in the air separation unit, and oxygen share in oxidant supplied to the furnace chamber on the selected characteristics of a steam boiler including the degree of exhaust gas recirculation, boiler efficiency and adiabatic flame temperature, was examined. Due to the possibility of the integration of boiler model with carbon dioxide capture, separation and storage installation, the subject of the analysis was also to determine composition of the flue gas at the outlet of a moisture condensation installation. Required calculations were made using a model of a supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler working in oxy-combustion technology, which was built in a commercial software and in-house codes.

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17

Pasternak, Jerzy y Janusz Dobrzanski. "Properties of Welded Joints on Superheater Coils Made from New Generation High Alloy Martensitic Steels Connected to Austenitic Creep-Resisting Steels and Supper Alloy Grades, for Supercritical Parameters". Advanced Materials Research 278 (julio de 2011): 466–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.278.466.

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The continuously developing power generation sector, including boilers with supercritical parameters, requires applications of new creep-resistant steel grades for construction of boilers steam superheater components. Therefore, this paper contains selected information, results of the research and implementation process including: - evaluation, comparison of requested properties of base material and welded joints, such as tensile strength, impact strength and technological properties, - destructive examinations with evaluation of welded joints and HAZ structure and hardness distribution, - influence of manufacturing process in large boilermaker conditions and after simulated operation. A new creep-resistant steels to be used, in order to comply with the operational requirements, as to assure the appropriate reliability and safety of the boiler equipment in operation process. This document presents a simplified analysis of martensitic steels from group 9-12% Cr (T91, T92, HCM12A, VM12) and austenitic steels Cr-Ni (TP347FG, SUPER 304H, HR3C), having the chemical composition as presented in tables 1 and 2, which are to be applied for steam superheater components.

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18

Sun, Li y Weiping Yan. "Estimation of Oxidation Kinetics and Oxide Scale Void Position of Ferritic-Martensitic Steels in Supercritical Water". Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9154934.

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Exfoliation of oxide scales from high-temperature heating surfaces of power boilers threatened the safety of supercritical power generating units. According to available space model, the oxidation kinetics of two ferritic-martensitic steels are developed to predict in supercritical water at 400°C, 500°C, and 600°C. The iron diffusion coefficients in magnetite and Fe-Cr spinel are extrapolated from studies of Backhaus and Töpfer. According to Fe-Cr-O ternary phase diagram, oxygen partial pressure at the steel/Fe-Cr spinel oxide interface is determined. The oxygen partial pressure at the magnetite/supercritical water interface meets the equivalent oxygen partial pressure when system equilibrium has been attained. The relative error between calculated values and experimental values is analyzed and the reasons of error are suggested. The research results show that the results of simulation at 600°C are approximately close to experimental results. The iron diffusion coefficient is discontinuous in the duplex scale of two ferritic-martensitic steels. The simulation results of thicknesses of the oxide scale on tubes (T91) of final superheater of a 600 MW supercritical boiler are compared with field measurement data and calculation results by Adrian’s method. The calculated void positions of oxide scales are in good agreement with a cross-sectional SEM image of the oxide layers.

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19

Henriksen, Niels y Ole Hede Larsen. "Corrosion in ultra supercritical boilers for straw combustion". Materials at High Temperatures 14, n.º 3 (enero de 1997): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09603409.1997.11689548.

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20

Węglarz, Katarzyna, Dawid Taler, Jan Taler y Mateusz Marcinkowski. "Numerical Modelling of Steam Superheaters in Supercritical Boilers". Energies 16, n.º 6 (10 de marzo de 2023): 2615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16062615.

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This paper presents a numerical model of a four-pass supercritical steam superheater with a complex flow system. The specific heat of steam is a function of temperature and pressure, and the specific heat of flue gas is a function of temperature. Pressure and temperature changes along the length of the tubes were also determined. The modified Churchill equation was used to calculate the steam-side friction factor of Darcy–Weisbach. The flue gas temperature variations behind the individual superheater tube rows were calculated. The steam and wall temperature distributions were determined in each tube row along its length. Knowing the temperature of the tube walls and the steam along the flow direction enables the selection of the correct steel grade for the tubes. Thanks to this advantage of the proposed method, the investment can be reduced in superheater construction without the danger of overheating the tube material. The results of the superheater simulation were compared with the results of measurements on the actual object. The proposed numerical method can find application in steam superheaters’ design and performance calculations. It can also be used to monitor superheater operating parameters, which are difficult to measure due to the high flue gas temperature.

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21

Jamrozik, Przemysław y Maria Sozańska. "High-Temperature Corrosion Resistance of Welded Joints in Sanicro 25 Steel". Solid State Phenomena 227 (enero de 2015): 401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.227.401.

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The trials conducted in sulfur– and chlorine–rich environment were aimed at simulating the conditions prevalent in operating power boilers. The tests conducted in the temperatures of 700°C and 750°C have been selected in such a way as to enable reference between them and the supercritical parameters of boiler steam. The analysis of the rate of high–temperature corrosion kinetics in the Sanicro 25 steel was carried out for up to 3000 hours. The aim of the tests was to establish the oxidation kinetics and evaluate the destruction of the new generation of Sanicro 25 steel in atmosphere containing Cl and S in temperature of 700°C and 750°C during up to 3000 hours of operation.

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22

Choi, Seok, Jun Park, Ho-Seong Sohn, Seon Kim y Hyung Cho. "Thermal Characteristics of Tube Bundles in Ultra-Supercritical Boilers". Energies 9, n.º 10 (27 de septiembre de 2016): 779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en9100779.

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23

Xu, Linjie, Leming Cheng, Jieqiang Ji, Qinhui Wang y Mengxiang Fang. "A comprehensive CFD combustion model for supercritical CFB boilers". Particuology 43 (abril de 2019): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2017.11.012.

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24

Viswanathan, R., K. Coleman y U. Rao. "Materials for ultra-supercritical coal-fired power plant boilers". International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 83, n.º 11-12 (noviembre de 2006): 778–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2006.08.006.

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25

Tugov, A. N., A. L. Shvarts y V. R. Kotler. "Domestic Boilers with Supercritical Steam Pressure: Status and Prospects1". Power Technology and Engineering 48, n.º 2 (julio de 2014): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10749-014-0495-9.

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26

Kotowicz, Janusz, Adrian Balicki y Sebastian Michalski. "Thermodynamic evaluation of supercritical oxy-type power plant with high-temperature three-end membrane for air separation". Archives of Thermodynamics 35, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2014): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoter-2014-0023.

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Abstract Among the technologies which allow to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, mainly of carbon dioxide, special attention deserves the idea of ‘zero-emission’ technology based on boilers working in oxy-combustion technology. In the paper a thermodynamic analysis of supercritical power plant fed by lignite was made. Power plant consists of: 600 MW steam power unit with live steam parameters of 650 °C/30 MPa and reheated steam parameters of 670 °C/6 MPa; circulating fluidized bed boiler working in oxy-combustion technology; air separation unit and installation of the carbon dioxide compression. Air separation unit is based on high temperature membrane working in three-end technology. Models of steam cycle, circulation fluidized bed boiler, air separation unit and carbon capture installation were made using commercial software. After integration of these models the net electricity generation efficiency as a function of the degree of oxygen recovery in high temperature membrane was analyzed.

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27

Sroka, Marek, Marcin Nabialek, Michal Szota y Adam Zielinski. "The Influence of the Temperature and Ageing Time on the NiCr23Co12Mo Alloy Microstructure". Revista de Chimie 68, n.º 4 (15 de mayo de 2017): 737–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.4.5541.

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The NiCr23Co12Mo alloy (Inconel 617) is a material used for example in the production of superheater boilers with ultra-cool supercritical parameters of work. The paper presents the results of microstructure changes after the long-term impact of temperature and strain. Analysis of the microstructure was carried out using scanning electron microscopy. Qualitative and quantitative identification of precipitations were conducted using X-ray analysis of the phase composition. Was studied the influence of ageing on tested alloy precipitations. The results of the study are the database alloy material of the new generation, which is used in the activities of the diagnostic elements of pressure parts of boilers.

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28

Zheng, Xiong, Jin Yan, Jinping Wang y Xiaofeng Lu. "Numerical Study of the Influence of Secondary Air Uniformity on Jet Penetration and Gas-Solid Diffusion Characteristics in a Large-Scale CFB Boiler". Energies 14, n.º 18 (9 de septiembre de 2021): 5679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185679.

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The uniformity of secondary air (SA) in large-scale CFB boilers has an important influence on gas-solid flow and combustion, but was seldom considered in previous studies. Numerical simulation based on the Eulerian–Eulerian and RNG k-ε turbulence models was conducted to explore the influence of SA uniformity and load variation on jet penetration, diffusion characteristics and gas-solid mixing in the first 600 MW supercritical CFB boiler. The results showed that better SA uniformity was conductive to the uniformity of SA penetration and gas-solid mixing along the furnace height, although the penetration depth and diffusion distance showed an opposite trend. In addition, the penetration depth and diffusion distance got enhanced with higher boiler load. The inner and outer SA jets could not cover the furnace width, and the uneven SA uniformity led to a huge deviation of the solid concentration within 10 m of the air distributor. Eventually, a calculation model was successfully established for predicting the penetration depth of inclined thermal SA jets during boiler operation.

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29

Mirek, Paweł. "Experimental investigation of the flow characteristics of low-pressure drop air nozzles working with CFB boilers". E3S Web of Conferences 82 (2019): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198201013.

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The paper presents the most important flow characteristics of low-pressure drop primary air nozzles used in circulating fluidized bed boilers. The role of an air nozzle pressure drop, pressure fluctuation, as well as air jet penetration length, orifice outlet jet kinetic energy and aerodynamic drag force of the gas outlet jet have been discussed. For the purpose of cold model studies the Lagisza 966MWth supercritical CFB boiler operating at the company TAURON Wytwarzanie SA, Poland has been chosen as the reference facility. In the experimental tests, three types of primary air nozzles with comparable static pressure drop and varied aerodynamic drag force have been tested. The experiments clearly showed that the pressure drop cannot be the only parameter characterizing the operation of the primary air nozzle and the air jet penetration length is determined primarily by the orifice outlet jet kinetic energy and not by the outlet jet velocity.

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30

Jamrozik, Przemysław y Maria Sozańska. "Evaluation of the Applicability of Sanicro 25 Steel in Supercritical Boilers". Solid State Phenomena 212 (diciembre de 2013): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.212.201.

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We examine the mechanical and physical properties of Sanicro 25 steel that are relevant to the performance requirements of supercritical boilers (e.g., resistance to high-temperature corrosion). Sanicro 25 is mainly used in the construction of power plant components. Materials research has demonstrated the stability of properties at elevated temperatures (700 to 750°C) during long-term use. We conducted tests of corrosion resistance for Sanicro 25 steel, and confirmed its resistance to oxidation in steam and exhaust gas heat .

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31

Urzynicok, Michal y Krzysztof Kwiecinski. "Bending and Welding of New High Oxidation Material - Thor™ 115". Materials Science Forum 1016 (enero de 2021): 1515–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.1515.

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Development of materials used in the power industry for the production of USC boilers poses new challenges. The introduction of new alloying agents intended at obtaining the best possible mechanical properties, including creep resistance, affects the fabricability of new steel grades. All new materials have to undergo a lot of tests, particularly as regards bending and welding processes, with the aim of enabling the development of technologies ensuring failure-free production and assembly of boiler components. Martensitic steels containing 9% Cr, used in the production of steam superheaters shall have good creep resistance and, at the same time, low oxidation resistance at a temperature above 600°C. In turn, steels with a 12% Cr content, for example, VM12-SHC or X20CrMoV12-1 are characterized by significantly higher oxidation resistance but have lower strength at higher temperatures, which translates to their limited application in the production of modern USC and A-USC boilers.X20CrMoV12-1 was withdrawn from most of the power plants across Europe and VM12-SHC was supposed to replace it, but unfortunately, it failed in regards of creep properties. To fulfill the gap a new creep strength-enhanced ferritic steel for service in supercritical and ultra-supercritical boiler applications was developed by Tenaris and named Thor™115 (Tenaris High Oxidation Resistance). This publication covers the experience obtained during first steps of fabrication which includes cold bending and TIG welding of homogenous joints.

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32

Rokhman, B. B., N. I. Dunaevska y V. G. Vifatnyuk. "DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPTUAL TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS AND METHODS OF THEIR IMPLEMENTATION DURING THE DESIGN OF A DUST COAL STEAM GENERATOR OF SUPER-SUPER CRITICAL PARAMETERS OF STEAM 28 MPA/600 °С/600 °С FOR 300 MW ENERGY UNIT. PART 1." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving, n.º 4 (20 de diciembre de 2020): 4–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.4.2020.01.

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Increasing efficiency of power plant unit, reducing fuel costs, and CO2, NOx and SOx emissions can be achieved by increasing the pressure and temperature of the steam. Analysis carried out for boilers designed for supercritical steam parameters, showed that the increase in pressure and temperature is directly related to the stresses arising in the metal of the superheater, and, consequently, with the need of using high-temperature alloys. Thus, steam generators can be conventionally divided into three groups: supercritical (SC), super supercritical (SSC) and ultra supercritical (USC). The efficiency of the power units of the USC is 3–4 % higher than the efficiency of the SC units, and the efficiency of the power units of the USC is 6–8 % higher than the efficiency of the SC units. For the manufacture of USC boilers, steels based on nickel alloys are required, which are mainly at the stage of development and testing, while for the production of SSC steam generator, steels are manufactured on an industrial scale, therefore, currently, the best option is the construction of SSC power unites. The first part of the work describes the calculation method, the algorithm and the program with the help of which the design and verification thermal calculations of the SSC 28 MPa/600 °С/600 °С were carried out for a 300 MW power unit at rated loads. Two designs of vortex burners (coiled-blade and blade-blade) with a thermal power of 34.471 MJ/s and productivity (for coal) of 5902 kg/h have been developed. Original technical solutions have been developed to improve the reliability of the live steam output stage and to reduce the surface of the first stage of the reheater. Bibl. 5, Fig. 4, Tab. 1.

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33

Zieliński, A., J. Dobrzański, H. Purzyńska y G. Golański. "Changes In Properties and Microstructure of High-Chromium 9-12%Cr Steels Due to Long-Term Exposure at Elevated Temperature". Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 61, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2016): 957–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2016-0163.

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AbstractThis paper presents the characteristics of the performance of P91 (X10CrMoVNb9-1), P92 (X10CrWMoVNb9-2) and VM12 (X12CrCoWVNb12-2-2) steels used for condition assessment of the pressure components of boilers with supercritical steam parameters. Studies on the mechanical properties, microstructure tests using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray analysis of the phase composition of precipitates were performed for selected steels in the as-received condition and after long-term annealing. These steel characteristics are used for the evaluation of the microstructural changes and mechanical properties of the material of components after long-term service. The result of this study is the database of material characteristics representing the mechanical properties related to the microstructure analysis and it can be used for diagnosis of the components of pressure parts of power boilers.

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34

Watanabe, Yutaka, Yongsun Yi, Tatsuo Kondo, Koshi Suzuki y Kimio Kano. "Steam Oxidation of Ferritic Heat-resistant Steels for Ultra Supercritical Boilers". Zairyo-to-Kankyo 50, n.º 2 (2001): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3323/jcorr1991.50.50.

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35

Cizner, J., J. Hruška y J. Mlnařík. "Operation corrosion test of austenitic steel bends for supercritical coal boilers". Koroze a ochrana materialu 60, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2016): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kom-2016-0005.

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Abstract Corrosion tests of both annealed and not annealed bends of HR3C and S304H steels in operation conditions of black and brown coal combustion boilers in EPRU and EDE. After a long-term exposure, the samples were assessed gravimetrically and metallographically. The comparison of annealed and unannealed states showed higher corrosion rates in the annealed state; corrosion of the sample surface did not essentially differ for compression and tensile parts of the beams. Detailed assessment of both steels is described in detail in this study.

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36

Dhanuskodi, R., R. Kaliappan, S. Suresh, N. Anantharaman, A. Arunagiri y J. Krishnaiah. "Artificial Neural Networks model for predicting wall temperature of supercritical boilers". Applied Thermal Engineering 90 (noviembre de 2015): 749–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.07.036.

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37

Li, Yan Hui, Shu Zhong Wang, Pan Pan Sun y Xue Dong Li. "Research on a Surface Shot Peeling Process for Increasing the Anti-Oxidation Property of Super304H Steel in High-Temperature Steam". Advanced Materials Research 908 (marzo de 2014): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.908.77.

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At present, the superheater and reheater pipes in supercritical and ultra-supercritical boilers have encountered with widespread problems of high temperature steam oxidation, seriously affecting the operation safety and economy of the power generation unit. After several tests and contrastive analysis on the main chemical composition and microstructure of specimens before and after shot peening treatment, this paper developed a set of detailed surface shot peening process with specific process parameters, and finds that for the Super304H oxide film, the relative content of Cr element increases by shot peening treatment, with the relative Cr content of the treated specimen being 2.65% higher than that of the untreated, displaying that the anti-oxidation properties of high chromium austenitic steels in high temperature steam is effectively increased.

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38

Bakhromkina, A. A., A. L. Shvarts y A. A. Chugreev. "Development and Application of a New Type of Separators for Supercritical and Ultra-Supercritical Once-Through Boilers". Power Technology and Engineering 48, n.º 6 (marzo de 2015): 475–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10749-015-0559-5.

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39

Jamrozik, Przemysław y Maria Sozańska. "Characteristics of the Structure of Welded Joints in Sanicro 25 Steel". Solid State Phenomena 212 (diciembre de 2013): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.212.71.

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Sanicro 25 stainless steel (X7NiCrWCuCoNbNB25-23-3-3-2) is a preferred material for structural elements of boilers with supercritical and ultracritical parameters. Welded joints are critical sites that are vulnerable to failure. Hand-welded and automatically uniform welds of Sanicro 25 are evaluated in material studies, and the structure and basic mechanical properties of welded joints are examined. The proposed welding technology for Sanicro 25 ensures proper microstructure, and has obtained quality class B certification.

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40

Grzeszczak, Jan, Łukasz Grela y Thomas Achter. "Environmentally Friendly Replacement of Mature 200 MW Coal-Fired Power Blocks with 2 Boilers Working on One 500 MW Class Steam Turbine Generator (2on1 Unit Concept)". Archives of Thermodynamics 38, n.º 4 (20 de diciembre de 2017): 165–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoter-2017-0030.

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Abstract The paper covers problems of the owners of a fleet of long-operated conventional power plants that are going to be decommissioned soon in result of failing to achieve new admissible emissions levels or exceeding pressure elements design lifetime. Energoprojekt-Katowice SA, Siemens AG and Rafako SA presents their joint concept of the solution which is a 2on1 concept - replacing two unit by two ultra-supercritical boilers feeding one turbine. Polish market has been taken as an example.

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41

Kuboň, Zdeněk. "New Austenitic Creep Resistant Steels for Superheaters of USC Boilers". Key Engineering Materials 635 (diciembre de 2014): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.635.75.

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Current trend in increasing steam parameters in ultra-supercritical (USC) boilers requires new materials not only for membrane walls, headers and pipelines but also for superheater and reheater tubes. Newly developed austentitic steels Super304H, TP347HFG and HR3C exhibit superior resistance in steam thanks to their fine-grained microstructure, especially in case of Super304H and TP347HFG. The paper presents the results of verification of properties of these steels tubes including creep resistance of the base metal and welded joints, which show promising level of long-term creep strength of the base metal and weld joints and these results are supplemented by some new knowledge about the development of the microstructure of these steels, especially sigma phase appearance.

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42

Zieliński, Adam, Marek Sroka y Tomasz Dudziak. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Inconel 740H after Long-Term Service". Materials 11, n.º 11 (30 de octubre de 2018): 2130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11112130.

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Inconel 740H is a nickel-based alloy for pressure components of ultra-supercritical boilers. Its chemical composition and strengthened matrix, as well as corrosion resistance, provide the highest creep resistance among the materials recommended for use in high-performance pressure components of power units. This paper investigates the changes in the microstructure and mechanical properties after ageing at 700 and 750 °C for 1000, 10,000, 20,000, and 30,000 h. Observation of the microstructure was performed using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The identification of existing precipitates was conducted by X-ray phase analysis. The effects of time and ageing at elevated temperatures on the mechanical properties and precipitation process in the test alloy are discussed. The presented results are part of the material characteristics of the new-generation alloys to be used in the design of pressure equipment for steam boilers, as well as in diagnostic work during operation.

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43

Holcomb, Gordon R. "Steam Oxidation and Chromia Evaporation in Ultra-Supercritical Steam Boilers and Turbines". ECS Transactions 16, n.º 44 (18 de diciembre de 2019): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3224746.

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44

Wu, Pan, Chuntian Gao y Jianqiang Shan. "Development and Verification of a Transient Analysis Tool for Reactor System Using Supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycle as Power Conversion System". Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2018 (2 de septiembre de 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6801736.

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Supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle is a good choice of thermal-to-electric energy conversion system, which owns a high cycle efficiency and a compact cycle configuration. It can be used in many power-generation applications, such as nuclear power, concentrated solar thermal, fossil fuel boilers, and shipboard propulsion system. Transient analysis code for Supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle is a necessity in the areas of transient analyses, control strategy study, and accident analyses. In this paper, a transient analysis code SCTRAN/CO2 is developed for Supercritical CO2 Brayton Loop based on a homogenous model. Heat conduction model, point neutron power model (which is developed for nuclear power application), turbomachinery model for gas turbine, compressor and shaft model, and PCHE type recuperator model are all included in this transient analysis code. The initial verifications were performed for components and constitutive models like heat transfer model, friction model, and compressor model. The verification of integrated system transient was also conducted through making comparison with experiment data of SCO2EP of KAIST. The comparison results show that SCTRAN/CO2 owns the ability to simulate transient process for S-CO2 Brayton cycle. SCTRAN/CO2 will become an important tool for further study of Supercritical CO2 Bryton cycle-based nuclear reactor concepts.

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45

Zima, Wiesław, Sławomir Grądziel y Artur Cebula. "Modelling of heat and flow phenomena occuring in waterwall tubes of boilers for supercritical steam parameters". Archives of Thermodynamics 31, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2010): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10173-010-0012-y.

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Modelling of heat and flow phenomena occuring in waterwall tubes of boilers for supercritical steam parametersIn this paper a mathematical model enabling the analysis of the heat-flow phenomena occurring in the waterwalls of the combustion chambers of the boilers for supercritical parameters is proposed. It is a one-dimensional model with distributed parameters based on the solution of equations describing the conservation laws of mass, momentum, and energy. The purpose of the numerical calculations is to determine the distributions of the fluid enthalpy and the temperature of the waterwall pipes. This temperature should not exceed the calculation temperature for particular category of steel. The derived differential equations are solved using two methods: with the use of the implicit difference scheme, in which the mesh with regular nodes was applied, and using the Runge-Kutta method. The temperature distribution of the waterwall pipes is determined using the CFD. All thermophysical properties of the fluid and waterwall pipes are computed in real-time. The time-spatial heat transfer coefficient distribution is also computed in the on-line mode. The heat calculations for the combustion chamber are carried out with the use of the zone method, thus the thermal load distribution of the waterwalls is known. The time needed for the computations is of great importance when taking into consideration calculations carried out in the on-line mode. A correctly solved one-dimensional model ensures the appropriately short computational time.

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46

Pang, Liping, Size Yi, Liqiang Duan, Wenxue Li y Yongping Yang. "Thermal Stress and Cyclic Stress Analysis of a Vertical Water-Cooled Wall at a Utility Boiler under Flexible Operation". Energies 12, n.º 6 (26 de marzo de 2019): 1170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061170.

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Supercritical once-through utility boilers are increasingly common in flexible operations in China. In this study, the tube temperature changes at a vertical water-cooled wall are analyzed during a fluctuating flexible operation. There are considerable differences in the temperatures of the parallel tubes at the minimum load, and the resulting thermal stress distributions at a front water-cooled wall are established using structural calculation software ANSYS 17.1, USA. A wide thermal stress distribution occurs among the parallel tubes, and the local cyclic stress amplitudes under flexible operation are higher than those under cold, warm, hot, or load-following operations. Because of the water wall expansion structure at the furnace, the higher tube temperature areas suffer from compressive stress, while the lower tube temperature areas suffer from tensile stress. During flexible operation, combustion uniformity and a two-phase flow distribution can improve the safety of vertical water-cooled wall operation. The minimum load of the utility boiler should be set as a limitation, and the tube temperature is an important parameter affecting the thermal and cyclic stresses.

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47

Kotowicz, Janusz, Sebastian Michalski y Mateusz Brzęczek. "The Characteristics of a Modern Oxy-Fuel Power Plant". Energies 12, n.º 17 (2 de septiembre de 2019): 3374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12173374.

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This paper presents the thermodynamic and economic analyses of four variants of a supercritical oxy-type plant. These variants differed in terms of air separation units (ASU, variants: V1—cryogenic; V2—hybrid; equipped with a three-end (V3a) or four-end (V3b) high-temperature membrane) and boilers (V1 and V3a—lignite-fired fluidized-bed; V2 and V3b—hard-coal-fired pulverized-fuel). The gross power of steam turbine unit (STU) was 600 MW. The live and reheated steam parameters were 650 °C/30 MPa and 670 °C/6.5 MPa, respectively. The influence of the ASUs’ operating parameters on the ASUs’ auxiliary power rate and boiler efficiency (V3a and V3b only) was studied. The ASUs’ operating parameters for maximum net efficiency were then determined. The decrease in the net efficiency compared to a reference plant (with a classic fluidized-bed or pulverized-fuel boiler) fluctuated in the range 7.2 (V3b)–11.2 (V1) p.p. An analysis of the waste heat utilization was performed (fuel drying—V1 and V3a; STU steam-water heat exchangers replacing). Thus, the efficiency decreases fluctuated in the range 4.3 (V3b)–10.2 (V1) p.p. The economic analysis showed that in order for the variants to be economically viable, the unit CO2 emission cost should be greater than 42.2 (V1) or 22.0 (V3b) EUR/MgCO2.

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48

Chew, P. E. "PF-fired supercritical power plant". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 217, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2003): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095765003321148673.

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Pulverized fuel firing is the dominant application of supercritical steam cycles. This has been driven by the aims of efficiency improvement and reduction in environmental emissions. The sensitivity of supercritical steam plant to operating conditions is reviewed and the improvements in operating plant efficiency achieved through increase in steam pressure and temperatures and other factors such as auxiliary power demand is illustrated. Steam temperatures have increased by about 40°C during the 1990s and this, together with an increase in main steam pressure and cycle improvement, have led to a net efficiency of 45 per cent (reduced to UK conditions) for the state-of-the-art plant at present. Plants with still more advanced conditions are under construction or are planned, with the prospect of plant efficiency of 50 per cent in the future. This will rely on continued improvement in materials and is supported by a number of European programmes. Some main difficulties in the design of boilers with advanced temperatures, in particular steam temperature at the furnace outlet, furnace tube arrangement, and materials for superheater and reheater outlet sections, are discussed and the state of advanced steam turbines is reviewed. The operational availability of the supercritical plant, at least in Europe, has improved such that it is little different to the subcritical plant. Similarly, significant improvements have been made in controlling emissions by refinement of flue gas clean-up systems and combustion technology.

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49

Go, Geon y Un-Chul Moon. "A Water-Wall Model of Supercritical Once-Through Boilers Using Lumped Parameter Method". Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology 9, n.º 6 (1 de noviembre de 2014): 1900–1908. http://dx.doi.org/10.5370/jeet.2014.9.6.1900.

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50

Xin, Shengwei, Ping Han, Yingping Li, Peng Zhang, Shoubao Duan, Zheng Gan, Hu Wang, Jiajun Du y Qianjun Hao. "Ultra-low emission transformation of 600 MW supercritical circulating fluidized bed boilers unit". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1633 (septiembre de 2020): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1633/1/012004.

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