Artículos de revistas: "Sunbeam Motor Car Co"

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Pike, A. "Making Performance Plants from Branch Plants? In Situ Restructuring in the Automobile Industry in the United Kingdom". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 30, n.º 5 (mayo de 1998): 881–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a300881.

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In this paper a critical examination is made of the alleged change in the branch-plant economy. It is claimed that a new type of branch plant is emerging, with more progressive implications for local economic development. This argument is reviewed with reference to in situ restructuring in existing brownfield plants in the automobile industry. Empirical evidence is examined from ‘Motor Co.’ and ‘Car Co.’ (pseudonyms) in Riverside, across several dimensions of change: role and autonomy; labour process; labour-management relations; labour-market strategies; supplier linkages; and local economic development implications. It is argued that changes in branch plants and their implications for local economies can be understood by addressing the interrelations between structure, agency, and contingency. Evidence of change from Motor Co. and Car Co. in Riverside suggest some heightening of plant responsibility, the limited upgrading of functions, and the introduction of new techniques. The changes are partial, revealing the overlap of new and old practices, and the benefits for local economic development appear limited.

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Marrero, Gustavo A., Jesús Rodríguez-López y Rosa Marina González. "Car usage, $${\text {CO}}_{2}$$ emissions and fuel taxes in Europe". SERIEs 11, n.º 2 (12 de noviembre de 2019): 203–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13209-019-00210-3.

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Abstract The number of diesel cars in Europe has grown significantly over the last three decades, a process usually known as dieselization, and they now account for nearly 40% of the cars on the road. We build on a dynamic general equilibrium model that makes a distinction between diesel motor and gasoline motor vehicles and calibrate it for main European countries. Firstly, we find that the dieselization can be explained by a change in consumer preferences paired with the productivity gains from the specialization of the European automotive industry. Secondly, the lenient tax policies in favor of diesel fuel help to explain the rebound effect in road traffic. Finally, from a normative standpoint, the model suggests that a tax discrimination based on the carbon content of each fuel (higher for diesel relative to gasoline) would actually be more effective in curbing $${\text {CO}}_{2}$$CO2 emissions rather than a tax based on fuel efficiency. Based on the existing studies, we also document that other external costs of diesel are always higher than those of gasoline, and the Pigouvian tax rates should reflect this aspect. This recommendation is radically different to the existing fuel tax design in most European countries.

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Susetyo, Catur Rachmad, Sengguruh Nilowardono y Ani Wulandari. "Effect of Brand Identity and Brand Image On Customer Loyalty Case Study In Daihatsu Car Consumer". Quantitative Economics and Management Studies 1, n.º 1 (10 de junio de 2020): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/454ri.qems74.

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Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd. is the oldest Japanese car company known for its small car products or more agreed. The number of Daihatsu car consumers is quite a lot, in making purchases. This study aims to analyze the effect of brand identity and brand image on customer loyalty. This type of research uses a quantitative approach. Data collection uses interviews, observation, and questionnaire distribution. Using the nonprobability method with a purposive sampling approach. The population of this research is Daihatsu car consumers with a sample of 60 respondents. The analytical method used is SPSS v.20. Based on the results of this study concluded that brand identity and brand image have a significant effect on customer loyalty.

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Susetyo, Catur Rachmad, Sengguruh Nilowardono y Ani Wulandari. "Effect of Brand Identity and Brand Image On Customer Loyalty Case Study In Daihatsu Car Consumer". Quantitative Economics and Management Studies 1, n.º 1 (10 de junio de 2020): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/454ri.qems74.

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Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd. is the oldest Japanese car company known for its small car products or more agreed. The number of Daihatsu car consumers is quite a lot, in making purchases. This study aims to analyze the effect of brand identity and brand image on customer loyalty. This type of research uses a quantitative approach. Data collection uses interviews, observation, and questionnaire distribution. Using the nonprobability method with a purposive sampling approach. The population of this research is Daihatsu car consumers with a sample of 60 respondents. The analytical method used is SPSS v.20. Based on the results of this study concluded that brand identity and brand image have a significant effect on customer loyalty.

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Abdul Wahab, M. A. F., Z. Mohd Jawi, I. Abdul Hamid, M. S. Solah, M. H. Mohd Latif, M. H. Md Isa, M. S. Abdul Khalid, A. H. Ariffin y A. Hamzah. "Automotive Consumerism in Malaysia with Regard to Car Maintenance". Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia 1, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 2017): 137–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v1i2.17.

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This paper aims to review relevant legal framework, statistics, news reports and findings from the 'automotive ecosystem' study by MIROS relating to car maintenance issues in Malaysia. The automotive consumerism data mainly comes from the Road Transport Department (RTD), Ministry of Domestic Trade, Co-operatives and Consumerism (MD'TCC) and National Consumer Complaints Centre (NCCC), in addition to news articles via web search. In summary, there are several laws and legislations involving various authorities which can be utilised to safeguard automotive consumers ranging from before car registration, during car ownership up to de-registration of the car. Based on the statistics and news reports, car maintenance complaints mostly involved motor vehicle workshop and parts, accessories as well as vehicles. With respect to motor vehicle workshop, quality of repair received the highest number of complaints in NCCC report in 2015 (51.1%), while sales service and manufacturing defects were the main issues in the parts, accessories and vehicles category (22.5% and 21.4% respectively). In regard to car users' behaviour in Klang Valley (500 respondents) and Kuching (300 respondents), a majority of them chose to bring their cars for maintenance either to authorised service centre or general car workshops, instead of performing the maintenance themselves or alternating between the available options. Most car users' agreed on the importance of scheduled maintenance according to manufacturer recommendation and performing maintenance at general car workshops. However, they are unsure of the quality, in addition to maintenance and retrofitting behaviour.

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Mane, Umesh, Prasad Patil, Sumit Padole, Nasser Lahwal y Prof Manisha Mhetre. "Mobile Bluetooth Control Car". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, n.º 12 (31 de diciembre de 2022): 766–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.48014.

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Abstract: Our project aim is to design Bluetooth control car which are going to interface with the android app. To developed an android application android studio application is used. In that application we have given the movement to move a Bluetooth car like left, right, turn left, turn right etc. Next step is creating that car which is connected to android app via Bluetooth module HC-05. Our main part to control car using Arduino software. In that software we havewritten our code and upload it on the Arduino uno whichis connected to car. Power supply is given by 12V lithium-ion battery. Operational range of Bluetooth module that is used is around 10 meters approx. Next main part is motor driver circuit to connect the tt gear motors to it. In this project we are actually trying to analyse the working of car how that is controlling via Bluetooth. How all part is working with co-ordination with each other. At last, we have tested the movement of Bluetooth car using android application.

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Jin, Li Qiang y Yong Teng Liu. "Coordinate Control of Vehicle Semi-Active Suspension Based on Adams/Car and Matlab/Simulink". Advanced Materials Research 971-973 (junio de 2014): 422–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.971-973.422.

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To improve the ride comfort performance of electrical vehicle (EV) with in-wheel motor, the paper established a multi-body dynamic model of the vehicle, two road models and the suspension coordinate controller.The suspension coordinate, which can adjust suspension damper in real-time, was designed for the semi-active air suspension based fuzzy PID to control the suspension force, then the co-simulation were carried out under different conditions based on Adams and Matlab/Simulink. The results showed that the control method enhanced the ride comfort performance of EV with in-wheel motor significantly, especially the pitch performance.

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Polivaev, Oleg I., Alexey N. Larionov y Dmitry B. Bolotov. "Reduction of vehicle exhaust gas toxicity due to brake energy recovery". Traktory i sel hozmashiny 89, n.º 1 (8 de julio de 2022): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-100839.

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BACKGROUND: In recent years, fleet of vehicles in the Russian Federation is on a significant increase, that leads to considerably amplified emissions of toxic gases into the atmosphere. The share of toxic gas emissions from motor vehicles ranges from 65 to 70%. In order to reduce the toxic gas emissions into the atmosphere, electric vehicles have been introduced, but they have a number of disadvantages. These are a limited mileage before recharging and expensive batteries. Also, works on the use of hydrogen as a fuel for cars are conducted at an accelerated pace. However, the issue of a hydrogen fuel storage has not yet been worked out. At the same time, the used fleet of vehicles continues to poison the atmosphere. AIMS: Studying the braking energy recuperator for decreasing carbonic oxide CO in exhaust gases of the UAZ car. METHODS: The construction of a combined unit with a gas-hydraulic braking recuperator was developed, which is installed on a UAZ vehicle (RF Pat. No. 2193977). Comparative studies were carried out in accordance with GOST 33670-2015 and GOST 52033-2003. RESULTS: Results of comparative studies of the car showed that a minimum of CO emissions is observed in high gear, at a speed of 1825 m/s, and CO emissions significantly increase in lower gears. The recuperator eliminates this drawback due to the additional power transmission to the driving wheels. CONCLUSION. When a car starts in the urban cycle, there is a minimum of CO emissions with a recuperator, at the same time the car acceleration increases, that reduces the acceleration time and the distance by 3035%. A car with a recuperator on average consumed gasoline up to 15 l per 100 km, and this parameter of the production car was up to 17,5 l per 100 km of track. Due to the recuperator, CO emissions are reduced by 16%.

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Mytko, Mykola. "DETERMINATION OF ECONOMIC ADVISABLE DISTANCES OF AUTOMOBILE DELIVERY ON AUTOSERVICE ENTERPRISE". ENGINEERING, ENERGY, TRANSPORT AIC, n.º 1(108) (27 de agosto de 2020): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2520-6168-2020-1-7.

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In order to increase the efficiency of the operation of motor transport enterprises, the structure of production units for maintenance and repair of cars should be determined by the scope of work, taking into account the cost of implementation of the unit labor complexity of works. In case of inappropriateness of creating or maintaining an MTE of separate production units, maintenance and repairs of cars should be carried out at specialized service centers. Therefore, with the improvement of production units of motor transport enterprises structure, it is important to provide economically expedient delivery distances for maintenance works and repair of cars by co-operation in car service companies, which provide relevant services. The determination method of economically expedient distances of cars delivery and repair fund for car service companies is given. The cost of cars delivery and repair fund for 1 km to the car service companies or other motor transport enterprises (MTE), which accounts for 1 man-hour of labor-intensive maintenance and repair is determined. The economically expedient delivery distances for maintenance and cars repair by cooperation in car service companies are determined. The results of the calculations show that for taxi-driven MTE economically appropriate in modern conditions of distance of delivery of cars to perform maintenance-1 and maintenance-2 are close to those recommended in literary sources. For truck and bus MTE the corresponding delivery distances for maintenance-1, maintenance-2 performance, ongoing repairs are significantly lower. When performing diagnostic works D-1 and D-2, most of the the district works of the ongoing repair, the economically reasonable distances of delivery to the car service companies are obtained that substantially exceed the recommendations given in the scientific literature.

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Kliučininkas, Linas, Simona Balkevičiene y Jolita Mockuviene. "MODELLING OF TRAFFIC POLICY MEASURES FOR AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT". Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (18 de junio de 2005): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2005vol1.2133.

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This paper presents the application of the Integrated Transport Effect Modeling System ITEMS, taking into consideration existing vehicle fleet, traffic flows, and ambient air quality monitoring data. The objective of this study is to estimate the exhausts of CO, NOx, and SO2 released by motor vehicles in relation to predictive traffic policy measures in Kaunas, Lithuania.This study analyses the extent to which some traffic policies and future trends may influence the ambient air pollution in urban environment. Three traffic policy measures such as: i) increase of car parking fee; ii) reduction of car parking places; iii) introduction of dedicated traffic lines for public transport are considered as the case studies to examine the extend to which they could reduce emissions from motor vehicles. At the same time, each policy measure comprises four scenarios including one, which indicates the current situation. The comparative analyses of the influence of different traffic policy measures on vehicle/passenger kilometres travelled and on emissions are presented.

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Amrullah, M. Kukuh, Rukman Tea, M. Iman Nur Hakim, Langgeng Asmoro y Faris Humami. "Design and Development of Carbon Monoxide Gas Leak Detector in Vehicle Cabin". RSF Conference Series: Engineering and Technology 2, n.º 2 (29 de noviembre de 2022): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/cset.v2i2.565.

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Vehicles are very important in transportation that humans widely use in carrying out their activities, including one of them is a passenger car. Safety and security factors in traveling are the most important aspects of traveling. The condition that often occurs in passenger cars is the frequent leakage of carbon monoxide gas in the vehicle cabin. Usually, CO gas leaks occur in the AC hose. So, this research aims to design an Arduino-based carbon monoxide gas leak detector. This research is a research with research and development approach method or Research and Development (R&D). This research aims to produce a carbon monoxide detector design to automatically detect carbon monoxide gas leaks in the vehicle cabin based on Arduino Uno. The design performance of this CO gas leak detector can be obtained from the CO gas content of the MQ7 sensor, then the buzzer will make a sound, while the LCD will display the status "Safe/Alert/Very Dangerous" as a warning to passenger car drivers. DC motor will move the power window if the CO gas content exceeds the threshold of more than 25 ppm.

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12

Butov, Alexander V. "Causes of Loss Competitivenesses of the Company Ford in the Russian Federation". International Trade and Trade Policy, n.º 4 (3 de enero de 2020): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2019-4-171-180.

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The departure of large foreign car manufacturers from the Russian market negatively affects all partners and interested parties car dealers, suppliers, employees, buyers and fans of brands of departed companies. This departure became even more painful for Ford itself, which leaves the domestic market with a loss of $ 500 million, which is 14% of the total annual profit of Ford Motor Co. in 2018 This sad event was caused by a number of circumstances: the consequences of the global financial crisis, the devaluation of the national currency, the decline in sales in the Russian car market, company errors in pricing, marketing policies and updating the model range, in assessing the prospects for marketing products and creating excess production capacities, as well as refusal to independently manage Russian business and the choice for this Russian partner in a joint venture. A close study of the reasons that forced the recent leader of the Russian car market to Ford to close its car factories and stop selling them in Russia is presented in the article. Particular attention is paid to the development of the domestic car market, the development of effective competition strategies in the face of falling household incomes and rising product prices, state support for the domestic auto industry, as well as the specifics of creating joint ventures in the Russian Federation and assessing the resource capabilities of joint venture partners.

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Pawar, D. R. y P. Poddar. "Car Black Box with Speed Control in Desired Areas for Collision Avoidance". Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 2, n.º 5 (6 de octubre de 2012): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.194.

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This paper presents an advanced step to the concept of car black-box in developing a comprehensive vehicle safety system which would not only record the video and audio, but also try to prevent a possible collision by limiting the speed of the vehicle in accident-prone areas. In case of an accident, the time and location (co-ordinates) is sent through GSM to a preset number for immediate rescue and treatment. Recorded data can also be used for forensics, revealing the problems that caused the accident and give manufacturer an idea for improvement. So the motto is to develop an embedded integrated system consisting of a microcontroller, a power supply unit, sensors, memory, a motor driver unit and a GPS/GSM modem.

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Han, Yi Lun, Zong Bing Zhang y Xue Lei Wen. "Visual Intelligent Vehicle Control System’s Design Based on PC9S12XS128 MCU". Advanced Materials Research 562-564 (agosto de 2012): 1571–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.562-564.1571.

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In this paper, PC9S12XS128 MCU produced by Freescale Semiconductor Co., Ltd is used as the core control unit to designed a intelligent vehicle, which can be free to follow the line of travel. The main control system including motor drive module, server drive module, the path identification module, power module, etc..Through compare a variety of hardware control program, use the best program to take control of car model’s speed and direction. Experimental results show that the intelligent vehicle designed can antomatic driving on the path of human plan accuracy.

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Kolesnikov, A. A., S. D. Kaliy, I. A. Radionov y O. I. Yakimenko. "Synergetic Control System of Hybrid Power Plant". Mekhatronika, Avtomatizatsiya, Upravlenie 19, n.º 10 (11 de octubre de 2018): 627–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17587/mau.19.627-632.

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The problem of control of a hybrid power plant of a car consisting of an internal combustion engine, a synchronous electric motor with permanent magnets and a synchronous generator is considered. The formation of the control effect is carried out taking into account the connection of the above objects with each other with the help of planetary transmission. The mathematical models of the three listed engines are nonlinear with several control channels. In addition, the principle of the hybrid power plant requires the simultaneous operation of these engines and, accordingly, the construction of the necessary interrelated control actions. To synthesize the laws of vector control of a hybrid power plant, the method of analytical construction of aggregated regulators (ADAR) is used. Within the framework of this method, it is possible to work with a complete nonlinear control object model. Unlike the traditional approach of constructing a separate stabilizing control for each control channel, this method uses co-control over all variables to transfer the object to the desired state. In this case,for a number of variants of control algorithms, the communication between the control channels is carried out not indirectly, through the control object, but directly formed in the regulator. In addition, the control law takes into account unknown external disturbances, which were compensated using the principle of integral adaptation. In this paper, one of the modes of operation of a hybrid power plant is shown during the acceleration of the car. First, only the electric motor works, as the car accelerates, the internal combustion engine is connected, and at high speeds only the internal combustion engine works. This mode of operation of the hybrid power plant allows using both engines in the most convenient range of angular speeds, which leads to an economical fuel consumption and a charge of the storage batteries. In addition, the second electric motor operates in the generator mode and transfers a part of the mechanical moment to recharge the batteries.

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Abdul Wahid, Mulyadi, Al-Hafidh Rahman y Hadi Kurniawan. "EFEKTIVITAS ALAT PENYARING POLUTAN DENGAN ADSORBANSI ARANG AKTIF DAUN TREMBESI (SAMANEA SAMAN)". Lingkar : Journal of Environmental Engineering 2, n.º 1 (1 de julio de 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/ljee.v2i1.1863.

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The air existence on the surface of the earth is one of the important factors for the survival of living things on it. Indonesia’s quality of ambient air has decreased and it is categorized as not good for sensitive groups. The biggest cause of air pollution comes from motor vehicles, of which 85% is from combustion in motorized vehicle engines. Trembesi is the most effective plant in adsorbing pollutant carbon in the air. Activated charcoal is the carbon that has better absorption of cations, anions and the molecules of organic and inorganic compounds. This study aims to create a pollutant filter equipment for CO and CO2 made from Trembesi leaves activated charcoal. This research was conducted by creating an air pollutant filter with 3 different types of adsorbent, namely adsorbent made from paper pulp, trembesi leaves extract adsorbent, and trembesi leaves activated charcoal adsorbent. The data collection used 2 types of vehicles with different year of release and engines. The measurement of pollutant concentration using a Gas Analyzer instrument tester with Korean Iyasaka AET-4000Q type. The result of this study showed that the best adsorbent is activated charcoal from trembesi leaves with 100% adsorption of CO and 36,29% adsorption of CO2 using 2018 Toyota Agya car Dual VVT-I engines with eco indicator technology, and for 1988 SE 1,3 Starlet car with a carburetor type engine successfully adsorb CO by 9,65% and 7,2% for CO2.

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Perdana, Anggit, Adian Fatchur Rochim y Eko Didik Widianto. "Purwarupa Sistem Pemantau dan Peringatan Kadar Gas Karbon Monoksida (CO) pada Kabin Mobil Berbasis Mikrokontroler ATMega8". Jurnal Teknologi dan Sistem Komputer 1, n.º 2 (9 de abril de 2013): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jtsiskom.1.2.2013.34-41.

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High growth in vehicle, contribute air pollution and reduce human health quality. One of pollutants that generated by motor vehicle emissions is carbon monoxide (CO). CO gas can cause health problems for humans, even if exposed to long periods time will cause death. Emission test devices have been widely available in many auto repair shops, but at the moment emission testing, only read gas source or emissions sources from the muffler hole. Cabin space usually escaped from checking, whether there is pollution that enters the cabin or not. This final project has a purpose to design a carbon monoxide detector devices which will show the levels of carbon monoxide (CO) into 4 categories of air quality,that are safe, wary, watch out, and danger. System will automatically warning the driver if the gas exceeds the threshold. Microcontroller that used as the central data processing data is microcontroller Atmega 8, by ATMEL and use gas censor TGS 2442. Design begin with a hardware schematic and software design using BASCOM-AVR. Implementation phase include the implementation of the physical device, programs, and censor. Testing phase is done by testing the tool using 3 gas source, that are cigarette smoke, motorcycle exhaust, and car exhaust. The test result showed that the highest error rate on these tool when compared with a comparable gas analyzer scott instruments is 6.46%, with 93.54% accuracy rate. This CO gas monitor hasadvantage easily portable and include three actuators, that are LCD will show the levels of CO gas, buzzer will give warning sound when gas exceeds the threshold, and the vibrating motor provide tactile warning to the user.

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Abidin, Muhammad Zainul y Sri Lestari. "ANALISIS HUBUNGAN GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN DAN LOYALITAS DENGAN KINERJA KARYAWAN PADA BENGKEL MOBIL REWWIN MOTOR SERVICE". Transekonomika: Akuntansi, Bisnis dan Keuangan 2, n.º 5 (18 de junio de 2022): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.55047/transekonomika.v2i5.154.

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This study aims to determine the analysis of the relationship between leadership style and loyalty with employee performance at the Rewwin Motor service car workshop. The method used is a qualitative method, a descriptive study of the qualitative aims to describe the image of the object being examined, such as without analyzing and making conclusions. The population of this study were 30 informants. Sampling used saturated sampling, where the entire population was used as a sample to test as many as 30 informants. Research data collection was done through interviews and questionnaires. Interviews were conducted using a data questionnaire consisting of data related to the questions needed to achieve the research objectives. Questionnaires were prepared by distributing questionnaires containing questions to Rewwin Workshop employees. The average shows different variables, indicating that more colleagues affect work relations in employee performance because co-worker relations or a group of employees utilize and create quality employee communication, employee discipline orientation produces a healthy working atmosphere and increases efficiency productivity.

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Abidin, Muhammad Zainul y Sri Lestari. "ANALISIS HUBUNGAN GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN DAN LOYALITAS DENGAN KINERJA KARYAWAN PADA BENGKEL MOBIL REWWIN MOTOR SERVICE". Transekonomika: Akuntansi, Bisnis dan Keuangan 2, n.º 5 (18 de junio de 2022): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.55047/transekonomika.v2i5.154.

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This study aims to determine the analysis of the relationship between leadership style and loyalty with employee performance at the Rewwin Motor service car workshop. The method used is a qualitative method, a descriptive study of the qualitative aims to describe the image of the object being examined, such as without analyzing and making conclusions. The population of this study were 30 informants. Sampling used saturated sampling, where the entire population was used as a sample to test as many as 30 informants. Research data collection was done through interviews and questionnaires. Interviews were conducted using a data questionnaire consisting of data related to the questions needed to achieve the research objectives. Questionnaires were prepared by distributing questionnaires containing questions to Rewwin Workshop employees. The average shows different variables, indicating that more colleagues affect work relations in employee performance because co-worker relations or a group of employees utilize and create quality employee communication, employee discipline orientation produces a healthy working atmosphere and increases efficiency productivity.

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20

Al Eissaei, Muna Rashid, Feras N. Hasoon y Suresh Manic. "Intelligent Protection System Against Vehicles’ Carbon Monoxide Gas Leakage by Using Arduino and Global System for Mobile Model". Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 2020): 1715–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.8430.

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Gas leakage is a significant problem in industries, residential premises and gas powered vehicles. Carbon Monoxide is one type of harmful gas that generates out from vehicle’s AC when it is in ON mode, which can cause suffocation or death for all the passengers within less than hour that according to the science researchers. One of the proposed methods to upgrade safety standards and prevent accidents related to gas leakage is to install gas leakage detection inside the vehicles. This paper discusses the design of gas detection system to detect the presence of a dangerous Carbon Monoxide (Co) leak inside the cars using the MQ-7 gas sensor, and an alert is provided to two users by sending SMS to the programmed mobile numbers. Also, this system decreases the gas concentration by opening the car window using a relay board and motor. If the Co (MQ-7) sensor senses any gas leakage from the AC output of this sensor goes low, and the Arduino monitors this low signal, and it will identify the gas leakage.

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Chiriac, Rareş-Lucian, Ovidiu Andrei Condrea y Anghel Chiru. "The analysis of a hybrid turbocharger main parameters applied to an internal combustion engine". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1220, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2022): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1220/1/012010.

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Abstract Internal combustion engines are constantly developing. Currently, a solution in full development is a hybrid car that has an internal combustion engine propulsion combined with an electrical motor. The electrical motor is powered by a battery which in turn is connected to other electricity suppliers for recharging. Therefore, the aim is to recover the thermal energy from the car, through various solutions, in order to transform it into electricity. Electricity is for the car’s battery as well as for its consumers. After an analysis of the energy balance of the internal combustion engine, it can be seen that the engine energy still has great potential to be transformed into electrical energy through various solutions. Electrical energy can be produced even from braking or other mechanical devices that transform mechanical energy into electrical energy. For example, a co generator of energy hybrid electric turbocharger aims to recover exhaust gas energy and to capitalize it. The turbocharger is connected through a shaft with a generator. Between the compressor wheel and the generator is a speed reducer with a gear ratio of 1:10. This article aims to present the analysis based on the results of the experimental and simulation research of the hybrid turbocharger. The tests were performed using a diesel internal combustion engine with 4 cylinders at a capacity of 1.9 liters. The simulations will be performed using AMESim software developed by Siemens. The main parameters, which are highlighted, are: pressure ratio of the turbocharger, the rotation speed of the turbocharger and the power from the experimental results in relation to time and engine power at 100% load.

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Давыдов, V. Davydov, Ворожнин, Vladimir Vorozhnin, Трофименко, Yuri Trofimenko, Зубова y S. Zubova. "Air Purification Efficiency Assessment on Large City’s Street Road Network by Green Plantings and Photocatalytic Cleaners". Safety in Technosphere 3, n.º 6 (23 de diciembre de 2014): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/6639.

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Methods for organization of air purification on Yekaterinburg city’s street road network are considered.Air pollution by motor transport and a polluting substances stream to the car salon are estimated with a use of the received consistent patterns, dispersive models, transport streams’ characteristics, and data on current weather conditions. On a streams’ balance basis a permissible density of cars (on the non-exceedance of CO maximum permissible threshold) on the city’s territory (no more than 12-12.5 cars/sq. km) taking into account their emissions and work of photocatalytic cleaners in vehicles’ salons and photocatalytic coverings on the street road network surfaces (acoustic screens, sidewalks, buildings), and also due to processing of the polluting substances by different types of wood vegetation (protective forest strips, parks and forest parks) has been established. It has been defined that the removal of CO by means of available city vegetation is equivalent to additional presence on the city’s streets of 0.2-0.4 % of cars of the operated transport’s total number without air deterioration. A necessary area of an active surface for photocatalytic cleaners in the car salon (0.1 sq. m), bus salon (0.5 sq. m), and also a width of protecting surfaces with the deposited photocatalytic coverings near the pedestrian zone (5m) are estimated in this work. It has been established that sharing of the considered cleaning methods is capable to lead to annual decrease of carbon oxide from 0.14 to 6 %, and nitrogen oxides from 0.15 to 5.78 % in average concentration around the city.

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Bilokopytov, Yu V., S. L. Melnykova y N. Yu Khimach. "Catalysts for hydrogenation of CO2 into components of motor fuels". Catalysis and petrochemistry, n.º 30 (2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/kataliz2020.30.001.

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CO2 is a harmful greenhouse gas, a product of chemical emissions, the combustion of fossil fuels and car exhausts, and it is a widely available source of carbon. The review considers various ways of hydrogenation of carbon dioxide into components of motor fuels - methanol, dimethyl ether, ethanol, hydrocarbons - in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts. At each route of conversion of CO2 (into oxygenates or hydrocarbons) the first stage is the formation of CO by the reverse water gas shift (rWGS) reaction, which must be taken into account when catalysts of process are choosing. The influence of chemical nature, specific surface area, particle size and interaction between catalyst components, as well as the method of its production on the CO2 conversion processes is analyzed. It is noted that the main active components of CO2 conversion into methanol are copper atoms and ions which interact with the oxide components of the catalyst. There is a positive effect of other metals oxides additives with strong basic centers on the surface on the activity of the traditional copper-zinc-aluminum oxide catalyst for the synthesis of methanol from the synthesis gas. The most active catalysts for the synthesis of DME from CO2 and H2 are bifunctional. These catalysts contain both a methanol synthesis catalyst and a dehydrating component, such as mesoporous zeolites with acid centers of weak and medium strength, evenly distributed on the surface. The synthesis of gasoline hydrocarbons (≥ C5) is carried out through the formation of CO or CH3OH and DME as intermediates on multifunctional catalysts, which also contain zeolites. Hydrogenation of CO2 into ethanol can be considered as an alternative to the synthesis of ethanol through the hydration of ethylene. High activation energy of carbon dioxide, harsh synthesis conditions as well as high selectivity for hydrocarbons, in particular methane remains the main problems. Further increase of selectivity and efficiency of carbon dioxide hydrogenation processes involves the use of nanocatalysts taking into account the mechanism of CO2 conversion reactions, development of methods for removing excess water as a by-product from the reaction zone and increasing catalyst stability over time.

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24

ROMANISZYN, Kazimierz. "The use of piston engine brake as related to the emission of selected exhaust gas components". Combustion Engines 132, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2008): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117281.

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The paper includes a brief description of the methodology of obtaining dynamic characteristics of four basic exhaust gas emissions: CO2, CO, HC and NOx based on combined data from road tests on the engine test beds NEDC and FTP-75. The characteristics developed through tests on a class C motor-car have been presented. The possible advantages thanks to the application of the dynamic characteristics developed have been indicated. The significant values of emission during engine braking have been pointed out. For a wider recognition of this area of dynamic characteristics, special chassis tests were carried out on the engine test bed, recording the emissions of the exhaust gas components listed in the modal system with 0.4 s rate in the test of full engine braking on III, IV and V gear. The results were summarized and assessed.

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25

Baltikov, D. F., A. F. Shaikhlislamova, D. S. Leont’ev y D. D. Harisov. "POWER PLANT FOR PROCESSING AGRO-INDUSTRIAL WASTE INTO MOTOR FUEL". Tekhnicheskiy servis mashin, n.º 2 (11 de agosto de 2023): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2618-8287-2023-61-2-56-64.

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In the Russian Federation, the predominant direction in the field of waste management is not recycling, but burial and storage, both authorized and unauthorized. Various types of products, food waste, glass, textiles, polymer production waste are buried in landfills. Plastic bags, various packaging materials, rubber products decompose for tens and hundreds of years, polluting the environment. (Research purpose) The research purpose is developing an energy plant for the production of motor fuel and fertilizers by processing agro-industrial waste based on pyrolysis. (Materials and methods) Applied methods of numerical analysis, in theoretical studies used the basic provisions and laws of heat balance and mathematics. The experimental data obtained were processed by methods of mathematical statistics using electronic computers. (Results and discussion) We have developed a technology for recycling used rubber products with associated generation of thermal and electrical energy. The characteristics of the power plant operation during the processing of rubber products, as well as the composition of pyrolysis gas were determined: CO – 25, CO2 – 18, CH – 17 percent, pyrolysis temperature – 700-800 degrees Celsius. Taking into account the characteristics of rubber products, an experimental sample of a power plant was assembled as fuel. It was determined that the average payback period of this power plant is approximately 1.5-2 years. (Conclusions) This technology makes it possible to solve the problem of recycling car tire waste both from an environmental point of view and from an economic feasibility. During recycling, additional thermal and electrical energy is generated, which is directed to the needs of the production of its own economy.

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Dabelko-Schoeny, Holly, Noelle Fields, Katie White, Marisa Sheldon, Sarah Robinson, Ian Murphy y Claire Jennings. "Using Community-Based Research Strategies in Age-Friendly Communities to Solve Mobility Challenges". Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (1 de diciembre de 2020): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2462.

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Abstract Aging is linked to an increased risk of disability. Disabilities that limit major life activities such as seeing, walking, and motor skills impact a person’s ability to drive a car. Low utilization of alternative transportation by older adults may put them at risk for social isolation. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how community-based participatory research (CBPR) was used to engage older residents in the development of alternative transportation options in a metropolitan county in the Midwestern U.S. Older residents worked as co-investigators to develop, use and evaluate alternative transportation options including walking, biking, fixed route busing, senior circulator, ride sharing, and transit training. Data were collected through mapping the built environment, an electronic daily transportation diary app called “MyAmble” on tablets, walk audits and focus groups. CBPR approaches led by interdisciplinary teams resulted in community engagement and more equitable strategies for transportation planning and utilization.

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27

Shi, Xueqing, Daniel (Jian) Sun, Song Fu, Zhonghua Zhao y Jinfang Liu. "Assessing On-Road Emission Flow Pattern under Car-Following Induced Turbulence Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Numerical Simulation". Sustainability 11, n.º 23 (27 de noviembre de 2019): 6705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236705.

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Research assessing on-road emission flow patterns from motor vehicles is essential in monitoring urban air quality, since it helps to mitigate atmospheric pollution levels. To reveal the influence of vehicle induced turbulence (VIT) caused by both front- and rear-vehicles on traffic exhaust and verify the applicability of the simplified line source emission model, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation was used to investigate the micro-scale vehicle pollutant flow patterns. The simulation results were examined through sensitivity analysis and compared with the field measured carbon monoxide (CO) concentration. Conclusions indicate that the vehicle induced turbulence caused by the airflow blocking effect of both front- and rear-vehicles impedes the diffusion of front-vehicle traffic exhaust, compared with that of the rear vehicle. The front-vehicle isosurface with the CO mass fraction of 0.0012 extended to 6.0 m behind the vehicle, while that of the rear-vehicle extends as far as 12.7 m. But for the entire motorcade, VIT is beneficial to the diffusion of pollutants in car-following situations. Meanwhile, within the range of 9 m behind the rear of the lagging vehicle lies a vehicle induced turbulence zone. Furthermore, the influence of vehicle induced turbulence on traffic exhaust flow pattern is obvious within a range of 1 m on both sides of the vehicle body, where the concentration gradient of on-road emission is larger and contains severe mechanical turbulence. As a result, in the large concentration gradient area of the pollutant flow field, which accounts for 99.85% of the total concentration gradient, using the line source models to represent the on-road emission might introduce considerable errors due to neglecting the influence of vehicle induced turbulence. Findings of this study may shed lights on predicting emission concentrations in multiple locations by selecting appropriate on-road emission source models.

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KAMEMURA, Takafumi, Shunsuke BABA, Masayuki OHSUGI, Fuminori TAKEDA, Tatsuya KOBAYASHI, Yoshikazu SATOU, Yusuke NAKAMURA y Kensei HATA. "1A1-H05 Young Engineer Education Program between Nissan Motor CO., LTD. and Yokohama National University : Dream toward realizing Autonomous Car with 4 Wheel Driving Function". Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2007 (2007): _1A1—H05_1—_1A1—H05_3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2007._1a1-h05_1.

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Ehrenman, Gayle. "New Wheels for Grandma". Mechanical Engineering 125, n.º 04 (1 de abril de 2003): 37–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2003-apr-2.

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This article focuses on how engineers are adding enabling technologies that make cars easier and safer for an aging population to drive. By 2011, the baby boom generation will begin to turn 65, and by 2030, one in five people will be age 65 or older, according to US Census Bureau projections. A large percentage of the older Americans are expected to still be tooling down the highways. Ford Motor Co. of Dearborn, Michigan, Detroit-based General Motors, and automotive interior supplier Lear Corp. of Southfield, Michigan, have all undertaken studies to help them understand the needs and wants of older drivers in an effort to create vehicles that are ergonomically attuned to them. Ford has taken a different approach to defining the needs of the aging baby boomers. Like Lear, it conducted consumer research, but Ford also used a unique tool to help young engineers know what it feels like to be a 65-year-old trying to operate a car. The concept vehicle is using information gleaned from Lear’s Masters Study to determine the best colors, lighting levels, and rate of change in lighting for instruments and warning sensor displays.

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30

Tucki, Karol, Remigiusz Mruk, Olga Orynycz, Katarzyna Botwińska, Arkadiusz Gola y Anna Bączyk. "Toxicity of Exhaust Fumes (CO, NOx) of the Compression-Ignition (Diesel) Engine with the Use of Simulation". Sustainability 11, n.º 8 (12 de abril de 2019): 2188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082188.

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Nowadays more and more emphasis is placed on the protection of the natural environment. Scientists notice that global warming is associated with an increase of carbon dioxide emissions, which results inter alia from the combustion of gasoline, oil, and coal. To reduce the problem of pollution from transport, the EU is introducing increasingly stringent emission standards which should correspond to sustainable conditions of the environment during the operation of motor vehicles. The emissivity value of substances, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), as well as solid particles, was determined. The aim of this paper was to examine, by means of simulation in the Scilab program, the exhaust emissions generated by the 1.3 MultiJet Fiat Panda diesel engine, and in particular, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides (verified on the basis of laboratory tests). The Fiat Panda passenger car was selected for the test. The fuels supplied to the tested engine were diesel and FAME (fatty acid methyl esters). The Scilab program, which simulated the diesel engine operation, was the tool for analyzing the exhaust toxicity test. The combustion of biodiesel does not necessarily mean a smaller amount of exhaust emissions, as could be concluded on the basis of information contained in the subject literature. The obtained results were compared with the currently valid EURO-6 standard, for which the limit value for CO is 0.5 g/km, and for NOx − 0.08 g/km, and it can be seen that the emission of carbon monoxide did not exceed the standards in any case examined. Unfortunately, when analyzing the total emissions of nitrogen oxides, the situation was completely the opposite and the emissions were exceeded by 20–30%.

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Ersa, Nanda Savira, Said Jalalul Akbar, Fadhliani Fadhliani, Teuku Ilhami Surya Akbar y Muhammad Faisi Ikhwali. "Analisis Beban Emisi Pencemaran Udara Akibat Aktivitas Transportasi Kendaraan Bermotor di Jalan Keude Cunda, Kota Lhokseumawe". Teras Jurnal : Jurnal Teknik Sipil 13, n.º 2 (6 de octubre de 2023): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/tj.v13i2.898.

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Abstrak Sektor transportasi salah satu penyumbang emisi udara terbesar di Indonesia. Selain berkontribusi terhadap pemanasan global, pencemaran udara juga dapat menurunkan kualitas kesehatan masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengestimasi beban pencemaran udara dari aktivitas transportasi di ruas Jalan Keude Cunda, Kota Lhokseumawe. Penelitian diawali dengan survey lapangan untuk menentukan jumlah kendaraan yang melintas pada jam puncak selama 7 hari sepanjang 400 meter. Kendaraan diklasifikasikan menjadi sepeda motor, mobil pertalite dan mobil solar. Selanjutnya, dilakukan estimasi beban emisi pencemaran dengan metode Tier-1 dan Tier-2. Melalui metode Tier-1, untuk jenis BBM pertalite dan solar diestimasi menghasilkan beban emisi CO2 sebesar 99.178 ton/tahun, CH4 28,8 ton/tahun dan N2O 9,2 ton/tahun. Sedangkan dengan metode Tier-2, beban emisi CO sebesar 13,8 ton/tahun, HC 4 ton/tahun, NOx 0,7 ton/tahun, PM10 0,2 ton/tahun dan SO2 0,04 ton/tahun. Aksi mitigasi dengan program Car Free Day diestimasi dapat menurunkan beban emisi sebesar 6% setiap tahunnya. Kata kunci: Bahan bakar, beban emisi, jumlah kendaraan, pencemaran udara Abstract The transportation sector is one of the largest contributors to air emissions in Indonesia. Besides contributing to global warming, air pollution can also reduce the public health quality. This study aims to estimate the air pollution load from transportation activities on Jalan Keude Cunda, Lhokseumawe City. First, a field survey was conducted to determine the number of vehicles passing during peak hours for 7 days with mileage 400 meters. Vehicles are classified into motorcycles, gasoline cars and diesel cars. Secondly, estimation of pollution emission loads is carried out using the Tier-1 and Tier-2 methods. Lastly, emission load reduction is predicted through a program mitigation, namely the Car Free Day. Through the Tier-1 method, gasoline and diesel fuel are estimated to produce a CO2 emission load of 99,178 tons/year, CH4 28.8 tons/year and N2O 9.2 tons/year. Whereas with the Tier-2 method, the CO emission load is 13.8 tons/year, HC 4 tons/year, NOx 0.7 tons/year, PM10 0.2 tons/year and SO2 0.04 tons/year. The Car Free Day mitigation actions will contribute to reducing the emission load by 6% annually. Keywords: fuel, emission load, vehicle number, air pollution

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Et. al., Damodara Reddy K,. "Optimum Energy Control of a Robotic Electric Vehicle at Time with Improved Control Assignment Approaches". Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, n.º 2 (11 de abril de 2021): 1292–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i2.1204.

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Vehicles have made extraordinary commitment to the development of current culture by fulfilling the requirements for more prominent portability in everyday life. The development of Internal Combustion Engine has contributed a ton to the car area. In any case, a lot of harmful discharges as carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), unburned hydrocarbons (HCs, etc have been messing contamination up, a dangerous atmospheric devation, and annihilation of the ozone layer. As the current pattern proposes, this method of transport is probably going to supplant inside burning motor (ICE) vehicles soon. Every one of the primary EV segments has various innovations that are at present being used or can get conspicuous later on. Improved control assignment approach strategies are fit for securing ideal force taking care of, obliging framework errors, and fitting ongoing applications can fundamentally improve the powertrain productivity at various working conditions. Rule-based techniques are just organized and effectively implementable continuously; however, a restricted optimality in force dealing with choices can be achieved. Enhancement based strategies are more fit for achieving this optimality at the cost of expanded computational burden. Over the most recent couple of years, these improvement based strategies have been being worked on to suit continuous application utilizing more prescient, recognitive and man-made reasoning apparatuses. This paper presents a conversation about these new patterns continuously improved control assignment approach. Consequently HEVs give better fuel economy contrasted with ICE based vehicles/regular vehicle. Energy management techniques are the calculations that choose the force split among motor constantly to improve the fuel economy and advance the presentation of HEVs.

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Kiff, John S. "The lean dealership – a vision for the future: “from hunting to farming”". Marketing Intelligence & Planning 18, n.º 3 (1 de junio de 2000): 112–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634500010327908.

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The European retail motor industry is currently facing an unprecedented number of major forces for change. For independent dealer businesses to survive, they must clearly demonstrate to consumers that they represent the best possible channel for the acquisition and maintenance of their motorisation needs. They must also demonstrate to manufacturers that they represent the best route to market for them. Proposes a way that dealers can not only survive but, in co‐operation with their manufacturers, prosper in the market of the future. Such an approach would comprise the removal of wasteful activity, the reduction of costs and prices, delivering greater customer value and improving customer retention. In short, true lean distribution. The concept centres on a “customer account manager”, who pro‐actively manages the consumer’s needs for after‐sales of all types, thereby managing demand and removing waste from the system. As a consequence of this demand management, he or she is able to monitor the consumer’s needs (and even his family’s needs) for a new or used replacement car, again removing waste. The approach enables the dealer to exchange ineffective, costly, direct marketing and advertising for value‐adding contacts from which the consumer and manufacturer directly benefit, thereby creating a virtuous circle.

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34

Vollmer, M. K., S. Walter, S. W. Bond, P. Soltic y T. Röckmann. "Molecular hydrogen (H2) emissions and their isotopic signatures (H/D) from a motor vehicle: implications on atmospheric H2". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, n.º 2 (5 de febrero de 2010): 3021–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-3021-2010.

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Abstract. Molecular hydrogen (H2), its isotopic signature (deuterium/hydrogen, δD), carbon monoxide (CO) and other compounds were studied in the exhaust of a passenger car engine fuelled with gasoline or methane and run under variable air-fuel ratios and operating modes. H2 and CO concentrations were largely reduced downstream of the three-way catalytic converter (TWC) compared to levels upstream, and showed a strong dependence on the air-fuel ratio (expressed as lambda, λ). The isotopic composition of H2 ranged from δD=–140‰ to δD=–195‰ upstream of the TWC but these values decreased to –270‰ to –370‰ after passing through the TWC. Post-TWC δD values for the fuel-rich range showed a strong dependence on TWC temperature with more negative δD for lower temperatures. These effects are attributed to a rapid temperature-dependent H-D isotope equilibration between H2 and water (H2O). In addition, post TWC δD in H2 showed a strong dependence on the fraction of removed H2, suggesting isotopic enrichment during catalytic removal of H2 with enrichment factors (ε) ranging from –39.8‰ to –15.5‰ depending on the operating mode. Our results imply that there may be considerable variability in real-world δD emissions from vehicle exhaust, which may mainly depend on TWC technology and exhaust temperature regime. This variability is suggestive of a δD from traffic that varies over time, by season, and by geographical location. An earlier-derived integrated pure (end-member) δD from anthropogenic activities of –270‰ (Rahn et al., 2002) can be explained as a mixture of mainly vehicle emissions from cold starts and fully functional TWCs, but enhanced δD values by >50‰ are likely for regions where TWC technology is not fully implemented. Our results also suggest that a full hydrogen isotope analysis on fuel and exhaust gas may greatly aid at understanding process-level reactions in the exhaust gas, in particular in the TWC.

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35

Vollmer, M. K., S. Walter, S. W. Bond, P. Soltic y T. Röckmann. "Molecular hydrogen (H2) emissions and their isotopic signatures (H/D) from a motor vehicle: implications on atmospheric H2". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, n.º 12 (29 de junio de 2010): 5707–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5707-2010.

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Abstract. Molecular hydrogen (H2), its isotopic signature (deuterium/hydrogen, δD), carbon monoxide (CO), and other compounds were studied in the exhaust of a passenger car engine fuelled with gasoline or methane and run under variable air-fuel ratios and operating modes. H2 and CO concentrations were largely reduced downstream of the three-way catalytic converter (TWC) compared to levels upstream, and showed a strong dependence on the air-fuel ratio (expressed as lambda, λ). The isotopic composition of H2 ranged from δD = −140‰ to δD = −195‰ upstream of the TWC but these values decreased to −270‰ to −370‰ after passing through the TWC. Post-TWC δD values for the fuel-rich range showed a strong dependence on TWC temperature with more negative δD for lower temperatures. These effects are attributed to a rapid temperature-dependent H-D isotope equilibration between H2 and water (H2O). In addition, post TWC δD in H2 showed a strong dependence on the fraction of removed H2, suggesting isotopic enrichment during catalytic removal of H2 with enrichment factors (ε) ranging from −39.8‰ to −15.5‰ depending on the operating mode. Our results imply that there may be considerable variability in real-world δD emissions from vehicle exhaust, which may mainly depend on TWC technology and exhaust temperature regime. This variability is suggestive of a δD from traffic that varies over time, by season, and by geographical location. An earlier-derived integrated pure (end-member) δD from anthropogenic activities of −270‰ (Rahn et al., 2002) can be explained as a mixture of mainly vehicle emissions from cold starts and fully functional TWCs, but enhanced δD values by >50‰ are likely for regions where TWC technology is not fully implemented. Our results also suggest that a full hydrogen isotope analysis on fuel and exhaust gas may greatly aid at understanding process-level reactions in the exhaust gas, in particular in the TWC.

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36

Solomin, V. A., A. V. Shabanov, A. A. Shabanov, V. M. Kiliushnik y A. V. Mladenskiy. "Increasing the efficiency of the catalytic converter". Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 11, n.º 1 (15 de marzo de 2017): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-66928.

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The article deals with the efficiency of the catalytic converter of automobiles in operation with the aim of solving the problem of reducing the pollution of the atmospheric air by the exhaust gases of automobiles. The problem of reducing emissions of harmful substances of vehicles is considered to be one of the main. The article presents calculations of the efficiency of the neutralizer at various operating conditions of the internal combustion engine, and factors influencing the process of oxidation-reduction reactions are determined. It is shown that a small amount of oxygen (О2) to the neutralizer limits the oxidation processes and does not give a good reduction efficiency for CO and CH. At an О2 concentration of 1.7 to 0.75% up to the neutralizer, the efficiency of the oxidation reactions in the neutralizer is maximal. The main requirements for the process of catalyzing harmful emissions and the disadvantages of modern neutralizers are considered. The main contribution to emissions of CO and CH is made by the modes of starting and warming up of engine. This is especially felt in the cycle of "cold tests" of the automobile under the UN Rules No. 83-06. Emissions of hydrocarbons increase proportionally with a decrease in engine temperature. In this regard, new types of neutralizers are provided to ensure the achievement of catalytic reactor activity at a lower temperature than those currently used on automobiles, as well as on-board vehicle diagnostic systems that support the environmental characteristics of vehicles in operation. The reasons for the "aging" of the neutralizer during its operation, the methods for diagnosing the neutralizer for the purpose of assessing its technical condition and on-board monitoring systems are analyzed. The urgency of the task of improving the design of the automobile in terms of limiting toxicity and the system of technical control in operation was noted. Improvement of the environmental control of vehicles is primarily related to the operability of on-board diagnostic systems of the car in operation and the catalytic neutralization system. The normative base of the Russian Federation and the EU in the field of environmental control of motor vehicles in operation is given.

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37

Bose, Ranjan Kumar y V. Srinivas Chary. "Road Transport in Indian Cities: Energy – Environment Implications". Energy Exploration & Exploitation 11, n.º 2 (abril de 1993): 154–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879301100205.

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The paper examines the general overview of problems associated with traffic growth and composition of traffic flow characteristics, the levels of mobility and constraints on mobility like traffic congestion and speed reduction on important arteries, variation in trip rate and trip length, modal distribution of passenger trips, in seventeen metropolitan cities in India. As the cities of different sizes have varied problems due to many factors, such as basic road system, transport modes operating, the nature and composition of the traffic, the seventeen cities are grouped into three categories on the basis of population size of the city – large (over 5 million), medium (2–4 million) and small (1–2 million) to examine the linkage between the size of the city and traffic and travel related parameters. Linear econometric relationships are established between travel demand parameters (volume of trips, trip length, vehicle population, passenger car units) and urban size and economic structure of the city. The paper considers only passenger modes of transport and does not include freight modes. Passenger travel demand is estimated for each city during 1990–91 (base year) and projected for 2000–01 under business-as-usual (BAU) scenario, by analyzing data on vehicle population, average distance travelled, and occupancy level. Next, data on travel demand and operating energy intensity are compiled for each city for estimating demand of petrol (motor spirit) and diesel oil for the two years – 1990–91 and 2000–01. Finally, the resultant emissions of TSP, SO2 CO, NOx, HC, Pb are estimated for the corresponding years using data on emission factors and fuel demand for the corresponding years. The paper suggests the desirable cost-effective solution (of how to move people with less vehicles using less energy and spewing out less pollution) could be achieved by increasing the share of public transport in large, medium and small size cities.

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38

Simonyan, Arman, Karapet Mosikyan, Razmik Balayan y Viktorya Shaghoyan. "Altitude controller influence on environmental and economic performance of NGV fuel-powered engines". E3S Web of Conferences 549 (2024): 07010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202454907010.

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The relevance of research is conditioned by the need to ensure efficient operation of the internal combustion engine ICE on NGV fuel at different altitudes above sea level, where there is atmospheric air rarefaction up to 20÷25%. This direction is dictated by the fact that when transferring the ICE operation from gasoline to gas-engine fuel, the engine power decreases from 5 to 15%, moreover, the atmospheric air rarefaction leads to an even greater reduction in engine power and ultimately reduces the performance of the vehicle. Due to violation of the process of combustion of gas-air charge in the cylinder is formed a large amount of carbon monoxide (CO). Research objective is to develop and propose a method of providing such a stoichiometric, fractional composition of the gas-air charge, which will ensure the restoration of the lost power of ICE and provide the optimal value of traction-dynamic characteristics of the car, without increasing toxic emissions. Research object: Variable crosssectional area of the intake manifold path (ICE), adjustable lumen for atmospheric air intake, atmospheric air pressure sensors adjustable diaphragm with stepper motor. Research methods: analytical modeling of the relationship of the aperture diameter depending on the altitude of the terrain above sea level, on the number of revolutions of the ICE, on the density and temperature of the ambient air. The process of combustion of the gas-air charge in the combustion chamber will be evaluated by the fractional composition of the exhaust, exhaust gases. Research results: Qualitative and quantitative assessment of the application of altitude corrector on the ICE operation mode, stability of the value of excess air ratio at different altitudes above sea level, formation of toxic gas, carbon monoxide, as well as carbon dioxide, hydrocarbon, oxygen, etc. is given.

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Sakemura, R. Leo, Claudia Manriquez Roman, Long K. Mai, Brooke L. Kimball, Truc Huynh, Jennifer M. Feigin, James H. Girsch et al. "Affinity of Anti-CD19 Antibodies Determines Subsequent CART19 Activation, Apoptosis and CRS in Preclinical Models". Blood 142, Supplement 1 (28 de noviembre de 2023): 6796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2023-179408.

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Our group has reported that transient CD19 antigen masking of leukemic cells with the CD19 monoclonal antibody (mAb), tafasitamab, resulted in reduction of CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CART19) apoptosis, enhanced CAR T proliferation, improved anti-tumor activity, diminished tumor pyroptosis, and reduced severity of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in preclinical models. In this report, we aimed to study the mAb characteristics responsible for these observations. Specifically, we hypothesized that binding affinity of CD19 mAbs might affect the subsequent activation and apoptosis of CART19 as well as tumor cell pyroptosis in preclinical models. To test our hypothesis, we first determined the affinities of the CD19-targeting antibodies tafasitamab, HD37 and FMC63 to recombinant human CD19 protein. Tafasitamab demonstrated the strongest binding affinity among the three tested antibodies [tafasitamab ( K D: 1.0±0.2 nM), HD37 ( K D: 4.1±0.3 nM), FMC63 ( K D: 3.4±1.2 nM)]. Next, we studied CART19 apoptosis in the presence of these CD19 mAbs with different binding affinities. Here, we co-cultured CART19, CD19 + mantle cell lymphoma JeKo, and 400 μg/mL of CD19 mAb for 1 hour and measured CD3 + 7-AAD - Annexin V + T cells with flow cytometry. The number of apoptotic CART19 cells was significantly reduced by tafasitamab co-treatment compared to HD37, FMC63, or control IgG [control IgG (mean = 19.1, standard deviation (SD) = 0.8), tafasitamab (mean = 13.1, SD = 2.9), HD37 (mean = 17.8, SD = 0.8), FMC63 (mean = 18.4, SD = 1.0)]. We also performed an in vitro high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) assay to assess if different affinities of the CD19 mAbs affect tumor cell pyroptosis triggered by CART19. Here, we co-cultured CART19, CD19 + JeKo, and 400 μg/mL of CD19 mAb for 24 hours and assessed HMGB1 on JeKo. In analogy to the apoptosis data, tafasitamab was the only mAb that prevented tumor cell pyroptosis, indicated by reduced HMGB1 expression (Fig 1A). Given these results, we aimed to study the impact of CD19 occupancy with different CD19 mAbs prior to CART19 infusion on tumor pyroptosis in vivo. We utilized a mouse model that mimics CAR T toxicities. Immunocompromised NSG mice were inoculated via tail vein with 5x10 6 leukemic cells derived from patients with relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Two weeks later (day -7), tumor burden was assessed by peripheral blood sampling. Leukemic cells were defined as murine CD45 -, human CD45 + CD19 + CD20 + via flow cytometry, and volumetric absolute number was calculated. Mice were then randomized according to tumor burden to receive IgG control [Group 1 (G1)], tafasitamab (G2), HD37 (G3), or FMC63 (G4) (5 mg/kg, ip) at day -7. CRS was determined by weight loss, development of motor weakness, poor body posture, and elevated serum cytokine levels. At day 0, all mice received 3x10 6 luciferase + CART19 via tail vein. Mice were monitored with daily bioluminescent imaging (BLI) to track and quantify CART19 expansion and physical assessment to detect toxicity. BLI on day 4 revealed that CART19 expansion in the tafasitamab-treated group (G2, mean = 1x10 7, SD = 2.3x10 7) was significantly lower than in the control group (mean = 3.5x10 7, SD = 9.3x10 7), the HD37-treated group (G3, mean = 4x10 7, SD = 6.6x10 7), and the FMC63-treated group (G4, mean = 2x10 7, SD = 3.59x10 7), [G1 vs G2: 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.5x10 7 to 1.1x10 8, p <0.0001, G1 vs G3: 95% CI -7.5x10 7 to -1.1x10 8, p=0.005, G1 vs G4: 95% CI -4.5x10 7 to 1.9x10 7, p=0.71] indicating that tafasitamab pretreatment significantly reduced early activation of CART19 compared to IgG control and HD37 in this model. Mice were bled on day 4 to analyze plasma cytokine. Tafasitamab-treated mice (G2) secreted significantly less IFNγ (Fig 1B), IL10 (Mean G1: 78, G2: 2.52, G3: 12.2, G4: 13.9 pg/mL), MDC (Mean G1: 4072, G2: 445, G3: 921, G4: 1364 pg/mL), and MIP1β (Mean G1: 283, G2: 59.1, G3: 148, G4: 123 pg/mL) compared to G1, G3, and G4. Satellite mice were euthanized on day 1 and spleens were harvested. Western blot analysis of splenocytes revealed that G1, 3, and 4 showed significantly lower expression of apoptosis-inducing protein gasdermin E on leukemic cells compared to G2, indicating reduced tumor pyroptosis in G2. In summary, application of the high affinity mAb tafasitamab prior to CART19 resulted in reduced CAR T apoptosis, diminished tumor cell pyroptosis, and reduction of CRS compared to lower affinity CD19 mAbs in preclinical models.

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40

Andreiev, V. "Solidago canadensis L. — potential bioremeditor of contaminated soil". Karantin i zahist roslin, n.º 2-3 (19 de marzo de 2020): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/2312-0614.2020.2-3.24-28.

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Goal. To determine the patterns of contamination adjacent to the motor road Kyiv — Odesa territories of the soil and the specificity of uptake by wild plants (zolotarnica canadian Solidagoсanadensis L.) pollutants. Methods. Field and laboratory studies. Results. The products of combustion of car engines moving along the freeway, there are a variety of chemical compounds, including metals — lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), and others. In soil samples taken at a distance of 5 m from the motorway, the presence of lead compounds was 11.401 mg/ kg, chromium — 19.361 mg/kg. At a distance of 1280 m from the roadway of the motorway in the soil was lead compounds 6,845 mg/kg, chromium — 5.376, cobalt — 0.271 mg/kg In the aboveground parts of plants of the canadian goldenrod (leaves, stems) high concentrations of the compounds were recorded in the samples that were selected at a distance of 5 m from the road: lead — 5.136 mg/kg, chromium — 6.366, cobalt — 3.158 mg/kg. At a distance of 5 m from the motorway in the underground parts of plants that are perennial organs, the concentration of lead compounds reached 2.763 mg/kg, chromium — 3.642, cobalt — 2.034 mg/kg. the distance from the motorway 1280 m recorded in the leaves of Canada goldenrod concentration of lead compounds in an average of 2.675 mg/kg, compared with the figures from the motorway (distance 5 m) 1.92 times, chromium — 1.614 (3.94 times less compared to the maximum accumulation in the experiments), compounds of cobalt — 0.165 mg/kg (in 19.1 times less). Conclusions. Accumulation of heavy metals in aerial parts of plants (leaves and stems) Canada goldenrod that grows near the road above (lead 1.86 times, 1.75 chromium, cobalt 1.55 times) compared with perennial underground parts of plants. The research results prove the feasibility of practical use of the canadian goldenrod as bioremediator contaminated soils of areas adjacent to roads with heavy traffic, and its sound practical economic use.

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K, Rahman, M., Dutta, N. K y Dash, K. P. "Outcome of Comminuted Femoral Shaft Fractures by Locking Plate-A Hospital Based Study". Saudi Journal of Biomedical Research 7, n.º 12 (15 de diciembre de 2022): 360–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjbr.2022.v07i12.006.

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Introduction: Maximum number of fractures often result from high-energy wounds like car accidents in young and mainly often from falls in elderly populations. Locking plates are fracture fixation expedients with threaded screw holes, in which screws allow to strand to the plate and work as a fixed-angle convenience. The study aims to investigate the outcome of locking compression plates in comminuted femoral diaphyseal fractures. Methods: An experimental clinical trial was carried out in the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2010 to June 2012. A total number of 9 patients (N=9) following purposive sampling were enrolled in this study. Data were collected using the predesigned semi-structured questionnaire. Verbal consent was taken before recruiting the study population. Completed data forms were reviewed, edited, and processed for computer data entry. The data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 16.0.0. Result: Among the study population (N=9), most of the patients (3,33.3%) were between 20-29 years old, and two patients (2, 22.2) were 60 to69 years old with a mean age of 42.7 years old. Around two-thirds of the study population (6,66.7%) were male. The majority of the study population (6,66.7%) caused the injury due to a motor vehicle accident, one patient (1,11.1%) got injured due to falling from a height, four patients (4,44.4%) right side was involved & left side was involved in rest of the patients (5,55.6%), upper tibial skeletal traction treatment was done in six patients (6,66.7%) previously & kabiraji treatment was done in three patients (3,33.3%) respectively. Based on the outcome after six months, the result was excellent, good in four patients (4,44.4%) and fair in one patient (1,11.1%). Conclusion: Femoral shaft fractures are a common orthopaedic injury causing severe trauma in the ageing population. Femoral shaft fractures are often related to other co-morbidities necessitating life support valuation. Among the numerous treatment measures, locking plate and intramedullary nailing are suitable with outstanding ........

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42

Utkarsh Gadkari. "Retrofitting of an Existing Garbage Tipper Truck with an Electric Powertrain and its Renewable Charging Station Concept Based on On-Grid Solar Charging". ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology 3, n.º 4 (15 de diciembre de 2023): 763–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.3.4.1.

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To tackle the pollution problem the best way is to switch to electric vehicles but when we look at the statistical figures of India’s electric vehicle market we can observe the truth that the electric 2 and 3-wheeler market is good in India but the electric 4-wheeler market is not very good. Policymakers' worries about the growing importance of the Climate Change issue have contributed to India's rising levels of air pollution. There are a lot of gasoline and diesel automobiles on the road that is to blame for the severe pollution. 25 of the 100 most polluted cities in the world, or 14 of the list, are in India, according to a search for the 100 most polluted cities worldwide. Petrol and diesel vehicles continue to run in large numbers in India, causing extremely high pollution. The most harmful pollutants emitted into the environment are PM 2.5, SO2, CO, NOx, and PM 10, and they are also the primary pollutants. Since there are so many vehicles on the highways in Indian cities, we know that the cities are crowded. In such a situation, numerous electric vehicle manufacturers are traveling the nation to display their electric automobiles. Additionally, in India, if an electric vehicle's motor output is less than 250W, neither registration nor a driver's license is necessary to operate one of these vehicles. The category for EVs over 500W is the same as that for gasoline and diesel vehicles. The government will electrify all two-wheelers by the years 2024–2025, and all four-wheelers will be electrified by the years 2030–2040. The difficulty now is that many OEMs, auto-ancillaries, and automobile manufacturers intend to enter the market for electric cars in response to these encouraging moves. And when we discuss any vehicle, the mileage or the distance traveled is a key issue. Additionally, electric vehicles, such as 4-wheelers, will compete with conventional cars powered by internal combustion engines, which today give excellent mileage. However, reducing pollution is a crucial issue, and I think electric automobiles can do it more effectively. The transformation of an existing diesel tipper truck into an electric and on-grid-based solar renewable charger is described in this research. This paper discusses the creation and evaluation of various car parts and accessories. This outlines how to go from a mechanical drivetrain to an electric drivetrain. And the charger works on the on-grid solar-based renewable charger.

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43

Bull, James R. y Giuseppe Della Gatta. "Preface". Pure and Applied Chemistry 80, n.º 8 (1 de enero de 2008): iv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac20088008iv.

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The 41st IUPAC World Chemistry Congress took place in Turin, Italy on 5-11 August 2007, under the patronage of the President of the Italian Republic. Local organization was carried out through active collaboration between the National Research Council (CNR), the Italian Chemical Society (SCI), the National Institute of Metrological Research (INRIM), the University of Turin (UNITO), the Turin Polytechnic (POLITO), and the University of Eastern Piedmont (UNIPMN).The Lingotto Conference Center in Turin served as the Congress venue. This recently modernized complex formerly housed what was once the largest motor car factory in the world, and is a fitting tribute to an industry that has played a major role in shaping the present-day city as an important industrial and cultural center. The Congress was well attended by more than 2000 delegates from all parts of the world, and they were rewarded with multidisciplinary insights and perspectives that catered for all aspects of the subject. At the same time, it was possible to enjoy the abundant hospitality of the local hosts and, when opportunity permitted, to explore some of the distinctive cultural, historical, and scenic features of Turin and its surroundings.The Congress theme of ‚ÄúChemistry Protecting Health, Natural Environment and Cultural Heritage‚Äù served to highlight topical and challenging issues, and presented a program that celebrated the societal relevance of the chemical sciences in modern times. The tone for the scientific proceedings was set by an outstanding program of plenary presentations that included three Nobel laureates, Profs. R. Hoffmann (Cornell University, USA), R. Hüber (Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Münich, Germany), and K. Wüthrich (ETH, Zürich, Switzerland), along with Profs. V. Balzani (University of Bologna, Italy), A. Fujishima (Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, Japan), and Dr. J. Wouters (Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage, Belgium). Major program sessions were devoted to the title themes, exemplifying the positive role that chemistry plays in health, the natural environment, and cultural heritage. Six additional sessions were devoted to subdisciplinary themes and to chemical education. About 45 keynote lectures were delivered during parallel sessions, together with numerous contributed papers and posters. As always, poster sessions proved immensely popular amongst delegates and provided much opportunity for informal interaction, particularly with the large number of younger scientists who featured prominently in this part of the program.Publication of selected works based upon IUPAC Congress proceedings can be traced back to the origins of Pure and Applied Chemistry. It is therefore a pleasure to offer readers a representative glimpse of a diverse scientific program, and to continue a fine publication tradition that promises to enrich the archive. Congress papers are augmented in this issue by co-publication with those arising from the parallel event CHEM-BIO-TECH2007, a joint meeting of the IUPAC 1st Symposium on Chemical Biotechnology (ISCB-1) and the 8th Symposium on Bioorganic Chemistry (ISBOC-8). The organizers are grateful to all who contributed to a successful scientific program, and particularly thank those enthusiastic presenters who consented to contribute to this permanent record of a memorable Congress.James R. BullIUPAC Scientific EditorGiuseppe Della GattaConference Editor

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AIB, Ekejiuba. "Universal “Plug and Play” Real-Time Entire Automotive Exhaust Effluents, Industry Vents and Flue Gas Emissions Liquefiers: The Game Changer Approach-Phase Two Category". Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal 7, n.º 2 (4 de abril de 2023): 1–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000349.

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The first in the series of Azuberths Game Changer publications “Synergy of the Conventional Crude Oil and the FT-GTL Processes for Sustainable Synfuels Production: The Game Changer Approach-Phase One Category” a.k.a. (DOI: 10.23880/ppej16000330) is targeted at reducing 80 per cent CO2 emissions from the internal combustion engines by upgrading from the conventional crude oil refinery products to the synthetic fuels products (ultra-low-carbon fuels). This paper will focus on the complete elimination of the remaining 20 per cent CO2 emissions (i.e. to achieve zero- CO2 emissions) in transportation and power generating internal combustion engines as well as in the other centralized emissions/emitters such as petroleum industry flare lines, industrial process and big technology industries scrubber flue gas, et cetera. This invention stems from similar biblical quote {Isaiah 6:8-New International Version (NIV)} which states, and then I heard the voice of the Lord saying, “Whom shall I send? And who will go for us?” And I (Isaiah) said, “Here am I. Send me!” Laterally, in this case I (Azunna) said, “Here am I. Please use me”. Hence the aftermath, IJN-Universal Emissions Liquefiers is a plug and play units for all categories of pollutants discharge into the atmosphere. The work is motivated by the scientific facts that (i) The release of CO2 from automotive exhaust effluents, industry vents and flue gas emissions into the atmosphere contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) accumulation causing global warming hence climate changes issues such as flooding of coastlines/sea-rising, melting of the glaciers, disrupted weather patterns, bushburning/wildfire, depletion of Ozone layer, smog and air pollution, acidification of water bodies, runaway greenhouse effect, etc. (ii) Every gas stream (e.g., flue gas) can be made liquid by e.g. a series of compression, cooling and expansion steps and once in liquid form, the components of the gas can be separated in a distillation column. (iii) Captured liquefied gases can be put to various uses, especially carbon dioxide (CO2 ), which can be used for the production of renewable energy via Synfuels such as the e-fuel/solar fuel. The natural atmosphere is composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon, and only about 0.1% natural greenhouse gases, which include carbon dioxide, organic chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and many others. Although a small amount, these greenhouse gases make a big difference - they are the gases that allow the greenhouse effect to exist by trapping in some heat that would otherwise escape to space. Carbon dioxide, although not the most potent of the greenhouse gases, is the most important because of the huge volumes emitted into the air by combustion of fossil fuels (e.g., gasoline, diesel, fuel oil, coal, natural gas). In general, the major contributors to the greenhouse effect are: Burning of fossil fuels in automobiles, deforestation, farming processing and manufacturing factories, industrial waste and landfills, increasing animal and human respiration, etc. The increased number of factories, automobiles, and population increases the amount of these gases in the atmosphere. The greenhouse gases never let the radiations to escape from the earth atmosphere and increase the surface temperature of the earth. This then leads to global warming. The petroleum industry well sites vent/flare gases (methane, ethane, propane, butanes, H2 O (g), O2 , N2 , etc.). Internal combustion engines (automobiles-cars, vehicles, ships, trains, planes, etc.) release exhaust effluents (containing H2 O (g), CO2 , O2 , and N2 ); steam generators in large power plants and the process furnaces in large refineries, petrochemical and chemical plants, and incinerators burn considerable amounts of fossil fuels and therefore emit large amounts of flue gas to the ambient atmosphere. In general, Flue gas is the gas exiting to the atmosphere via a “flue”, which is a pipe or channel for conveying exhaust gases from a fireplace, oven, furnace, boiler or steam generator. The emitted flue gas contains carbon dioxide CO2 , carbon monoxide CO, sulphur oxide SO2 , nitrous oxide NO and particulates. Furthermore, GTL plants produce CO2 , H2 O and waste heat, while both pyrolysis and gasification plant generate gaseous products consisting of (a mixture of non-condensable gases such as H2 , CO2 , and CO and light hydrocarbons “e.g. CH4 ” at room temperature, as well as H2 O (g), O2 and complex hydrocarbons e.g. C2 H2 , C2 H4 , etc.). In general, all combustion is as a result of air-fuel mixture burning (i.e. air or oxygen mixing directly with biomass/ coal or with liquid/gaseous hydrocarbon inside internal combustion engines), releases carbon dioxide and steam (H2 O) back into the atmosphere as well as producing energy for work. Specifically, during combustion, carbon combines with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide (CO2 ). The principal emission from transportation and power generating internal combustion engines is carbon dioxide (CO2 ). The level of CO2 emission is linked to the amount of fuel consumed and the type of fuel used as well as the individual engine’s operating characteristics. For instance, diesel-powered engines have higher emission than petrol/gasoline-powered engines. Although emphasis is places more on CO2 , this investigation is ultimately concerned with the real-time liquefaction of all the components of gaseous release/emissions -related to air pollution/health problem. It is believed that the mortality rate from air pollution is eight times larger than the mortality caused by car accidents each year. Pollutants with the strongest evidence for public health concern include particulate matter (PM), ozone (O3 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ) and sulphur dioxide (SO2 ). All the exhaust effluents gases/flue gas and vent/flare gases are captured by liquefying them and then put to various uses, to achieve “Net zero” emissions. Fundamentally, the objective of the present invention is to develop a compact device (Universal Emissions Liquefiers) that can be retro-fitted onto the exhaust tailpipe-end of the internal combustion engines (diesel-powered, gasoline-powered, and hybrid automobiles-cars, vehicles, SUV’s, trucks, motor cycles, tri-cycles, portable electric generators, sea and cargo ships/ boats, trains, planes, rockets, etc.) and outlet of industrial machines that release flue gases through exhaust/scrubber channels, as well as crude oil, refined products storage tanks that vent greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, coal processing units/ plants and turn them into liquid { CO2 (l), N2 (l), O2 (l), etc.} or powdered components or chemically transform them in realtime with selective catalysts to any other specific compound, e.g. treating CO2 with hydrogen gas (H2) can produce methanol (CH3 OH), methane (CH4 ), or formic acid (HCOOH), while reaction of CO2 with alkali (e.g. NaOH) can give carbonates (NaHCO3 ) and bicarbonates (Na2 CO3 ). Nitrogen (N2 ) to ammonia (NH3 ) or Hydrazine (N2 H4 ), and molecular oxygen (O2 ) to hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), et cetera. Alternatively, in new automobiles designs, the universal emissions liquefiers’ device can be directly net-worked on the floor alongside the catalytic converters and may eliminate the need for muffler/silencer/resonator. This is achieved by the application of any of the five main gas capture/separation technologies: Liquid absorption, Solid adsorption, Membrane separation (with and without solvent- organic or inorganic), Cryogenic refrigeration/distillation, and Electrochemical pH-swing separation or their combination to selectively trap and liquefy the individual pollutants. According to the fact from CarBuster, almost 0.009 metric tons of carbon dioxide is produced from every gallon of gasoline burned, which means that the average car user makes about 11.7 tons of carbon dioxide each year from their cars alone

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Dean, Andrea Renata, Hagop M. Kantarjian, Susan O'Brien, Mary Beth Rios, Alfonso Quintas-Cardama, Elias Jabbour, Jianqin Shan y Jorge Cortes. "Causes of Death for Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) in Chronic Phase (CP) Treated with Imatinib." Blood 114, n.º 22 (20 de noviembre de 2009): 4279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.4279.4279.

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Abstract Abstract 4279 Background Imatinib is the current standard initial therapy for patients with CML in CP. Over 80% of patients achieve a complete cytogenetic remission (CCyR), and the projected overall survival at 7 years is 89%. This survival probability is significantly better than the historical pre-imatinib era (approximately 50% at 5 years). Understanding the causes of death among patients treated with imatinib is needed to further improve the long-term results. Aim To determine cause of death in patients treated with imatinib as initial therapy for CP Philadelphia-chromosome positive CML. Methods We reviewed the records of all patients with CML in CP treated with imatinib (standard or high-dose) as initial therapy since 2000. Results A total of 281 patients were treated. The overall rate of major cytogenetic response (MCyR) was 94% and CCyR 89%. At 6 years the projected event-free survival was 83% and overall survival 91%. After a median follow-up of 5.6 years, 29 (10%) patients have died. The median age at diagnosis was 56 years (range, 20 to 84 years) and at the time of death 60 years (23 to 91 years). The median time from start of therapy to death was 3.9 years (6 months to 8 years). Initial imatinib dose was 400mg for 13 patients (out of 281, 26% treated at that dose) and 800mg for 16 patients (out of 281, 74% treated at 800mg). All patients had achieved a complete hematological response. Among those that eventually died, 24 (82%) pts achieved a MCyR with imatinib: 19 (65%) achieved CCyR and 5 (17%) partial cytogenetic response (PCyR). Two patients achieved a minor cytogenetic response and 2 had no cytogenetic response; one patient was lost to follow up soon after starting treatment. Causes of death included the following: CML (8), transplant-related complications (4), cardiac complications (3), cerebral vascular accident (2), motor vehicle accident (2), acute myeloid leukemia (1), suicide (1), sudden cardiac death (1), metastatic melanoma (1), metastatic renal cell carcinoma (1), and bowel obstruction (1). Four patients were lost to follow up and cause of death could not be determined. All eight patients that died from CML had lost their hematological response to imatinib; 7 transformed to blast phase. Three of these patients received treatment with second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors and one achieved a transient MCyR. The four patients that died from transplant-related complications ranged in age from 20 to 48 years at diagnosis. Patients underwent transplant (2 in CP, 2 in 2nd CP) after failing treatment with imatinib and other therapies. Three patients where in CCyR at time of death and 1 had unknown cytogenetic response. Among the other 17 pts, 9 (53%) were in CCyR at the time of death. The 3 patients that died from cardiac complications had past medical histories of heart disease and all were in CP at time of death: 2 with CCyR and 1 with PCyR. These patients died from congestive heart failure, myocardial ischemia, or arrthymia, respectively. The 2 patients that died from cerebral vascular accidents had prior histories of stroke. Both patients were in CP: 1 in CCyR and 1 with PCyR. The 2 patients who died of car accidents were in CP at the time of death: 1 in CCyR and 1 with PCyR. The patients that died of acute myeloid leukemia, suicide, sudden cardiac death, metastatic renal cell carcinoma and bowel obstruction were all in CCyR prior to death. The patient who died from metastatic melanoma had unknown cytogenetics prior to death. Among the patients that died for reasons other than CML or transplant-related complications, all except three were treated with imatinib only. Two of the 4 patients lost to follow up underwent bone marrow transplants at other facilities and status at time of death is unknown. The other 2 patients lost to follow up discontinued imatinib due to side effects long before their death. Discussion The survival probability of CML CP patients treated with imatinib is excellent. Less than half of the deaths are related to CML or stem cell transplant. These deaths might be preventable if 2nd generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors are more effective as initial therapy. Other deaths result from co-morbidities, with no deaths attributed to the treatment with imatinib. Close monitoring of patients with predisposing factors for these events could improve their long-term outcome. Disclosures: Rios: BMS: Consultancy, Honoraria; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau. Jabbour:Bristol-Myers Squibb: Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Speakers Bureau. Cortes:Novartis: Research Funding.

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Volloch, Vladimir y Sophia Rits-Volloch. "Alzheimer’s Disease is Driven by Beta-Amyloid Generated in the Amyloid Precursor Protein-Independent Pathway and Retained Intraneuronally: Research and Therapeutic Strategies in a New AD Paradigm". Annals of Integrative Molecular Medicine 2, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2019): 176–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.33597/aimm.-v2-id1010.

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Abstract The present article describes a New Paradigm of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In the Old Paradigm, formalized in the Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis (ACH) theory of AD, beta amyloid (Aβ) is produced, both in health and disease, solely in the amyloid precursor protein (βAPP) proteolytic/secretory pathway. Two βAPP cleavages are involved. First cleavage, by beta-secretase (Beta-site APP Cleaving Enzyme, BACE) between Met671 and Asp672 (numbering according to the βAPP770 isoform), generates the C-terminal fragment of βAPP (C99, reflecting the number of its amino acid residues) and forms the N-terminus of Aβ. Subsequent second cleavage of C99 by gamma-secretase (gamma-site βAPP cleaving enzyme) forms the C-terminus of Aβ, completes its production, and coincides with its secretion. The overproduction of Aβ results in its extracellular accumulation commencing early in life. This triggers a cascade of molecular and cellular events, including formation of neurofibrillary tangles, which results in neurodegeneration. When the extent of neurodegeneration reaches critical levels, symptoms of the disease are manifested. In this Paradigm, Alzheimer’s disorder is a quintessential “slow” disease. The ACH clearly defined therapeutic targets, which included key events of βAPP proteolysis as well as secreted extracellular Aβ. Eventually, a number of candidate AD drugs, highly effective in animal model systems, was developed. Of those, especially successful were inhibitors of beta-sectretase that not only prevented the emergence of AD symptoms, but also reversed them when administered after symptomatic manifestation of the disease in animal models. At this point, there was every reason to hope that a solution to the Alzheimer’s problem is at hand; this, however proved not to be the case. Both the Old and the New Paradigms share the common point of departure, namely that the overproduction of beta-amyloid is the causative basis of AD. The rest of the notions of the New Paradigm are distinctly different from those of the Old one. Formulation of the New Paradigm theory of Alzheimer’s disease was necessitated by the analysis of results of massive human clinical trials of candidate AD drugs that performed outstandingly in animal studies. They all failed in human trials as spectacularly as they succeeded in animal studies. Or did they? Whereas they indeed showed no efficacy whatsoever, they performed perfectly within confines of their design and purpose. For example, a BACE inhibitor verubecestat penetrated the brain of AD patients, greatly inhibited βAPP cleavage, and strongly suppressed extracellular levels of Aβ. It did all this with the same efficiency it exhibited in animal studies, where it indisputably succeeded in mitigating symptoms of the disease. Why did it fail to do so in human clinical trials? This failure, apparently inexplicable within the confines of the ACH, seems as good an occasion as any to apply the central dictum of Sherlock Holmes: “... when you eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth”. In the case under discussion, after the elimination of the “impossible”, including elements of the ACH, and provided that Alzheimer’s disease is indeed caused by the overproduction of Aβ, a notion strongly supported by experimental data, the “however improbable”, which is consistent with the outcomes of human clinical trials of AD candidate drugs, is the following. 1. In addition to the βAPP proteolytic/secretory process, in Alzheimer’s disease in humans, Aβ is also produced in the βAPP-independent pathway. This pathway is active only in AD patients. It does not operate in animals and healthy humans. 2. The output of the βAPP-independent Aβ generation pathway is retained intraneuronally, and it is this pool of intraneuronal beta-amyloid that causes and sustains Alzheimer’s disease. These notions constitute the core of the New Paradigm theory of AD. Several mechanisms are capable of achieving the above. They include: RNA-dependent βAPP mRNA amplification, a process implicated in overproduction of specific proteins in mammalian cells; the internal initiation of transcription within the human βAPP gene; cleavage within βAPP mRNA; the internal initiation of translation within βAPP mRNA. Conceptually, in the context of the present article, the nature of the mechanism generating Aβ independently of βAPP is not important; in every case, identical therapeutic strategies would be indicated. All potential mechanisms of βAPP-independent Aβ generation share several common features. (a) In each case, the expression of a crucial component(s) required for activation of a specific mechanism is induced by the integrated stress response (ISR) elicited via OMA1-DELE1- HRI signaling pathway activated by mitochondrial dysfunction triggered by over-the-threshold levels of βAPP-derived Aβ accumulated intracellularly through cellular uptake of secreted Aβ as well as by retention of a fraction of beta-amyloid produced in the βAPP proteolytic pathway. (b) In every potential mechanism of βAPP-independent Aβ generation, translation initiates at the AUG normally encoding Met671 of βAPP and results in C100, i.e. N-terminal Met-containing C99, which is subsequently cleaved by gamma-secretase to produce Aβ (or Met-Aβ). (c) N-terminal Met of C100 is removed post- rather than co-translationally. Therefore a steady-state population of C100 and, possibly, of N-terminal Met-containing Aβ should occur within human neuronal cells with the activated βAPP-independent Aβ production pathway; their detection would provide irrefutable proof of operation of the pathway. (d) The Aβ (or Met-Aβ) output of every potential mechanism is retained intraneuronally. (e) Once activated, every potential βAPP-independent mechanism would, through generation of intraneuronally retained Aβ, sustain mitochondrial dysfunction and support the activity of the OMA1-DELE1-HRI signaling pathway, which, in turn, will promote, via elicitation of the ISR, the operation of the βAPP-independent Aβ production pathway. These self-perpetuating {βAPP-independent generation of intracellularly retained Aβ}/{mitochondrial dysfunction} mutual feedback cycles constitute the “Engine” that drives Alzheimer’s disease. The life- long accumulation of intraneuronal βAPP-derived Aβ to critical levels, sufficient to trigger mitochondrial dysfunction, plays the role of a starter motor in getting car engine moving in a self-sustainable manner. Only when the AD “Engine” is activated does the disease commence. In the New Paradigm, therefore, Alzheimer’s disorder is a “fast” disease that can be treated and cured at the symptomatic stages. The present article proposes conceptually novel research and therapeutic strategies and suggests that BACE activation (yes, activation!) could be a valid approach in AD therapy.

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47

Volloch, Vladimir y Sophia Rits-Volloch. "Alzheimer’s Disease is Driven by Beta-Amyloid Generated in the Amyloid Precursor Protein-Independent Pathway and Retained Intraneuronally: Research and Therapeutic Strategies in a New AD Paradigm". Annals of Integrative Molecular Medicine 2, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2019): 176–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.33597/aimm.-v2-id1010.

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Abstract The present article describes a New Paradigm of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In the Old Paradigm, formalized in the Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis (ACH) theory of AD, beta amyloid (Aβ) is produced, both in health and disease, solely in the amyloid precursor protein (βAPP) proteolytic/secretory pathway. Two βAPP cleavages are involved. First cleavage, by beta-secretase (Beta-site APP Cleaving Enzyme, BACE) between Met671 and Asp672 (numbering according to the βAPP770 isoform), generates the C-terminal fragment of βAPP (C99, reflecting the number of its amino acid residues) and forms the N-terminus of Aβ. Subsequent second cleavage of C99 by gamma-secretase (gamma-site βAPP cleaving enzyme) forms the C-terminus of Aβ, completes its production, and coincides with its secretion. The overproduction of Aβ results in its extracellular accumulation commencing early in life. This triggers a cascade of molecular and cellular events, including formation of neurofibrillary tangles, which results in neurodegeneration. When the extent of neurodegeneration reaches critical levels, symptoms of the disease are manifested. In this Paradigm, Alzheimer’s disorder is a quintessential “slow” disease. The ACH clearly defined therapeutic targets, which included key events of βAPP proteolysis as well as secreted extracellular Aβ. Eventually, a number of candidate AD drugs, highly effective in animal model systems, was developed. Of those, especially successful were inhibitors of beta-sectretase that not only prevented the emergence of AD symptoms, but also reversed them when administered after symptomatic manifestation of the disease in animal models. At this point, there was every reason to hope that a solution to the Alzheimer’s problem is at hand; this, however proved not to be the case. Both the Old and the New Paradigms share the common point of departure, namely that the overproduction of beta-amyloid is the causative basis of AD. The rest of the notions of the New Paradigm are distinctly different from those of the Old one. Formulation of the New Paradigm theory of Alzheimer’s disease was necessitated by the analysis of results of massive human clinical trials of candidate AD drugs that performed outstandingly in animal studies. They all failed in human trials as spectacularly as they succeeded in animal studies. Or did they? Whereas they indeed showed no efficacy whatsoever, they performed perfectly within confines of their design and purpose. For example, a BACE inhibitor verubecestat penetrated the brain of AD patients, greatly inhibited βAPP cleavage, and strongly suppressed extracellular levels of Aβ. It did all this with the same efficiency it exhibited in animal studies, where it indisputably succeeded in mitigating symptoms of the disease. Why did it fail to do so in human clinical trials? This failure, apparently inexplicable within the confines of the ACH, seems as good an occasion as any to apply the central dictum of Sherlock Holmes: “... when you eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth”. In the case under discussion, after the elimination of the “impossible”, including elements of the ACH, and provided that Alzheimer’s disease is indeed caused by the overproduction of Aβ, a notion strongly supported by experimental data, the “however improbable”, which is consistent with the outcomes of human clinical trials of AD candidate drugs, is the following. 1. In addition to the βAPP proteolytic/secretory process, in Alzheimer’s disease in humans, Aβ is also produced in the βAPP-independent pathway. This pathway is active only in AD patients. It does not operate in animals and healthy humans. 2. The output of the βAPP-independent Aβ generation pathway is retained intraneuronally, and it is this pool of intraneuronal beta-amyloid that causes and sustains Alzheimer’s disease. These notions constitute the core of the New Paradigm theory of AD. Several mechanisms are capable of achieving the above. They include: RNA-dependent βAPP mRNA amplification, a process implicated in overproduction of specific proteins in mammalian cells; the internal initiation of transcription within the human βAPP gene; cleavage within βAPP mRNA; the internal initiation of translation within βAPP mRNA. Conceptually, in the context of the present article, the nature of the mechanism generating Aβ independently of βAPP is not important; in every case, identical therapeutic strategies would be indicated. All potential mechanisms of βAPP-independent Aβ generation share several common features. (a) In each case, the expression of a crucial component(s) required for activation of a specific mechanism is induced by the integrated stress response (ISR) elicited via OMA1-DELE1- HRI signaling pathway activated by mitochondrial dysfunction triggered by over-the-threshold levels of βAPP-derived Aβ accumulated intracellularly through cellular uptake of secreted Aβ as well as by retention of a fraction of beta-amyloid produced in the βAPP proteolytic pathway. (b) In every potential mechanism of βAPP-independent Aβ generation, translation initiates at the AUG normally encoding Met671 of βAPP and results in C100, i.e. N-terminal Met-containing C99, which is subsequently cleaved by gamma-secretase to produce Aβ (or Met-Aβ). (c) N-terminal Met of C100 is removed post- rather than co-translationally. Therefore a steady-state population of C100 and, possibly, of N-terminal Met-containing Aβ should occur within human neuronal cells with the activated βAPP-independent Aβ production pathway; their detection would provide irrefutable proof of operation of the pathway. (d) The Aβ (or Met-Aβ) output of every potential mechanism is retained intraneuronally. (e) Once activated, every potential βAPP-independent mechanism would, through generation of intraneuronally retained Aβ, sustain mitochondrial dysfunction and support the activity of the OMA1-DELE1-HRI signaling pathway, which, in turn, will promote, via elicitation of the ISR, the operation of the βAPP-independent Aβ production pathway. These self-perpetuating {βAPP-independent generation of intracellularly retained Aβ}/{mitochondrial dysfunction} mutual feedback cycles constitute the “Engine” that drives Alzheimer’s disease. The life- long accumulation of intraneuronal βAPP-derived Aβ to critical levels, sufficient to trigger mitochondrial dysfunction, plays the role of a starter motor in getting car engine moving in a self-sustainable manner. Only when the AD “Engine” is activated does the disease commence. In the New Paradigm, therefore, Alzheimer’s disorder is a “fast” disease that can be treated and cured at the symptomatic stages. The present article proposes conceptually novel research and therapeutic strategies and suggests that BACE activation (yes, activation!) could be a valid approach in AD therapy.

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48

Elżbieta, Grzejszczyk. "Communication in Automotive Networks Illustrated with an Example of Vehicle Stability Program: Part I - Control Area Network". GSTF Journal of Engineering Technology 2, n.º 4 (6 de junio de 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.7603/s40707-013-0013-8.

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AbstractThe design of DAS (Direct Adaptive Steering) systems has been used in aviation for a long time. A few months ago a Japanese automotive company, Nissan Motor Co, for the first time introduced a steer-by-wire (no mechanical connection between the steering wheel and the front wheels of the car) solution - to the automotive world in their Infiniti Q50 car. This article aims to explain the issues related to controlling the car automation system, in which one of the control parameters is the examined turn of the wheels assigned by the driver (or the DAS system).

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49

Susetyo, Catur Rachmad, Sengguruh Nilowardono y Ani Wulandari. "Effect of Brand Identity and Brand Image On Customer Loyalty Case Study In Daihatsu Car Consumer". Quantitative Economics and Management Studies 1, n.º 1 (10 de junio de 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/454ri.qems1174.

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Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd. is the oldest Japanese car company known for its small car products or more agreed. The number of Daihatsu car consumers is quite a lot, in making purchases. This study aims to analyze the effect of brand identity and brand image on customer loyalty. This type of research uses a quantitative approach. Data collection uses interviews, observation, and questionnaire distribution. Using the nonprobability method with a purposive sampling approach. The population of this research is Daihatsu car consumers with a sample of 60 respondents. The analytical method used is SPSS v.20. Based on the results of this study concluded that brand identity and brand image have a significant effect on customer loyalty.

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KIRLANGIÇ, İrem, Kemal Volkan ÖZDOKUR y Fatma Nil ERTAS. "A Simple and High Throughput Methodology for Simultaneous Determination of Levodopa and Carbidopa". Turkish Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 14 de agosto de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51435/turkjac.1119121.

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Parkinson's disease (PD) is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system. The motor symptoms of PD disease result from the death of dopamine-generating cells in a region of the mid brain and the dopamine precursor levodopa (L-Dopa) is used for the treatment. Carbidopa (Car) is administered in association with L-Dopa in pharmaceutical formulation as an inhibitor on the decarboxylase activity. Thus, their simultaneous determination is of great importance because of their co-existence in pharmaceutical preparations. Present study deals with a simple method development for simultaneous voltammetric determination of L-Dopa and Car at a pencil graphite electrode (PGE) via monitoring the reduction peak of L-Dopa and the second oxidation peak of Car. The sensitivity of the method was found comparable to other methods depending on the sophisticated electrode modifications and the limits of detection were calculated as sub micromolar levels.

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