Literatura académica sobre el tema "Summarizing Knowledge Bases"

Knowledge bases built in the knowledge processing field have a problem in that experts have to add rules or update them through modifications. To solve this problem, research has been conducted on knowledge graph expansion methods using deep learning technology, and in recent years, many studies have been conducted on methods of generating knowledge bases by embedding the knowledge graph’s triple information in a continuous vector space. In this paper, using a research literature summary, we propose a domain-specific knowledge graph expansion method based on graph embedding. To this end, we perform pre-processing and process and text summarization with the collected research literature data. Furthermore, we propose a method of generating a knowledge graph by extracting the entity and relation information and a method of expanding the knowledge graph using web data. To this end, we summarize research literature using the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers for Summarization (BERTSUM) model based on domain-specific research literature data and design a Research-BERT (RE-BERT) model that extracts entities and relation information, which are components of the knowledge graph, from the summarized research literature. Moreover, we proposed a method of expanding related entities based on Google news after extracting related entities through the web for the entities in the generated knowledge graph. In the experiment, we measured the performance of summarizing research literature using the BERTSUM model and the accuracy of the knowledge graph relation extraction model. In the experiment of removing unnecessary sentences from the research literature text and summarizing them in key sentences, the result shows that the BERTSUM Classifier model’s ROUGE-1 precision is 57.86%. The knowledge graph extraction performance was measured using the mean reciprocal rank (MRR), mean rank (MR), and HIT@N rank-based evaluation metric. The knowledge graph extraction method using summarized text showed superior performance in terms of speed and knowledge graph quality.

The article analyzes conceptual foundations, views and ideas concerning the essence of expert prevention. The relationship between the concepts of «prevention» and «prevention», which is in contact with each other, is investigated, because one of the main problems of the criminal investigation of the phenomenon of expert prevention is the ambiguity of both scientific understanding and the practical application of the corresponding conceptual-categorical apparatus. It is emphasized that the essence of expert prevention is the influence of the relevant subjects on crime through the use of special professional knowledge. That is, to the subject of forensic examination, should include studies of circumstances on the basis of which can be and should be developed scientific, organizational and technical measures of preventive nature. Proven that among the tasks of preventive nature, which can be solved by the staff of judicial-expert institutions, the development of aimed at forecasting in criminalistic aspects of circumstances contributing to the commission of crimes, taking into account the possibilities of certain types of expert research, should occupy an important place. It is proved that the preventive activities of forensic institutions of Ukraine should be carried out: in the production of examinations in specific criminal, administrative or civil cases; by summarizing expert, as well as forensic investigative practices; in the process of research on expert prevention; by providing on the basis of special knowledge of scientific and practical assistance to government agencies and public organizations in identifying circumstances conducive to the commission of crimes. In order to improve the quality of expert-preventive activities, the staff of the forensic institutions of Ukraine should pay maximum attention to the promotion of preventive activities among representatives of law enforcement and law enforcement agencies. On the basis of the analysis, the author’s definition of expert prevention is given: the activity of a forensic expert based on the laws and by-laws of normative legal acts, aimed at revealing the circumstances contributing to the commission of a crime, and the development of measures for their elimination with the use of special knowledge.

Increasing evidence indicates that tolerance is a host defense strategy against pathogens as widespread and successful as resistance. Since the concept of tolerance was proposed more than a century ago, it has been in continuous evolution. In parallel, our understanding of its mechanistic bases and its consequences for host and pathogen interactions, ecology, and evolution has grown. This review aims at summarizing the conceptual changes in the meaning of tolerance inside and outside the field of phytopathology, emphasizing difficulties in demonstrating and quantifying this trait. We also discuss evidence of tolerance and current knowledge on its genetic regulation, mechanisms, and role in host–pathogen coevolution, highlighting common patterns across hosts and pathogens. We hope that this comprehensive review attracts more plant pathologists to the study of this key plant defense response.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal primary brain tumor of the central nervous system in adults. Despite advances in surgical and medical neuro-oncology, the median survival is about 15 months. For this reason, initial diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted therapy of GBM represent very attractive areas of study. Aptamers are short three-dimensional structures of single-stranded nucleic acids (RNA or DNA), identified by an in vitro process, named systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX), starting from a partially random oligonucleotide library. They bind to a molecular target with high affinity and specificity and can be easily modified to optimize binding affinity and selectivity. Thanks to their properties (low immunogenicity and toxicity, long stability, and low production variability), a large number of aptamers have been selected against GBM biomarkers and provide specific imaging agents and therapeutics to improve the diagnosis and treatment of GBM. However, the use of aptamers in GBM diagnosis and treatment still represents an underdeveloped topic, mainly due to limited literature in the research world. On these bases, we performed a systematic review aimed at summarizing current knowledge on the new promising DNA and RNA aptamer-based molecules for GBM diagnosis and treatment. Thirty-eight studies from 2000 were included and investigated. Seventeen involved the use of aptamers for GBM diagnosis and 21 for GBM therapy. Our findings showed that a number of DNA and RNA aptamers are promising diagnostic and therapeutic tools for GBM management.

El objetivo del artículo fue realizar una revisión de los trabajos que estudiaron la práctica del surf dentro de la educación formal para conocer las iniciativas desarrolladas y resumir las orientaciones pedagógicas para su aplicación. Para ello, se realizó una revisión sistemática en las bases de datos Dialnet, Eric, SciELO, Scopus y Web of Science. Se recuperaron 12 documentos, publicados entre 2008 y 2018, desarrollados en cinco países diferentes y centrados en el surf, el bodyboard y el standup paddle. Dichos trabajos concluyeron que debe realizarse una aproximación progresiva al medio acuático y al surf en tres fases (centro educativo, piscina y playa), comenzando con la práctica del bodyboard por ser más fácil y menos peligrosa que el surf de tabla corta. Para las sesiones de piscina y playa, se recomienda utilizar el tiempo del recreo para los desplazamientos, ubicando las sesiones en las últimas horas de la jornada escolar. Los docentes de Educación Física que quieran implementar el surf en sus clases deberían adquirir conocimientos relacionados con la seguridad en el mar, con el equipamiento necesario para la práctica y con la propia técnica del surf. Abstract: the aim of this paper was to carry out a review of documents studying the surfing in formal education for discovering the programs developed and summarizing the pedagogical orientations for its application. Thus, a systematic review was performed in Dialnet, Eric, SciELO, Scopus and Web of Science databases. Twelve documents, published from 2008 to 2018, developed in five different countries and focused on surfing, bodyboarding and standup paddle, were retrieved. These documents concluded that a progressive approach to the aquatic environment and to surfing should be done in three phases (educational centre, swimming pool and beach), starting with the practice of bodyboard since it is easier and safer than shortboard surfing. The recess time should be used for travels in those sessions developed in the swimming pool and the beach. Moreover, these sessions should be scheduled in the last hours of the school day. Physical Education teachers willing to implement surfing in their sessions should gain knowledge about sea safety, surfing equipment and its own techniques.

Replay-based methods have proved their effectiveness on online continual learning by rehearsing past samples from an auxiliary memory. With many efforts made on improving training schemes based on the memory, however, the information carried by each sample in the memory remains under-investigated. Under circumstances with restricted storage space, the informativeness of the memory becomes critical for effective replay. Although some works design specific strategies to select representative samples, by only employing a small number of original images, the storage space is still not well utilized. To this end, we propose to Summarize the knowledge from the Stream Data (SSD) into more informative samples by distilling the training characteristics of real images. Through maintaining the consistency of training gradients and relationship to the past tasks, the summarized samples are more representative for the stream data compared to the original images. Extensive experiments are conducted on multiple online continual learning benchmarks to support that the proposed SSD method significantly enhances the replay effects. We demonstrate that with limited extra computational overhead, SSD provides more than 3% accuracy boost for sequential CIFAR-100 under extremely restricted memory buffer. Code in https://github.com/vimar-gu/SSD.

The article describes problem-based learning as an essential condition for summarizing and systematization of knowledge in organic chemistry summarizing and systematization of knowledge in organic chemistry. It is substantiated that, the problem-based learning, based on the principle of research, educational and cognitive activities provides mastering chemical knowledge with schoolchildren at constructive and creative levels of complexity. Functions of theoretical knowledge are disclosed. The author came to the conclusion that, representing theories in their development, systematically summarizing theoretical knowledge, the teacher discloses the dialectic of knowledge, at the same time pupils acquire major worldviews on flow of substances in nature, dependence of chemical properties on molecular structure and mutual influence of the atoms in the molecules, the source of polyatomicity of organic molecules and their genetic link, the contribution of organic chemistry in economic development etc. It’s outlined the chain of problem-based situations, that may be drawn in the course of making connections between the structural elements of the topic «Hydrocarbons»; wide possibilities of such logical operations as comparison and analysis are described during the generalization of knowledge by creating problematic situations and their resolving with the broad participation of pupils, when they gain experience of a creative approach to the acquisition of scientific knowledge, the understanding of interdisciplinary field of versatility of organic compounds, their importance in solving practical problems of today. The prospects for new approach to the integration of the knowledge about the organic substances in terms of electronic effects in molecules aimed at improving of natural scientific and chemistry subject-specific competencies have been analyzed.

Urgency of the research. The solution of problem of increase in war on corruption, at least in relation to limitation of its extent, is still one of the most serious and complicated problems on the path of the establishment of Ukraine as an independent democratic, law-governed and social state. Global political and social and economical changes occurred in Ukraine upon declaration of independence became not only the fundamental of progressive social processes but also of many negative phenomena the most dangerous of which the corruption is. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. The increasing interest to scientific comprehensive understanding of corruption was observed gradually within last years; the number of scientific published works rose steeply. The enhanced study of this phenomenon is reflected in papers of Z. Varnalii, M. Honcharenko, O. Dulskyi, A. Zakaliuk, V. Zelenetskyi, O. Kalman, V. Klymenko, M. Korniienko, V. Mandybura, I. Mazur, M. Melnyk. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. Due to complexity of understanding of the phenomenon of corruption the field of its scientific research substantially lies within the frameworks of absolutely legal conception. Knowledge about this phenomenon are distributed in many adjacent fields of sciences – political science, social science, philosophy, psychology, political economics, ethics, theory of management, history of political and legal thought and others. However they are rather unsystematized; the substantial features of corruption as the specific institute are not examined thoroughly that has an absolute antisocial orientation; objects and subjects that form and embody it are not clearly defined. The research objective. The purpose of the paper is to research main substantial features of corruption revealing its "qualitative differences" and "specific particulars"; definition of “unethical and ethical” regulations upon which the institute of corruptive relations is bases; outlining of objects and subjects that form and embody them; justification of measures that can cope with corruption and economical crime efficiently. The statement of basic materials. The paper covers the main substantial features of corruption that identify its “qualitative differences” and “specific particulars” and justifies the most efficient ways and organizational and financial means of creation of conditions for overcoming of criminal crime in Ukraine. Conclusions. Summarizing all above-mentioned information it is to be noted that the corruption nowadays evolved into such social and political phenomenon that has to be perceived not just as one of inevitable negative development related to civilization but as an evil that brings about the real threat to national security of mankind. It became the global challenge for the whole human civilization.

The current study investigated the effects of three forms of output activity on EFL learners’ recognition and recall of second language (L2) vocabulary. To this end, three groups of learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) were instructed to employ the following three output activities after reading two narrative texts: (1) summarizing the texts and incorporating target vocabulary in the summary; (2) generating several general comprehension questions out of reading texts and answering those questions while incorporating target vocabulary; and (3) making predictions about what is to occur in the texts and including target vocabulary in the prediction. The results of a cued response production test and a multiple choice recognition test indicated that the three treatment conditions resulted in significant development of vocabulary knowledge. Moreover, the results revealed that making predictions and questioning/answering were more effective than summarizing for promoting L2 words knowledge.

AbstractIn this paper, we focus on contexts where the primary activity is to expound knowledge about general classes of phenomena, either by categorizing and characterizing them or by explaining them based on some theory, ranging from a commonsense folk theory to an uncommonsense scientific theory. Texts produced in such contexts include science lectures, research articles, and entries in encyclopedias. We focus on explanations, considering them across strata in terms of context, semantics, and lexicogrammar, and summarizing contributions from different research strands. Against this background, we report on a study of the registers used in secondary school chemistry textbooks in Hong Kong. We begin by summarizing a framework for classifying the contexts in which texts operate – a framework designed to allow us to differentiate different kinds of text according to the contexts they operate in. Then, we focus on one type of context – that of expounding knowledge about general classes of phenomena. Next, we identify different strategies of expounding knowledge, contrasting explanations and categorizations, and then discuss explanations in more detail. Finally, we move to the question of how these contextual types are realized semantically as texts organized as rhetorical complexes, drawing on secondary school textbooks in chemistry in particular.

Un nombre croissant de sources de données sont publiées sur le web, exprimées dans les langages proposés par le W3C comme RDF, RDF (S) et OWL. Ces sources représentent un volume de données sans précédent disponible pour les utilisateurs et les applications. Afin d’identifier les sources les plus pertinentes et de les utiliser, il est nécessaire d’en connaître le contenu, par exemple au moyen de requêtes écrites en Sparql, le langage d’interrogation proposé par le W3C pour les sources de données RDF. Mais cela nécessite, en plus de la maîtrise du langage Sparql, de disposer de connaissances sur le contenu de la source en termes de ressources, classes ou propriétés qu’elle contient. L’objectif de ma thèse est d’étudier des approches permettant de fournir un support à l’exploration d’une source de données RDF. Nous avons proposé deux approches complémentaires, la recherche mots-clés et le résumé d’un graphe RDF.La recherche mots-clés dans un graphe RDF renvoie un ou plusieurs sous-graphes en réponse à une requête exprimée comme un ensemble de termes à rechercher. Chaque sous-graphe est l’agrégation d’éléments extraits du graphe initial, et représente une réponse possible à la requête constituée par un ensemble de mots-clés. Les sous-graphes retournés peuvent être classés en fonction de leur pertinence. La recherche par mot-clé dans des sources de données RDF soulève les problèmes suivants : (i) l’identification pour chaque mot-clé de la requête des éléments correspondants dans le graphe considéré, en prenant en compte les différences de terminologies existant entre les mots-clés et les termes utilisés dans le graphe RDF, (ii) la combinaison des éléments de graphes retournés pour construire un sous-graphe résultat en utilisant des algorithmes d’agrégation capable de déterminer la meilleure façon de relier les éléments du graphe correspondant à des mots-clés, et enfin (iii), comme il peut exister plusieurs éléments du graphe qui correspondent à un même mot-clé, et par conséquent plusieurs sous-graphes résultat, il s’agit d’évaluer la pertinence de ces sous-graphes par l’utilisation de métriques appropriées. Dans notre travail, nous avons proposé une approche de recherche par mot-clé qui apporte des solutions aux problèmes ci-dessus.Fournir une vue résumée d’un graphe RDF peut être utile afin de déterminer si ce graphe correspond aux besoins d’un utilisateur particulier en mettant en évidence ses éléments les plus importants ; une telle vue résumée peut faciliter l’exploration du graphe. Dans notre travail, nous avons proposé une approche de résumé originale fondée sur l’identification des thèmes sous-jacents dans un graphe RDF. Notre approche de résumé consiste à extraire ces thèmes, puis à construire le résumé en garantissant que tous les thèmes sont représentés dans le résultat. Cela pose les questions suivantes : (i) comment identifier les thèmes dans un graphe RDF ? (ii) quels sont les critères adaptés pour identifier les éléments les plus pertinents dans les sous-graphes correspondants à un thème ? (iii) comment connecter les éléments les plus pertinents pour créer le résumé d’une thème ? et enfin (iv) comment générer un résumé pour le graphe initial à partir des résumés de thèmes ? Dans notre travail, nous avons proposé une approche qui fournit des réponses à ces questions et qui produit une représentation résumée d’un graphe RDF garantissant que chaque thème y est représenté proportionnellement à son importance dans le graphe initial
An increasing number of datasets are published on the Web, expressed in the standard languages proposed by the W3C such as RDF, RDF (S), and OWL. These datasets represent an unprecedented amount of data available for users and applications. In order to identify and use the relevant datasets, users and applications need to explore them using queries written in SPARQL, a query language proposed by the W3C. But in order to write a SPARQL query, a user should not only be familiar with the query language but also have knowledge about the content of the RDF dataset in terms of the resources, classes or properties it contains. The goal of this thesis is to provide approaches to support the exploration of these RDF datasets. We have studied two alternative and complementary exploration techniques, keyword search and summarization of an RDF dataset. Keyword search returns RDF graphs in response to a query expressed as a set of keywords, where each resulting graph is the aggregation of elements extracted from the source dataset. These graphs represent possible answers to the keyword query, and they can be ranked according to their relevance. Keyword search in RDF datasets raises the following issues: (i) identifying for each keyword in the query the matching elements in the considered dataset, taking into account the differences of terminology between the keywords and the terms used in the RDF dataset, (ii) combining the matching elements to build the result by defining aggregation algorithms that find the best way of linking matching elements, and finally (iii), finding appropriate metrics to rank the results, as several matching elements may exist for each keyword and consequently several graphs may be returned. In our work, we propose a keyword search approach that addresses these issues. Providing a summarized view of an RDF dataset can help a user in identifying if this dataset is relevant to his needs, and in highlighting its most relevant elements. This could be useful for the exploration of a given dataset. In our work, we propose a novel summarization approach based on the underlying themes of a dataset. Our theme-based summarization approach consists of extracting the existing themes in a data source, and building the summarized view so as to ensure that all these discovered themes are represented. This raises the following questions: (i) how to identify the underlying themes in an RDF dataset? (ii) what are the suitable criteria to identify the relevant elements in the themes extracted from the RDF graph? (iii) how to aggregate and connect the relevant elements to create a theme summary? and finally, (iv) how to create the summary for the whole RDF graph from the generated theme summaries? In our work, we propose a theme-based summarization approach for RDF datasets which answers these questions and provides a summarized representation ensuring that each theme is represented proportionally to its importance in the initial dataset

The Oxford Textbook of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery is a comprehensive reference text detailing all aspects of plastic surgery pertinent to a surgeon in training for specialization and suitable to use in preparation for the Intercollegiate Examination as all aspects of the curriculum are covered. This volume is also the perfect resource for practising plastic surgeons, summarizing contemporary trial knowledge as well as discussing anatomy, examination, and techniques. Chapters are divided into those that detail basic principles and technique, and those that, on a regional basis, describe the conditions and their treatments that form the wide spectrum of reconstructive and aesthetic plastic surgery. Bringing together the expertise of almost 200 specialist contributors in the field, the Oxford Textbook of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery is a highly valuable source of information.

Characterization enables a microscopic understanding of the fundamental properties of materials (Science) to predict their macroscopic behavior (Engineering). With this focus, the book presents a comprehensive discussion of the principles of materials characterization and metrology. Characterization techniques are introduced through elementary concepts of bonding, electronic structure of molecules and solids, and the arrangement of atoms in crystals. Then, the range of electrons, photons, ions, neutrons and scanning probes, used in characterization, including their generation and related beam-solid interactions that determine or limit their use, are presented. This is followed by ion-scattering methods, optics, optical diffraction, microscopy, and ellipsometry. Generalization of Fraunhofer diffraction to scattering by a three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in crystals, leads to X-ray, electron, and neutron diffraction methods, both from surfaces and the bulk. Discussion of transmission and analytical electron microscopy, including recent developments, is followed by chapters on scanning electron microscopy and scanning probe microscopies. It concludes with elaborate tables to provide a convenient and easily accessible way of summarizing the key points, features, and inter-relatedness of the different spectroscopy, diffraction, and imaging techniques presented throughout. The book uniquely combines a discussion of the physical principles and practical application of these characterization techniques to explain and illustrate the fundamental properties of a wide range of materials in a tool-based approach. Based on forty years of teaching and research, and including worked examples, test your knowledge questions, and exercises, the target readership of the book is wide, for it is expected to appeal to the teaching of undergraduate and graduate students, and to post-docs, in multiple disciplines of science, engineering, biology and art conservation, and to professionals in industry.

Interprofessional Education and Collaboration: An Evidence-Based Approach to Optimizing Health Care is a groundbreaking text in the field of interprofessional education (IPE) and interprofessional collaborative practice (IPCP). As the health care industry continues to grow, it is critical that those entering health care careers possess interprofessional competency and a collaborative skill set. As such, the World Health Organization and academic program accreditors have amplified their calls for interprofessional training. This text guides the reader through the core competencies for interprofessional collaborative practice that have been set by the Interprofessional Education Collaborative (IPEC) and takes an inclusive approach to the education standards set by professional programs that are members of the Health Professions Accreditors Collaborative (HPAC), including the Commission on Accreditation of the Athletic Training Education (CAATE). Authored by a team of experts representing seven health care professions, this text uses simple definitions and uniform terminology to supply a foundational basis for IPE and IPCP. Introductory topics include building professional t`knowledge of self and others, creating a culture for teams, building interprofessional relationships, and fostering collaboration. Later chapters move beyond the basics to provide guidance in leading interprofessional teams, managing conflict, and sustaining the interprofessional effort. Interprofessional Education and Collaboration offers a unique pedagogical structure that links IPE concepts with IPCP strategies by connecting research with evidence-based practices. Case studies create opportunities to assimilate and discuss IPE concepts. To optimize student engagement and comprehension, each chapter contains the following valuable learning aids: • Each chapter begins with a Case Study that presents a realistic IPCP scenario. At the close of each chapter, the case study is revisited to apply the chapter themes to the case study, and three to five discussion questions are supplied. • Collaborative Corner sidebars aid comprehension with reflective questions or statements related to chapter topics. This feature will facilitate collaborative learning as students share their interprofessional perspectives. • Tools of IPE sidebars equip readers with resources such as surveys, inventories, and activities to implement in their daily practice. • EBP of Teamship sidebars showcase contemporary research articles and findings. This feature reinforces the connection between IPE and IPCP by summarizing relevant research and supplying corresponding evidence-based ICPC strategies. As leading health care institutions continue to prioritize IPE and IPCP, educators have a responsibility to shape the future of health care through an interprofessional curriculum. Interprofessional Education and Collaboration is focused on developing a dual identity that leads to intentional behaviors designed to improve patient outcomes through IPCP. Readers will conclude this text with a firm understanding of IPE concepts and IPCP implementation strategies that aim to create change in daily practice and improve the impact of health care.

The monograph reflects the problems of Russian psycholinguistics from the moment of its inception in Russia to the present day and presents its main directions that are currently developing. In addition, theoretical developments and practical results obtained in the framework of different directions and research centers are described in a concise form. The task of the book is to reflect, as far as it is possible in one edition, firstly, the history of the formation of Russian psycholinguistics; secondly, its methodology and developed methods; thirdly, the results obtained in different research centers and directions in different regions of Russia; fourthly, to outline the main directions of the further development of Russian psycholinguistics. There is no doubt that in the theoretical, methodological and applied aspects, the main problems and the results of their development by Russian psycholinguistics have no analogues in world linguistics and psycholinguistics, or are represented by completely original concepts and methods. We have tried to show this uniqueness of the problematics and the methodological equipment of Russian psycholinguistics in this book. The main role in the formation of Russian psycholinguistics was played by the Moscow psycholinguistic school of A.A. Leontyev. It still defines the main directions of Russian psycholinguistics. Russian psycholinguistics (the theory of speech activity - TSA) is based on the achievements of Russian psychology: a cultural-historical approach to the analysis of mental phenomena L.S. Vygotsky and the system-activity approach of A.N. Leontyev. Moscow is the most "psycholinguistic region" of Russia - INL RAS, Moscow State University, Moscow State Linguistic University, RUDN, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Sechenov University, Moscow State University and other Moscow universities. Saint Petersburg psycholinguists have significant achievements, especially in the study of neurolinguistic problems, ontolinguistics. The most important feature of Russian psycholinguistics is the widespread development of psycholinguistics in the regions, the emergence of recognized psycholinguistic research centers - St. Petersburg, Tver, Saratov, Perm, Ufa, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Voronezh, Yekaterinburg, Kursk, Chelyabinsk; psycholinguistics is represented in Cherepovets, Ivanovo, Volgograd, Vyatka, Kaluga, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Vladivostok, Abakan, Maikop, Barnaul, Ulan-Ude, Yakutsk, Syktyvkar, Armavir and other cities; in Belarus - Minsk, in Ukraine - Lvov, Chernivtsi, Kharkov, in the DPR - Donetsk, in Kazakhstan - Alma-Ata, Chimkent. Our researchers work in Bulgaria, Hungary, Vietnam, China, France, Switzerland. There are Russian psycholinguists in Canada, USA, Israel, Austria and a number of other countries. All scientists from these regions and countries have contributed to the development of Russian psycholinguistics, to the development of psycholinguistic theory and methods of psycholinguistic research. Their participation has not been forgotten. We tried to present the main Russian psycholinguists in the Appendix - in the sections "Scientometrics", "Monographs and Manuals" and "Dissertations", even if there is no information about them in the Electronic Library and RSCI. The principles of including scientists in the scientometric list are presented in the Appendix. Our analysis of the content of the resulting monograph on psycholinguistic research in Russia allows us to draw preliminary conclusions about some of the distinctive features of Russian psycholinguistics: 1. cultural-historical approach to the analysis of mental phenomena of L.S.Vygotsky and the system-activity approach of A.N. Leontiev as methodological basis of Russian psycholinguistics; 2. theoretical nature of psycholinguistic research as a characteristic feature of Russian psycholinguistics. Our psycholinguistics has always built a general theory of the generation and perception of speech, mental vocabulary, linked specific research with the problems of ontogenesis, the relationship between language and thinking; 3. psycholinguistic studies of speech communication as an important subject of psycholinguistics; 4. attention to the psycholinguistic analysis of the text and the development of methods for such analysis; 5. active research into the ontogenesis of linguistic ability; 6. investigation of linguistic consciousness as one of the important subjects of psycholinguistics; 7. understanding the need to create associative dictionaries of different types as the most important practical task of psycholinguistics; 8. widespread use of psycholinguistic methods for applied purposes, active development of applied psycholinguistics. The review of the main directions of development of Russian psycholinguistics, carried out in this monograph, clearly shows that the direction associated with the study of linguistic consciousness is currently being most intensively developed in modern Russian psycholinguistics. As the practice of many years of psycholinguistic research in our country shows, the subject of study of psycholinguists is precisely linguistic consciousness - this is a part of human consciousness that is responsible for generating, understanding speech and keeping language in consciousness. Associative experiments are the core of most psycholinguistic techniques and are important both theoretically and practically. The following main areas of practical application of the results of associative experiments can be outlined. 1. Education. Associative experiments are the basis for constructing Mind Maps, one of the most promising tools for systematizing knowledge, assessing the quality, volume and nature of declarative knowledge (and using special techniques and skills). Methods based on smart maps are already widely used in teaching foreign languages, fast and deep immersion in various subject areas. 2. Information search, search optimization. The results of associative experiments can significantly improve the quality of information retrieval, its efficiency, as well as adaptability for a specific person (social group). When promoting sites (promoting them in search results), an associative experiment allows you to increase and improve the quality of the audience reached. 3. Translation studies, translation automation. An associative experiment can significantly improve the quality of translation, take into account intercultural and other social characteristics of native speakers. 4. Computational linguistics and automatic word processing. The results of associative experiments make it possible to reveal the features of a person's linguistic consciousness and contribute to the development of automatic text processing systems in a wide range of applications of natural language interfaces of computer programs and robotic solutions. 5. Advertising. The use of data on associations for specific words, slogans and texts allows you to predict and improve advertising texts. 6. Social relationships. The analysis of texts using the data of associative experiments makes it possible to assess the tonality of messages (negative / positive moods, aggression and other characteristics) based on user comments on the Internet and social networks, in the press in various projections (by individuals, events, organizations, etc.) from various social angles, to diagnose the formation of extremist ideas. 7. Content control and protection of personal data. Associative experiments improve the quality of content detection and filtering by identifying associative fields in areas subject to age restrictions, personal information, tobacco and alcohol advertising, incitement to ethnic hatred, etc. 8. Gender and individual differences. The data of associative experiments can be used to compare the reactions (and, in general, other features of thinking) between men and women, different social and age groups, representatives of different regions. The directions for the further development of Russian psycholinguistics from the standpoint of the current state of psycholinguistic science in the country are seen by us, first of all:  in the development of research in various areas of linguistic consciousness, which will contribute to the development of an important concept of speech as a verbal model of non-linguistic consciousness, in which knowledge revealed by social practice and assigned by each member of society during its inculturation is consolidated for society and on its behalf;  in the expansion of the problematics, which is formed under the influence of the growing intercultural communication in the world community, which inevitably involves the speech behavior of natural and artificial bilinguals in the new object area of psycholinguistics;  in using the capabilities of national linguistic corpora in the interests of researchers studying the functioning of non-linguistic and linguistic consciousness in speech processes;  in expanding research on the semantic perception of multimodal texts, the scope of which has greatly expanded in connection with the spread of the Internet as a means of communication in the life of modern society;  in the inclusion of the problems of professional communication and professional activity in the object area of psycholinguistics in connection with the introduction of information technologies into public practice, entailing the emergence of new professions and new features of the professional ethos;  in the further development of the theory of the mental lexicon (identifying the role of different types of knowledge in its formation and functioning, the role of the word as a unit of the mental lexicon in the formation of the image of the world, as well as the role of the natural / internal metalanguage and its specificity in speech activity);  in the broad development of associative lexicography, which will meet the most diverse needs of society and cognitive sciences. The development of associative lexicography may lead to the emergence of such disciplines as associative typology, associative variantology, associative axiology;  in expanding the spheres of applied use of psycholinguistics in social sciences, sociology, semasiology, lexicography, in the study of the brain, linguodidactics, medicine, etc. This book is a kind of summarizing result of the development of Russian psycholinguistics today. Each section provides a bibliography of studies on the relevant issue. The Appendix contains the scientometrics of leading Russian psycholinguists, basic monographs, psycholinguistic textbooks and dissertations defended in psycholinguistics. The content of the publications presented here is convincing evidence of the relevance of psycholinguistic topics and the effectiveness of the development of psycholinguistic problems in Russia.

AbstractThis chapter takes a closer look at the character Sherlock Holmes in both Arthur Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes stories and the BBC show Sherlock (2010–2017). Both versions of Sherlock Holmes capitalize on the affordances of visibility and comprehensiveness inherent in the form of the list. These affordances of the list allow the characters to make the mere reference to the bodies of knowledge they draw on stand in for the knowledge itself. Doyle’s detective uses the list-like paper technologies of sorting, selecting, and summarizing and the frequent mentioning of reference works to create the illusion that his deductions are based on a sound method. The BBC’s Sherlock makes use of the Internet in a similar list-based manner. Since visualization, simplification, and spatialization are central elements of this strategy of replacing tangible evidence with mere references, the chapter examines similarities between the cognitive processes at work when we read lists and maps—two forms that share these affordances.

In Chapter 7, ‘Predatory Paradoxes: What Comes Next?’ Amy Koerber and Jesse C. Starkey conclude the book by summarizing the many complexities that surround the term predatory. The authors offer insights and case studies based on our interviews with forty-eight individuals who are stakeholders of various sorts in the game of scholarly publishing—ranging from real-life stories of authors who have fallen ‘prey’ to predatory publishing practices to people involved in the publishing industry who feel their publications have been wrongly accused of being ‘predatory’ in some capacity. They examine the misunderstandings and misperceptions that many people have about predatory publishing, and they provide readers with accurate and complete information to combat these misunderstandings and misperceptions. They advocate a view of predatory publishing that emphasizes gray areas and individual responsibility rather than lists or hard and fast distinctions between journals or publishers that are predatory and those that are not. In this final chapter, we hope to leave readers with a set of tools and knowledge that makes them prepared to succeed in the game of scholarly publishing and to mentor those who come after them to be similarly prepared and equipped.

The way in which this manager relied on his network to obtain information and knowledge critical to the success of an important project is common and likely resonates with your own experience. Usually when we think of where people turn for information or knowledge we think of databases, the Web, intranets and portals or other, more traditional, repositories such as file cabinets or policy and procedure manuals. However, a significant component of a person’s information environment consists of the relationships he or she can tap for various informational needs. For example, in summarizing a decade worth of studies, Tom Allen of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) found that engineers and scientists were roughly five times more likely to turn to a person for information than to an impersonal source such as a database or a file cabinet. In other settings, research has consistently shown that who you know has a significant impact on what you come to know, as relationships are critical for obtaining information, solving problems, and learning how to do your work. Particularly in knowledge-intensive work, creating an informational environment that helps employees solve increasingly complex and often ambiguous problems holds significant performance implications. Frequently such efforts entail knowledge-management initiatives focusing on the capture and sharing of codified knowledge and reusable work products. To be sure, these so-called knowledge bases hold pragmatic benefits. They bridge boundaries of time and space, allow for potential reuse of tools or work products employed successfully in other areas of an organization, and provide a means of reducing organizational “forgetting” as a function of employee turnover. However, such initiatives often undervalue crucial knowledge held by employees and the web of relationships that help dynamically solve problems and create new knowledge. As we move further into an economy where collaboration and innovation are increasingly central to organizational effectiveness, we must pay more attention to the sets of relationships that people rely on to accomplish their work. Certainly we can expect emerging collaborative technologies to facilitate virtual work and skill-profiling systems to help with the location of relevant expertise.

Data modelling is a complex process that depends on the knowledge and experience of the designers who carry it out. The lack of designers' expertise in that process negatively affects the quality of created models which has a significant impact on the quality of successive phases of information systems development. This chapter provides an overview of data modelling, especially the entity relationship method, main actors in the modelling process, and highlights the main problems and challenges in this field. Knowledge based system for data modelling support has a potential to minimize and prevent most of the problems that occur in modelling process. Therefore, a systematic review of the existing KB systems, methods, and tools for the data modelling process is made. By summarizing their main characteristics, some important desirable features of the new KB system for data modelling support are identified. With this in mind, a new KB system for data modelling support is proposed, which applies formal language theory (particularly translation) during the process of conceptual modelling.

The article clarifies the peculiarities of the organization of educational and scientific research activity of higher education institution students, which is an important way to improve the quality of training and forming of specialists with an academic degree, able to creatively apply the latest achievements of scientific and technological progress, and opens opportunities for effective acquisition and use of knowledge; implements an individualized approach to learning; develops the ability to independently conduct research and summarize the investigation results; dominant tasks are characterized; the directions (educational research, scientific research and scientific organizational) and types of educational research activity of students (abstract, scientific reviews and articles, course and diploma papers) are analysed; the theoretical bases of stylistics and the concept of “style” are investigated; the substyles of the scientific style are analysed (proper scientific (academic, purely scientific); scientific and technical (production and technical); scientific humanitarian; scientific informative (scientific summarizing); scientific reference (reference-encyclopaedic). It is proved that the main purpose of scientific language is to create and produce the scientific text, by which we mean the highest communicative unit within scientific discourse, a holistic communicative block having a clear, logical structure and internally complete parts, saturated with relevant terminology, a set of constant text categories and a means of presenting scientific information, the results of scientific research. The levels of organization of the scientific text (linguistic-structural (operating with linguistic models); linguistic-cognitive (verbalized concepts in the text); communicative-rhetorical (means of persuasion in the scientific text); communicative-pragmatic (personal attitude of the one who produces a scientific text to the message) are investigated; the features of primary (monograph, dissertation, bachelor and master theses) and secondary (scientific article, abstracts, summaries, annotations, reviews, reports) scientific texts are characterized. The paper reveals the principles of compiling scientific texts: content saturation – innovativeness of the presented information, its cognitive value; professional core – the need for analysed information for a particular sphere; scientific informativeness – the author’s concept of the represented research; novelty of the scientific text – new observations and knowledge discoveries that can be implemented in practice; content completeness – the integrity of the presented statements; problematicity – coding of problematic issues; comprehensibility to a specialist in a particular field – apprehensibility of information and providing necessary conditions to understanding it; intertextuality – connection of the scientific text with other types of texts; text declarativeness – a clear comparative analysis of a particular process or phenomenon. The stages of work on the scientific text (organizational, research, generalization of research results) are studied. Requirements for the creation of scientific texts are defined: clear structure (division into chapters, sections, units, paragraphs and sentences that are closely related to each other), avoiding of repetitions (in particular, in conclusions to chapters and in final conclusions); deliberate use of graphic material; systemacity in the process of writing the text; avoidance of concepts that cannot be unambiguously interpreted; justified use of figures and facts; text coherence. The requirements to the structure of the scientific text (introduction, research part, conclusions) are covered.

The first part of this chapter reviews the origin of knowware-based software engineering. It originates from the authors' experiences in finding new techniques for knowledge-based software engineering while performing PROMIS, a continuing project series from the 1990s. The key point of PROMIS is to generate applications automatically by separating the development of domain knowledge from that of software architecture, with an important innovation of acquiring and summarizing domain knowledge automatically based on the pseudo-natural language understanding techniques. However, during PROMIS development, the authors did not find an appropriate form for the separated domain knowledge. The second part of the chapter briefly describes how the authors came to the concept of knowware. They stated that the essence of knowware is its capacity as a commercialized form of domain knowledge. It is also the third major component of IT after hardware and software. The third part of the chapter introduces the basic concepts of knowware and knowware engineering. Three life cycle models of knowware engineering and the design of corresponding knowware implementations are given. The fourth part of the chapter introduces object-oriented mixware engineering. In the fifth part of the chapter, two recent applications of knowware technique regarding smart room and Web search are reported. As a further development of PROMIS, the sixth part of the chapter discusses knowware-based redesign of its framework. In the seventh part of the chapter, the authors discuss automatic application generation and domain knowledge modeling on the J2EE platform, which combines techniques of PROMIS, knowware, and J2EE, and the development and deployment framework (i.e. PROMIS/KW**).

The analyzes of public policies and their interface with the law are related to the effectiveness of fundamental rights. This article aims to analyze how the creation and execution of public policies aimed at the realization of fundamental social rights, especially those aimed at employment and income, as well as the judicial control of these public policies, are carried out. It seeks to identify the mechanisms and limits inherent to Public Administration to promote the realization of these rights in an equal way. The investigation of institutional designs, federative arrangements, and programs and the legal foundations and theoretical bases of public policies founded with the consolidation of the Constitutional State of Law seek to identify possible bottlenecks in the Brazilian Public Administration for the effectiveness of socialrights, such as those aimed at employment nationwide and the municipal administration, especially in Campos dos Goytacazes. The study will be based on a bibliographic research and analysis of the legislative and jurisprudential process on the subject, with data collection from the websites of the federal and municipal government of Campos, Ministério Público, Courts of Auditors, IPEA, IBGE, Federal Chamber of Deputies and well. as the Federal Supreme Court (STF). With the systematization of theoretical references on public policies and fundamental rights, a proposal to identify the articulation and dialogue between the powers in the area of realization of specific social rights related to work and income, and the elaboration of an article summarizing the results achieved by the analysis of effectiveness with the analysis of the importance of the effectiveness of fundamental rights with the identification and systematization of the main institutional obstacles to their implementation

First and foremost, the main inspiration for the specific problem in this paper are the changes in the electricity market of the Republic of North Macedonia (in the text as – “RSM”) and its compliance with European regu­lations, elaborating the characteristics and official data on the Macedonian regulated market. By summarizing all the theoretical and empirical aspects, the answers to the arising questions are provided through the analysis of the legal framework, the condition and the participants in the electricity-regu­lated market in the country in the analyzed period of three years (2019-2021). Also, the results and conclusions of the research shall be achieved via compre­hensive analysis and by finding the answers to the posed questions through the theoretical analysis, the inductive and deductive methods, whereas the techniques utilized shall be: official data and reports of the Regulatory Com­mission of energetic and water services of RSM, questionnaires, interviews and observations as well. The main conclusion is that the changes in the reg­ulated market are under the influence of the changed Macedonian regula­tions, the process of harmonization with the European regulations and the current developments related to the energy market globally. In this paper, the goal is achieved through the elaboration of changes in the legislation in the Republic of North Macedonia and its implementation in the past few years, emphasizing the effects on the liberalization of the electricity market.

Based on the knowledge about psychomotor development, the paper presents research aimed at developing an observation sheet suitable for teachers in kindergartens and summarizing the most common difficulties of preschool children in Slovakia and Serbia. It defends the need to identify children with delayed psychomotor development and summarizes the possibilities of screening the functionality of psychomotor development of children at an early age.

Representing world knowledge in a machine processable format is important as entities and their descriptions have fueled tremendous growth in knowledge-rich information processing platforms, services, and systems. Prominent applications of knowledge graphs include search engines (e.g., Google Search and Microsoft Bing), email clients (e.g., Gmail), and intelligent personal assistants (e.g., Google Now, Amazon Echo, and Apple's Siri). In this paper, we present an approach that can summarize facts about a collection of entities by analyzing their relatedness in preference to summarizing each entity in isolation. Specifically, we generate informative entity summaries by selecting: (i) inter-entity facts that are similar and (ii) intra-entity facts that are important and diverse. We employ a constrained knapsack problem solving approach to efficiently compute entity summaries. We perform both qualitative and quantitative experiments and demonstrate that our approach yields promising results compared to two other stand-alone state-of-the-art entity summarization approaches.

The goal of the paper is to suggest a comprehensive and inte­grated knowledge management implementation and maturity assessment model based on the most common critical success factors and corporate en­ablers discovered during a systematic overview of the knowledge manage­ment maturity models and the related literature review. Summarizing the re­view leads to the discovery of KMMMs CSFs and key themes, while simultane­ously examining the idea of standardization through accepted KM standards and their core principles. To provide a model that can be used by both practi­tioners and researchers in the future to improve organizational performance and to be used as a tool for knowledge management performance measure­ment, the implementation stages of the proposed framework, the maturity levels, the proposed assessment measuring tools and methods are presented in an approach that encompasses the core guidelines of ISO 30401.

Several approaches have been developed for answering users' specific questions about AI behavior and for assessing their core functionality in terms of primitive executable actions. However, the problem of summarizing an AI agent's broad capabilities for a user is comparatively new. This paper presents an algorithm for discovering from scratch the suite of high-level "capabilities" that an AI system with arbitrary internal planning algorithms/policies can perform. It computes conditions describing the applicability and effects of these capabilities in user-interpretable terms. Starting from a set of user-interpretable state properties, an AI agent, and a simulator that the agent can interact with, our algorithm returns a set of high-level capabilities with their parameterized descriptions. Empirical evaluation on several game-based scenarios shows that this approach efficiently learns descriptions of various types of AI agents in deterministic, fully observable settings. User studies show that such descriptions are easier to understand and reason with than the agent's primitive actions.

The internet is a vast treasure trove of information on any subject that has allowed students and scientists alikeunprecedented access to the world's collective knowledge [1]. Unfortunately, a lot of it is buried in hours longseminars, talks and other videos on video sharing websites like YouTube [2]. When researching a topic for anacademic essay or paper, one might rightly be shocked by the massive time investment required to dig uptherelevant data or citations from these monolithic recordings [3]. This paper develops an application that aims toapply new machine-learning-based transcription and keyword extraction methods to cut these videos into small, digestible chunks, which are labeled with their most important topics in order to allow us only to have to manuallyanalyze the parts of the video that are relevant to our research without losing valuable context details [4]. Weapplied our program to instructional videos on YouTube, in order to test how well we can rearrange videodocuments for a more convenient view of its contents and conducted a qualitative evaluation of the approach. Theresults show that the application works as expected to provide video clips titled with its central topic for the user todownload in a reasonable amount of time via a simple browser-based extension [5].

Abstract For many nuclear power plants worldwide the operation period will be extended to 60 or 80 years in the coming years. As the operation period increases, the importance of knowledge of ageing mechanisms increases. In the framework of LTO there is limited knowledge about ageing and structural integrity of concrete structures. Knowledge about the strength of concrete structures and modelling thereof can be improved for a more complete knowledge base on ageing and degradation mechanism in nuclear facilities. Therefore, effort is required to improve the knowledge of concrete, material models and finite element modelling techniques as well as the assessment method. Recent developments have shown that ageing of civil structures receive more attention internationally (E.g. concrete degradation in bunker building Doel). Traditionally a large part of the research and development is focused on mechanical issues like piping and vessels. In order to increase the knowledge in the field of civil structures, the focus is on investigation of ageing of concrete and determining analysis methods. This paper focuses on the development of a practical assessment method for ageing of civil structures. As a first step information from international publications and other sources on civil structures ageing issues and management thereof, will be gathered. Well known international standards taking care of ageing phenomena based on problem areas and good practices are IGALL and GALL. IGALL and GALL contain information tables based on international experience. This is the starting point of the research in finding an assessment methodology for civil ageing management. It will be shown that IGALL and GALL contain very similar elements. Sorting on the AMPs results in a practical set of datasheets with summarizing information per AMP, including the underlying international experience. The datasheets are of limited size, presenting an helpful overview of the relevant structures or components, materials, environment and mechanisms. A method for civil ageing management is proposed which will be applied and developed in more detail in future research. Further research is necessary to develop a specific assessment methodology for concrete.

Research in the cognitive dimension based on the sources with the aim of clarifying the nature of smart cities by summarizing them with a knowledge content consisting of three words (the goal - problem questions - solutions) focusing on the fact that the phenomenon of smart cities does not constitute an intellectual luxury, but that smart cities have a function in light of urban randomness in the built environment In the atmosphere of technological and cognitive progress, which is a focus that represents solutions to urban design problems, then the contemporary experience of structuring smart cities globally was discussed, to be a database for what was discussed in the knowledge framework. To reach the results, we compared the trends of the contemporary urban design system (according to Carmona), to the trends of smart cities, to reach the pros and cons in the knowledge and technical orientation axes of the context and dimensions of the urban structure for the future directions of cities. The research sources took three official global axes: the periodicals (ITU) of the International Telecommunication Union (one of the main marketers of smart city trends), European Parliament policies and plans for building smart cities (from the implementation institutions for smart cities), the research also dealt with World Bank publications, and sources Others support the idea in the margins.

Review question / Objective: What is the current status of implementation of interventional programs on early functional rehabilitation during acute, hospital-based medical care, specifically tailored for older patients with CI and what are the most appropriate programs or program components to support early rehab in this specific population? This study combines a systematic umbrella review with a scoping review. While an umbrella review synthesizes knowledge by summarizing existing review papers, a scoping review aims to provide an overview of an emerging area, extracting concepts and identify the gaps in knowledge. The study focuses on older hospitalized adults (>65 yrs.) receiving ward based early rehabilitation. The focus within this review is on study participants with cognitive impairment or dementia. The study targets at controlled trials independent of their randomization procedure reporting on an early functional rehabilitation during hospitalization. Trials that were conducted in different or mixed settings (e.g. inpatient and aftercare intervention) without a clear focus on hospital based rehabilitation were excluded. The study aim is to identify the presence of CI specific features for early rehabilitation including: CI/dementia assessment, sub-analysis of results according to cognitive status, sample description defined by cognitive impairment, program modules specific for geriatric patients CI.

The purpose of the study is to develop the methodical recommendations for test-designers to cope with challenges of organizing on-line assessment process. In order to achieve this goal we have to reveal the strengths and weaknesses of e-assessment activities based on analysis of the universities practice. To find out students’ attitude to the issue of the study we have drawn up the questionnaire. The survey results confirm that e-assessment is rated as priority activity by learners thanks to individual approach to teaching/learning process, easily accessible and fast feedback, as well as interactive methods of implementation. Reviewing practical experience of Kryvyi Rih National University (KNU) and Donetsk Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine (DLI) and summarizing statistical data of the survey we have developed methodical support for designing e-assessment activities which involves: to determine intended recipients and the purpose of testing; select appropriate instruments and e-platform; specify forms of feedback; clarify the tasks; provide knowledge base for operating e-tests etc. Despite plenty of studies in this domain the test-designers and test-takers face to typical difficulties while operating e-assessment, and there is lack of research providing methodical practicalities in this field. To address learners’ and lecturers’ needs we have developed the methodical recommendations, which might be used in the drafting of e-assessment tests for students of different specialisms.

Objectives. Opioid stewardship interventions promote the appropriate use of prescribed and ordered opioids to reduce the risk of opioid adverse events. Our main objectives were to determine the effectiveness of these interventions in healthcare settings on opioid prescribing and clinical outcomes (e.g., number of opioid prescriptions, opioid dosage, overdose, emergency department visits, and hospitalizations) including unintended consequences (e.g., changes in patient-reported pain intensity), and ways these interventions can be effectively implemented. Methods. We followed rapid review processes of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence-based Practice Center Program. We searched PubMed and the Cochrane Library to identify eligible systematic reviews from January 2019 to April 2023 and primary studies published from January 2016 to April 2023, supplemented by targeted gray literature searches. We included systematic reviews and studies that addressed opioid stewardship interventions implemented in healthcare settings in the United States and that reported on opioid prescribing and clinical outcomes. Findings. Our search retrieved 6,431 citations, of which 34 articles were eligible (including 1 overview of systematic reviews, 13 additional systematic reviews, 13 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) [reported in 14 articles] and 6 nonrandomized studies). Systematic reviews, mostly summarizing pre-post studies, included a wide variety of opioid stewardship practices that focused on patient and family engagement, healthcare organization policy, or clinician knowledge and behavior interventions, in inpatient, perioperative, emergency department, and ambulatory settings. RCTs addressed multicomponent interventions (typically a combination of prescriber education, care management and facilitated access to resources), and patient education and engagement, mainly in ambulatory chronic pain. Opioid stewardship practices involving clinical decision support or electronic health records, or multicomponent interventions (including for chronic pain) were associated with decreases in opioid prescribing or reduced doses and no increases in pain, emergency department visits, or hospitalizations (low strength of evidence for all outcomes). Patient engagement and education interventions had mixed results for opioid prescribing outcomes (insufficient strength of evidence) and no increases in pain, emergency department visits, or hospitalizations (low strength of evidence). The evidence was insufficient on other types of interventions and on outcomes of opioid refill requests and refills, patient satisfaction, or overdose. Barriers included lack of training, workload, gaps in communication, and inadequate access to nonpharmacological resources. Facilitators included clinician and patient acceptance of intervention components. Conclusions. Selected opioid stewardship interventions may be effective for reducing opioid prescribing and dosing without adversely affecting clinical outcomes overall, although strength of evidence was low. Unintended consequences were often not measured or not measured rigorously. Interventions to reduce opioid use should monitor unintended consequences and include access to nonpharmacological pain management resources with appropriate patient education and engagement.