Tesis sobre el tema "Sultana"
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Jurado, Santos Agapita. "Tolerancia y Ambigüedad en "La gran sultana" de Cervantes /". Kassel : Reichenberger, 1997. http://www.gbv.de/dms/sub-hamburg/243706987.pdf.
Texto completoOctober, John Reginald Vernon. "Seaweed extract effects on potato (Solanum Tuberosum 'BP1') and grape (Vitis Vinifera Var. Sultana) Production". University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5938.
Texto completoField trials were conducted to determine the effects of a locally produced seaweed extract product (Afrikelp LG-1), on the growth parameters and yield of Solanum tuberosum 'BP1'potato crop and Vitis vinifera var. sultana grapes. The extrapolation of these results will assist local potato and grape farmers to produce quality crops with improved yields. Field experiments were conducted at the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) Nietvoorbij site in Stellenbosch, South Africa. The experimental layout consisted of four randomised blocks, and four replicates were used per treatment. Various concentrations of seaweed extracts (0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 l/ha) was applied as soil drench and foliar sprays over two cropping seasons, namely 2010 and 2011 (potato), and 2011 and 2012 (sultana grapes).
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Zlatintsi, Sultana [Verfasser]. "Untersuchungen der Estrogen- und Progesteronrezeptor-Konzentrationen im humanen unteren Uterinsegment während der Geburt / Sultana Zlatintsi". Aachen : Hochschulbibliothek der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1025922026/34.
Texto completoZhang, Hongkui. "1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of α, β-unsaturated sultone and sultams". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2004. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/532.
Texto completoOnimus, Clément. "Les émirs dans le sultanat mamelouk sous les sultans Barqūq et Faraǧ (784-815/1382-1412)". Paris, EPHE, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EPHE4040.
Texto completoThe emirs were the politico military elite of the mamluk sultanate since the mid-13th century. They were supposed to protect Islam against the infidel conquerors. The pluralist institutional structure of the mamluk sultanate incited them to fight over the honors and the resources of the kingdom, while the economic crisis context at the turn of the 14th -15th century stirred conflicts further. The overthrow of the Qalāwūnid dynasty and Sultan Barqūq’s accession in 1382 was a turning point, from a social, than from an ethnic perspective. Our work consists in the analysis of this elite social organization, its evolutions and consequences for military affairs. The new sovereign strengthened the sultanic authority but had to confront the opposition of emirs’ households that questioned his power. By means expanding patronage and integrating most of the military elite in his clientage, Barqūq managed to impose his authority. But it did not survive his death despite his successful hereditary succession and his mamluks’ monopoly over the kingdom’s offices. The emir’s society that had merged in the sultan’s clientage fragmented itself with antagonist households and factions. His son’s efforts to restore the sovereign household shifted the conflicts to Syria. After years of civil war, Sultan Faraǧ’s policy proved to be in vain. The rebels defeated him and overthrew his dynasty. Between concentration and fragmentation, the military elite became radicalized
Dewière, Rémi. "L'esclave, le savant et le sultan : représentations du monde et diplomatie au sultanat du Borno (XVIe-XVIIe siècles)". Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010631.
Texto completoLocated on the Western shores of Lake Chad in present-day Nigeria, the Borno Sultanate was the most important Islamic African state in the XVIth-XVIIth centuries. It influenced economical, cultural and human circulations in the whole Sahel and Sahara. Two contemporary authors described how the Borno sultans were integrated into the diplomatic exchanges in order to defend their economical and territorial interests. The first one was a Borno imam whose name named Aḥmad ibn Furṭū (c. 1570). The other was a French surgeon who was enslaved in Tripoli in the 1670s. On the basis of the texts they produced, this work aims to go beyond a political history of the Borno Sultanate and analyze the representations, the circulations and the practices of diplomacy between a sahelian state and its neighbours in the Early Modern period, taking into consideration the influence of environmental, religious, economical and social dynamics as well as the discourses and practices of diplomacy
Almoharby, Darwish. "Exploration of the environment of managerial decision-making in Sultan Qaboos University (SQU), The Sultanate of Oman". Thesis, University of Reading, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391863.
Texto completoAl-Ghanboosi, Salim Saleem Mohammed. "Enhancing higher education services in the Sultanate of Oman through implementing total quality management: Sultan Qaboos University as case study". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488252.
Texto completoAl, Awaisi Huda S. "The experience of Sultan Qaboos University newly graduated nurses during their first year of practice in the Sultanate of Oman". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-experience-of-sultan-qaboos-university-newly-graduated-nurses-during-their-first-year-of-practice-in-the-sultanate-of-oman(07d3cf1b-4740-416a-9bc6-e64ae57d6d12).html.
Texto completoBright, Anthony R. "The education and training of accounting technicians in the Sultanate of Oman : The accounting diploma program at Sultan Qaboos University". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2005. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/652.
Texto completoMattos, Regiane Augusto de. "As dimensões da resistência em Angoche: da expansão política do sultanato à política colonialista portuguesa no norte de Moçambique (1842-1910)". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-01082012-164035/.
Texto completoThe present thesis has as objective to examine the formation of the coalition resistance organized at the end of the nineteenth century, by the leaderships of Angoche, Sangage, Sancul and Quitangonha, and the groups macua-imbamela and namarrais, to the interference of the Portuguese colonialist policy in Northern Mozambique. Those learderships effectuated several attacks to the Portuguese military and administrative posts, postponing the effective occupation of that territory until 1910. The main objective of the coalition was the preservation of the political autonomy, threatened by the initiatives of the territorial occupation and the establishment of the colonial mechanisms, as the control of the trade and the agricultural production, the collection of taxes and the compulsory labor. Participants in the coalition were inserted of a complex of interconnections generated by the multiple relationships established through the political, cultural, religious and trade spaces, which involved not only the Islamic societies of the coast, the interior ones and the World Swahili as Zanzibar Sultanate, Comoros and Madagascar, but also Indian, Portuguese, English and French people. Those relationships were defined by the kinship, the land donating, the Islamic religion and also mercantile contacts. Those connections facilitated the formation of the resistance coalition at end of the nineteenth century.
Al-Khudhairi, Mohammed Sulaiman. "The Sultanate of Muscat and the United States : a study of mutual co-operation between Sultan Said and the American merchants". Thesis, University of Essex, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.236645.
Texto completoJiang, La Sheng. "The chemistry of 1-propene-1,3-sultone and related homochiral sultams : their preparation, chemical transformations and applications in asymmetric Diels-Alder reactions". HKBU Institutional Repository, 1998. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/141.
Texto completoBelgasem, Fatima Essadek Ali. "Representations of Ottoman sultans in Elizabethan times". Thesis, Durham University, 2013. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7384/.
Texto completoRianto, Sultan Akbar. "Identifying risk in shariah compliant financing for transport infrastructure projects in Indonesia". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/105587/1/Sultan%20Akbar_Rianto_Thesis.pdf.
Texto completoAlodhaibi, Sultan Sulaiman. "Strategic and operational issues in the integrated management of an airport: An operations management approach". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/132262/1/Sultan%20Sulaiman_Alodhaibi_Thesis.pdf.
Texto completoAl-Wuhaibi, Abdullah Muhammad Fahad. "Oman under Sultans Taimur and Sa'īd, 1913-1970". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/252079.
Texto completoValeri, Marc. "Le sultanat d'Oman : une révolution en trompe-l'oeil /". Paris : Karthala, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41104791t.
Texto completoSödergren, Linus. "Sultanen av Sulu : En textanalys av George Ades pjäs Sultanen av Sulu". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper (KV), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-100778.
Texto completoSrivastava, Ashok Kumar. "Disintegration of North Indian Hindu states, C. 1175-1320 A. D. /". Gorakhpur [India] : New Delhi : Purvanchal Prakashan ; Distributed by D. K. publisher's distributors, 1990. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35748299g.
Texto completoMohammad, Sultan [Verfasser]. "Salt Influence on Liquid-Liquid Equilibria / Sultan Mohammad". München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1122524722/34.
Texto completoAl-Mughairi, Ali J. "Information behaviour of researchers at Sultan Qaboos University". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2006. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7779.
Texto completoVelcic, Daniela. "« La sultane et sa sœur » : Une étude narratologique à partir de la thématique de la sororité dans Ombre sultane d’Assia Djebar". Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för humaniora (HUM), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-4422.
Texto completoAlsaleh, Sultan Abdullah. "Investigating Riyadh's public health inspectors' ability to conduct risk-based food inspection, and their professional needs: A mixed-methods research study". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/208321/1/Sultan%20Abdullah%20R_Alsaleh_Thesis.pdf.
Texto completoBeaty, David. "The short reign of Sultan Osman and other stories". FIU Digital Commons, 1998. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1471.
Texto completoRigoreau, Laurent Jean Martin. "The synthesis of β-Sultams". Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323939.
Texto completoLaclau, Adeline. "Les manuscrits enluminés dans le sultanat mamlūk au XIVe siècle". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0200.
Texto completoThis thesis focuses on the illuminated manuscripts produced in the Mamlūk sultanate during the 14th century. These works, produced in large numbers, now represent a significant critical mass in order to study the various mechanisms of manuscript production in Egypt and Syria at the end of the Middle Ages. Using historical sources and an analysis of the book as an object and work of art, this study proposes to trace the manufacturing process and production context of these manuscripts. The working method adopted is based on three main axes: first, careful observation of the medium through the use and evolution of the paper formats used, the layout and writing, and then the analysis of illuminations, essentially based on considerations relating to their geometric construction. By combining several disciplines such as codicology, palaeography and art history, this study highlights the identity of the various actors and their role within this artistic production, but also the introduction and evolution of certain operating modes in the manufacturing process or in the exercise of patronage
Salicrú, i. Lluch Roser. "El sultanat de Granada i la Corona d'Aragó, 1410-1458 /". Barcelona : Publ. de l'Abadia de Montserrat, 1998. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb370579236.
Texto completoAl, Aisri Amur Mohamed Amur. "L'Enseignement du langage dans les écoles maternelles au Sultanat d'Oman". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENH030/document.
Texto completoThe objective of this thesis is to provide an inventory of practices and teaching conditions to identify the effects of education on language acquisition and to evaluate the effectiveness of the Omani system for kindergartners. the first part of the thesis presents a theoretical reflection on teaching in nursery schools in the world and particularly in Oman. The second part includes two empirical studies : the first is a survey made a general analysis of the education system for Omani kindergartens, using questionnaires to teachers (n = 429 ) , supervisors (n = 34) and administrative staff(n = 100 ) in 100 kindergartens in 10 regions of the country; the second consists of observations of language teaching practices in Omani kindergartens. Observation grids were carried out to analyze the language-teaching activities (n = 50 classes in 50 schools in 6 regions). Students (n = 475 ) were evaluated in language by pre-and post - tests. The results show that the Omani preschool welcomes 3 years old children have features construction and development as well as a pupil / teacher ratio rather good but negative points are noteworthy. Kindergartens are private and charges, do not facilitate access to education. In schools , parent associations are either absent or inactive , linked perhaps with a low cultural and educational level of parents, despite their high socio -economic level. Moreover, two languages (Arabic and English) are teached, following a guide from the Ministry of Education, but there is no common program to all kindergarten schools. Most teachers have a low degree and lack of training. The results of the observation grid highlight ten types of activities that are defined from the point of view of their content in relation to language learning. The practice of language activities spends most of the time by lecturing and takes place in a collective fashion contrary. In addition, the results to pre-and post- test, show firstly the scores change more strongly in LAC (language comprehension skills) but also existing in LAS (phonological awareness skills) and LALE (reading-writing Skills) between the pre-and post –test. In the multilevel analysis, the relationship is not the same between the pre and post- test in all schools. Pretest explains very little of both inter-individual variations that variations between classes and there are many differences between schools and between students. It appears that there is no influence of the variables "gender and years of schooling" and "characteristics of teachers" (qualification and experience). As against, there is a «region " effect. It also appears that the influence of management type mode of conduct (TM, TCM) is stronger than the method (implicit, explicit and masterful), which is stronger than the manner of conduct (individual and collective). Note that in the method and mode of conduct, values relating to the activities of code are better than those relating to the meaning. Variables that have emerged as effective in language learning are implicit sense, code -TCM, TCM sense and collective sense and Omani preschool system would benefit from their inclusion. In addition the recent training has a significant effect (efficacy teachers is higher for those who have benefited)
Harrak, Fatima. "State and religion in eighteenth century Morocco : the religious policy of Sidi Muhâ‚‹ammad B. #Abd AllaÌh 1757-1790". Thesis, University of London, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286115.
Texto completoKooli, Chokri. "Transformation du système éducatif Omanais, quarante ans de formation de capital humain : évolution et performance". Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0028.
Texto completoThe economic prosperity of many countries depends primarily on revenues of oil resources and derivatives. Since this type of resource is exhaustible, the question of protecting the economy of certain countries from the fluctuations of oil prices may raise. These countries need too, to ensure the prosperity of their local economy based on sustainable resources. The Sultanate of Oman has launched the challenges of the diversification of its economy. To achieve this, the political authorities have understood the usefulness of the development of human capital throughout the increase of the level of instruction and education of the population. Being aware that such investment in education is more productive than any other one, our goal consists to study and analyze the effectiveness of public decision to invest in education and its impact on the quality of human capital. Through the Omani model, we seek to measure the impact and contribution of forty years of massive investments in the education system and on the development of human capital of the Sultanate. Our research, aims to analyze how to balance between the utility of education as a development model and the effectiveness of investment in the education system? We will see how public decision to invest in human capital must take into account the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the educational process. The consequences of such investment model need to be examined through the Omani case
Sultan, Muhammad [Verfasser]. "Ultrafast magnetization dynamics of lanthanide metals and alloys / Muhammad Sultan". Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2012. http://d-nb.info/102715171X/34.
Texto completoSiṃha, Aśoka Kumāra. "Saltanata-kāla meṃ Hindū pratirodha /". Jayapura : Pablikeśana skīma, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb371763723.
Texto completoEdattukaran, Margaret P. "Aquaculture in the sultanate of Oman". Thesis, Boston University, 1999. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/28564.
Texto completoPLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
This thesis is a story of Oman. It will lightly touch the rich fabric of Oman's history. It will chart through some of Oman's modernization as a cohesive Arab state into the new era under the reign of Sultan Qaboos bin Said. The thesis will emphasize Oman's potential as a young entrepreneur, and discuss the pathways and decisions made over the last two decades bringing Oman to the forefront of economic progress and social development while maintaining its cultural heritage. As Oman continues to look for revenue sources other than oil through industrialization, the thesis will focus on Oman's Fisheries industry and discuss the gradual depletion of its marine food resources--a consequence of over-fishing. The thesis will debate whether an aquaculture industry is the next step up from Oman's Fisheries sector and can Oman used the development of its aquaculture sector to increase its revenues. The analysis of an aquaculture sector for Oman will involve evaluating the economic, scientific, environmental and ecological factors dictating the success of entering this industry. It will focus on aquaculture of shrimp and the reasons why Oman would consider using this species to develop its aquaculture sector. The thesis will lay out various approaches to practicing sustainable aquaculture and focus on three potential options to develop the aquaculture sector. This section will canvass the critical factors that should drive the decision making process in selecting the optimal aquaculture approach that will yield Oman the revenue sources it seeks while minimizing any damage to the environment. The three choices are developed with an across the border measuring device with which Oman can evaluate the socio-economical and ecological pros and cons of selecting any of the three options.
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Al, Senaidi Said. "An investigation of factors affecting Omani faculty members' adoption of information and computing technology". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc11063/.
Texto completoPrice, Tekla Sylvia Doris. "The vice sultan, A. Henry Layard, Ambassador to Constantinople, 1877-1880". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq24611.pdf.
Texto completoAl-Farsi, Fawziya Nasser Juma. "Omanisation and staff development of academic staff in Sultan Qaboos University". Thesis, University of Exeter, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359553.
Texto completoAl, Hinai Sultan Zayid Mohammed. "Algebraic attacks on clock-controlled stream ciphers". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2007. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/37243/1/Sultan_Al-Hinai_Thesis.pdf.
Texto completoAl, Solaiman Sultan. "An empirical study of the factors impacting on the involvement of clients in Saudi Arabian construction projects". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2014. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/72580/1/Sultan_Al%20Solaiman_Thesis.pdf.
Texto completoValeri, Marc. "L'Etat-Qabous : identité nationale et légitimité politique au sultanat d'Oman (1970-2005)". Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005IEPP0006.
Texto completoYule, Paul. "Die Gräberfelder in Samad al Shan (Sultanat Oman) : Materialen zur einer Kulturgeschichte /". Rahden/Westf. : M. Leidorf, 2001. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39901870s.
Texto completoRésumé en anglais et en arabe. Bibliogr. vol. 1, p. 409-438. Index.
Sebag-Serfaty, Nicole. "Les courtisans juifs des sultans marocains : hommes politiques et hauts dignitaires de leur communauté d'appartenance". Paris 8, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA081438.
Texto completoAs early as the 13th century and during the next centuries, in total contrast with the social status of their coreligionists and the condescending regard of the dominating islamic society, moroccan-jewish notables like khalifa ibn waqqasa and haroun ibn batash, achieved high positions at the court of the sultans. After the final expulsion of the jews from spain in 1492, many settled in morocco where three dynasties in succession - the wattassis, sa'adis and 'alawis - turned to their advantage the jewish cultural and linguistic diversity by regularly calling on financiers, advisers or ambassadors. Among the most prominent should be mentioned : abraham ben zamirou, jacob roti, jacob rosales, several members of the pallache, maimran, ben 'attar and toledano families. These jewish dignitaries often called shaykh al-yhud or nagid, were considered by their coreligionists as their protectors and by the sultan as responsible for the activities of their community. What are the factors which gave rise to this dhimmi elite, what are the circumstances of the moroccan court jews phonomenon, in particular and to this phenomenon generally, and to what extent can it be measure of the level of acceptance achieved by the jews in their surrounding society ? finally, beyond political motives, can we perceive the beginnings of a mental pattern, a cultural climate favourable to the fostering of a rising jewish class ? these are the questions that this research will attempt to answer
Kennedy, Thalia Dorothy Joan. "Sultanate architecture of South Asia, 1398 - 1526". Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427694.
Texto completoBaxter, Nicholas James. "The mechanisms of reactions of #beta#-sultams". Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285584.
Texto completoBrac, de la Perrière Éloïse. "L'art du livre dans l'Inde des sultanats /". Paris : PUPS, 2008. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41271430p.
Texto completoEn appendice, choix de documents. Bibliogr. p. 321-350. Glossaire. Index. PUPS = Presses de l'Université Paris-Sorbonne.
TAGLIABUE, AARON LUCA. "Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure Polyfluorobenzo[d]sultams". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/63056.
Texto completoMraizika, Mohammed. "Le Concept de "Tafwid a-sulta" (délégation de pouvoir) du Kitab Al-Ahkam à Sultaniya d'Abu L-Hassan Al-Mawardi (975-1058) au protectorat français au Maroc : 1912-1956". Paris, EHESS, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994EHES0076.
Texto completoIn this research, we have studied the concept of "tafwid a-sulta" 8"power delegation") with aim of determining its role in the process of organisation and legitimization of public authority during the period of the french protectorate in morocco (1912-1956). This thesis consists of two parts divided into four chapters each. The first part sets the concept in a juridical, political and historical context in order to find out its doctrinal basis and thus understand its meaning, its role and its place in the islamic governmental tradition and in the system developped by the reformer and jurist, abu l-hassan al-mawardi (975-1058), in his treatise "al-ahkam a-sultaniya" (translated into french by e. Fagnan, 1982, under the title of "les statuts gouvernementaux") in the second part, we examine the reasons and motivations which led international law and the internal law of the protectorate to reactualize the concept of power delegation at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. This reactualization having been made with regard to the return to the basics of muslim public law and to those of the mawardian theory of "delegated ministry". We examined the basfs of the theory that the colonial juridical doctrine set forth and applied on a large sdale in morocco between 1912 and 1956
Al-Said, Walyam Ghalib. "Development and evaluation of a staff appraisal system for Sultan Qaboos University". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358418.
Texto completoDaddi, Addoun Aïcha. "Le Sultanat ibadite d'Oman, sa spécificité dans le monde musulman : modernité et continuité". Lyon 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO3A001.
Texto completoAtanasiu, Vlad. "Le phénomène calligraphique à l'époque du sultanat mamluk : Moyen-Orient, XIIIe-XVIe siècle". Paris, EPHE, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EPHE4027.
Texto completoThe study offers a global framework for calligraphy: graphical, historical, functional and applicative. Spatial and qualitative characteristics are defined in terms useful in computer programs. Contextual allographs and microvariations are the basis of a method for reconstructing script. Graphic peculiarities define identities of individuals and groups, who use calligraphy as a medium for social competition. The role of calligraphy in the Mamluk system and the importance of linguistic competences of soldiers are discussed. The situation in the sultanate is compared to those of Persia and the Ottoman Empire. The 13th - 16th centuries are a transition period at a qualitative level and by the emergence of the modern calligrapher. The social anchoring of calligraphy is made possible by a graphic culture: a web of narrative, practice and social relations. By setting models for beautiful shapes, calligraphy acted as a simulation of reality and a training object for human decision based on visual estimation