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Lewis-McCoy, R. L’Heureux. "Suburban Black Lives Matter". Urban Education 53, n.º 2 (27 de diciembre de 2017): 145–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042085917747116.
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This article explores the range of experiences and meanings of Black life in suburban space. Drawing from educational, historical, and sociological literatures, I argue that an underconsideration of suburban space has left many portraits of educational inequality incomplete. The article outlines the emergence of American suburbs and the formation of the city suburb divide which governs much framing of educational inequality and why this frame has limited thinking about what suburbs are and who lies within them. I follow with a discussion of the contemporary state of the suburbs which are now often more racially, ethnically, and economically diverse than their proximal central cities. There are a variety of suburb types, and this article explores three: majority–minority suburbs, exclusive enclaves, and gateway communities. Each suburb type leads to unique challenges such as demographic mismatch between leadership and school population to considering how ethnicity and race interact with Afro-Latino communities. A discussion of how racialized poverty in suburbia shapes the school and social experiences of Black youth is offered. The article closes with the consideration of the directions researchers should consider and areas of policy that are ripe for reengagement given the diversity of Black experiences in suburban schools.
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Stahl, Kenneth A. "Equality and Closure: The Paradox of Local Citizenship". Fall 2020 Symposium Edition 8, n.º 1 (diciembre de 2021): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/jpl.v8.i1.3.
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In Bourgeois Utopias, a cultural history of suburbia in America, Robert Fishman states the fundamental paradox about the suburbs: “[H]ow can a form based on the principle of exclusion include every-one?” The promise of the American suburb was that every middle-class family would be able to own a home with a yard, but this egalitarian ideal was illusory because what made the suburbs appealing was precisely what it excluded, namely everything having to do with the city—its congestion, political corruption, and most importantly, its racial diversity. And so, as suburbia was mass-produced and made avail-able with cheap low-interest loans to white middle-class families, racial minorities were rigidly excluded. Although several waves of demographic change have reshaped the suburbs over the generations, this paradox remains evident today. Suburbs are becoming more dense and more diverse as many minorities have migrated from “inner cities” toward first-ring suburbs, and immigrants have found welcoming enclaves in the suburbs. But while suburbs have grown more diverse, they have also grown more segregated. High opportunity suburbs with plentiful jobs and good schools mandate low-density sprawl through zoning regulations, like mini-mum lot size and floor area requirements, parking mandates, and set-backs, that have the cumulative effect of making housing scarce and expensive. Only the very affluent or those lucky enough to have purchased a home years ago are welcome in these places. Racial minorities who, thanks to the earlier generation of suburban exclusion, have not had the opportunity to build the inter-generational wealth that is often a prerequisite to purchasing a home in the suburbs still find themselves locked out of the most desirable communities. The infra-structure of suburban communities, such as roads, sewers, and schools, are designed, perhaps deliberately, to completely collapse if the number of users increases by even a small amount, so these communities fiercely oppose any efforts to densify and permit more housing. Even modest attempts at densification are treated as calls to destroy suburban neighborhoods. But because our society has made a decision, undoubtedly questionable in retrospect, to treat suburban homeownership as the central tool for wealth building in this country, we cannot hope to meet our national aspirations for equality without opening up our suburbs to more housing. And so the question re-mains—how can a form based on the principle of exclusion include everyone?
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Maginn, Paul J. y Nicholas A. Phelps. "Making Sense of Twenty-First Century (Sub)Urban Landscapes: Blandscapes, Blendscapes, Brutalscapes and Brutopianscapes". Built Environment 49, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2023): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2148/benv.49.1.5.
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This paper makes a call for a more nuanced reading of the dynamic kaleidoscope of (sub)urban landscapes that characterize contemporary metropolitan regions. Within this metropolitan context, there is a need to move beyond perceiving the 'suburbs' as distinct and separate from, and, subservient to the 'city'. If anything, the suburbs are in a deep symbiotic relationship with the 'city' – (sub)urban entanglements. Such entanglement means that the suburbs and the city simultaneously exhibit suburban and urban elements. Hence, the terms (sub)urban, (Sub)urban, (sub)Urban, and (SUB)URBAN are used as a framework to denote the varying degrees of intermingling and scale of suburbanity and urbanity that characterize (sub)urban areas. Although suburbia has long been framed as a fundamental facet of the 'American dream' and the 'great Australian dream' the suburbs have been the object of much criticism, and derided for their conformity, domesticity and uniformity. In short, the suburbs have been stereotyped as a blandscape. However, as metropolitan regions have grown in physical and demographic terms, an array of (sub)urbanisms have emerged, and continue to do so, thereby creating a (sub)urban blendscape in terms of housing morphologies, densities, land uses, socio-cultural diversity, and governance at the metropolitan, sub-regional, local government, and suburb level. Simultaneously, an array of (sub)urban brutalscapes have also emerged as metropolitan regions have expanded. Suburbanization, extended urbanization, gentrification and (sub)urban regeneration are all contributing processes to the (re)production of brutalscapes that manifest at a range of scales and assume a variety of forms – e.g. infrastructural, sociocultural, housing, and environmental. Despite the criticisms of and problems with suburbia the idea(l) of the suburban dream prevails as metropolitanism expands. This points to the metropolitan region constituting a brutopianscape.
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Blake, Jay Peter y Behrooz Gharleghi. "The Ripple Effect at an inter-suburban level in the Sydney Metropolitan area". International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 11, n.º 1 (5 de febrero de 2018): 2–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-05-2017-0054.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the Ripple Effect of house prices at an inter-suburban level of analysis in the Sydney metropolitan area. By doing this, more practical information of price transmission can be provided to improve residential real estate purchasing decisions of market participants. Equity from residential real estate is a major component of household wealth and is frequently used to improve and upgrade homes. With the ever-increasing prices of real estate in Sydney making more efficient purchasing decisions can grow this wealth quicker allowing a household to obtain financial related goals at a quicker pace. Design/methodology/approach Using a two-stage sampling technique strings of adjoining suburbs from different Sydney regions were analysed using a combination of price graphs, Engle–Granger and Johansen co-integration techniques and Granger causality tests. Findings Pairwise co-integration was lacking throughout the various suburb strings, whereas multivariate co-integration was found in the lower priced areas further from the central business district, as these areas also experience less price volatility. The geographical location of suburbs therefore plays an important role in the ability to predict an individual suburb’s price movements. For a prominent Ripple Effect to exist at this level the best conditions would consist of a singular demand centre with restricted geographical space to which this demand can spread. Causal pathways were subsequently mapped for each suburb string identifying price transmission pathways and confirming support that while the standard Ripple Effect does not exist at an inter-suburban level, it is still possible to predict price movements by considering the price behaviour of surrounding suburbs. Originality/value This paper adds to the literature by examining the Ripple Effect across different suburbs in Sydney. This is done via an extensive search through the literature and analysing recent real estate data.
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Lozynskyi, Roman. "Suburb as a socio-spatial phenomenon and post-socialist city". Human Geography Journal, n.º 32 (8 de junio de 2022): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2076-1333-2022-32-03.
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The article analyzes the history of the emergence of the socio-spatial phenomenon of the suburbs in the Western world and in Ukraine. A comparison of suburbs in the Soviet Union (with regard to suburban villages, dachas and microraiony) and suburbs in the United States and Canada is presented. An understanding of the suburbs and its architectural / urban planning environment from the perspective of social theory is presented. It was found that the suburbs and their architectural environment were used in the propaganda of the United States and the Soviet Union to produce certain cultural meanings with economic and political consequences. The subtleties of using the concept of the suburbs in the post-socialist context were considered. Based on the main socio-geographical characteristics of suburban areas of Ukrainian cities, it was found that the use of the concept of suburbs requires theoretical analysis in the post-socialist context and its distinction with the concepts of suburbia (direct imitation, written in Ukrainian as “субурбія”) and suburban space (“prymiskyi prostir”). It is argued that the spatial criterion and the criterion of connection with the city (suitable for the allocation of suburban space and suburban area) are insufficient to define the suburbs and do not reflect the complexity of this phenomenon. Important criteria for the allocation of suburbs are also the social status of residents, their daily practices, place and type of employment and leisure activities, which can be summarized as the identity of residents, as well as the type of residential architecture and character of everyday landscapes. It was found that because Ukrainian suburban spaces are eclectic with a mixture of different social classes and housing, retain their rural face with the presence of farming, the concept of peri-urban or rural-urban fringe is a better term to describe the suburban area of post-socialist cities than the suburbs. Only certain parts of the suburban spaces tend to become American style suburbs with a predominance of single-family houses, one social class and car use. The theoretical features of understanding the phenomenon of the suburbs and more successful concepts for its definition in post-socialist conditions are important for the creation of more socially thought-out urban planning documentation and strategy for their development taking into account local characteristics.
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Singer, Simon I. y Kevin Drakulich. "Crime and Safety in Suburbia". Annual Review of Criminology 2, n.º 1 (13 de enero de 2019): 147–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-011518-024652.
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Criminologists have long focused their attention on the inner-city street corner and neglected the suburban cul-de-sac. Crime in the suburbs should be of greater criminological concern. Cities are no longer centrally located. Suburbanization has impacted not only where most Americans live but also the types and reasons for crime. We begin this review with an overview of the unique structures of the suburb and the rise of the suburban city. We complicate the image of the dangerous city and the safe suburb and examine broad trends in crime and safety within each. The reasons and types of suburban crimes are further related to the decentered, diffused, and less public places of suburbia. Types of crime are described and prospects for future research into the structure and culture of suburbanization as they relate to comparative criminological research are discussed.
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Perkova, M. y M. Markova. "PROBLEMS OF SUBURB DEVELOPMENT OF IN BELGOROD". Technical Aesthetics and Design Research 2, n.º 2 (16 de diciembre de 2020): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2687-0878-2020-2-2-47-56.
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The article is devoted to the preconditions that served as the beginning of the process of suburbanization around the world; the patterns of formation of suburban areas around large Russian cities are considered. Particular attention is paid to the most pressing problems of the Belgorod suburb. Since the Belgorod suburb has followed the American development path, the problems of Belgorod suburbs are similar to the problems of American suburbs in the different areas such as transport, environmental and socio-economic. Each of these issues is dealt with separately; the causes of these problems are taken into account; global trends in solutions are analyzed, and specific options for solving these problems for the Belgorod suburb are given
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Curtin, Mary Elizabeth. "“LIKE BOTTLED WASPS”: BEERBOHM, HUYSMANS, AND THE DECADENTS’ SUBURBAN RETREAT". Victorian Literature and Culture 39, n.º 1 (6 de diciembre de 2010): 183–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150310000331.
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Such was George Orwell's vision of suburban life in his 1939 novel Coming Up for Air – a vision of mindless, middle-class consumerism teetering always on the edge of financial ruin – a domestic life-in-death. Over the course of the twentieth century, suburbia has become the topos of bourgeois complacency, the locus of psychic decline. Strange, then, to think that at the end of the nineteenth century, two of Europe's Decadent writers – Max Beerbohm and Joris-Karl Huysmans – could find in the suburbs of London and Paris an aesthetic retreat from the snares of bourgeois urban life. In 1884, Huysmans published Against Nature, the paragon of fin-de-siècle Decadent fiction which recounts the movement of the syphilitic aristocrat, Duc Jean Floressas des Esseintes, from the centre of Paris to the suburban village of Fontenay-aux-Roses where he constructs his anti-bourgeois aesthetic hermitage. Over ten years later, in 1896, Beerbohm published his satirical essay “Diminuendo,” in which the twenty-four-year-old writer announces his retirement from the literary world and his subsequent retreat to a quiet life of aesthetic contemplation in a London suburb. Needless to say, these suburban havens are a far cry from Orwell's sordid account of pre-war suburbia's obsession with false teeth and life insurance. Though only a little over fifty years separate Against Nature and Coming Up for Air, the suburbs of Huysmans and Orwell seem worlds apart. No one could imagine Des Esseintes's leather-bound study in the “Hesperides Estates,” and it seems unthinkable to picture Beerbohm locking himself away in a library amidst the cacophony of squealing infants and nagging housewives. The suburbs seem the least likely place in which the Decadent or dandy might thrive, and yet in Against Nature and “Diminuendo,” Huysmans and Beerbohm depict the suburbs as the last refuge of the man of taste. How could this be? What are these fin-de-siècle suburbs of London and Paris, and what do they signify in Huysmans's and Beerbohm's writing? These are the central questions I pose in this study of the Decadents’ retreat from urban life.
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Jindrich, Jason. "Suburbs in the City". Social Science History 36, n.º 2 (2012): 147–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200011731.
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Political boundaries are the criterion scholars use most often to define American suburbs; a problematic approach when applied to the late nineteenth century. Annexation distended the boundaries of nineteenth-century cities so far as to obscure broad swaths of suburban and rural districts within their limits. The absence of a literature about these “suburbs in the city” is problematic, because it encourages historical researchers to consider newly annexed territory as urban equivalents of older city districts. This article argues that under the generally accepted definition of suburb, the condition of nineteenth-century urban overbounding obstructs a full appreciation of the historical breadth, ubiquity, and composition of working-class residence outside the urban core. Analysis of the socioeconomic characteristics of regions with suburban population densities within the 1880 city limits of Cleveland, Ohio; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Newark, New Jersey; and St. Louis, Missouri, indicate that researchers have underestimated the degree and diversity of blue-collar suburbanization during this period.
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MOORE, JAMES. "Making Cairo modern? Innovation, urban form and the development of suburbia, c. 1880–1922". Urban History 41, n.º 1 (29 de julio de 2013): 81–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096392681300028x.
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ABSTRACT:Cairo has often been seen as a ‘dual city’ divided between a ‘modern’ European city and a historic ‘traditional’ core. This article challenges this view through a historical exploration of suburban Cairo, a subject neglected by mainstream urban historians. A comparative examination of Ismailiyah, Garden City, Zamalek, Maadi, Helwan and Heliopolis illustrates that these suburbs took very different forms and reflected a wide range of historical and contemporary architectural tastes and design perspectives. Not all suburban developments were products of modern technical innovations and by 1922 no suburb had a majority of European residents. The use of the term ‘modern’ to characterize Cairo's suburbs therefore has the tendency to privilege western concepts of the modern and obscure the complexities of suburban social and economic development.
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Murphy, Alexandra K. "The Suburban Ghetto: The Legacy of Herbert Gans in Understanding the Experience of Poverty in Recently Impoverished American Suburbs". City & Community 6, n.º 1 (marzo de 2007): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2007.00196.x.
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Reports based on data collected from the 2000 U.S. Census reveal a dramatic transformation in the landscape of poverty and inequality in the United States in the 1990s. U.S. central city areas have witnessed considerable decreases in rates of poverty while, at the same time, suburbs have experienced significant increases in rates of poverty. Indeed, the outcome of this shift has resulted in demographic trends, quality of life issues, economic and social outcomes, and signs of physical deterioration that we often associate with deteriorating inner cities now being found in a number of American suburbs. Beyond basic demographic information, however, little is known about daily life in these areas. This paper explores the conceptual, analytical, and methodological contributions of Herbert Gans, specifically, his ethnographic study of the suburban community Levittown, for the study of these changes. The paper reviews the literature on suburban poverty in order to identify the ways in which Gans's work contributes to future suburban scholarship as students of the suburb grapple with trying to understand and examine this transformation and the impact that this suburban change has had on the daily lives of the poor living in these recently turned poor suburbs.
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Filion, Pierre. "Enduring Features of the North American Suburb: Built Form, Automobile Orientation, Suburban Culture and Political Mobilization". Urban Planning 3, n.º 4 (30 de octubre de 2018): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v3i4.1684.
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As any social phenomenon, the evolution of suburbs can be seen as at the confluence of two contradictory sets of forces. There are first forces of change, which propel suburbs in new directions. Much of the present literature on suburbs highlights suburban transitions in the form of social and economic diversification, and of new forms of development. The article attempts to rebalance the discourse on suburbs by emphasizing forces of durability. It does not deny the importance of observed suburban transitions, but argues that there is, at the heart of North American suburbs, an enduring automobility-induced transportation dynamic, which reverberates on most aspects of suburbs. The article explores the mechanisms undergirding suburban durability by linking the suburban transportation dynamic to the self-reproductive effects of a suburban lifestyle and culture and their political manifestations. These forces impede planning attempts to transform suburbs in ways that make them more environmentally sustainable. To empirically ground its argument, the article draws on two Toronto region case studies illustrating processes assuring the persistence of the durable features of North American suburbs: the layout of large suburban multifunctional centres and the themes raised by Rob Ford during his successful 2010 mayoralty electoral campaign.
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Beck, Brenden. "Broken Windows in the Cul-de-Sac? Race/Ethnicity and Quality-of-Life Policing in the Changing Suburbs". Crime & Delinquency 65, n.º 2 (15 de noviembre de 2017): 270–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128717739568.
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The racially disparate impacts of the carceral state are well studied, but most of the research has focused on large cities. Are suburban and urban policing similar? One trend suggests suburban policing might be in flux: U.S. suburbs underwent a dramatic demographic shift between 1990 and 2014. Their White populations declined sharply and their poor, non-White, and foreign-born populations all grew. During the same time, broken windows policing, with its aggressive enforcement of low-level quality-of-life crimes, gained popularity. Are suburban police departments adopting broken windows strategies or making racially disproportionate arrests in response to recent racial and economic changes? I use panel data ( N = 1,038 suburbs and 50 cities, with eight observations 1990 to 2014) in fixed effects regression models to address these questions. Data are compiled from the Uniform Crime Reporting Program and the Census. Descriptive statistics show that while quality-of-life arrests are down overall, the White–Black disparity in suburban arrests remains extreme, especially in mostly White suburbs. Multivariate models indicate that increases in poor people in a suburb are associated with increases in quality-of-life arrests, while more Hispanic people are associated with fewer arrests. Results suggest that urban and suburban policing dynamics are quite different.
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Pavlakis, Alexandra E. "Poverty and Student Homelessness at the Metropolitan Margins: Sensemaking among School and Community Leaders in a Growing Suburb". Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 120, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2018): 1–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811812001104.
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Background/Context Historically, the suburbs have symbolized the attainment of the American dream. In this post-World War II imagery, the typical suburban residents are White middle-class homeowners. Although to some extent the suburbs have always been diverse, recently, many have undergone racial and socioeconomic changes. Alongside these shifts, the suburbs are increasingly facing rising poverty and student homelessness. However, there is a dearth of education research that examines how poverty and homelessness unfold in the suburbs. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study Drawing from the suburban poverty literature, my purpose is to learn how school and community leaders in a growing suburb make sense of rising poverty and homelessness. Setting This study is situated in Acreville, a pseudonym for a rapidly growing Midwest suburb. Acreville is a majority-White and relatively affluent suburb that has experienced rising poverty and homelessness. Research Design This qualitative case study draws from wide-ranging data, including 42 interviews with community and school leaders, analysis of school board meeting minutes, observation of school board meetings, artifact collection, and longitudinal district data on poverty, homelessness, and mobility. Findings/Results I identified four narratives that reflect the ways in which leaders in Acreville made sense of rising poverty and homelessness. Often times, leaders used these narratives to rationalize and justify their actions or the actions of others around matters of poverty and homelessness. The narratives reflected ideologies around community identity, poverty, and race. They also played an important role in policy and molded the educational opportunities of families and students experiencing poverty and homelessness in unique ways. Conclusions/Recommendations Although historically the suburbs were associated with the American Dream, today, many confront rising poverty and homelessness without the needed infrastructure and supports necessary to meet families’ needs. Surprisingly, Acreville is home to a number of innovative programs, practices, and services. In some ways, Acreville could serve as a model to other communities—at least on paper. Yet, matters related to community identity, class, race, and geographic space often thwarted the full potential of these well-intentioned responses. Implications for theory and specific recommendations for scholars, school leaders, community providers, and leadership preparation are discussed.
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O’Connell, Heather A. y Ethan J. Raker. "Converging or Diverging: Shifting Ethnoracial Composition and the Urban-suburban Distinction in Attitudes toward Immigrants in Houston, 1995–2016". Sociological Perspectives 61, n.º 4 (15 de noviembre de 2017): 573–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731121417741863.
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We examine the political position of the suburbs relative to the city by focusing on attitudes toward immigrants. Using 22 years of survey data for the Houston area, this paper addresses three questions. First, how has the attitudinal position of the suburbs relative to the city changed over time? Second, does the city-suburb distinction differ depending on the respondent’s race/ethnicity? Finally, do these results differ depending on the content of the question? Multivariate results indicate an overall increase in positive attitudes, but the increase is slower in the suburbs relative to the city. The resulting divergence is driven exclusively by non-Hispanic whites and is only evident when focusing on more contentious questions regarding immigrants in the United States. Our results suggest a persistent suburban cultural context despite recent demographic shifts, and they highlight the multidimensional nature of the (racialized) attitudes toward immigrants held by non-Hispanic whites in the United States.
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Li, Qiao, Haoming Guan, Zhangxian Feng y Wang Long. "Regional Economic Resilience in the Central-Cities and Outer-Suburbs of Northeast China". Sustainability 14, n.º 5 (28 de febrero de 2022): 2844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14052844.
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The global economic downturn and the new normal status of China’s economy have revealed that the Northeastern region of the country is facing challenges due to poor adaptability and weak regional economic resilience. In regard to the regional cities of China’s municipal-administered county system and from the perspective of the relationship between the economic resilience of the central-cities and the outer-suburbs, it is helpful to explore the characteristics of the regional economic resilience in Northeast China from 2007 to 2018. We find that: (1) The economic resilience of the central-cities and outer-suburbs in Northeast China has deteriorated. Compared with the central-cities, the economic resilience of outer-suburbs has weakened even more. (2) The types of regional economic resilience of the central-cities and outer-suburbs of Northeast China have diversified and weakened. The main types of economic resilience have changed from city-prospered-suburb-prospered and city-balanced-suburb-prospered to city-balanced-suburb-balanced and city-declined-suburb-declined. There are differences in the types of municipal economic resilience that are affected by changes in the economic resilience levels of central-cities and outer-suburbs. (3) It is further confirmed that the industrial structure has an important influence on the resilience of the regional economy. The economic resilience of the outer-suburbs in the Northeast China appear to be more vulnerable and more heavily influenced by changes in the proportion of the secondary industry than the central-cities.
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Onusko, James. "Childhood in Calgary’s Postwar Suburbs: Kids, Bullets, and Boom, 1950–1965". Articles 43, n.º 2 (23 de junio de 2015): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1031288ar.
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Suburban living has become the definitive housing choice for a large majority of North Americans since the end of the Second World War. A longstanding image of the postwar suburbs highlights a stable and undifferentiated experience for young Canadians. Much of the popular and scholarly literature on these spaces tends to portray them as exclusively middle class, homogeneous, conformist, conservative, and alienating. While Canadian suburbia has appeared similar in outward appearance, increasingly more so in the postwar era, this has not necessarily meant that the suburbs have created total homogenization in the built environment, lifestyles, attitudes, and values of their inhabitants. Suburbs embody substantial economic, political, and cultural power in North America. In the past two decades a more nuanced response from academics on suburbia has emerged, in that some diversity, on several levels, is now noted. This article builds on this alternate view. I argue that young suburbanites were exposed to aggressive imagery, discursive constructs, and everyday practices in an attempt to discipline them for possible military service, ongoing participation in civilian defence, and that they internalized much of this. The resulting general atmosphere prepared them to engage “enemies,” under the auspices of the Cold War that lay both within, and outside, postwar childhood spaces. Evidence is based on oral histories, images produced for children, newspaper editorials, and the school-based literature and art that suburban students created.
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Scheutz, Martin. "Mühlen, Gärten, Ochsen und „Lustbarkeit”". Klio - Czasopismo Poświęcone Dziejom Polski i Powszechnym 65, n.º 1 (7 de abril de 2023): 31–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/klio.2023.002.
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The relationship between the walled city and the suburbs was difficult and complex. Sometimes the suburbs were included in the division of the core city into city districts, sometimes the suburbs were districts in their own right. Thus, the suburbs were both a connecting and a dividing element. Based on the naming of the suburbs, the article also attempts to draw conclusions about the functions of these districts for the city as a whole: city gates, trade relations, trading orientation, but also confessional criteria were important for the naming. The suburbs were used multifunctionally by various actors, the city itself, but also the sovereign or monasteries appear as actors: Leprosoriums and hospitals were found there, the multifunctional fairground, but also monasteries were settled there. The suburb was also important for military defence - the former “glacis” later often turned into a city park or was densely built up. But the suburb was also a place of leisure culture, fireworks and inns, but also increased crime had their place there.
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Sarzynski, Andrea y Thomas J. Vicino. "Shrinking Suburbs: Analyzing the Decline of American Suburban Spaces". Sustainability 11, n.º 19 (24 de septiembre de 2019): 5230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195230.
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Recent popular and scholarly work has drawn attention to the issue of shrinking cities. In particular, a growing body of literature has focused on the impacts of population loss on European cities, and more recently, the deindustrialized areas of the United States. Fewer scholars have examined the phenomenon of shrinkage in the suburban context. This paper explores the evolution of shrinking suburbs in the United States from 1980 to 2010. Three research questions motivate this study: (1) What is the population change in suburban neighborhoods and places from 1980 to 2010? (2) Where are shrinking suburbs located? (3) What are the trajectories of change of shrinking suburbs? A definition of shrinking suburbs using spatial and temporal criteria is operationalized. Using census tract-level data with normalized boundaries from the Neighborhood Change Database, numerous socioeconomic variables were extracted for the 30-year study period. In total, the results demonstrate that approximately one-quarter of all suburbs were shrinking. The characteristics of shrinking suburbs are identified and a typology of seven trajectories of suburban decline is developed. The conclusion reflects on the implications of shrinking suburbs for sustainable development.
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Barraclough, Laura R. "Contested Cowboys". Aztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies 37, n.º 2 (2012): 95–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/azt.2012.37.2.95.
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While most studies of Mexican American suburbanization since the 1970s focus on the transformation of residential (private) space, it is in suburban public space that some of the most important struggles over belonging and rights have occurred. This article builds a theoretical framework to analyze the relationships between public space, democracy, and cultural citizenship for historically marginalized groups in suburbia. It applies the framework to the efforts by two groups of charros (ethnic Mexican cowboys) who tried to hold charreadas (events similar to rodeos) on land leased from municipal governments in suburban Los Angeles during the 1970s. These cases demonstrate that localized histories of racialization intersect with distinct political geographies to shape unequal possibilities for the effective exercise of Latino cultural citizenship in suburbia. Where ethnic Mexican suburbanites resided in isolated neighborhoods, were disconnected from the urban barrio, and struggled for political representation in vast urban districts, they were unlikely to be successful in claiming public space. But in independently incorporated suburbs with historic webs of Mexican settlements and strong ties to the barrio, ethnic Mexican suburbanites succeeded in challenging suburban exclusion and claiming a more inclusive, transformative “right to the suburb.”
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Filion, Pierre. "Suburban Innovations". Urban Planning 2, n.º 4 (11 de diciembre de 2017): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v2i4.1276.
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This commentary addresses the evolution of the North American suburb over the last 70 years, a period over which it adopted a development pattern marking a radical break from prior forms of urban settlement. Early in this period, the emerging suburban form constituted perhaps the sharpest transition in the history of urbanism in terms of urban form and transportation. This suburban form rapidly came to dominate North American metropolitan regions and spread to other parts of the world. In this commentary, I propose a brief history of the North American suburb since the late 1940s seen through the lens of the contributions it made to the evolution of urbanism across the continent. I contend that while suburbs are often associated with urban stasis, because perceived as an impediment to the emergence of new environmentally sensitive and socially and functionally integrated urban formulas relying on public transit and walking, they have played a major transformative role in the past and may be the source of further urban transitions in the future. North American suburbs have also undergone deep social changes over the last decades. However, I question the claim, made by some researchers, that we are entering a post-suburban era; but at the same time, I acknowledge the possibility of major future innovations within present suburban configurations.
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Borchert, James. "Cities in the suburbs: heterogeneous communities on the US urban fringe, 1920–60". Urban History 23, n.º 2 (agosto de 1996): 211–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926800011937.
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While the scholarly literature largely ignores issues of suburban population size, density and heterogeneity, during the 1920s a number of large, densely-settled, heterogeneous suburbs emerged on the fringe of the largest US cities. The article identifies forty-one of these potential ‘city suburbs’ which are defined as communities having minimum thresholds of 25,000 population and residential densities of 6,000 per square mile. City suburbs may have claimed nearly 25 per cent of the suburban populations of the nation's ten largest metropolitan districts. Drawing largely on data for midwestern cities, city suburbs are further identified through their diverse populations by class, ethnicity and race; varied housing stocks and economic activities including retailing, professional services and manufacturing; and political independence from their central city. Nearly equally divided between residential and industrial suburbs, the former, including Oak Park, Illinois, ‘fit’ traditional middle-class suburban descriptions while neighbouring Cicero represented workingclass, industrial communities.
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Tian, Yasi. "Mapping Suburbs Based on Spatial Interactions and Effect Analysis on Ecological Landscape Change: A Case Study of Jiangsu Province from 1998 to 2018, Eastern China". Land 9, n.º 5 (19 de mayo de 2020): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9050159.
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As the transitional area between urban and rural areas, land-use change in suburbs is drastic, which generates negative effects on the ecological environment. However, the identification of the suburbs remains controversial. Usually, the density of the population and residential land is referenced, and the close spatial interactions between urban areas and suburbs are generally neglected. To fill this research gap, this study adopts a case study method to map the suburbs of Jiangsu based on estimating the spatial interactions. First, a regression model is built to estimate the population distribution. Second, a radiation model is utilized to evaluate the spatial interaction at a grid level. After the main urban area is identified based on the high density of the population and construction land, the interaction strength between the main urban grid and other grid areas is calculated, and the grids that share high values of interaction strength with urban grids are identified as suburban areas. Finally, the suburbs of Jiangsu in 1998 and 2018 are mapped, and the ecological landscape pattern metrics are used to verify the effects of suburban expansion. As a result, the suburban expansion of Jiangsu over the 20 years was significant, and the effects of suburban expansion on ecological land fragmentation were evident. On the basis of the results, the enlightenment of mapping suburbs on ecological landscape planning is discussed.
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Hadj-Chikh, Gibran J. y Gregory L. Thompson. "Reaching Jobs in the Suburbs: Tri-Rail in South Florida". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1618, n.º 1 (enero de 1998): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1618-02.
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Continued expansion of development into suburban areas has led to increased suburb-to-suburb travel, which has contributed to the relative decline in ridership of commuter rail systems from the suburbs to the central business district (CBD). If commuter rail is to remain a viable element of the urban transportation network, it must serve new markets. The potential of commuter rail to serve suburb-to-suburb markets is examined. The size of the potential market for suburb-to-suburb commuter rail travel is estimated and compared with that of the suburb-to-CBD market. The mean market penetration is compared for suburb-to-suburb and suburb-to-CBD markets to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the two markets. The relationship between station-to-station distance and market penetration is tested for both the suburb-to-suburb and suburb-to-CBD markets. The results of this study indicate that the total potential ridership market for suburb-to-suburb home-based work trips is comparable with that for suburb-to-CBD homebased work trips. However, market penetration is greater for suburb-to-CBD trips than for suburb-to-suburb trips. Market penetration is found to increase with distance; however, initial results indicate that other factors affect market penetration more than distance.
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Hanlon, Bernadette y Whitney Airgood-Obrycki. "Suburban revalorization: Residential infill and rehabilitation in Baltimore County’s older suburbs". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 50, n.º 4 (8 de marzo de 2018): 895–921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x18763607.
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This paper is a critical examination of redevelopment in the older suburbs of Baltimore County, Maryland between 2000 and 2014. Using exploratory spatial analysis techniques and qualitative methods, we identify the location of concentrated forms of suburban redevelopment, capturing incremental changes to single-family suburban homes in the form of residential rehabilitation, and new construction as well as larger-scale infill in the form of single-family subdivisions and apartments. We find that redevelopment among older suburbs is multifaceted, encompassing reinvestment in single-family housing in old elite residential suburban neighborhoods; the replacement of publicly subsidized apartment complexes with market rate, single-family dwellings in formerly industrial suburbs; the replacement of waterfront postwar housing with more expensive structures in formerly industrial suburbs; and the densification of older edge suburban core areas. The local planning regime has been instrumental in the redevelopment process across suburban types. Based on our findings, we suggest that suburban planners take a more active role in considering the potential direct and indirect displacement of low-income residents from redeveloped suburban spaces. This is imperative as inner-ring suburban devalorization occurs and suburban poverty grows.
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DINES, MARTIN. "Suburban Gothic and the Ethnic Uncanny in Jeffrey Eugenides's The Virgin Suicides". Journal of American Studies 46, n.º 4 (4 de julio de 2012): 959–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875812000722.
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If uncertainty and anxiety are the troubling but potentially radical qualities of gothic narrative, suburban gothic has typically been understood in terms of a banal unhomeliness which merely confirms reassuring commonplaces about the postwar American suburbs. In such readings, the suburbs are supposed to embody a desire to stand outside history: either they are places in which people seek refuge from their own pasts, or they represent an idealized past removed from the challenges of the present. This article argues that Jeffrey Eugenides's 1993 novel The Virgin Suicides undermines easy assumptions about the suburbs' atemporality. The novel's various gothic motifs suggest the difficulty of abandoning European pasts in order to adopt the white American identities required for a life in the suburbs; repressed ethnic difference haunts the suburban landscape. Yet Eugenides's suburban gothic also complicates the process of remembering such acts of forgetting: the difficulty of explicating suburban pasts, the novel insists, is precisely a measure of their having become historical. The drive to present comforting, codified narratives of the suburbs is shown to be part of a move – which always fails – to disassociate the present from these sites of conflict and trauma.
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Phelps, Nicholas A. y Hiroaki Ohashi. "Edge City Denied? The Rise and Fall of Tokyo’s Outer Suburban “Business Core Cities”". Journal of Planning Education and Research 40, n.º 4 (13 de mayo de 2018): 379–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739456x18773471.
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The tradition of planning for polycentricity in Tokyo saw outer suburbs designated as Business Core Cities (BCCs). However, as the national economy and population growth have stagnated and Tokyo’s needs as a world city have come to the fore, the outer suburbs have been left exposed. Despite attempts to reinforce outer suburban growth with the BCC policy, Tokyo’s is a story of edge city denied. At a time when attention has turned to planning for the increased urbanity of suburbs or arresting inner suburban decline, Tokyo speaks to a phenomenon of outer suburban decline barely conceivable in mature economies.
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Thompson, Gregory L. "Achieving Suburban Transit Potential: Sacramento Revisited". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1571, n.º 1 (enero de 1997): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1571-19.
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The research examines whether fixed-route transit can serve intrasuburban travel demand. With a direct demand model estimated with travel survey data from Sacramento, California, potential transit demand to destinations in suburbs is estimated, and the link from suburban areas of heavy demand to areas with relatively high demand for beginning trips is assessed. Next, a transit service improvement scenario is simulated to test the sensitivity of suburban transit accessibility to service change based on rail transit with timed-transfer bus connections. It is found that the existing system already carries more passengers within the suburbs than from the suburbs to downtown. Suburbs account for almost 60 percent of potential transit demand in the region, and there is potential for tapping more of it. Finally, typical transit improvements can substantially improve accessibility to potential suburban transit destinations from potential transit origins.
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Moos, Markus, Jonathan Woodside, Tara Vinodrai y Cyrus Yan. "Automobile Commuting in Suburban High-Rise Condominium Apartments: Examining Transitions toward Suburban Sustainability in Toronto". Urban Planning 3, n.º 4 (30 de octubre de 2018): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v3i4.1645.
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While North American suburbs remain largely dispersed and auto-dependent, they are also increasingly heterogeneous. Although some suburbs have long been punctuated with high-rise developments, for instance rental apartments in the Canadian context, there are now a growing number of new high-rise condominium developments in suburban settings in both the US and Canada. While much is known about downtown high-rise condominium developments, there has of yet been little to no analysis of this trend in the suburbs. We offer such an analysis using Statistics Canada census data from 2016 in the Toronto metropolitan area. We focus on commuting patterns as an indicator of auto-dependence to test whether suburbs with larger shares of new high-rise condominium apartments (high-rise condo clusters) exhibit lower shares of auto commuting. The focus on auto-dependence is important because development and land use plans commonly use environmental concerns arising from heavy automobile use as a rationale for high-rise development. Our findings suggest that in Toronto suburban high-rise condo clusters offer a less auto-intensive way of living in the suburbs than traditionally has been the case in the suburban ownership market. However, this seems to be limited to particular demographic groups, such as smaller households; and suburban high-rise condos are not an evident sign of a broader transition toward suburban sustainability among the population as a whole in the Toronto case. The potential for transitions toward suburban sustainability could be enhanced with greater investments in transit infrastructure and building higher density mid-rise and ground-oriented dwellings that accommodate larger households still commonly found in low-density, auto-dependent suburbs.
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Sibanda, G., D. Musademba, H. C. Chihobo y L. Zanamwe. "A Feasibility Study of Biogas Technology to Solving Peri-urban Sanitation Problems in Developing Countries. A Case for Harare, Zimbabwe". International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 2, n.º 2 (17 de junio de 2013): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2.2.97-104.
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This study investigated the feasibility of converting organic waste into energy using biogas technology to address sanitation problems in peri-urban suburbs of Harare, Zimbabwe.These suburbs with an estimated population of 156.975 are unique in that they are not connected to the Harare main water sewer system. A baseline survey was conducted to determine the quantity of biodegradable human and kitchen waste (N=60). Biodigester sizing and costing was done for various scenarios mainly household standalone, single centralised suburb and combined suburbs centralised biogas models. In addition potential biogas conversion to electricity was done for single centralised suburb and combined suburbs centralised biogas models. This was followed by a cost benefit analysis of employing combined suburbs biogas technology. A combined suburbs centralised biogas model was found to be the most feasible scenario producing 7378 m3 of biogas per day with electricity production capacity of 384 kW .There was a potential of wood savings of 6129 tonnes/year, paraffin savings of 2.556 tonnes/year and greenhouse benefits of 980 tonnes of CO2 equivalent emissions/ year and which would attract U$2940 from carbon credits sales per year. The study recommended the adoption of the biogas technology because of its potential toaddress both economic and sanitation challenges being faced by local authorities in developing countries particularly, improved hygienic conditions, energy supply chronic epidemics and sewerreticulation.
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Jones, DN y SE Everding. "Australian Brush-turkeys in a Suburban Environment: Implications for Conflict and Conservation". Wildlife Research 18, n.º 3 (1991): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9910285.
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Although frequently reported from within the Brisbane city boundaries, the range of the Australian brush-turkey, Alectura lathami, was limited mainly to forested areas adjacent to suburban areas. Since the early 1970s, however, the species' presence in the suburbs has increased steadily and it is now common in many suburbs. Destruction and disruption of gardens during the construction of incubation mounds has led to a significant conflict with householders. This study found the species to be most abundant in suburbs adjacent to forest reserves and major watercourses. A number of extremely isolated populations were also identified. Although suburban mounds contained similar numbers of eggs as mounds from the wild, suburban mounds were more prone to failure, probably due to the use of inappropriate mound materials. Despite some evidence of increasing spread within the suburbs, the long-term survival of the species is seriously threatened by hatchling predation and continued loss of habitat.
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He, Meng Xuan, Hong Yuan Li, Xun Qiang Mo y Wei Qing Meng. "The Study on Soil Seed Bank in Different Urbanized Regions of Tianjin". Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (noviembre de 2013): 2427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.2427.
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In order to study the characteristic of soil seed band (SSB) in different urbanized regions of Tianjin, the research selected typical samples along urban districts, suburban districts, outer suburbs. After the germination tests, the results show that: from outer suburbs to urban districts,the density of SSB show an increasing trend, Sorensen Similarity Index show an increasing trend, but the specie richness show a decreasing trend. Suburban districts have the lowest Shannon-Wiener Index, Ecological Dominance Index, Pielou Evenness Index. Compared with outer suburbs, the species richness in urban districts and suburban districts have decreased 66.67% and 45.23%, urbanization promotes the homogenisation of species. Suburban districts have the highest density and species richness, the germinated seeds have large numbers of woody seedlings, so it can be considered for vegetation recovery.
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Johnson, Cameron, Tom Baker y Francis L. Collins. "Imaginations of post-suburbia: Suburban change and imaginative practices in Auckland, New Zealand". Urban Studies 56, n.º 5 (12 de septiembre de 2018): 1042–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018787157.
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Imaginative practices are central to ongoing transformations in the form and function of suburbia. In recent years, urban scholars have focused increasing attention on the concept and process of ‘post-suburbanisation’ to understand contemporary suburbs, yet imaginaries and imaginative practices have been largely absent in their analyses. This paper examines the role of imaginative practices in post-suburban change. Through a case study of Auckland, New Zealand, the paper examines three key domains of imaginative practice – visions, problems and trajectories – implicated in the production of post-suburbia. It argues that understandings of post-suburbanisation will be enhanced by an appreciation of both the material and imaginative dimensions of suburban transformation.
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Fishman, Robert L. "American Suburbs/English Suburbs". Journal of Urban History 13, n.º 3 (mayo de 1987): 237–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009614428701300302.
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MCMANUS, RUTH y PHILIP J. ETHINGTON. "Suburbs in transition: new approaches to suburban history". Urban History 34, n.º 2 (20 de junio de 2007): 317–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096392680700466x.
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The history of suburbs has received so much scholarly attention in recent decades that it is time to take stock of what has been established, in order to discern aspects of suburbs that are still unknown. To date, the main lines of inquiry have been dedicated to the origins, growth, diverse typologies, culture and politics of suburbs, as well as to newer topics such as the gendered nature of suburban space. The vast majority of these studies have been about particular times and places. The authors propose a new perspective on the study of suburbs, one which will begin to investigate the transformations of suburbs after they have been established. Taking the entire era from the mid-nineteenth century through to the late twentieth century as a whole, it is argued that suburbs should be subjected to a longitudinal analysis, examining their development in the context of metropolises that usually enveloped them within a generation or two of their founding. It is proposed that investigation of these ‘transitions’ should be undertaken in parallel with the changes that occur in the life-cycles of their residents. It is suggested that an exploration of the interaction of these factors will open a broad new research agenda for suburban history as a subfield of urban history.
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Hanlon, Bernadette. "A Typology of Inner–Ring Suburbs: Class, Race, and Ethnicity in U.S. Suburbia". City & Community 8, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2009): 221–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2009.01287.x.
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Inner–ring suburbs initially built in the postwar period and before have evolved into places with varied characteristics, assets, and problems. Analyzing a sample of 1,742 inner–ring suburbs nationwide, this article identifies five different types: “vulnerable;”“ethnic;”“lower income and mixed;”“old;” and “middle class.” This typology indicates that inner–ring suburbs, often perceived as homogenous entities, are in fact places largely differentiated by issues of class, race, and ethnicity. as this article demonstrates, the identification of these different types of inner–ring suburbs reveals much about suburban transformation, stability, and decline in the United States.
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Catterall, CP, RJ Green y DN Jones. "Occurrence of Birds in Relation to Plants in a Sub-Tropical City". Wildlife Research 16, n.º 3 (1989): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9890289.
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Habitat use by birds in suburbs of Brisbane, Queensland was studied during winter, at sites with relatively similar habitat features near to (0.25-0.5km) and far from (2-3km) a eucalypt forest. Variation in other factors was restricted. Distance from native forest was found to have little influence on abundance of birds in suburban habitats. House sparrows and willie wagtails were relatively more abundant at the far sites. Most of the more common forest-dwelling species were not common in either near or far suburbs. There was little similarity in relative abundance of bird species between the forest and either the near or far suburbs. A similarity in species diversity and positive correlations in species abundance between near and far sites indicate that most species are either forest or suburb 'specialists'. Native birds were more selective in their choice of plant category than introduced birds, and had a high probability of using certain native and exotic plant species, and a lower probability of using others. Although generally more abundant, introduced birds did not have a high probability of using any plant genus or type. Birds in the area studied are probably altering their patterns of habitat use in response to changes in food availability.
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Rastogi, Ankit. "Race and Income in U.S. Suburbs: Are Diverse Suburbs Disadvantaged?" Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 7 (enero de 2021): 237802312110337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23780231211033722.
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Sociological narratives of communities of color often make two assumptions: that people of color are concentrated largely in cities and that communities of color are disadvantaged. However, the recent widespread suburbanization of people of color challenges both assumptions, destabilizing how we link race, place, and class. This visualization uses the 2019 American Community Survey to ask, How is racial diversity in suburbs associated with income? The findings suggest that, by and large, racially diverse suburbs are middle class when comparing their median household income with the national value ($63,000). The most multiracial suburbs host populations with the highest median incomes (mean ~ $85,000). Black and Latinx median household incomes surpass the national value in these diverse suburbs. Moreover, these findings are robust in regressions including metropolitan fixed effects. Given that most people of color live in suburbs, understanding suburban communities of color is critical for understanding the American geography of racial inequality.
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Anacker, Katrin B. "City suburbs: Placing suburbia in a post-suburban world, by Alan Mace". Journal of Urban Affairs 39, n.º 3 (27 de marzo de 2017): 465–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/juaf.12241.
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Felton, Emma. "A f/oxymoron?: Women, creativity and the suburbs". Queensland Review 22, n.º 2 (diciembre de 2015): 168–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qre.2015.27.
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AbstractDonald Horne famously wrote, ‘Australia was born urban and quickly grew suburban’ (1964), an observation that carries a weight of assumptions about suburban living. Historically, the Australian suburbs have been regarded as places of retreat, family life and female activity, and subsequently as a place where not much of interest happens. By contrast, a city's central areas are seen as more dynamic spaces and, with recent creative city thinking and planning, as potential powerhouses of innovation and creativity. This article challenges assumptions about suburban living as passive places of retreat through an examination of women in the creative workforce who are living and working in the suburbs. It draws on historical accounts of creative suburban activity and a research project that mapped and investigated the experience of creative workers in the outer suburbs of Brisbane and Melbourne. The study finds that there is much creative work occurring in suburban localities, but this is not as unusual as might be expected.
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Sewell, Sven R. y Carla P. Catterall. "Bushland modification and styles of urban development: their effects on birds in south-east Queensland". Wildlife Research 25, n.º 1 (1998): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr96078.
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Variation in bird assemblages associated with forest clearing and urbanisation in the greater Brisbane area was assessed by counting birds in sites within six habitat categories: large remnants, small remnants, no- understorey remnants, canopy suburbs (original trees present), planted suburbs, and bare suburbs. Total bird abundance and species richness were generally highest in canopy suburbs. Individual species showed many significant abundance differences among the habitat types, and were classified into three major response categories: bushland species (3 in summer, 13 in winter), tolerant species (13 in summer, 13 in winter), and suburban species (12 in summer, 11 in winter). The commonly proposed notion that urbanisation results in lowered bird species richness and increases in introduced species is broadly consistent with the observed differences between bare suburbs and large remnants. However, it does not adequately describe the situation in the planted and canopy suburbs, where there was high species richness and extremely high abundance of some native species (including noisy miners, lorikeets, friarbirds, and butcherbirds) but low abundance of a majority of the species common in the original habitats (including fantails, wrens, whistlers, and other small insectivores). Retained forest remnants are essential for the latter group. Urban plantings of prolifically flowering native species do not reverse the effects of deforestation, but promote a distinctive group of common native suburban bird species. Origins of the urban bird assemblage are discussed.
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Tian, Yasi y Lei Wang. "The Effect of Urban-Suburban Interaction on Urbanization and Suburban Ecological Security: A Case Study of Suburban Wuhan, Central China". Sustainability 12, n.º 4 (20 de febrero de 2020): 1600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041600.
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In developing countries like China, urbanization is still occurring at a rapid pace. During urbanization, the urban land expands drastically, which makes suburbs the most affected area facing urban expansion. The land transition has proven to threaten the function and security of ecosystems, and therefore the topics of suburban land transition and ecological security have raised much attention. However, the urban-suburban interaction, which is one of the basic characteristics of suburbs, has been insufficiently considered. The urban-suburban interaction is developed based on the flows of people, materials, and information between urban and suburban areas, and it essentially reveals the relationship between human activities and land-use optimization. To fill the research gap, this study adopts a case study of Wuhan city, and first quantifies the urban-suburban interactions from a symbiotic perspective, and investigates rural residents and public buses to verify the estimated interactions. The results show that there is obvious heterogeneity in urban-suburban interactions in different suburban towns. Correlation analysis and geographic weight regression are then applied to demonstrate the relationship between the urban-suburban interaction and urbanization in the suburbs. Additionally, urbanization potential in the suburbs is estimated. Then, a suburban ecological security assessment is conducted by a “pressure-status-response” (PSR) model, and the urbanization potential that is estimated based on urban-suburban interaction is integrated as a “pressure” indicator. The comparison between the suburban ecological security assessment results based on considering and not considering urban-suburban interaction demonstrates the importance of considering urban-suburban interaction. This study contributes to the understanding of the complicated relationships of urban-suburban socio-economic, spatial, and ecological environments, and offers suggestions for suburban planning and ecological protection.
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Andrews, Fiona Jane, Karen Stagnitti y Narelle Robertson. "Social play amongst preschool-aged children from an inner and an outer metropolitan suburb". Journal of Social Inclusion 10, n.º 2 (20 de diciembre de 2019): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36251/josi144.
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Play is essential for healthy child development. While, the relationship between neighbourhood and young children’s physical activity is well reported in the literature, less is known about preschool children’s social play in different suburban settings. This study took a mixed methods approach. Seventy-two parents from an inner-suburb and 26 parents from an outer-suburb in a metropolitan city in Australia returned a survey on: who their preschool age children played with and where their children played. Twenty parents also consented to a follow up open-ended interview. Children from the inner-suburb played more with non-related children (p < 0.05) and in a wider range of formal and informal settings than children from the outer-suburbs. Neighbourhood, family and planning policy contributed to the differences in child socialisation and these were mapped using Bronfenbrenner’s Social Ecology model. Findings have implications for both service providers and policy makers in suburban settings.
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Stroub, Kori J. y Meredith P. Richards. "Suburbanizing Segregation? Changes in Racial/Ethnic Diversity and the Geographic Distribution of Metropolitan School Segregation, 2002–2012". Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 119, n.º 7 (julio de 2017): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811711900707.
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Background While postwar suburban migration established suburbs as relatively affluent, homogeneous white enclaves distinct from the urban core, recent waves of suburbanization and exurbanization have been spurred largely by rapid growth in the nonwhite population. While these increases in suburban racial/ethnic diversity represent a significant evolution of the traditional “chocolate city, vanilla suburbs” dichotomy, scholars have expressed concern that they are worsening racial/ethnic segregation among suburban public school students. Objective In this study, we document shifts in the racial imbalance of suburban schools in terms of several racial/ethnic and geographic dimensions (i.e., multiracial, black–white; between and within suburban districts, among localities). In addition, we extend the urban/suburban dichotomy to provide initial evidence on changes in racial balance in metropolitan exurbs. Finally, we use inferential models to directly examine the impact of changes in racial/ethnic diversity on shifts in racial imbalance. Research Design Using demographic data from the National Center of Education Statistics Common Core of Data on 209 U.S. metropolitan areas, we provide a descriptive analysis of changes in segregation within and between urban, suburban, and exurban localities from 2002 to 2012. We measure segregation using Theil's entropy index, which quantifies racial balance across geographic units. We assess the relationship between demographic change and change in segregation via a series of longitudinal fixed-effects models. Results Longitudinal analyses indicate that increases in racial/ethnic diversity are positively related to change in racial imbalance. However, observed increases in diversity were generally insufficient to produce meaningful increases in segregation. As a result, suburbs and exurbs, like urban areas, experienced little change in segregation, although trends were generally in a negative direction and more localities experienced meaningful declines in segregation than meaningful increases. Findings are less encouraging for suburbs and exurbs than for urban areas and underscore the intractability of black-white racial imbalance and the emerging spatial imbalance of Asians and whites. We also document an important shift in the geographic distribution of segregation, with suburbs now accounting for a plurality of metropolitan segregation. Conclusions Contrary to previous researchers, we do not find evidence that suburban and exurban schools are resegregating, although we fail to document meaningful progress towards racial equity. Moreover, while suburbs are not necessarily resegregating, we find that segregation is suburbanizing, and now accounts for the largest share of segregation of any locality. We conclude with a discussion of recommendations for policy and research.
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Saleh, Ilhamdaniah. "Measuring neighbourhood hardships and neighbourhood change between 2010-2015 in suburban neighbourhoods of Buffalo Metropolitan Area, New York". Geographica Pannonica 25, n.º 2 (2021): 102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gp25-30864.
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Neighbourhoods in urban and suburban areas experienced changes in terms of physical, social, economic, and demographics. Neighbourhood Hardship Index (NHI) had been used to measure neighbourhood socio-economic condition, using various census variables. Suburban neighbourhoods which underwent a change lead to stratification into striving outer suburbs and declining inner suburbs. The context of this study was suburban neighbourhoods in Buffalo Metropolitan Area (BMA), New York. This paper aimed at highlighting spatial variability of neighbourhood change in innerand outer-suburban neighbourhoods of BMA between 2010-2015. This study examined factors that significantly contribute to neighbourhood change. Also, this study examined whether there a difference in the change of neighbourhood hardship index between innerand outer-suburban neighbourhoods. Composite NHI was developed from economic, demographic, and housing variables. Neighbourhood change was measured by comparing the composite NHI 2010 with that of 2015. The findings depicted a variation of change in hardships index across suburban neighbourhoods. Neighbourhoods with higher hardship index were primarily located in inner suburbs. Policy implications call for concerted efforts to tackle the decline in the economy, education, demography to promote equity across neighbourhoods in suburban areas.
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Alves Costa, Alexandre. "The City, The Suburb and The Rest. The Earth". Joelho Revista de Cultura Arquitectonica, n.º 8 (26 de diciembre de 2017): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-8681_8_4.
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This article examines the urban condition created by a new habitat that emerged in Portugal in the last decades: the suburb. In sharp opposition to the stasis of the historic centre, this article offers an optimistic gaze into the suburbs as a space where new opportunities for inclusion and co-existence could come about. The suburbs are portrayed as the real monument of the twentieth century, a human creation that should be maintained and preserved as such, in an age where the global virtual city will become the new locus for exchange and intercourse. This article also examines the dangers of removing the historic centres from the wider reality of the expanding city. Its survival condition is to contaminate the suburb instead of the other way around. The instrumentality of design - informed by politics -, is addressed as a key contribution to project the articulation of the diffuse limits of the [European] city, the suburbs and the rest.
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Rose, Stefan y Peter G. Fairweather. "Changes in Floristic Composition of Urban Bushland Invaded by Pittosporum undulatum in Northern Sydney, Australia". Australian Journal of Botany 45, n.º 1 (1997): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt95058.
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Differences in species composition of urban bushland sites that had been subjected to increasing degradation and progressive invasion of Pittosporum undulatum Vent. were assessed using nonparametric multivariate and other statistical techniques. Increasing suburb age was found to significantly affect community pattern as a whole, specifically through increased proportions of exotic species, decreased native species richness and sustained shifts in the relative importance of individual species. Older suburbs were typified by species that were mesic, fire-sensitive, shade-tolerant and adapted to relatively moist, nutrient-rich edaphic conditions. These species included P. undulatum and many invasive exotics. Many native species decreased substantially in rank importance with increasing suburb age, to the point of elimination in older suburbs. These included one vulnerable taxon (Tetratheca glandulosa Sm.). Overall community pattern was correlated with abundance of P. undulatum, fire and human disturbance. Relative cover of P. undulatum was found to be significantly correlated with increased proportions of exotic species and reduced native species richness and diversity. While most exotic species were concentrated within 30 m of the suburban edge, it is suggested that most management effort should be directed at those exotic species that commonly establish throughout bushland remnants. The study also provided an opportunity to test the application of the multivariate software package PRIMER in assessing environmental impact on vegetation communities.
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Craig, Lois. "Suburbs". Design Quarterly, n.º 132 (1986): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4091157.
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Azura, Atika y Joesana Tjahjani. "Banlieue et la construction d’identité du personnage principal dans le film Divines". Digital Press Social Sciences and Humanities 3 (2019): 00006. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/digitalpress.43279.
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<p class="Abstract">This article reveals the suburbs as a place of residence and the <span style="font-size: 1rem;">construction of the identity of the main character in the film Divines </span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">(2016) by Houda Benyamina. This film tells of a life of teenagers in </span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">France of African immigrants in a suburb. Dounia who is a teenager </span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">has the ambition to leave the suburbs and have the life out of the </span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">suburbs. The suburb is the setting of the film representing a residence </span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">far from downtown whose living conditions are less appropriate. It is </span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">a form of social segregation created by the French government which </span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">has multiple social problems to its inhabitants. The methodology used </span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">is the qualitative research methods. To analyze the narratives and </span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">cinematographic aspects, the theory of film studies of Boggs &amp; Petrie </span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">has been used, while the concept of identity of Stuart Hall has been </span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">used to reveal the social problems of these young people about their </span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">identity. The result of the analysis shows that the suburbs appears like </span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">a hard and violent space for its inhabitants, and the characters are </span>haunted by dreams of escape. Dounia has fantasies of freedom and luxury which she could find them <span style="font-size: 1rem;">outside the suburb. As the suburb is a living space, the ambition is simply to leave the suburbs. The </span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">identity of Dounia is built from her efforts to achieve her ultimate dream: a new life out of the suburbs.</span></p>
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Troy, Patrick. "Suburbs of Acquiescence, Suburbs of Protest". Housing Studies 15, n.º 5 (septiembre de 2000): 717–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673030050134574.
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