Artículos de revistas:

1

Murphy, Alexandra K. "The Suburban Ghetto: The Legacy of Herbert Gans in Understanding the Experience of Poverty in Recently Impoverished American Suburbs". City & Community 6, n.º 1 (marzo de 2007): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2007.00196.x.

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Reports based on data collected from the 2000 U.S. Census reveal a dramatic transformation in the landscape of poverty and inequality in the United States in the 1990s. U.S. central city areas have witnessed considerable decreases in rates of poverty while, at the same time, suburbs have experienced significant increases in rates of poverty. Indeed, the outcome of this shift has resulted in demographic trends, quality of life issues, economic and social outcomes, and signs of physical deterioration that we often associate with deteriorating inner cities now being found in a number of American suburbs. Beyond basic demographic information, however, little is known about daily life in these areas. This paper explores the conceptual, analytical, and methodological contributions of Herbert Gans, specifically, his ethnographic study of the suburban community Levittown, for the study of these changes. The paper reviews the literature on suburban poverty in order to identify the ways in which Gans's work contributes to future suburban scholarship as students of the suburb grapple with trying to understand and examine this transformation and the impact that this suburban change has had on the daily lives of the poor living in these recently turned poor suburbs.

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2

Oh, Hans, Jessica Goehring, Louis Jacob y Lee Smith. "The Environment of Birthplace and Self-Reported Mental Health Conditions: Findings from the American Panel of Life". Epidemiologia 2, n.º 3 (12 de julio de 2021): 256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia2030019.

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Studies from around the globe have found that urbanicity is associated with greater risk for certain psychiatric disorders, though the association has been less evident in the United States. We analyzed data collected in 2019 from the RAND American Life Panel (n = 2554), which were representative of the general adult population of the United States. Using multivariable logistic regression, we examined the associations between environment of birthplace (large urban, small urban, suburban, rural) and psychiatric disorders, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. We found that being born in a large urban area was associated with greater odds of having any psychiatric disorder when compared with being born in a rural area. However, when looking at specific disorders, we found that being born in a large urban area was only significantly associated greater odds of anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but was not associated with bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or alcohol/substance use disorder. Being born in a small urban area was marginally associated with anxiety disorder. Future studies should examine why urban birthplace has only been associated with anxiety disorders and PTSD in the United States, and why urbanicity is associated with mood disorders in other parts of the world but not in the United States.

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3

Wang, Donna, Jill M. Chonody, Kathryn Krase y Leina Luzuriaga. "Coping With and Adapting to COVID-19 in Rural United States and Canada". Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 102, n.º 1 (enero de 2021): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1044389420960985.

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Guidelines aimed at slowing the spread of COVID-19 resulted in major changes in people’s lives. A cross-sectional online survey, completed by 1,405 adults in Canada and the United States in June 2020, found respondents from rural areas/small towns reported better coping and adjustment (i.e., less use of substances for support), less personal impact, less life disruption, and fewer challenges with transportation and health care, than urban and suburban respondents. Those in rural areas were less likely to use the newspaper, but more likely to use social media, for information. Finally, rural respondents reported higher levels of support for their national leadership’s response to the pandemic. The needs and strengths of rural areas, as well as approaches to serve rural areas are discussed.

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4

Schmidt, Deanna H. "Suburban wilderness in the Houston metropolitan landscape". Journal of Political Ecology 24, n.º 1 (27 de septiembre de 2017): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v24i1.20793.

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Abstract This article examines the intersections of community activism and wilderness in the sprawling suburban and industrial landscapes of Houston, Texas, in the United States. The Houston metropolitan region's rapid urban development, laissez-faire land use planning, and world-class petrochemical industries provide a critical context to explore the material and conceptual relations of wilderness. Building upon recent debates regarding the production of nature, the article argues that wilderness is and always has been integrated into our everyday suburban landscapes. The empirical data discussed reveals the practices and processes (re)producing wilderness materially and conceptually within the contemporary relations of urban life. It challenges us to envision wilderness as internal to society and society as internal to wilderness. The results suggest that wilderness, instead of being external and in need of protection, is internal to the human experience and therefore internal to our urban landscapes. Key Words: wilderness, urban development, production of nature, community activism, Houston, TX

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5

Blumin, Stuart M. "The Center Cannot Hold: Historians and the Suburbs". Journal of Policy History 2, n.º 1 (enero de 1990): 118–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600006874.

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In 1962 Sam Bass Warner, Jr., published an important book about suburbanization in late nineteenth-century Boston. Like most influential books, it was timely in its subject, and Warner's scholarly study might be supposed to have built upon the interest that was being generated by numerous popular analyses of contemporary suburbanization and suburban life in post—World War II America. One can indeed find in Streetcar Suburbs the same fundamental preoccupation with the shallowness of communal life and similar diagnoses of the sprawl of single-family homes in homogeneous and militantly residential areas on the periphery of the city, as one finds in say, William H. Whyte's 1956 critique, The Organization Man.' Yet Warner's book was not part of, and did not initiate, a new genre of historical suburban studies. Instead, it served as one of the essential founding texts of what came to be known as the “new urban history”—a large number of scholarly attempts to examine the character and structure of life at the center of the developing big cities of industrializing America. Not the “crabgrass frontier” but the “urban frontier” defined the territory of historical adventure during the 1960s. The metaphor is not, and was not then, entirely an academic one. In 1961 the new President of the United States had called for a “new frontier” of public initiative, and planner Charles Abrams helped his immediate successor expand and locate that initiative with his book, The City Is the Frontier. Without entirely losing interest in the suburbs, scholars, policymakers, and citizens of various kinds suddenly realized the importance of understanding the city and its history.

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6

Gonzalez, Maru, Alex Barker, Megan Clarke y Christy M. Byrd. "Examining the Knowledge, Skills, and Dispositions of 4-H Professionals Related to LGBTQ+ Youth". Journal of Youth Development 16, n.º 5 (14 de diciembre de 2021): 193–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2021.1096.

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Despite its status as the largest youth-serving organization in the United States, there is a dearth of empirical scholarship about LGBTQ+ youth within 4-H; research examining 4-H professionals’ competencies to effectively support LGBTQ+ youth is even more scarce. To address this gap in the literature, this quantitative study explored the knowledge, skills, and dispositions of 4-H professionals in North Carolina as they relate to working with LGBTQ+ youth. Seventy-five professionals responded to an online survey. Professionals displayed higher levels of knowledge than skills or dispositions, were more knowledgeable about how to support LGB youth compared to transgender and gender expansive youth, and expressed the need for and substantial interest in professional development. Rural professionals tended to report lower knowledge, skills, and dispositions compared to professionals working in urban/suburban settings. This article presents the study’s findings and explores implications for future research and practice.

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Gupta-Nigam, Anirban. "Plastic Flowers: Overlooking Resource Scarcity in Postwar America". Theory, Culture & Society 37, n.º 6 (14 de mayo de 2020): 111–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276420917468.

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This essay historicizes cultural and psychic economies in the postwar United States under the sign of material scarcity. It situates the proliferation of plastic flowers in domestic space within a context of bureaucratic anxieties surrounding natural resource scarcity, and trends toward ‘outdoor living’ that were an offshoot of the ideology of economic growth. Interrogating repeated, if relatively unexamined, invocations of ‘anxious’ suburban subjects in descriptions of postwar society, the essay suggests that plastic flowers shored up a sense of stability and permanence at a time when nuclear annihilation, Cold War paranoia, and population growth combined to render life uncertain and potentially unsustainable. The essay concludes by reflecting on how legacies of that epoch – and the fiction of permanence offered by plastic flowers – endure in contemporary fantasies of limitless progress.

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Warren-Grice, April. "Advocacy for Equity: Extending Culturally Relevant Pedagogy in Predominantly White Suburban Schools". Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 119, n.º 1 (enero de 2017): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811711900102.

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Background/Context This article describes Black educators in predominantly White suburban schools who have used advocacy through the lens of culturally relevant pedagogy and serve as Educational Cultural Negotiators to help the students of color in these spaces academically and socially. This article highlights the advocacy needed to address the plight of students of color in suburban schools who disproportionately lag behind their White and Asian counterparts. Purpose/Focus of Study This research focuses on the experiences and reflections of five Black educators who have directed after-school programs in predominantly White suburban schools. Through their experiences and reflections, this study provides a snapshot—part of a larger study—of the ways Black educators use culturally relevant pedagogy to advocate for students of color. Setting Four suburban high schools in a Midwest metropolitan region of the United States. Research Design Qualitative research (i.e., portraiture) was used to capture the reflections and experiences of five Black educators (18–30 years of experience) in predominantly White suburban high schools. I interviewed participants three times during the course of a year, with the last interview conducted as a focus group. I developed interview questions thematically to provide information on each director's background, the role they played in influencing Black and Latino/a student achievement, their experiences as they helped program participants, their insight on sustaining program directors, and suggestions for educational leaders and educators of Black and Latino/a students. Findings/Results Participants shared a sense of racial uplift to address issues of concern with Black and Latino/a students. Racial uplift manifested in the form of racial and academic advocacy. Racial advocacy came through protecting students from various types of mistreatment, neglect, and macro and micro forms of racism. Educators worked with the staff and students to help navigate and negotiate the racial space. Academic advocacy came through encouraging and supporting students to reach their highest potential though mentor-ship, tutoring, student life workshops, college visits, and cultural field trips.

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9

Sharun, Sara. "Demographic Variables Are Associated with Differing Perceptions of a Broad Range of Public Library Benefits". Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 11, n.º 2 (20 de junio de 2016): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b8105z.

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Objective – To determine the frequency and nature of perceived beneficial outcomes of public libraries on individuals, and to identify demographic differences in these perceived outcomes. Design – Self-administered, online questionnaire asking respondents to rate the frequency of benefits they received from public libraries in 22 areas of life including education, work, and business; everyday activities; and leisure activities. Setting – United States of America. Subjects – 1010 respondents from 49 states: 50% female, 76% white, 55% urban or suburban. Methods – Correspondence analysis was used to visualize relationships between demographic variables and perceived outcomes. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify structures among the outcomes and summarize data into three core dimensions: everyday activities and interests; reading and self-education; and work and formal education. Multiway ANOVAs were used to test the significance of demographic differences on perceived outcomes. Main Results – The most highly ranked areas of perceived benefits were reading fiction and non-fiction, self-education during leisure time, interest in history or society, and health. Outdoor activities, exercise, and sport ranked the lowest. Respondents in younger age groups reported benefits in “education and work,” as did ethnic minorities and people with lower household incomes. “Everyday life” benefits were reported by male, suburban, White, middle-income respondents. “Reading and self-education” benefits were reported by high-income, older age groups, White, and female respondents. Two demographic groups did not correspond to any benefit categories: those who did not graduate high school and those over age 65. Conclusion – There are significant differences among demographic groups in how the benefits of public libraries are perceived, and these demographic differences have implications for program planning, marketing, and outreach in public libraries. Specifically, libraries should work to increase and improve service to less-advantaged groups, including low-income earners and ethnic minorities, and make available more services and resources relevant to older people.

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Ellis, Elizabeth Garrity. "The “Intellectual and Moral Made Visible”: The 1839 Washington Allston Exhibition and Unitarian Taste in Boston". Prospects 10 (octubre de 1985): 39–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300004063.

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“I have Just come from the Gallery—my third visit,” announced a correspondent to the Boston Daily Advertiser on the second day of the Washington Allston retrospective at Harding's Gallery (Figures 1 and 2), “where I stood in the very midst… of the glowing colors and glorious subjects [of] the artist who stands alone in this his age, in this his art.” He was part of a chorus of dazzled spectators who crowded the exhibition, “filled with enthusiastic admiration” in “surveying forty-five pictures, many of which only the golden time of art could equal.” For the young Henry T. Tuckerman, who would recall it vividly in his influential Book of the Artists, the show “proved an epoch in the history of Art in the United States.” It was also the signal event of the artist's old age: a benefit exhibition that recalled the fifty-nine-year-old Allston from “a life of great seclusion” in suburban Cambridgeport, was extended from six to eleven weeks by popular demand, and fascinated some of the most critical minds in Boston.

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11

Keller, J., J. Rost, K. Hoover, J. Urban, H. Leach, M. Porras, B. Walsh, M. Bosold y D. Calvin. "Dispersion Patterns and Sample Size Estimates for Egg Masses of Spotted Lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae)". Environmental Entomology 49, n.º 6 (14 de octubre de 2020): 1462–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvaa107.

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Abstract The spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White), is a new invasive pest in the United States. To quantify spotted lanternfly population abundance, one must understand this pest’s dispersion pattern, that is, the spatial arrangement of individuals within a population. Spotted lanternflies overwinter in egg masses from late fall to May, making this life stage suitable for population assessments. We measured the dispersion pattern of egg masses at two types of sites: a suburban housing development, where we used individual trees as the sampling unit, and rural woodlots, where we used individual trees and also plots with 5.64 m radius as sampling units. Plots were the same size as those recommended for monitoring the gypsy moth, a well-studied pest with similar egg laying habit to the spotted lanternfly. Egg masses in both sampling units were counted up to a height of 3 m. With trees as the sampling unit, egg masses were aggregated in 12 of 20 rural sampling universes, randomly dispersed at 6, and completely absent at 2. Similar patterns were seen when using the 5.64-m radius rural sampling units and for suburban sampling universes. We calculated sample size requirements for a range of mean densities at a precision of 25 and 30%. Additionally, the vertical distribution of egg masses was characterized on the invasive tree of heaven [Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle], a preferred host for spotted lanternflies. For small trees, there was a positive relationship between number of egg masses in the bottom 3 m of the tree and the total count.

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12

Leduc, Sylvain y Daniel J. Wilson. "Snow Belt to Sun Belt Migration: End of an Era?" Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, Working Paper Series 2024, n.º 21 (15 de julio de 2024): 01–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24148/wp2024-21.

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Internal migration has been cited as a key channel by which societies will adapt to climate change. We show in this paper that this process has already been happening in the United States. Over the course of the past 50 years, the tendency of Americans to move from the coldest places (“snow belt”), which have become warmer, to the hottest places (“sun belt”), which have become hotter, has steadily declined. In the latest full decade, 2010-2020, both county population growth and county net migration rates were essentially uncorrelated with the historical means of either extreme heat days or extreme cold days. The decline in these correlations over the past 50 years is true across counties, across commuting zones, and across states. It holds for urban and suburban counties; for rural counties the correlations have even reversed. It holds for all educational groups, with the sharpest decline in correlations for those with four or more years of college. Among age groups, the pattern is strongest for age groups 20-29 and 60-69, suggestive of climate being an especially important factor for those in life stages involving long-term location choices. Given climate change projections for coming decades of increasing extreme heat in the hottest U.S. counties and decreasing extreme cold in the coldest counties, our findings suggest the “pivoting” in the U.S. climate-migration correlation over the past 50 years is likely to continue, leading to a reversal of the 20th century snow belt to sun belt migration pattern.

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13

Li, Wenjun y Su-I. Hou. "Changes In Mental Health, Social Engagement, and Physical Activities During the COVID-19 Pandemic". Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (1 de diciembre de 2021): 140–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.541.

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Abstract The current COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly changed our behaviors and health, especially vulnerable community-dwelling older adults. This symposium includes three presentations that evaluated the pandemic’s impacts on mental health, social engagement and physical activity in healthy community-living older adults and those with dementia. Dr. Wenjun Li and his team examined the pandemic impact on mental health and social engagement among relatively healthy older adults residing in suburban and rural neighborhoods in Central Massachusetts, USA. The study reported significant variations in pandemic impacts by sex, age, race, income, living arrangement, and neighborhood housing density, suggesting the pandemic has had disproportionally negative impacts on socially and economically disadvantaged vulnerable older adults. Dr. W. Quin Yow and her team evaluated the impacts of government mandated social distancing and lockdowns on older adults with dementia and their caregivers in Singapore. The study found significant increases in irritability, aggression and hallucinations among older adults with dementia, and possible deterioration of health conditions and heightened moderate level of stress. The results suggest that social distancing may have resulted in negative outcomes in this vulnerable population with dementia and their caregivers. Dr. Ladda Thiamwong reported her team’s efforts on forming an international aging research collaborative to mitigate heath consequences of COVID-19 crisis from the international perspective. The team consists of ten scholars from five countries, including Hong Kong, Nepal, Singapore, Thailand, and the United States. They collect data using combinations of online and face-to-face surveys. Their important findings will be discussed in detail in this symposium.

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McGurn, Andrew, Brittany Watchmaker, Kaavya Adam, Jeff Ni, Piotr Babinski, Hannah Friedman, Bridget Boyd, Lara R. Dugas y Talar Markossian. "Socioeconomic Status and Determinants of Pediatric Antibiotic Use". Clinical Pediatrics 60, n.º 1 (4 de agosto de 2020): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009922820941629.

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Introduction. Evidence suggests that early-life antibiotic use can alter gut microbiome, predisposing children to obesity. The obesity epidemic has a disproportionate effect on individuals from lower socioeconomic status (SES). Thus, this study aims to explore the link between SES and antibiotic use. Design. We performed a retrospective cohort study of all babies born at and receiving 2 or more outpatient visits at a large, suburban health system in Illinois (United States) between 2007 and 2017. We collected data on zip code as a proxy for SES and antibiotic use in the first year of life. We also obtained comorbid diagnosis codes, race/ethnicity, gender, and number of inpatient, outpatient, and emergency department visits. Results. A total of 7224 patients met our study criteria. Children from low-poverty areas received a lifetime average of 4.28 prescriptions, while those from high-poverty neighborhoods received an average of 3.31 prescriptions. This was statistically significant in our unadjusted analysis but not after adjusting for covariates. Children from high-poverty areas were significantly more likely to receive more antibiotics at 48 hours, 1 week, and 1 month of life in our unadjusted analysis, but not after adjusting for covariates. In our unadjusted and adjusted analyses, children from high-poverty areas were significantly more likely to have received antibiotics at 1 week of life. Conclusion. The relationship between SES and antibiotic use warrants further investigation to help elucidate possible causes of the disproportionate impact obesity has in low-income communities.

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HUBER, MATTHEW. "Refined Politics: Petroleum Products, Neoliberalism, and the Ecology of Entrepreneurial Life". Journal of American Studies 46, n.º 2 (mayo de 2012): 295–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875812000126.

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Oil is often thought of as a sole commodity with singular powers to shape geopolitics, economic development, and environmental change. Yet the complex hydrocarbon assemblage of crude oil is only commodified through the refining process, which produces a multiplicity of products (e.g. gasoline, heating oil, petrochemicals). In this paper, I argue that petroleum products provide the supplementary materiality for a neoliberal cultural politics of “life.” In the first section, drawing from Gramsci and Foucault, I argue that the popular basis of neoliberal hegemony is rooted in a cultural politics of “entrepreneurial life” that accompanied increasing suburbanization, single-family homeownership and widespread automobility in the post-World War II United States. By the 1970s, masses of white suburban homeowners buttressed the “rightward turn” in American politics based around an “ideology of hostile privatism” and the demonization of taxes and wealth redistribution. In the next section, I suggest that this geography of life is rooted in the history of refineries and their search for multiple marketable outlets for petroleum by-products. Increasingly, the petroleum industry sought to actively remind the public that their lives were saturated with petroleum products. In the last section, I examine a film produced by the American Petroleum Institute titled Fuel-Less, a parody of the film Clueless. In the film, the main character, Crystal, is forced to discover what her life would be like without petroleum products. Crystal is taken to an oil well and refinery to learn about how crude oil becomes the multiple products she uses in her life. As she learns to appreciate oil, she develops a neoliberal form of environmental responsibility focussed upon volunteerist actions like recycling. The overall lesson is both the unavoidability of oil in everyday life and that privatized actors (consumers and capital) can all “pitch in” to create a sustainable future.

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Borsuk, Maria. "Extreme homes, extreme consumption? The American Dream in Extreme Makeover: Home Edition". European Journal of American Culture 43, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2024): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ejac_00111_1.

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This article examines the phenomenon of the commercialization of the American Dream through the example of consumerism around the realm of the suburban home, a key element of this concept in the United States, as well as the role of reality television in creating and encouraging inflated standards of consumption. It uses the example of the American television show Extreme Makeover: Home Edition. The article outlines the history and role of the American Dream, particularly the origins of the term itself, coined by Truslow Adams. The behaviour that Thorsten Veblen calls conspicuous consumption, which is characterized by a tendency to display material status in order to gain social respectability and prestige, is identified. The suburban house as a key element of the American Dream is analysed through the example of the makeovers presented in the programme. Their significant scale and unrealistic nature are often at odds with the real financial capabilities of the participants and are the cause of bankruptcies and financial problems. As the programme belongs to a genre that is supposed to reflect reality, in the light of the cultivation theory, created by George Gerbner, it influences viewers whose world-view is shaped by it and whose role models are imitated. Thus, the presented standards of a comfortable home in line with the American Dream can influence viewers’ consumption behaviour by showing them that the acquisition of possessions is a solution to problems, a reward for an honest life and that there are no financial consequences associated with them. The lavishness of the houses and their luxury reinforce this impression. Finally, the article seeks to answer the question to what extent and why the need of Americans to live up to the vision of living the illusive American Dream – thus creating an image of success and social status – is exaggerated and its standards are taken to an ‘extreme’.

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17

Eidlin, Eric. "The Worst of All Worlds". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1902, n.º 1 (enero de 2005): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105190200101.

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Los Angeles, California, is generally considered the archetypal sprawling metropolis. Yet traditional measures equate sprawl with low population density, and Los Angeles is among the densest and thereby the least sprawling cities in the United States. How can this apparent paradox be explained? This paper argues that the answer lies in the fact that Los Angeles exhibits a comparatively even distribution of population throughout its urbanized area. As a result, the city suffers from many consequences of high population density, including extreme traffic congestion, poor air quality, and high housing prices, while offering its residents few benefits that typically accompany this density, including fast and effective public transit, vibrant street life, and tightly knit urban neighborhoods. The city's unique combination of high average population density with little differentiation in the distribution of population might best be characterized as dense sprawl, a condition that embodies the worst of urban and suburban worlds. This paper uses Gini coefficients to illustrate variation in population density and then considers a number of indicators–-most relating either to the provision of transportation infrastructure or to travel behavior–-that demonstrate the effects of low-variation population distribution on the quality of urban life in Los Angeles. This approach offers researchers, practitioners, and policy makers in Los Angeles and in smaller cities that are evolving in similar ways a useful and user-friendly tool for identifying, explaining, measuring, and addressing the most problematic aspects of sprawl.

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Young, Sean G., Meghan Ayers y Sharp F. Malak. "Mapping mammography in Arkansas: Locating areas with poor spatial access to breast cancer screening using optimization models and geographic information systems". Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 4, n.º 5 (24 de marzo de 2020): 437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2020.28.

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AbstractIntroduction:Arkansans have some of the worst breast cancer mortality to incidence ratios in the United States (5th for Blacks, 4th for Whites, 7th overall). Screening mammography allows for early detection and significant reductions in mortality, yet not all women have access to these life-saving services. Utilization in Arkansas is well below the national average, and the number of FDA-approved screening facilities has decreased by 38% since 2001. Spatial accessibility plays an important role in whether women receive screenings.Methods:We use constrained optimization models within a geographic information system (GIS) to probabilistically allocate women to nearby screening facilities, accounting for facility capacity and patient travel time. We examine accessibility results by rurality derived from rural–urban commuting area (RUCA) codes.Results:Under most models, screening capacity is insufficient to meet theoretical demand given travel constraints. Approximately 80% of Arkansan women live within 30 minutes of a screening facility, most of which are located in urban and suburban areas. The majority of unallocated demand was in Small towns and Rural areas.Conclusions:Geographic disparities in screening mammography accessibility exist across Arkansas, but women living in Rural areas have particularly poor spatial access. Mobile mammography clinics can remove patient travel time constraints to help meet rural demand. More broadly, optimization models and GIS can be applied to many studies of healthcare accessibility in rural populations.

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Thomas, Lewis G. "Okotoks: From Trading Post to Suburb". Urban History Review 8, n.º 2 (13 de noviembre de 2013): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1019375ar.

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In spite of a growing interest in urban history, Canadian scholars have paid little attention to small towns. In this article a small town in southern Alberta is examined during the years 1890-1950, with particular attention paid to the decade of the 1920s. The author argues that a closer examination of such small centres might throw new light on the complex patterns of Canadian development. Small towns like Okotoks provided a means whereby the first generation of Alberta settlers, predominantly English-speaking, Protestant and British oriented, asserted their peculiar values in the life of the province in spite of the arrival after 1896 of new waves of settlers from the United States and continental Europe.

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Moreno, Bianca, Chelsey Crandall y Martha C. Monroe. "Factors Influencing Minority and Urban Students’ Interest in Natural Resources". Journal of Forestry 118, n.º 4 (25 de marzo de 2020): 373–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvaa008.

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Abstract Diversifying the student body of natural resources (NR) programs by increasing numbers of women and people of color is important. This study explored factors influencing undergraduate interest in NR, including forestry, and decision to enroll in an NR undergraduate program at a large 1862 land-grant institution in the southeastern United States. We looked at how their responses differ between gender, race/ethnicity, and the environment surrounding their home where they grew up, a variable we call the environment of influence. Overall, results confirm the importance of connection to nature. Interest in enrolling in an NR program and pursuing a career depend in large part on having a connection to nature and concern for the environment, and this is true for those who grew up in urban as well as rural environments. A notable difference between female and male respondents was when their interest in NR began: females reported early childhood age, and males reported in high school or later. Interest also occurred later in life for nonwhite/Hispanic students than for white/non-Hispanic students. Other racial/ethnic differences include the influence of guest speakers, family, and media in the interest and enrollment in NR. Media also played a strong role in NR enrollment and interest in the respondents from suburban and built environments. We conclude with recommendations for recruiting a more diverse undergraduate NR body and creating a more inclusive environment for people from different genders, races, and environments of influence.

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Petryshyn, Halyna y Roman Liubytskyy. "FOREST TERRITORIES IN THE PLANNING STRUCTURE OF LVIV". Current problems of architecture and urban planning, n.º 59 (1 de marzo de 2021): 232–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2021.59.232-247.

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The sphere of life of a large city includes forests as a natural resource and areas of its expansion and now they serve to implement modern eco-trends. In the evolution of Lviv we can distinguish several stages of relation to forested areas: 1 - exemption from forests of areas suitable for farming, horticulture and construction; 2 – the early 19th century. - planting of new forests for economic and rehabilitation purposes; 3 - the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries - the development of the recreational function of forests under the influence of hygienists, especially at water sources; 4 - the end of the 19th century and before 1939 - the development of the city of Lviv with new streets and compact plots according to the urban concepts of "villa in the park" and "garden city", which are wedged into the forest park areas; 5 - the second half of the 20th century. The rapid territorial development of industrial Lviv causes the emergence of large residential areas on the outskirts of the city. According to strict regulatory requirements for providing residents with green areas, part of the suburban forests were allocated for the establishment of local parks. A trade union recreation centers are developing around the city; 6 - 1980s - under the influence of the concept of a polarized landscape in conditions of state ownership of land and its resources, in suburban forests and in the city, separate plots with unique characteristics are distinguished, on the basis of which objects of nature reserve fund are created; 7 - from the 1990s and until now - the spreading of the city and the defragmentation of forests are observed. At the same time, the creation of new nature reserve facilities in Lviv and in the suburban area were performed as well as the formation of new reserves and their inclusion into European ecological networks. At the same time, the process of permanent alienation of forest areas in favor of the spread of development is intensifying. The most vulnerable are the territories of Bryukhovychi and Vynnyky forest parks, which are fully included in the united territorial community of Lviv approved in 2020.

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Zakieh, Abdulhafiz, Maha Al-Ghafry, Divya Nadella, Hamayun Imran y Abdul H. Siddiqui. "Emergency Department Utilization By Hemophilia Patients in United States". Blood 128, n.º 22 (2 de diciembre de 2016): 3799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.3799.3799.

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Abstract INTRODUCTION: Patients with hemophilia are prone to life threatening bleeds and central line associated morbidities. It is pivotal that emergency departments (ED) are both equipped and trained to address these complications with acuity. The purpose of this study is to determine the utilization of ED for hemophilia related complaints. METHODS: Retrospective review of information collected from the National Emergency Department Database Sample (NEDS) was performed. The NEDS is a stratified sample of hospital-based ED visits and publically available for purchase as a component of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. We are presenting the results of comparative analysis and frequencies computed from the database. The ED visits with hemophilia, listed as one of the diagnoses, were selected. Patient demographics and hospital stratification variables were recorded. A snapshot of these variables from years 2006 to 2013 was obtained but due to large sample size, we elected to perform detailed analysis on data from the year 2012. Hospital charges and other variables were computed from the database and projected to national levels using the discharge weighted variables. Study was funded by "Bayer Healthcare, Investigator Initiated Research Grant". RESULTS: During the 8 years period studied, ~163,000 ED visits were made by hemophilia patients. This represented 0.016% of total visits to EDs nationwide. The two age groups that were most likely to utilize ED were children under 18 years and adults under 45 years (37% each). More than half of these patients resided in large metropolitan cities or their suburbs. Interestingly 20% of patients had annual household income greater than $63,000. Although Medicaid and Medicare were the largest primary payers (54%), 30% had private insurance listed as primary payer. About 45% of the ED visits were at a non-teaching hospital. As a snap shot of frequencies the trends in above mentioned results had remained unchanged from 2006 to 2013. Detailed analysis of the purchased database for the year 2012 was performed. Out of 31 million ED visits in the year 2012; 4,488 visits were made by patients with hemophilia and 84% of them had hemophilia A (Sample representing 20% of target universe). Mean age at presentation was 29 years. There was not a significant difference in the number of ED visits among different months of the year or days of the week. Most visits were made in June (358) and least visits during February (294). Average charge per visit was $4,000; the highest charge for a single ED visit was $150,000. National estimate of total charges for ED visits by patients with hemophilia in the year 2012 was over 60 million dollars. Average charge for ED visits at a private hospital was $2,988 compared to $2,254 at a public hospital (p=0.03). The cost of ED utilization by lower income group patients was greater than patients from higher income group; however the difference in average charges was not statistically significant. There were over 21,000 diagnoses codes recorded during 4,488 ED visits by hemophilia patients. Cardiovascular complaints (n=2060) were the most frequently reported, followed by injuries and poisoning (n=2038). Hemorrhage was the presenting complaint 32% (n=1452) of times. The breakdown of bleeds included 682 contusions, 317 hemarthrosis, 163 gastrointestinal bleeds, 96 hematuria, 83 epistaxis, 47 intracranial bleeds and 18 menstrual bleeds. Injuries were reported as primary diagnosis, 26% of times. Septicemia was diagnosed during 147 visits. Around 70% of patients were treated and released from the ED. Two patients reportedly died in the ED while 35 died after being admitted to the hospital. Cause of death included Sepsis and brain hemorrhage in 26 and 4 patients respectively. In pediatric patients only, injuries were the most frequent complaints (n=870) followed by joint and soft tissue disorders (n=366); fever (n=92) and central line complications (n=63). CONCLUSION: Hemophilia is a rare hematologic disease but patients with hemophilia have a high tendency to utilize ED. Proper education of patients and ED staff could help reduce the economic burden and ensure optimum care delivery in the ED. To our knowledge this is the first study to analyze ED utilization by hemophilia patients from a national database. Based on our study results, patients were evenly distributed in low and high income groups and utilized teaching and non-teaching hospital EDs alike. Disclosures Zakieh: Bayer Healthcare Investigator Initiated research Grant: Research Funding. Al-Ghafry:Bayer Healthcare Investigator Initiated research Grant: Research Funding. Siddiqui:Bayer Healthcare Investigator Initiated research Grant: Research Funding.

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Kubo, Tomoko. "Housing challenges in shrinking and aging Japanese cities". Abstracts of the ICA 1 (15 de julio de 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-195-2019.

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Abstract. The topic of shrinking cities has been one of the most important urban issues in the past three decades. Couch and Cocks (2013) reviewed studies on the outcomes of recent shrinking cities: (1) rapid out-migration from post-socialist countries such as the movement from East Germany to West Germany in the 1990s; (2) economic -decline as an additional trigger for out-migration such as in old industrial areas in Northern England and the Rust Belt of the United States; and (3) rapid demographic changes such as low fertility and longevity-led ageing of the society leading to shrinking regions in the European countries and Japan. Although many studies have been conducted in East Germany, the old industrial cities, and the aging European countries (Nordvik and Gulbrabdsen 2009, Hoekstra et al. 2018, Hollander 2018), little is known about shrinkage in Japanese cities. Over recent decades, the debates on shrinking cities have been widely studied; these studies can be classified into three categories: (1) studies to understand the background reasons that caused shrinkage, (2) those to analyze the effects or outcomes of shrinkage (e.g., increase in housing vacancies or vacant lots, growth of crime rate or political challenges), and (3) those to propose policy implications or practical solution strategies to overcome shrinkage (Hollander and Nemeth 2011).First, Hollander (2018) and other studies identified the relationship between the neighborhood life cycle (Hoover and Vernon 1959, or studies by the Chicago schools) and urban shrinkage, with regards to old industrial cities such as those in the Rust Belt of the United States and erstwhile mining towns in North England. Hoover and Vernon (1959) proposed that a neighborhood follows a five-stage cycle, comprising the stages of development, transition, downgrading, shrinkage, and renewal; this five-stage model is linked to the discriminative housing policies from the 1930s until the 1970s in the United States (Metzger 2000). In addition to these neighborhood cycles, other factors such as economic decline, outmigration and population loss, demographic changes (Nordvik and Gulbrabdsen 2009, Couch and Cocks 2013), social transition, globalization and neo-liberalization have transformed housing, welfare, and family relations in many countries (Yui et al. 2017, Ronald and Lennarts 2018). In East Germany, housing oversupply during the post-socialist shrinking periods acted as a catalyst to form a new residential segregation pattern in Leipzig (Grobmann et al. 2015). Some neighborhood conditions can lead to an increase in the number of housing abandonments or long-term housing vacancies in specific neighborhoods, as demonstrated by various studies mentioning oversupply of housing during the housing bubble periods and longitude low demand neighborhoods in the United States (Molloy 2016), the high ratio of poverty (Immergluck 2016), and the conditions of the surrounding neighborhoods (Morckel 2014). Second, the population loss caused by massive out-migration and a rise in housing abandonment or housing vacancies were the most common outcomes of urban shrinkage. Out-migration was triggered by the movement to seek better job opportunities or quality of life, urban life cycles with growth and decline (Couch and Cocks 2013), and the longitudinal decline process of population (Alves et al. 2016). Nordvik and Gulbrandsen (2009) analyzed aging-led shrinkage with a case study in Norway and found a spatial characteristic of shrinkage that occurs more often in suburbs than in city-centers, and the positive relation between the rise in the vacant property ratio and an increase in the elderly population in a region. The out-migration of the younger generation, arising from the desire to move away from parental homes in suburbs, and the deaths among the parental generation that have occurred in the last 30 to 50 years have led to a gradual increase in vacant housing in the suburb in Norway (Nordvik and Gulbrabdsen 2009). Apparently, the Japanese suburban neighborhoods have experienced the rise in housing vacancies and ageing population through the similar mechanism with that in Norway, but the reality and spatial patterns of shrinking-related problems vary reflecting the urban and housing policies, housing market characteristics, and embedded relationship between housing and family in society. According to Couch and Cocks (2013), the rise in housing vacancies in a region arises due to several factors, as follows. The first factor is that of short-term vacancies for which there is no demand in the local housing market; this issue can be resolved through public intervention in terms of reinvestment in inner-city social housing, such as in the United Kingdom in the 1980s. The second factor is that of oversupply of housing as compared to the housing demand in a region; this is caused by lower satisfaction among residents in their residential environment or inequality in public investment and access to private financial resources by local residents. Moreover, shrinking cities with a high ratio of long-term housing vacancies tend to experience an increase in crime such as burglary. This is because the rise in housing vacancies causes a decline in neighbourhood vitality required to protect social disorder; vacant housing is used to store stolen goods or sell drugs, and there is a “broken window effect” with regard to abandoned housing vacancies (Jones and Pridemore 2016).There have recently been more meaningful discussions on how to handle the problems of shrinking cities. As Hoekstra et al. (2018) mentioned, there have been two main approaches in these discussions: one approach has focused on increasing the population in shrinking cities again, whereas, the other accepts longitudinal shrinkage patterns and aims to increase the quality of life of present and future residents (Hollander and Nemeth 2011). The former approach advocates entrepreneurial policies to attract new residents, resulting in an increase in inequality within a region, unsold housing, and a lack of affordable housing (Hoekstra et al. 2018). The latter approach employs methodologies such as selective demolition of abandoned housing to control the housing stock of a region, promoting down-sizing or right-sizing to meet the changes in the housing demands of residents, or densification of urban buildings to recreate walkable neighborhoods (Hoekstra et al. 2018). Hollander and Nemeth (2011) proposed smart decline strategies based on the concept of social justice, with an emphasis on the following aspects: accepting voices from diverse actors, utilizing different types of technology to share information about citizens to problematize uneven power structure, transparent decision-making processes with clear evaluation, and paying attention to the scale of decision making (e.g., the total planning burden is shared among regional levels, and the required interventions are conducted at local levels). Compared to the rich accumulation of literature on shrinking cities in Western countries, the Japanese situation has not been discussed sufficiently and there is an absence of strategies to resolve the issues in Japan. Research on shrinkage and housing has clarified that factors related to housing, welfare, and family relations are embedded in the social fabric, and the relationships vary by region or by country (Ronald and Lennerts 2018). Therefore, it is necessary to obtain deeper understanding of the housing challenges in shrinking and aging Japanese cities. The present study aims to review the above-mentioned three categories of shrinking city debates in Japan, to propose practical countermeasures for shrinking and aging Japanese cities. First, we review the reasons that caused the shrinkage in Japanese cities. Second, we analyze the increase in housing vacancies as an outcome of this shrinkage. Third, we examine the political countermeasures that have been adopted in Japan and evaluate their efficacy in the Japanese situation. Finally, through these analyses, we propose policy implications to deal with the problems of aging and shrinking cities in Japan. The major findings of the study are as follows: First of all, existing systems that had been established during the economic and urban growth periods of Japan are not suitable to address the new demands of the shrinking and aging era. Therefore, a great divide in terms of residential environments has occurred within a metropolitan area or between cities. Lesser access to financial resources to reinvest in old suburban neighborhoods or local cities accelerates the divide or inequality in terms of residential environments. Second, an increase in housing vacancies can decrease the quality of life of older adults in these shrinking neighborhoods. Third, these problems could be resolved by adopting a strategy of smart decline, with selective investment to control housing stock, and by accepting aging in place in shrinking neighborhoods. We discuss the challenges in implementing these possible solutions in Japanese cities.

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Walks, R. Alan. "Urban Form, Everyday Life, and Ideology: Support for Privatization in Three Toronto Neighbourhoods". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 40, n.º 2 (febrero de 2008): 258–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a3948.

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One of the trends marking neoliberalism and the attack on the welfare state from the right is the move toward the privatization of public services. Recent research in both the United States and Canada suggests that residents of the suburbs of large urban regions are more likely to vote for political parties on the right and to support neoliberal policies such as privatization, while the opposite is true for inner-city dwellers. However, the reasons why such a spatial division should occur have received little academic attention. This paper seeks to fill this gap in the literature by analyzing the relationship between residential location, spatial factors, and attitudes toward privatization, using survey data collected in the Toronto region. Results suggest that the way urban space influences residents' daily routines and personal experiences may then mediate their perception of the uses of public services and the efficacy of government spending, factors which are found to affect spatial disparities in support of and/or in opposition to privatization. Thus, there is some evidence that urban spatial form is important for understanding the geographic unevenness of support for neoliberalism, and thus ultimately for the production of ideology.

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25

Hettiarachchi, Suresh, Conrad Wasko y Ashish Sharma. "Increase in flood risk resulting from climate change in a developed urban watershed – the role of storm temporal patterns". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, n.º 3 (29 de marzo de 2018): 2041–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2041-2018.

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Abstract. The effects of climate change are causing more frequent extreme rainfall events and an increased risk of flooding in developed areas. Quantifying this increased risk is of critical importance for the protection of life and property as well as for infrastructure planning and design. The updated National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Atlas 14 intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) relationships and temporal patterns are widely used in hydrologic and hydraulic modeling for design and planning in the United States. Current literature shows that rising temperatures as a result of climate change will result in an intensification of rainfall. These impacts are not explicitly included in the NOAA temporal patterns, which can have consequences on the design and planning of adaptation and flood mitigation measures. In addition there is a lack of detailed hydraulic modeling when assessing climate change impacts on flooding. The study presented in this paper uses a comprehensive hydrologic and hydraulic model of a fully developed urban/suburban catchment to explore two primary questions related to climate change impacts on flood risk. (1) How do climate change effects on storm temporal patterns and rainfall volumes impact flooding in a developed complex watershed? (2) Is the storm temporal pattern as critical as the total volume of rainfall when evaluating urban flood risk? We use the NOAA Atlas 14 temporal patterns, along with the expected increase in temperature for the RCP8.5 scenario for 2081–2100, to project temporal patterns and rainfall volumes to reflect future climatic change. The model results show that different rainfall patterns cause variability in flood depths during a storm event. The changes in the projected temporal patterns alone increase the risk of flood magnitude up to 35 %, with the cumulative impacts of temperature rise on temporal patterns and the storm volume increasing flood risk from 10 to 170 %. The results also show that regional storage facilities are sensitive to rainfall patterns that are loaded in the latter part of the storm duration, while extremely intense short-duration storms will cause flooding at all locations. This study shows that changes in temporal patterns will have a significant impact on urban/suburban flooding and need to be carefully considered and adjusted to account for climate change when used for the design and planning of future storm water systems.

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Novokreshchenov, Aleksandr V. y Venera B. Abdrakhmanova. "Patriotism and migration sentiments of generation Z in Novosibirsk and the Novosibirsk regionon the eve of the smo". Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost, n.º 5 (15 de diciembre de 2023): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869049923050106.

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The empirical study of migration attitudes among young people of Novosibirsk, its suburbs and regional remote rural settlements is conducted to reveal how widespread the sense of patriotism is among them, as well as their values and value orientations. Factors of the desire to leave not only their homes, but also their homeland, are determined. It is shown that social and economic reasons such as family income and quality of life in the settlement are not significant in making the decision to migrate. The main factor is the desire either to realize themselves in their profession (for a minority of respondents) or to carry out their dream of a “good life” inspired by social networks and bloggers. While residents of the villages seek their dreams in the megacity, its residents in large numbers intend to migrate to Western Europe or the United States, including for permanent residence. The pessimism of young people about the prospect of Russia becoming a great prosperous state is alarming.

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27

Byard, Roger W., Peter Blumbergs, Guy Rutty, Jan Sperhake, Jytte Banner y Henry F. Krous. "Lack of Evidence for a Causal Relationship between Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy and Subdural Hemorrhage in Fetal Life, Infancy, and Early Childhood". Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 10, n.º 5 (septiembre de 2007): 348–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2350/06-08-0154.1.

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It has been asserted that hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) with cerebral swelling in the absence of marked trauma may be responsible for subural hemorrhage in the young. As this may have considerable implications in determining both the mechanism of death and the degree of force required to cause injury in certain cases of inflicted head injury in infancy, clarification is required. A retrospective study of 82 fetuses, infants, and toddlers with proven HIE and no trauma was undertaken from forensic institutes in Australia, the United Kingdom, Germany, Denmark, and the United States. The age range was 35 weeks gestation to 3 years, with a male to female ratio of 2:1. All cases had histologically confirmed HIE. Causes of the hypoxic episodes were temporarily resuscitated sudden infant death syndrome with delayed death (N = 30), drowning (N = 12), accidental asphyxia (N = 10), intrauterine/delivery asphyxia (N = 8), congenital disease (N = 6), aspiration of food/gastric contents (N = 4), inflicted asphyxia (N = 3), epilepsy (N = 1), dehydration (N = 1), drug toxicity (N = 1), complications of prematurity (N = 1), and complications of anesthesia (N = 1). The initiating event was not determined in 4 instances. In no case was there macroscopic evidence of subdural hemorrhage. In this study no support could be given to the hypothesis that HIE in the young in the absence of trauma causes subdural hemorrhage.

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28

Sullivan, Brooke y Sinjini Mitra. "Community Issues in American Metropolitan Cities". Journal of Cases on Information Technology 16, n.º 1 (enero de 2014): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jcit.2014010103.

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The city of San Francisco in California has 826,000 residents and is growing slowly compared to other large cities in the western United States, facing concerns such as an aging population and flight of families to nearby suburbs. This case study investigates the social and demographic factors that are causing this phenomenon based on data that were collected by San Francisco's city controller's office in its annual survey to residents. By using data analytics, we can predict which residents are likely to move away, and this help us infer which factors of city life and city services contribute to a resident's decision to leave the city. Results of this research indicate that factors like public transportation services, public schools, and personal finances are significant in this regard, which can potentially help the city of San Francisco to prioritize its resources in order to better retain its locals.

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29

Geisbush, James y Samuel T. Ariaratnam. "Failure Prevention in Large-Diameter Water Pipelines Using Reliability-Centered Maintenance". Water 15, n.º 24 (15 de diciembre de 2023): 4283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15244283.

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The consequences of failures from large-diameter water pipelines can be severe. Results can include significant property damage, adjacent damage to infrastructure such as roads and bridges resulting in transportation delays or shutdowns, adjacent structural damage to buildings resulting in loss of business, service disruption to a significant number of customers, loss of water, costly emergency repairs, and even loss of life. The Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission (WSSC) in the United States found that flooding was the greatest concern due to its potential duration, the potential for broad geographic impact, and its role in crater creation. Public safety, property damage, social and economic consequences, and loss of water service and for how long is also of paramount concern. The American Water Works Association’s (AWWA) 2020 “State of the Water Industry” report states that the top issue facing the water industry since 2016 is aging infrastructure, with the second being financing for improvements. The industry needs to find novel ways of extending asset life and reducing maintenance expenditures. While there are many different assets that comprise the water/wastewater industry, pipelines are a major component and are often neglected because they are typically buried. Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM) is a process used to determine the most effective maintenance strategy for an asset, with the ultimate goal being to establish the required function of the asset considering the required reliability and availability at the lowest cost. The RCM philosophy considers Preventive Maintenance, Predictive Maintenance, Condition Based Monitoring, Reactive Maintenance, and Proactive Maintenance techniques in an integrated manner to increase the probability an asset will perform its designed function throughout its design life with minimal maintenance. RCM requires maintenance decisions be based on maintenance requirements supported by sound technical and economic justification. However, one industry where principles of RCM are in its infancy is the water/wastewater industry. This paper provides a case example and numeric modeling for use in RCM analyses for developing maintenance strategies for large-diameter water pipelines, particularly prestressed concrete pipelines, and proposes an approach for determining the most effective and efficient maintenance activities for large-diameter prestressed concrete water pipelines. The case study discussed in this paper analyzed wire breaks over time to predict when certain thresholds would be reached. The intent of this study is to predict when a specified threshold will be reached. From the RCM, a threshold was set to begin planning, budgeting, and scheduling maintenance activities when 55% of the wires in a frame or two adjoining frames are distressed or when 65% of the wires in non-adjacent frames are distressed. The results from the numeric model predict the 55% threshold may be reached in August 2025 for the most distressed pipe segment.

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Lacombe-Duncan, Ashley, Kathryn R. Berringer, Jennifer Green, Amy Jacobs y Amy Hamdi. "“I do the she and her”: A qualitative exploration of HIV care providers’ considerations of trans women in gender-specific HIV care". Women's Health 18 (enero de 2022): 174550572210838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17455057221083809.

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Objectives: Women of all genders, including cisgender (cis) and transgender (trans) women, experience social and structural drivers of HIV inequities and pervasive barriers to HIV care. Yet, little is known about how HIV care providers address gender diversity in health care. Through a critical feminist lens informed by intersectionality theory, medical anthropology, and critical sociology, we explored (1) how do HIV care providers describe women living with HIV’s care needs and barriers; (2) what are their perspectives on optimal HIV care for women; and (3) to what extent do these conceptualizations include/exclude trans women. Methods: Utilizing a community-based exploratory qualitative study design, we conducted 60–90 minute semi-structured individual interviews from March 2019–April 2020 with eight HIV care providers ( n = 4 social service providers; n = 4 physicians) practicing across seven counties representative of rural, suburban, and urban Michigan, United States. Data were analyzed utilizing a reflexive thematic approach. Results: Three overarching themes emerged: (1) Emphasis on (different) clinical needs: key considerations in cis and trans women’s HIV care; (2) Recognition of the structural: barriers to HIV care affecting women of all genders; and (3) Proposed solutions: piecing together individual, social, and organizational interventions to increase access to HIV care that may benefit women living with HIV of all genders but are disproportionately framed as being for cis women. While HIV care providers recognized both cis and trans women living with HIV’s clinical care needs and structural barriers to care, they rarely envisioned optimal HIV care inclusive of gender affirmation and structural interventions. Conclusions: Findings suggest that HIV care providers can avoid reducing gender to biology and making assumptions about reproductive care needs, endocrinological care needs, caregiving responsibilities, and other life circumstances; provide gender-affirming medical care; and address structural barriers to HIV care to enhance intersectional and structurally focused gender-affirming—that is, trans-inclusive—women-centered HIV care.

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Lieberman, Devorah y Shannon Capaldi. "Brain Remain". Metropolitan Universities 30, n.º 4 (6 de diciembre de 2019): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/23555.

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Volumes of research studies, surveys, and census data document the “brain drain,” the phenomenon of highly educated and highly skilled workers migrating from their hometown to an urban or metropolitan area that promises a better life. Early indications of brain drain begin with high school graduates determining where to attend college. There is a pervasive belief that it is a measure of success and part of a process of upward mobility to go away to college, and therefore an implied failure if one remains in their hometown or region while earning a degree. This mentality and encouraged brain drain behavior is reinforced by a K-12 education system that sorts students early in their academic careers and invests in the best and brightest, while paying little attention to the majority of students (Harmon, 2010). This is a skewed approach and leaves many individuals, and their hometowns, with few opportunities and stifled upward social and economic mobility. The needs of the workforce are rapidly changing. Some form of post-secondary education is required for the majority of entry-level jobs in the United States (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2017). Yet, higher education is being faced with increasing competition and growing skepticism regarding the value of a college degree. By collaborating and partnering with the region in which an institution exists, urban, suburban, or rural, colleges and universities can cut through higher education’s competitive noise and growing skepticism, while addressing the changing workforce needs and redefining students’ pride about where they earn a degree, and begin their careers, close to home. We call this paradigm shift the “Brain Remain,” and it has the potential to significantly alter the way higher education, K-12 districts, businesses, and community leaders work, operate, and collaborate in the new economy. This, in turn, can create bold new opportunities for students where they least expect them: right in their own backyards.

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32

Koroleva, Vlada V. "The Social Position of Women in Cities in the USA During the 1960s-1980s". Journal of Frontier Studies 5, n.º 1 (22 de marzo de 2020): 40–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.46539/jfs.2020.1.4053.

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The article is dedicated to the problem of the position of women in cities and to creation and formation of “women’s spaces” in the United States in 1960-1980. Following the development of the second wave of feminism, we focused the attention not only on the movement for civil rights itself but also on the activities of organizations and women who were trying to improve the living conditions of female citizens. Prisoners in their homes, women have always been associated more with the suburbs than with the cities themselves. They were never seen as citizens, but rather as rare guests in this urban space. In order to make cities more women-friendly, feminists began to create exclusive women’s spaces that would help women not only get out from their house-arrest but also solve difficult life situations. Shelters, women’s health centers, women’s libraries, book clubs and kindergartens – all of these new spaces helped an American woman move out of the alienation spaces of their houses and gain new opportunities for self-development.

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33

Gonzalez Mosquera, Luis, Nino Balanchivadze, Faria Ali, Matthew Meranda, Oscar Hinojosa Castro y Philip Kuriakose. "Factors influencing career choices and post-fellowship perspectives in adult hematology/oncology fellows: A nationwide cross-sectional study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 42, n.º 16_suppl (1 de junio de 2024): 9016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2024.42.16_suppl.9016.

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9016 Background: The aim ofour study was to explore the characteristics, aspirations, and factors influencing career choices among adult Hematology/Oncology (HO) fellows, as well as their post-fellowship perspectives. Methods: An anonymous 25-question survey was distributed online to adult HO fellowship programs in the United States. The survey collected data on demographics, educational background, career plans, and specific factors influencing career choices. Results: Of the 56 fellows completing the survey, 54% identified as male, and 46% as female. The majority were White (40%), followed by Asian (34%), Middle Eastern (12%), Hispanic (7%), and Black (3%). Most fellows (79%) were aged 30-34 years, and 68% were MD graduates of US/Caribbean schools. A significant proportion expressed certainty (80%) during residency about pursuing adult HO as a career. Thirty eight percent of the respondents planned to practice both hematology and Oncology. While 39% hoped to work in an academic/university setting, 41% planned to stay within the community. Geographically, 45% preferred suburban, and 39% urban areas. Only 3% of respondents had plans to pursue a career in classical hematology. Factors influencing career choice included clinical interest in the field (98%), previous research experience in HO (54%), career mentorship (70%), lifestyle considerations (66%), and perceived job market (60%) (Table). Almost all respondents (97%) expressed a high likelihood of pursuing adult HO fellowship if they had to choose again. Fellows were confident about finding positions aligned with their interests, including clinical (72%), providing research opportunities (43%), and those offering intellectual stimulation (73%). While the majority were confident in achieving work-life balance (84%), 16% expressed some concerns. Conclusions: This study offers valuable insights into the factors influencing career choices among adult HO fellows. The findings emphasize the necessity of adjusting strategies to align with the evolving needs and aspirations of prospective fellows. Key initiatives could include fortifying career mentorship programs, providing increased support for those interested in classical hematology, fostering research experiences during residency training, and actively promoting a diverse and inclusive environment. Understanding these aspects and results is crucial for program directors, educators, and policymakers to optimize training programs and support the diverse needs of future practitioners in the field. [Table: see text]

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Sherman, R. A. "Wound Myiasis in Urban and Suburban United States". Archives of Internal Medicine 160, n.º 13 (10 de julio de 2000): 2004–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.160.13.2004.

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Ayres, Jack, William Messamore, Armin Tarakemeh, Jordan Baker, Luis Salazar, Bryan Vopat, JP Darche y Riley Hedberg. "Poster 126: Emergency Action Planning in United States High Schools". Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, n.º 7_suppl5 (1 de julio de 2022): 2325967121S0068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00687.

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Objectives: Current evidence shows a variable rate of emergency action plan (EAP) implementation and a low rate of compliance to EAP guidelines in United States secondary schools. There is limited data on emergency preparedness of schools without access to an athletic trainer (AT). The purpose of this study was to identify the emergency preparedness of public high school athletics in the United States. Methods: A web-based questionnaire was developed to perform a cross-sectional analysis of the emergency preparedness of high schools. The questionnaire included 24 questions focused on demographics of the study population, EAP adoption, compliance to national EAP guidelines, access to certified medical personnel, and training received by athletics personnel. The questionnaire was delivered electronically through email by each State High School Athletics Association (SHSAA) to athletic trainers, athletic directors, and coaches of recipient schools. Results: Schools with a larger number of students enrolled were significantly associated with greater proportions of having an EAP (p<.0001), having an AT on staff (p<.0001), requiring additional training for coaches (p = .0003), and having an AED on-site for all events (p = .0021). Urban districts (OR=3.514, 95% CI=[2.242, 5.507], p <.0001) and suburban districts (OR=4.950, 95% CI=[3.287, 7.454], p <.0001) were more likely than rural districts to have an athletic trainer on staff. Rural districts were more likely than suburban districts to report financial barriers (OR=1.867, 95% CI=[1.051, 3.318], p=.0321). Rural districts were more likely than both urban (OR=1.901, 95% CI=[1.104, 3.268], p=.0192) and suburban (OR= 2.825, 95% CI=[1.770, 4.505], p<.0001) to report that additional funding would help meet NATA EAP best practice standards. High poverty districts (96 urban, 69 suburban and 157 rural) were less likely to have an AED for all athletic venues (OR=.660, 95% CI=[.452, .964], p=.0311) and less likely to have an EAP (OR=.511, 95% CI=[.306, .853], p=.0092). Among districts that were impoverished, rural districts were less likely than urban (OR=.268, 95% CI=[.153, .469], p<.0001) and suburban (OR=.121, 95% CI=[.056, .260], p <.0001) to have an AT on staff, more likely than suburban districts to report financial barriers (OR=1.867, 95% CI=[1.051, 3.318], p=.0321), and more likely to report barriers related to access to medical providers than urban (OR=3.403, 95% CI=[1.666, 6.949], p=.0005) and suburban (OR=3.900, 95% CI=[1.664, 9.144], p=.0010). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that lower enrollment, high poverty and rural schools are less prepared for athletic emergencies than their higher enrollment, low poverty and suburban counterparts given the fact that these schools are generally less likely to have an AT on staff, less AEDs available at sporting events, lor to have EAPs implemented and less likely to provide additional training. Among these classifications, rural status may be the most important indicator, given that a comparison of impoverished schools demonstrates that rural schools were less likely to have ATs on staff and more likely to report financial barriers and barriers related to access to medical providers compared to poor urban and suburban schools. Financial barriers likely underly many of the findings in this study, as well as barriers related to access to medical professionals. Future improvement strategies should seek to identify ways to overcome these barriers and encourage compliance with NATA recommendations.

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Zębik, Grzegorz. "Typology of Suburban Communities in Poland". Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 16, n.º 16 (1 de enero de 2011): 173–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10089-011-0021-x.

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Typology of Suburban Communities in PolandThe paper presents an attempt to classify new and existing suburban communities in Poland based on spatial patterns and comparisons with suburbs in the United States. Fifteen types of Polish suburban communities are identified in the paper. As large-scale suburban development is a relatively new phenomenon in Poland, most Polish suburban communities will continue to evolve over time and make the transition from one community type to another. An understanding of each type of suburban community may help local governments assist the communities they serve in the process of creating infrastructure and jobs for a growing population.

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Seixas, Azizi, Nicholas Pantaleo, Samrachana Adhikari, Michael Grandner y Giardin Jean-Louis. "694 Insufficient sleep linked with higher COVID-19 infection cases and deaths in the United States". Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (1 de mayo de 2021): A271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.692.

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Abstract Introduction Causes of COVID-19 burden in urban, suburban, and rural counties are unclear, as early studies provide mixed results implicating high prevalence of pre-existing health risks and chronic diseases. However, poor sleep health that has been linked to infection-based pandemics may provide additional insight for place-based burden. To address this gap, we investigated the relationship between habitual insufficient sleep (sleep <7 hrs./24 hr. period) and COVID-19 cases and deaths across urban, suburban, and rural counties in the US. Methods County-level variables were obtained from the 2014–2018 American community survey five-year estimates and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. These included percent with insufficient sleep, percent uninsured, percent obese, and social vulnerability index. County level COVID-19 infection and death data through September 12, 2020 were obtained from USA Facts. Cumulative COVID-19 infections and deaths for urban (n=68), suburban (n=740), and rural (n=2331) counties were modeled using separate negative binomial mixed effects regression models with logarithmic link and random state-level intercepts. Zero-inflated models were considered for deaths among suburban and rural counties to account for excess zeros. Results Multivariate regression models indicated positive associations between cumulative COVID-19 infection rates and insufficient sleep in urban, suburban and rural counties. The incidence rate ratio (IRR) for urban counties was 1.03 (95% CI: 1.01 – 1.05), 1.04 (95% CI: 1.02 – 1.05) for suburban, and 1.02 (95% CI: 1.00 – 1.03) rural counties.. Similar positive associations were observed with county-level COVID-19 death rates, IRR = 1.11 (95% CI: 1.07 – 1.16) for urban counties, IRR = 1.04 (95% CI: 1.01 – 1.06) for suburban counties, and IRR = 1.03 (95% CI: 1.01 – 1.05) for rural counties. Level of urbanicity moderated the association between insufficient sleep and COVID deaths, but not for the association between insufficient sleep and COVID infection rates. Conclusion Insufficient sleep was associated with COVID-19 infection cases and mortality rates in urban, suburban and rural counties. Level of urbanicity only moderated the relationship between insufficient sleep and COVID death rates. Future studies should investigate individual-level analysis to understand the role of sleep mitigating COVID-19 infection and death rates. Support (if any) NIH (K07AG052685, R01MD007716, R01HL142066, K01HL135452, R01HL152453

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Rennison, Callie Marie y Walter S. DeKeseredy. "Violent Girls in the United States: Urban, Suburban, and Rural Differences". International Journal of Rural Criminology 4, n.º 1 (2018): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/1811/86154.

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Walker, Kyle E. "Immigration, local policy, and national identity in the suburban United States". Urban Geography 35, n.º 4 (25 de marzo de 2014): 508–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2014.890423.

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DeKeseredy, Walter S. y Callie Marie Rennison. "Comparing Female Victims of Separation/Divorce Assault across Geographical Regions". International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 2, n.º 1 (30 de abril de 2013): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v2i1.91.

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Recent analyses of National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) data show that male-to-female separation/divorce assault varies across geographic regions in the United States, with rural rates of such woman abuse being higher than those for suburban and urban areas. Using the same data set, the main objective of this paper is to present the results of an investigation into whether characteristics of female victims of separation/divorce assault also differ across urban, suburban, and rural communities.

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41

Sarzynski, Andrea y Thomas J. Vicino. "Shrinking Suburbs: Analyzing the Decline of American Suburban Spaces". Sustainability 11, n.º 19 (24 de septiembre de 2019): 5230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195230.

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Recent popular and scholarly work has drawn attention to the issue of shrinking cities. In particular, a growing body of literature has focused on the impacts of population loss on European cities, and more recently, the deindustrialized areas of the United States. Fewer scholars have examined the phenomenon of shrinkage in the suburban context. This paper explores the evolution of shrinking suburbs in the United States from 1980 to 2010. Three research questions motivate this study: (1) What is the population change in suburban neighborhoods and places from 1980 to 2010? (2) Where are shrinking suburbs located? (3) What are the trajectories of change of shrinking suburbs? A definition of shrinking suburbs using spatial and temporal criteria is operationalized. Using census tract-level data with normalized boundaries from the Neighborhood Change Database, numerous socioeconomic variables were extracted for the 30-year study period. In total, the results demonstrate that approximately one-quarter of all suburbs were shrinking. The characteristics of shrinking suburbs are identified and a typology of seven trajectories of suburban decline is developed. The conclusion reflects on the implications of shrinking suburbs for sustainable development.

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Lovett, Laura L. "Eugenic Housing: Redlining, Reproductive Regulation, and Suburban Development in the United States". WSQ: Women's Studies Quarterly 48, n.º 1-2 (2020): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wsq.2020.0019.

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Uddin, Muhammad Sharif. "Inequality in the Promised Land". Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education 9, n.º 1 (21 de febrero de 2020): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32674/jise.v9i1.1703.

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Inequality in the promised land: Race, resources, and suburban schooling is a well-written book by L’ Heureux Lewis-McCoy. The book is based on Lewis-McCoy’s doctoral dissertation, that included an ethnographic study in a suburban area named Rolling Acres in the Midwestern United States. Lewis-McCoy studied the relationship between families and those families’ relationships with schools. Through this study, the author explored how invisible inequality and racism in an affluent suburban area became the barrier for racial and economically minority students to grow up academically. Lewis-McCoy also discovered the hope of the minority community for raising their children for a better future.

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Chambers, Crystal, Loni Crumb y Christie Harris. "A Call for Dreamkeepers in Rural United States". Theory & Practice in Rural Education 9, n.º 1 (29 de mayo de 2019): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3776/tpre.2019.v9n1p7-22.

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Highly effective teachers not only are the percolators of student dreams but also actively convey their hopes and dreams, catalyzing student dreams of further education. Within rural education contexts, there are not enough Dreamkeepers—teachers, counselors, and other school personnel who inspire student success. This article explores the college aspiration gap among ninth graders by population density. The authors posit that the college enrollment gap between urban/suburban and town/rural students is correlated with this aspiration gap, which in turn is fueled by a lack of Dreamkeepers. They explored this using the High School Longitudinal Survey of 2009, comparing student postsecondary aspirations by locale and connecting those to student perceptions of their teachers’ expectations for their success. Differences emerged between urban and rural students concerning the intensity with which ninth graders perceived teachers’ expectations for their future successes. This article begins with a contextual discussion of social perceptions of urbanicity compared to rurality and then turns to a discussion of rural students’ college aspirations and the role of families and schools therein. Implications for further research and practice are discussed.

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JONES, ANTWAN y FRANKLIN GOZA. "RURAL, SUBURBAN AND URBAN DIFFERENCES IN THE SELF-DIAGNOSIS OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN THE UNITED STATES". Journal of Biosocial Science 40, n.º 6 (noviembre de 2008): 895–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932008002769.

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SummaryThis study explores rural, suburban and urban differences in coronary heart disease (CHD) using the 2005 Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance Survey conducted in the United States. Although areal context is not often considered in morbidity studies, this study evaluates the importance of place of residence given that areas offer differential access to health infrastructures and different contextual factors that could affect health. Also examined is the role of geographic heterogeneity on the recent racial divergence in CHD in the United States. Results indicate that area of residence is associated with CHD diagnosis, net of health and demographic variables. The area-stratified analysis documents that rural residents are most impacted by exercise and smoking, while being male or above age 50 are most detrimental for suburban residents. In addition, the racial divergence in CHD is driven by differences in rural locales. These findings indicate a disparate impact of geography on CHD and highlight the need for health research to take into account areal context.

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46

Trudeau, Dan. "Sustaining Suburbia through New Urbanism: Toward Growing, Green, and Just Suburbs?" Urban Planning 3, n.º 4 (30 de octubre de 2018): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v3i4.1660.

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This article examines the governance dynamics surrounding the development of sustainable neighborhoods in United States metropolitan contexts characterized as suburban sprawl. Drawing on original case study research of three distinct applications of New Urbanism design principles, the article argues for understanding the relative power of municipal authorities to incorporate social justice imperatives into the practice of sustainable development in suburban contexts. Moreover, key to prioritizing social imperatives is the way in which development processes respond to the “suburban ideal”, which is a view of suburbs as an exclusive bourgeois utopia that constrains the ability to connect so-called sustainable development with social justice. Case study research shows how deference to the suburban ideal limits sustainable development to embracing growth and greening interests only and peripheralizing or denying social justice. The article discusses how sustainable development endeavors can address such constraints in the effort to create alternatives to suburban sprawl that integrate the pursuit of social justice with environmental protection and economic growth.

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Holliday, Amy L. y Rachel E. Dwyer. "Suburban Neighborhood Poverty in U.S. Metropolitan Areas in 2000". City & Community 8, n.º 2 (junio de 2009): 155–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2009.01278.x.

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Suburban areas have become more diverse and stratified in the United States, with a particularly striking increase in poverty, challenging theories that conceptualize poverty predominantly as a central city phenomenon. Little scholarly work has examined suburban poverty, however, and the small existing literature focuses primarily on inner–ring suburbs in the Northeast and Midwest and relies too much on the concentric zone model of metropolitan development. We use Census 2000 summary data to examine the prevalence and form, characteristics, and determinants of suburban poverty at the neighborhood and metropolitan levels across the entire country. We draw on more sophisticated ecological and place stratification perspectives and argue that suburban poverty manifests in more varied forms than the typical model and diverges in crucial respects from central city poverty. Our results identify a particularly distinctive racial profile for suburban poverty, associated especially with Hispanic residential location, with implications for trends in racial segregation as well.

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OLIVER, J. ERIC y SHANG E. HA. "Vote Choice in Suburban Elections". American Political Science Review 101, n.º 3 (26 de julio de 2007): 393–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055407070323.

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Despite the importance of local elections in the United States, political scientists have little knowledge of what shapes vote choice in most municipalities and special districts, particularly in the suburbs where a majority of Americans live. This article develops and tests models of local voting behavior using unique survey data of over 1,400 voters in 30 different suburban communities. Suburban electoral politics are dominated by a nonrepresentative group of “stakeholders,” who are highly informed and interested in local affairs. Because of this, vote choice in suburban elections ends up sharing many characteristics with larger contests (i.e., issue salience, partisanship, and candidate likeability), although their impact varies with the size and diversity of the particular community (e.g., in smaller suburbs, voters are more engaged in local politics, more likely to know candidates personally, and more likely to vote against incumbents). These findings suggest the importance of developing new theories about voting behavior in micro-electoral contexts.

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Shaheen, Susan A. y Caroline J. Rodier. "Travel Effects of a Suburban Commuter Carsharing Service". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1927, n.º 1 (enero de 2005): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105192700121.

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Since 1998, carsharing organizations in the United States have experienced exponential membership growth, but to date there have been only a few evaluations of their effects on travel. Using the results of focus groups, interviews, and surveys, this paper examines the change in travel among members of CarLink–-a carsharing model in the San Francisco Bay Area, California, with explicit links to transit and suburban employment–-after approximately 1 year of participation. The demographic and attitudinal analyses of CarLink members indicated that the typical member ( a) was more likely than an average Bay Area resident to be highly educated, in an upper income bracket, and professionally employed and ( b) displayed sensitivity to congestion, willingness to try new experiences, and environmental concern. Some of the more important commuter travel effects of the CarLink programs included an increase in rail transit use by 23 percentage points in CarLink I and II; a reduction in driving without passengers by 44 and 23 percentage points in CarLink I and II, respectively; a reduction in average vehicle miles traveled by 23 mi in CarLink II and by 18 mi in CarLink I; an increase in travel time and a reduction in travel stress; a reduction in vehicle ownership by almost 6% in CarLink II; and reduced parking demand at participating train stations and among member businesses. The CarLink travel results are compared with those of neighborhood carsharing models in the United States and Europe.

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Kimbrel, Laurie A. "Understanding Teacher Hiring Practices in Rural, Urban, Suburban Schools in the United States". International Journal of Education 11, n.º 3 (18 de julio de 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ije.v11i3.14925.

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The link between student success and teacher quality has been made clear by decades of research; therefore, it is imperative that principals hire the teachers most likely to impact student outcomes positively. Hiring high-quality teachers is especially important in urban and rural schools where students are more likely to face a variety of family and community-based barriers to learning. This study was designed to examine the actual hiring processes utilized in schools located in urban, rural, and suburban communities in the USA to determine the extent to which differences exist and whether those differences are likely to impact teacher quality. Data were gathered using a survey e-mailed to principals in ten states in the southern and western regions of the United States. Analysis indicated that differences in application, hiring processes, and the criteria used for decision making exist and may result in unequal teacher quality.

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