Literatura académica sobre el tema "Subliminal cue"

Selective attention has been studied extensively and it is shown, for example, that individuals with conditions such as anxiety show attention bias to threat-related stimuli. It has been proposed that humans are predisposed or that it is naturally adaptive to selectively attend to emotional stimuli (Lang, 2000). Similarly, LeDoux (1996) and others have proposed limbic brain networks allowing for quick and automatic, but sometimes inaccurate, processing of emotion which bypasses primary cortical areas. Along these lines, automatic attention bias to subliminal image cues in an adapted Posner Covert Attention Task was examined in the current study. A sample of 64 participants was used in each of three separate experiments to examine how individuals were cued subliminally by negative or positive emotional vs. neutral images and the modulation of covert attention by emotion. Due to automatic or motivated attention to emotionally salient stimuli, participants were expected to be facilitated in task performance by negative and positive emotional image cues, relative to neutral cues. Further, state anxiety and depression were expected to impact performance on emotional cueing as well. As expected in Experiment 1, subliminal images produced significant covert attentional cueing and only negative image cues compared to neutral ones produced response time (RT) reduction by valid cueing across both cue-target delay conditions. Further, cueing differences between neutral and negative images were seen only at short delays, supporting differential subliminal processing of emotional cues in attentional paradigms and supporting previous evidence of unconscious fear processing and specialized automatic fear networks. Moreover, in Experiment 2, when delays following subliminal cues were extended further, emotional cues did not differentially modulate covert attention, suggesting that subliminal emotional cueing seems to occur more immediately. Positive subliminal imagery in Experiment 3 was largely unsuccessful in differentially modulating covert attention compared to neutral cues, suggesting that positive information is either not effective in modulating covert attention or occurs over similar immediate time durations as negative cues in Experiment 1. Finally, the presence of self-reported state anxiety and depression affected task performance, especially in Experiment 1 negative for subliminal discrimination of negative vs. neutral image cues. Overall, the current study adds to the research literature which demonstrates that emotional information, especially negative imagery processed at short intervals, can be processed below awareness to modulate attention in a different manner than less salient neutral stimuli and this modulation is further influenced by state anxiety or depressive symptomatology. Implications of these findings and future directions for research are discussed.

This research project assesses the role played by political sophistication in terms of itsimpact on the voters’ resort to cognitive shortcuts, with reference both to the consciousand non-conscious components of voting decisions. The investigation scrutinisesempirically the way both sophisticated and unsophisticated individuals make politicaljudgments when prompted with cognitive cues in three different settings. In each ofthem a specific type of cue impinges on the political judgment of individuals at adifferent level and leads to a specific decisional outcome. The overall findings castdoubts on the virtues of heuristic reasoning as effective remedy for voters who have tofind their bearings in the ballot box, but they also downplay the importance of politicalsophistication when visual or subliminal cues are involved in the decision.<br>Aquest projecte de recerca avalua el paper exercit per la sofisticació política en termesdel seu impacte sobre el recurs dels votants als atalls cognitius, amb referència tant alscomponents conscients i no conscients de les decisions de vot. La investigació examinaempíricament la manera com ambdós individus sofisticats i no sofisticats fan judicispolítics quan si li estimuli amb senyals cognitives de tres tipus diferents. En cada und'ells un tipus específic de atall incideix en el judici polític dels individus en un nivelldiferent i condueix a un resultat específic de presa de decisions. Els resultats generalsposen en dubte les virtuts del raonament heurístic com a remei eficaç per als votants ques’han d'orientar a les urnes, sinó que també minimitzen la importància de la sofisticaciópolítica, quan senyals visuals o subliminals estan involucrats en la decisió.

One of the major problems in human computer interaction in a 3D virtual world is the extreme difficulty to deal with vast quantities of information in everyday life. This condition leads to problems such as indecisions of the human that outlines stress factors and causes an undesirable user experience. Part of the problem is that little findings have been contributed in research to this problem of assisting the human to make decisions quickly and provide rapid responses in respect to user experience. User experience evaluation of the human’s communication appears well situated to problems of this nature as it can be analyzed based upon interactive performance factors that help in the decision making process. For this reason, scenarios, adaptive narratives and frameworks were investigated and created as a potential tool to improve the human’s experience using cues of user’s interest related suggestions. For the purpose of a fluent interaction, a balance between passive and active interaction is aimed at and at last to achieve an immersive user experience an adaptive interactive narrative is generated that supports customizable feedback. To introduce a sophisticated version of a framework and design techniques, literature reviews, video recordings, questionnaires and personal experience evaluation have been conducted. A new platform for immersive interactions in a 3D virtual world has evolved. However, it turned out to be surprisingly difficult to evaluate the design in a setting that includes new technologies, where not much research has been done before. Based on these difficulties, the concept of three design techniques were developed and employed, in order to deal with the issue of decision-making that exists in daily life. These three techniques represent the scientific contribution to the stated major problems such as balanced interaction, immersive user experience and customizable data. This Master thesis discusses and concludes a generalizable framework on the result that was obtained when the adaptive narrative was created with its vast quantity of information that is applicable into other related installations in the commercial product design industry.<br>Ett av de stora problemen i människa-dator interaktion i en virtuell 3D- värld är det extremt svårt att hantera stora mängder information i vardagen. Detta tillstånd leder till problem såsom indecisions av människan som beskriver stressfaktorer och orsakar en oönskad användarupplevelse. En del av problemet är att små fynd har bidragit i forskningen på detta problem är att bistå människor att fatta beslut snabbt och ge snabba svar i förhållande till användarens upplevelse. Användare erfarenhet utvärdering av människans kommunikation verkar bra läge att problem av detta slag eftersom den kan analyseras baserat på interaktiva prestanda faktorer som hjälper i beslutsprocessen. Av denna anledning har scenarier, adaptiva berättelser och ramverk utreds och skapades som ett potentiellt verktyg för att förbättra människans erfarenhet av att använda ledtrådar i användarens intresse relaterade förslag. För en flytande interaktion, är en balans mellan passiv och aktiv samverkan som syftar till och till sist för att uppnå en uppslukande användarupplevelse en adaptiv interaktivt berättande genereras som stöder anpassningsbara återkoppling. Att införa en sofistikerad version av en ram och design tekniker, litteraturstudier, videoinspelningar, frågeformulär och personlig erfarenhet utvärdering har genomförts. En ny plattform för uppslukande interaktioner i en virtuell 3D- värld har utvecklats. Dock visade det sig vara förvånansvärt svårt att utvärdera designen i en miljö som innehåller ny teknik, där inte mycket forskning har gjorts tidigare. Baserat på dessa svårigheter, var begreppet tre design tekniker utvecklas och utnyttjas, i syfte att ta itu med frågan om beslutsfattande som finns i det dagliga livet. Dessa tre tekniker utgör den vetenskapliga bidrag till de angivna allvarliga problem såsom balanserad växelverkan, uppslukande användarupplevelse och anpassade uppgifter. Detta examensarbete behandlar och avslutar en generalizable ram på resultatet som erhölls när den adaptiva berättelsen skapades med dess stora mängd information som är tillämplig i andra installationer i kommersiella produkten designbranschen.

Il termine Inibizione di ritorno (IOR) è usato per indicare l'effetto che si verifica quando il soggetto tende ad evitare di riorientare l'attenzione su posizioni spaziali od oggetti già esplorati. In un compito di tempo di reazione semplice per il rilevamento di uno stimolo bersaglio, il soggetto riceve prima un segnale lateralizzato (S1) non informativo e poi un altro stimolo (S2), pure lateralizzato, al quale deve rispondere rapidamente. La risposta è più rapida quando la posizione di S1 coincide con quella di S2 rispetto a quando le due posizioni non coincidono. Tuttavia, se il tempo fra S1 ed S2 è superiore a 200 ms, il vantaggio per la posizione segnalata si trasforma in uno svantaggio (inibizione di ritorno). Nella presente tesi ho verificato l'effetto sulla risposta ad S2 da parte di S1 aventi differenti luminanze e conseguentemente con diversi gradi di visibilità. Sono stati condotti esperimenti in cui venivano confrontate condizioni con S1 soprasoglia e privi di qualsiasi effetto implicito (esperimenti 2 b, 3 b). S1 visibili hanno prodotto sia un effetto di facilitazione che un effetto IOR, mentre S1 sottosoglia ma con effetti impliciti hanno provocato soltanto effetti IOR. S1 sottosoglia e senza effetti impliciti non hanno modificato la risposta ad S2. Questi risultati suggeriscono che gli effetti di facilitazione e di inibizione abbiano basi neurali in parte o in tutto diverse. Per chiarire ulteriormente la natura di entrambi gli effetti ho confrontato la risposta ad S2 preceduti da S1 pienamente visibili con la risposta ad S2 non preceduti da S1 (esperimento 4). I risultati hanno messo in evidenza che l'effetto IOR deriva da almeno due componenti, una inibizione nella posizione di S1 ed uno simultanea facilitazione nella posizione opposta. L'interpretazione attenzionale di questi fenomeni non riesce a spiegare in modo esaustivo i dati esposti in questa tesi, che suggeriscono l'importanza per i fenomeni descritti di meccanismi puramente sensoriali. ciò richiede una revisione del termine inibizione di ritorno.<br>Simple reaction time (RT) to visual targets following irrelevant cues is generally modulated in a biphasic pattern, involving RT facilitation followed by RT inhibition. The term inhibition of return (IOR) expresses the assumption that attention is first attracted to the cued location and then repelled and prevented from returning to it. However, for RT inhibition to be an obligatory index of a bias against re-attending, the prior presence of attention at that location should be proven. When a location in inhibited without prior facilitation, inhibition of the return of attention to that location cannot be invoked as the cause of RT inhibition. This thesis describes RT inhibition effect from low luminance cues, mostly unavailable to awareness, which are not preceded by facilitation, and most probably result directly from an unattended and unseen sensory stimulation. However cues of such low luminance that cannot be localized in space do not yield inhibitory effect. Additional result suggest that RT inhibition at cued locations is coupled with facilitation at uncued locations, implying that typical measures of IOR-like effect may actually compound inhibition and facilitazion. Thus IOR-like effect are not always and not necessarily a hallmark of covert attentional reactions, and canonical IOR accounts of facilitation followed by inhibition cannot be expected to represent and explain all RT modulations by prior irrelevant visual stimulation.