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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Stratosphère – Pollution – Régions tropicales"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Stratosphère – Pollution – Régions tropicales"
BLANFORT, V., M. DOREAU, J. HUGUENIN, J. LAZARD, V. PORPHYRE, J. F. SOUSSANA y B. TOUTAIN. "Impacts et services environnementaux de l’élevage en régions chaudes". INRAE Productions Animales 24, n.º 1 (4 de marzo de 2011): 89–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2011.24.1.3239.
Texto completoCandau, Joel. "Anthropocène". Anthropen, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.anthropen.070.
Texto completoTesis sobre el tema "Stratosphère – Pollution – Régions tropicales"
Tidiga, Mariam. "Contenu et variabilité des aérosols de la stratosphère : impact des éruptions volcaniques sur la période 2013-2019". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021ORLE2011.
Texto completoLarge volcanic eruptions affect the climate by injecting sulphur dioxide gas into the stratosphere which is converted to sulphate aerosols. These aerosols have the power to warm the stratosphere, cooling the troposphere by reflecting solar radiation. Since the Pinatubo eruption in 1991, which resulted in a global cooling of 0.4◦C, observations have shown that the stratosphere has been regularly impacted by volcanic eruptions of moderate magnitude on a hemispheric scale, but that these events have been less well documented in the tropics. During our research, we carried out simulations by the global model WACCM-CARMA, including chemical and microphysical cycles of Sulphur to study the variability of stratospheric aerosol content in the tropics over the period 2013-2019. The simulations show that the volcanic events of the period (Kelud, Calbuco, Ambae, Raikoke and Ulawun) have significantly influenced the aerosol layer in the tropics, either by direct injection or by transport from distant latitudes
Liu, Xiaoman. "Vapeur d’eau dans la haute troposphère et la basse stratosphère tropicale - impact des overshoots africains pendant SCOUT-AMMA". Reims, 2010. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/sciences/2010REIMS027.pdf.
Texto completoWater is a key component of the stratosphere climate and chemistry. The main goal of my thesis was to study the impact of overshooting tropical deep convection (convection which penetrates the stratosphere) on the water stratospheric water budget at local scale. The role of the overshoots at the global scale is still highly debated. To do this, I have studied two observational cases from the SCOUT-AMMA campaign in West Africa. I have modeled them by using the 3D mesoscale model BRAMS. Then the role of overshoots on the stratospheric water budget can be estimated. The main results of this work can be summarized as follows. With a two moment microphysical scheme simulation (S2M), I estimated that an overshoot observed above southern Chad has injected irreversibly 330 to 507 tons of water in the stratosphere, in agreement with the very seldom estimations with this type of models. I have confirmed that the high water vapor amount measured from balloon-borne hygrometer above Niamey during SCOUT-AMMA, 30h later in the same air mass seems to be linked to this overshoot. Another overshoot case above Aïr was studied and it is shown that this case hydrate less the stratosphere (~ 230 tons) than the Chad case. This highlights a potential variability of overshooting convection on the lower stratosphere hydration. This difference between both cases is mainly due to moister conditions for the Aïr case: the particles injected by the overshoot in the stratosphere sublimate less efficiently and inversely tend to sediment. In order to study the uncertainties of model estimation of stratosphere hydration by overshoots, several sensitivity tests have been carried out in this work, in particular the microphysical setting. First a single moment simulation of the Chad case was performed. It was computed a much higher hydration, from 750 to 950 tons, than form the S2M simulation. The difference is mainly due to the size and the nature of the ice particles for each case. Finaly, another double moment simulation of the Chad case was performed with a new shape parameter of the hydrometeor’s size distribution. This simulation shows a weaker impact on the stratosphere hydration (~ 150 tons). All these results indicate a high variability of model estimation among the case studied of the model setting. A better understanding and knowledge of this setting will be necessary before the impact of overshooting convection at global scale can be estimating. This issue will be addressed in an upcoming project of the institute
Dauhut, Thibaut. "Hector the convector archétype des orages tropicaux hydratant la stratosphère". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30385/document.
Texto completoThe tropical thunderstorms play an uncertain role in the transport of tropospheric air into the stratosphere, limiting our capability to predict the future climate. The transport by the thunderstorms may be underestimated by the climate models, due to their coarse resolutions. The efficiency of this transport is analysed using numerical simulations of the thunderstorm Hector the Convector with resolutions down to 100 m, the finest ever used for a case of very deep convection. The overshoots, that were observed at its top at 18 km altitude, are captured and the net hydration of the stratosphere is quantified. The contribution of the tropical thunderstorms to the water flux from the troposphere to the stratosphere is then estimated to about 20 %. The almost convergence at 200 m and 100 m suggests that such resolutions are necessary to correctly represent the updafts. The individual analysis of the updrafts indicates that the two tallest contribute beyond 90 % of the mass flux into the stratosphere. They are larger, more vigorous and contain more water than the tallest updrafts one hour before and one hour after, and their convective core was weakly diluted. The supply from the surface by the convergence lines, intensified by the cold pools, and the weak dilution of the two tallest updrafts are determinant for the development of very deep convection. The isentropic analysis of the overturning inside Hector confirms the mass flux computed with the updrafts analysis. It corrects the estimate in the lower troposphere by taking into account the turbulent flux, and in the upper troposphere by filtering out the gravity waves. It highlights the importance of the latent heating due to freezing in the two tallest updrafts during the phase of overshoot in the stratosphere
França, José Ricardo de Almeida. "Télédétection satellitaire des feux de végétation en région intertropicale. Application à l'estimation des flux des composés en trace émis dans l'atmosphère". Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30086.
Texto completoImzilen, Taha. "Analyse et modélisation des trajectoires des dispositifs à concentration de poissons dérivants (DCP) dans les zones océaniques tropicales et estimation des risques associés à leur déploiement". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS266.
Texto completoMarine pollution has increased over time, becoming a major source of concern. A non-negligible proportion of these waste and pollutants are from sea-based sources, especially fisheries, due to derelict fishing equipment. Tropical tuna purse seine fishing vessels contribute to this problem by deploying large numbers of drifting Fish Aggregating Devices (dFADs), as a significant portion of these floating objects eventually end up derelict, potentially contributing to marine pollution and threatening sensitive ecosystems such as coral reefs. The general objective of this thesis is to use scientific analyses of dFAD trajectory and fishing data to propose mitigation measures to reduce these problems in the Indian and Atlantic Oceans. First, it is demonstrated that prohibiting deployments in areas most likely to lead to beachings has the potential to be effective for reducing the beaching rate. Results indicate that 21% to 40% of beachings could be prevented if deployments were prohibited in high risk areas, roughly delimited by the areas south of 8°S latitude, the Somali zone in winter, and the western Maldives in summer for the Indian Ocean, and in an elongated strip of areas adjacent to the western African coast for the Atlantic Ocean. Next, the identification of areas within the fishing ground where most dFADs exit, as well as the passage of a large number of dFADs close to ports, provides support for the implementation of recovery programs to collect these dFADs at sea and reduce their loss. These two measures appear to be complementary since areas predicted to benefit less from closures are more likely to benefit from recovery programs, particularly in the northwestern Indian Ocean and the northern Gulf of Guinea. Finally, the evaluation of a Lagrangian transport tool to simulate the trajectories of dFADs shows that the efficiency of this tool at the basin scale is relatively good in the two oceans, that the accuracy to simulate the trajectories is better in the Indian Ocean than in the Atlantic Ocean, and that this accuracy depends on the depth and the spatial resolution of the forcing currents product used. This tool could be used in an operational mode in the future to anticipate the trajectories of dFADs that could lead to loss or beaching and therefore be used as a complementary mitigation program to the other two measures described above (prohibiting deployments and recovery at sea). The results obtained during these various works thus constitute a solid basis to define new recommendations to mitigate the risks of loss and beachings of dFADs and thus contribute to the preservation of our oceans and our coasts
Mebarki, Yassine. "Mesures du chlorure d'hydrogène (HCI) et du formaldéhyde (H2CO) sous ballon strastosphérique en région intertropicale et interprétations". Thesis, Orléans, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ORLE2075/document.
Texto completoThe work presented in this manuscript is devoted to the retrieval and the interpretation of the mixing ratiovertical profiles of hydrogen chloride (HCl) and formaldehyde (H2CO), derived from the measurementsperformed by the SPIRALE balloon-borne instrument (SPectroscopie InfraRouge par Absorption de LasersEmbarqués) over Teresina (Brazil, 5.1°S-42.9°S), on 22 June 2005 and 9 June 2008. The scientificquestions associated with the study of these compounds, the characteristics of the tropical uppertroposphere and lower stratosphere and those of the SPIRALE spectrometer are described. The feasibilitystudy of the H2CO measurement has allowed to define the position and the intensity of the most suitableabsorption line for the stratospheric measurement of this compound (at 2912.1 and 1701.5 cm-1). The mixingratio vertical profiles of H2CO obtained during the SPIRALE flights are presented and compared. The HClmeasurements presented are the first to be made in situ in the lower and mid-stratosphere. In the tropicaltransition layer, they have been combined with recent very short-lived species (VSLS) ones in order toestimate the contribution of these compounds to the chlorine budget of the stratosphere. In the midstratosphere,the signatures present on the vertical profiles of HCl and ozone acquired simultaneously arestudied in connection with the quasi-biennal oscillation
Bechara, Joelle. "Impact de la mousson sur la chimie photooxydante en Afrique de l'Ouest". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00496705.
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