Tesis:

1

Kipp, Aaron M. Van Rie Annelies. "Tuberculosis stigma, AIDS stigma, and tuberculosis control in southern Thailand". Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,2833.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Jun. 4, 2010). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Epidemiology in the School of Public Health." Discipline: Epidemiology; Department/School: Public Health.

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2

Weller, Giselle Schneider. "HPV-Related Stigma". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1178880918.

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3

Bonfine, Natalie. "Stigma, self-concept and stigma resistance among individuals with mental illness". Thesis, Kent State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3618919.

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Theory suggests and research provides evidence that stigma can have a negative impact on the self-concept for individuals with severe and persistent mental illness. Labeling theory and modified labeling theory suggest that individuals who are labeled with a socially undesirable status (e.g. mental illness) may develop negative cognitions, self-perceptions and emotions as a result of the associated stigma. However, some evidence suggests that the harmful effects of stigma on self-concept may not have as strong or an enduring of an impact as labeling theories might predict. In this dissertation, I utilize longitudinal survey data of 221 individuals with mental illness to consider the role of empowerment and defensive responses that individuals use to resist the potentially negative effects of stigma. Specifically, I examine defensive strategies, such as secrecy and social withdrawal, and empowerment-oriented responses to stigma, including community activism and righteous anger, as factors that may moderate the effect of stigma on self-concept. I found limited support of the negative effect that perceived stigma has on self-concept. While I did find some evidence that stigma is negatively associated with both self-esteem and mastery, these associations were only of modest strength. There was no finding suggesting that the stigma response items moderate the relationship between stigma and self-concept, but mediating relationships are present. Further research is needed in order to better understand how stigma resistance strategies influence the varying effects of the stigma of mental illness on self-concept.

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4

Vass, Victoria Alexandra Isabel. "The role of stigma and self-stigma in recovery from psychosis". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2016. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3006731/.

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Stigma is a widely researched concept, with public stigma, courtesy stigma and self-stigma (or internalised stigma) frequently cited as issues for those experiencing mental health issues. Individuals with experiences of psychosis are some of the most stigmatised in society, and yet the consequences of stigma on outcomes in psychosis are unclear. The four studies presented in this doctoral thesis used mixed methods to examine the impacts of stigma on recovery from psychosis, and the psychological mechanisms through which these effects might occur. It addresses two areas lacking in sufficient research within the stigma literature: clarity in the relationship between experiences of stigma and internalised stigma; and the effects of stigma on outcomes in psychosis. In particular it examines the relationship between stigma and internalised stigma with two diagnoses on the psychosis spectrum: schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The study reported in Chapters 3 and 4, was a qualitative investigation based on interviews with 19 individuals who had received a diagnosis of either schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. The objective of the investigation was to explore how individuals processed receiving a diagnosis of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, and how perceived, experienced and internalised stigma influenced the participants’ self-perception, interactions and recovery feelings. Three overarching themes were identified which were negatively affected by stigma: reactions and responses; relationships; and recovery. The study reinforced the notion that stigma is a significant concern for service-users with diagnoses of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, and was pervasive in all spheres of life; ultimately impacting on hopes for the future. An unexpected aspect of the qualitative interviews was the participants’ focus on the role of mental health services and experiences of treatment, particularly antipsychotic medication. As this is clearly an important aspect of the participants’ experiences of living with psychosis, this was written up separately, forming Chapter 4. Five overarching themes were identified: living with medication; reinforcing stigma; involvement in care; unmet needs; and positive aspects of care. The findings from this study indicated that whilst service-users made positive reports of aspects of both medication and clinical services; they had extensive concerns about the use of medication, and felt limited in their choice of alternatives. Moreover, service-users felt they lacked autonomy, were not involved in care decisions, and thought their contact with services lacked the ‘human touch’ and could be both invalidating and frustrating. The study presented in Chapter 5, used an epidemiological, longitudinal dataset (n=80) that formed part of independent research commissioned by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) under its Programme Grants for Applied Research scheme (RP-PG-0606-1086). This study aimed to examine how stigma impacts on symptomatic and subjective recovery from psychosis, both concurrently and longitudinally. We also aimed to investigate whether self-esteem and hopelessness mediated the observed associations between stigma and outcomes. In cross sectional regression and multiple mediation analyses of the baseline data, we found that stigma predicted both symptomatic and subjective recovery, and the effects of stigma on these outcomes were mediated by hopelessness and self-esteem. When the follow-up data were examined, stigma at baseline continued to predict recovery judgements and symptoms. However, self-esteem only mediated the effect of stigma on passive social withdrawal. The study reported in Chapter 6 utilised a clinical sample of 59 service-users with a diagnosis of either schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. The objectives of the study were to assess the impact of stigma on subjective recovery from psychosis, and whether self-esteem and internalised stigma mediates the observed associations between stigmatizing experiences and outcome, thus clarifying the relationship between stigma, self-stigma and recovery. Diagnosis was a persistently significant factor in all analyses, suggesting a negative effect of the term ‘schizophrenia’ on subjective recovery perceptions. In a multiple serial mediation analysis, experiences of stigma predicated subjective recovery and this effect was mediated through internalised stigma, which consequently impaired self-esteem. Findings from these studies suggest that stigma reduces individual’s perceived ability to recover, impairs individual’s perceptions of their progress in recovery, and negatively impacts on psychosis symptoms. These effects occur predominantly through the internalisation of stigma, causing devaluation of self-image and consequently reducing self-esteem. The findings further suggest that whilst the experiences of individuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia are predominantly similar, ‘schizophrenia’ is an inherently negative term which affects subjective recovery perceptions even when controlling for symptoms. Finally, it is evident that help-seeking is not always helpful, and there are numerous issues with medication and mental health services that can create feelings of hopelessness and reinforce stigmatising stereotypes of severe mental illness. Overall, the findings have significant clinical implications. Internalised stigma is an important psychological mechanism in recovery, and directly links to experiences of stigma. There is a need for clinical services to work in a stigma-informed way in an effort to reduce the impact of stigma post-diagnosis, as well as the development of interventions aimed at preventing stigma from being internalised. Interventions aimed at improving self-esteem and reducing hopelessness for psychosis-spectrum service-users are needed to further reduce the effects of stigma on recovery. Moreover, there is a need for clinical services to reduce behaviours that reinforce stigma, and work collaboratively and transparently with service-users; ensuring that goals for treatment correspond between clinicians and consumers to provide a more patient-centred approach to care.

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5

Bonfine, Natalie. "Stigma, Self-Concept and Stigma Resistance among Individuals with Mental Illness". Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1366293962.

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6

Lim, Alice. "Addressing Mental Health Stigma in Korean Americans: Culturally Adapted Anti-Stigma Psychoeducation". Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1522074362520226.

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7

Bebon, Rose. "Stigma and homeless women". FIU Digital Commons, 1996. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1469.

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Homelessness among women is an increasing phenomena. The focus of this work is to examine common experiences and explain how homeless women interpret their circumstances. The numbers and characteristics of homeless women in recent history are examined thereby establishing the group as extremely heterogeneous in nature. Erving Goffman's classic work on stigma and the levels of individual identity, is applied to the homeless condition. A number or case studies are used to further develop and explain the meaning of the homeless state to the women involved.

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8

Walters, Loretta Marie. "Interracial relationships as stigma". Thesis, Kansas State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/9981.

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9

Puaca, Silvia y Carlsen Ma Shaira Lei Adriano. "The Reality Of Stigma". Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-24912.

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Bakgrund: Depression är en av de vanligaste psykiska sjukdomarna idag och att det är i lika grad stigmatiserat. Stigma kan kopplas till okunnighet om psykisk ohälsa. Detta gör det nästintill omöjligt för individer som lider av psykisk ohälsa, såsom depression, att kunna vara en del av samhället och yttra sina känslor utan att motta negativitet relaterat till sin sjukdom. Som ett tillägg till detta är individerna i fråga oftast ensamma, dvs de föredrar isolering än sällskapet av de som stigmatiserar dem. Detta i sin tur ger upphov till känslor av oro och hopplöshet, hämmad återhämtning och även vägran att söka hjälp och behandling. Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka hur upplevelser av stigmatisering kommer till uttryck i blogginlägg bland unga vuxna med depression. Metod: En kvalitativ metod med hjälp av textanalys utfördes. Åtta blogginlägg sammanlagt användes för att komma fram till ett resultat. Blogginlägg granskades efter relevans av vårt syfte och studie. Resultat: Tre teman uppkom under studiens gång. Dessa är: ”Rädslan att prata om sin diagnos”, ”Depression är ett skämt” och ”Stigma från professionella”. Konklusion: Individer som upplever stigmatisering från samhället som en följd av sin psykiska sjukdom upplever ovilja till återhämtning, känslor av förtvivlan, värdelöshet och illamående som kan leda till isolering och minskade möjligheter i samhället.
Background: Depression is one of the most common mental illnesses today and it is equally stigmatized. Stigma can be linked to ignorance of mental illness. This makes it almost impossible for individuals suffering from mental illness, such as depression, to be a part of society and express their feelings without receiving negativity related to their illness. In addition to this, the individuals in question are usually alone, i.e. they prefer isolation rather than the company of those who stigmatize them. This in turn gives rise to feelings of anxiety and hopelessness, inhibited recovery and even refusal to seek help and treatment. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate how the experiences of stigmatization is expressed in blog posts among young adults with depression. Method: A qualitative study using text analysis was used. A total of eight blog posts were analysed to get the results. Blog posts were reviewed after the relevance for our purpose and study. Result: Three themes arose during the study. These are: "The fear of talking about their diagnosis", "Depression is a joke" and "Stigma from professionals". Conclusion: Individuals who experience stigmatization from society as a result of their mental illness experience reluctance to recovery, feelings of despair, worthlessness and malice that can lead to isolation and diminished opportunities in society.

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10

Navarre-Jackson, Layana Charisse. "The status of stigma". Diss., University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1250.

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Even before 9/11, there has been a long history of attitudes and public policies that were biased against people of Middle East descent in the United States--regardless of whether or not they are Muslim. This research uses Status Characteristics Theory (SCT) and stigma theory to examine whether there is low status or stigma associated with the Muslim religion and Middle Eastern ethnicity in the United States. By doing so, the research expands upon previous studies of stigma to explore the social psychological processes involved during interactions between the stigmatized and non-stigmatized. This study used experimental data, survey data and qualitative data collected from samples of undergraduate students using designs conceptualized specifically for this research. I conducted an experiment and a Web vignette-survey using undergraduate students from a Midwestern university. The findings of the experiment showed that that European American subjects paired with the Middle Eastern female partner not wearing a hijab and the Muslim Middle Eastern female partner wearing a hijab were influenced more and held more positive perceptions of their partners than did the subjects paired with the European American female partner. In contrast, the results of the Web vignette-survey indicate that the European American target applicant is more likely to be selected for the leadership position than either of the Middle Eastern target applicants (with or without hijab). Furthermore, the results of the social distance measures indicate that knowing someone from the Middle East (e.g. previous contact with a Middle Easterner) decreased the likelihood of social distance from the Middle Eastern target with hijab and without hijab across the vignette conditions. This suggests that there might be less of a tendency for individuals who have had personal contact and interacted with people from the Middle East to take the "us versus them" perspective, which is necessary in order to carry out the process of stigmatization.

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11

Wardle, Melissa. "The stigma of psychosis : lived experience, psychological consequences and strategies to overcome stigma". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-stigma-of-psychosis-lived-experience-psychological-consequences-and-strategies-to-overcome-stigma(bca0abe3-7237-4456-b5f6-242c029a7084).html.

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This thesis explored how psychosis stigma affects the psychological wellbeing of young people at risk of psychosis and people with psychosis. The efficacy of psychosocial methods to reduce stigma in young people were explored. Multiple methods were used including qualitative, cross sectional, longitudinal and a randomsied controlled trial. Chapter 1 included a comprehensive review of the literature on stigma. Chapter 2 provided a review of the methodology used throughout the thesis. Study 1 (Chapter 3) examined the subjective experience of psychosis using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Three super ordinate themes of judgment, disclosure and psychological distress were identified. Analysis of the data suggested a directional relationship between the themes with societal judgments, affecting issues of disclosure and judgment and disclosure issues increasing psychological distress. Possible exits from distress were suggested. Study 2 (Chapter 4) explored relationships between internalised stereotypes (IS) of psychosis and emotional dysfunction in people at risk of developing psychosis. Correlational analyses indicated significant relationships between IS, depression, social anxiety, and distress. Multiple regression analyses indicated that baseline IS predicted depression at follow up. Results suggested that IS may increase psychological distress and in particular depression in young people at risk of psychosis. Study 3 (Chapter 5) explored relationships between IS and emotional dysfunction in people with psychosis not taking antipsychotic medication. The findings revealed significant positive relationships between IS, depression and social anxiety. Multiple regression analysis suggested that baseline IS predicted depression at follow-up but this did not remain significant when controlling for baseline depression. These results replicate the findings of previous research carried out in other psychosis populations. Study 4 (Chapter 6) explored differences in the level of IS and the strength of relationship between IS and emotional dysfunction, between those at risk of psychosis and those with psychosis. Results of the cross sectional analysis indicated no significant differences between the groups on level of IS or on the strength of correlation between IS and emotional dysfunction. This interesting find suggests that young people at risk of psychosis may be internalising stereotypes early and before official diagnostic labels are applied. Study 5 (Chapter 7) examined the efficacy of internet based anti-stigma interventions for young people. Results indicated a non-significant trend towards reduction in stigma, immediately post intervention for the contact and psychosocial educational conditions, however superiority over control was not demonstrated. Findings indicated that internet based interventions for this group should be brief and ensure maximum engagement. This thesis has demonstrated that stigma affects the wellbeing of people whose experiences exist along the psychosis continuum. Research is required to better understand the feasibility and efficacy of clinical and mass media interventions to reduce the negative effects of stigma in people with psychosis and the public.

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12

Rahman, Mahamed Abdi y Klara Samsonyan. "Flyktingskap och stigma : En kvalitativ studie om upplevelse och hantering av stigma bland flyktingar". Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-73729.

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13

Moore, Heather D. "Prison wife stigma: an exploration of stigma by affiliation and strategic presentation of self". Thesis, Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/34493.

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Master of Arts
Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work
Gerad Middendorf
The stigma of prison extends beyond the male prisoner to those who care about him, often his wife. Almost all prisoners will be released back into their communities (Hughes, 2003) and having a solid support network improves successful re-entry experiences and lowers recidivism rates for men who are released from prison (Duwe & Clark, 2013). The stigmatization that prison wives feel because they are married to an inmate, can affect how attached they feel to their community, how comfortable they feel in their workplace, and how accepted they feel by their family and friends. Financial exploitation, challenging prison policies, and visitation procedures oftentimes can make an already difficult situation even more difficult. While the number of men in prison in the United States is slowly declining, the United States remains the world leader in the number of people incarcerated (Travis, et. al., 2014). As this level of incarceration continues to affect such a large number of people (specifically women for this research) in our society, there is reason to consider a more intentional approach to focusing on recognizing the feelings and experiences of prison wives. This research includes narrative interviews of 35 women who identified as prison wives. The goal of the research was to specifically gather details on their experiences of being a prison wife and how they feel that society judged them based on the stereotype they perceived society to have. My research shows that the interviewees feel stigmatized; however, the awareness of, feelings about, and the reaction toward the stigmatization manifests differently among the two groups of prison wives that I identified: Riders and Stoppers. I have gathered details about how their experiences were often made more challenging as they tried to maintain their relationships in the midst of financial exploitation and challenging prison policies and procedures. I conclude my thesis on the relevancy of their experiences as they relate to the prison-industrial complex in our society and how this affects their interactions within the communities in which a prisoner’s wife, family members, and formerly incarcerated individuals live and work.

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14

Kvam, Sissel. "ADHD, selvbilde, stigma og mestring". Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for sosialt arbeid og helsevitenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-21508.

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Stadig flere barn og unge utredes for, diagnostiseres med og behandles medikamentelt for ADHD. I Norge har nå mellom 3 % og 5 % av alle barn diagnosen ADHD. Folkehelsemyndighetene satser på tidligere utredning og diagnostisering slik at barn kan få hjelp allerede fra barnehagealder. Temaet for denne oppgaven er ungdommer som har diagnosen ADHD og formålet er å fremskaffe innsikt i hvordan ungdommers selvbilde påvirkes av å ha en psykisk diagnose, gjennom samhandling med mennesker i deres omgivelser. Oppgaven har et kvalitativt forskningsdesign og datamaterialet er innhentet fra semistrukturerte intervju med 8 ungdommer. Analyseverktøyet er hentet fra grounded theory, og gjennom hele forskningsprosessen har jeg benyttet elementer fra denne filosofien. Resultatene av analysen indikerer at ungdommene erfarte endringer vedrørende mange betydningsfulle forhold i livet som følge av at de fikk ADHD. De fleste beskrev endringer i hvordan familie, skole eller venner forholdt seg til dem etter at de fikk diagnosen. Mange hadde opplevd stigmatisering og stempling. Både personer som ungdommene samhandlet jevnlig med, slik som medelever og lærere, men også perifere personers fordommer bidro til at ungdommene ble stigmatisert. Flere mestringsstrategier ble mobilisert for å hanskes med denne stigmatiseringen. Eksempler på passering og tildekking kom frem i ungdommenes beskrivelser. Skolen representerte for mange av ungdommene en arena hvor de hadde problemer med å innfri forventninger, og mye av hjelpen de fikk var til liten nytte for ungdommene. Midler til forskning innvilges hovedsakelig til prosjekter som har til formål å finne årsaker til ADHD, og som er av biomedisinsk karakter. Denne oppgaven kan tyde på at en større andel av forskningen burde ha tatt utgangspunkt i samfunnsmessige konsekvenser av konformitet, stempling og stigma.
More and more children and adolescents are being examined for, diagnosed with, and treated medicinally for ADHD. Currently, between three and five percent of all children have an ADHD diagnosis. The public health authorities are aiming for earlier examination and diagnosis, in order to provide children with proper help as early as in kindergartens. The subject for this thesis are adolescents that have been diagnosed with ADHD, and the main purpose is to acquire insight into how these youth´s self is influenced by being diagnosed with such a psychic disorder. This is done by interaction with people from their social surroundings. For this research qualitative methods have been used, and the data has been obtained from semi-structured interviews with 8 adolescents. The tools used for analysis of already mentioned data are taken from grounded theory, and elements from this approach have been used during the entire research process. The results of my analysis indicate that the participants had experienced changes in terms of several important relations in their life due to ADHD. Most of them described how family, school personnel or friends had treated them differently after being diagnosed. Many of them had also been stigmatized and stereotyped as a result. The stigma they felt took root in the prejudice of people they had both day-to-day interactions with – such as teachers and friends, as well as more peripheral acquaintances. For many of these youths, school was an arena where they had problems with living up to expectations, and the help they received was of little or no use to them. Several coping strategies were put into action to abate the stigma they encountered. Examples of passing and covering came to light during their descriptions. Research funding is granted mainly for projects that aim to discover underlying reasons of ADHD, and are of a bio-medical character. This thesis indicates that more research should be done with a basis of social consequences of conformity, stereotyping and stigma.

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15

Taylor, Desta A., Stacey L. Williams y D. McKelvey. "The College Student Stigma Study". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/8115.

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16

Williams, Stacey L. "Perceived Stigma and Women’s Health". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/8118.

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17

Williams, Stacey L. y Judy McCook. "Perceived Infertility Stigma Among Women". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2010. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/8120.

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Infertility affects millions of women in the United States and across the globe. Research has identified negative psychological outcomes of infertility (depressive and anxiety symptoms). Many women (and men) report infertility as the most upsetting event in their lives. Regardless of which partner is infertile, women report questioning their self worth, experience guilt, and feel responsible. Specific reasons why these negative outcomes occur are not well understood. The goals of this study were to examine women’s perceived infertility stigma and explore its role in psychological functioning. Perceived stigma can include shame, embarrassment, or fear of rejection related to holding a stigmatizing attribute. Infertility may be stigmatizing for women given the majority are socialized to want children, and motherhood still is considered women’s primary social role. Feeling of inadequacy or inferiority may result when women perceive themselves as not measuring up to societal expectations or to their own expectations as women. The present study, the first to examine infertility stigma using direct, quantitative methods, included development of a perceived infertility measure, and a pilot test of the measure to examine its relation to psychosocial outcomes. Nine women with infertility from Appalachia were interviewed in-depth. Fully recorded and transcribed interviews were coded for stigma-related content; scale items were developed from this content. The initial 87 items were pilot tested on a sample of women with infertility. Results showed that women report a variety of experiences including perceiving themselves as inferior or less of a woman, trying to keep infertility a secret from others, and being treated differently including in a patronizing way. Women also reported fearing rejection from others including their partners. Details of scale development and preliminary results of pilot testing, including initial validation of the new scale, will be discussed.

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18

Rowlinson, Madaleine. "Obesity stigma in young children". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2011. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1740/.

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The prevalence of obesity has increased over recent years but obesity stigma remains widespread. The main aim of this study was to examine whether the hypothesised rejection of fatness by young children is specific to overweight or common to other visible difference. Whether the body size of the character’s peer group moderates or accentuates the rejection was also examined. One hundred and fifty, four to six year old school children (79 girls, 71 boys, mean age of 5 years and 7 months), were individually interviewed. The main character was presented in a story as either overweight, in a wheelchair or average weight. The character’s peer group was also varied in weight. Two methods were used to evaluate the character’s perceived attributes. The main and comparison characters were rated on five point scales. Then participants chose which character was most likely to possess the attribute. Participants also made a friendship choice. Forced choice attribute questions showed a preference for the average weight over the overweight character for happiness with her looks, number of friends, likelihood of receiving party invites, being good at school work and likelihood of winning a race. The character in a wheelchair was also rejected but on fewer attributes. Ratings showed significant differences on similar attributes but the mean scores were neutral or positive, rather than negative. On the friendship choice between the overweight and average weight characters children rejected the overweight character. The weight of the character’s peer group was also found to affect perceptions of the main character. Young children perceive and evaluate obesity differently to other visible difference but not overwhelmingly negatively. Peer relationships appear to be the attribute most affected. Social context also appears to be important at this age. The way in which children are asked to make judgements appears to affect the degree of negativity.

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19

Blohm, Sandra y Anna Hedblom. "Labels Impact on Stigma and Evaluation of Generalized Anxiety Disorder Stigma Scale in aSwedish Sample". Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-35886.

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This study aimed to examine how variants in diagnostic labels might alter stigma toward Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) sufferers and secondly, to evaluate an existing scale (GASS) designed to measure that stigma. Data was collected from Swedish university students (N=447) where the impact of labeling upon stigma was measured by manipulating the presence and content of a label. Psychometric properties of the GASS were investigated and compared to the properties reported by the developers of the scale. Due to conflicting findings, further examination appears necessary. Results revealed that the presence of a general label (diagnosis cluster) reduced stigma opposed to the absence of a label. Conclusion was drawn that GAD sufferers should specify their problems with a general label to reduce stigma held toward them.
Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur skillnader av framställd diagnosetikett påverkar stigma mot personer med Generaliserat Ångestsyndrom, samt att utvärdera ett befintligt mätinstrument (GASS) vilken mäter detta stigma. Data samlades in från svenska universitetsstudenter (N=447) och stigmats påverkan av etiketter mättes genom manipulation av närvarande, samt typ, av etikett. Mätinstrumentet utvärderades genom jämförelse med tidigare resultat vilka presenterats av mätinstrumentets utvecklare. Med hänvisning till motstridiga resultat behövs ytterligare utvärdering av mätinstrumentet. Resultat visade att en generell etikett (diagnosens kluster) minskade stigma i jämförelse med frånvaro av en etikett. Slutsats drogs att de som lider av GAD, bör specificera sina problem på generell nivå för att minska stigma mot sig.

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20

Asher, Jeff A. "Dirty Work and Courtesy Stigma: Stigma Management Techniques among Professionals who Work with Juvenile Sex Offenders". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1416570411.

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21

Papadopoulos, Stephanie. "Weight stigma questionnaire : The development and validation of a weight stigma measure for use in adults". Phd thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2021. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/b70727afd419f0489d72efbf978fe8c7cb75e7bce5a09fcd16abb1c62d3b9be0/11508277/Papadopoulos_2021_Weight_stigma_questionnaire_The_development_and.pdf.

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Weight stigma is pervasive and is associated with numerous negative consequences for biopsychosocial health and well-being. To study weight stigma, researchers have utilised the available measures intended to assess this phenomenon, and the number of weight stigma measures available is growing. The main objective of this research project was to assess the psychometric evidence of existing weight stigma measures for adults and use the findings of this research, along with a social psychology understanding of stigma, to inform the development of a new measure. I sought to achieve this across four studies. The first study was a systematic literature review and evaluation of the psychometric properties of every existing measure of weight stigma in adults. This review found that structural validity, internal consistency, and hypothesis testing were the most frequently assessed and reported psychometric properties, but evidence for content validity, cross-cultural validity, reliability, measurement error, criterion validity, and responsiveness were lacking in assessment/reporting. Additionally, the commonly discussed types of weight stigma (experienced, perceived, internalised) have not been carefully considered or represented in item development. In response to the findings of the review, the remaining studies report on the development and validation of a new weight stigma measure. Study 2 reports the item development and content validity assessment across four phases: (1) item development informed by theoretical and empirical literature, (2) item review by internal researchers assessing item relevance and comprehensiveness, (3) a Delphi Study with research experts assessing item relevance and comprehensiveness, and (4) a Cognitive Interview study with individuals from the community assessing item relevance, comprehensibility, and comprehensiveness. Experts and community members reviewed the scale in two rounds. Overall, consensus was achieved by all experts and community members, favouring inclusion of most of the items, after modification of item wording across rounds. The final number of items was 101. The next two studies involved conduct of psychometric assessment on the 101 items. Study 3 employed exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to reduce this item pool and identify the factor structure underlying the items. In addition to this, the scale’s internal consistency, reliability, and concurrent and known-groups validity was assessed. Participants (n = 999) included a sample of adults (aged 18-65) across the weight spectrum. The EFA identified six subscales in the final Weight Stigma Questionnaire (WeSQ): Perceived, Internalised, Functional self-stigma, Experienced, Healthcare, and Intimate Relationships subscales. The WeSQ and its subscales demonstrated excellent internal consistency (all α’s >.90) and test-retest reliability (all ICC’s > .90). Furthermore, the WeSQ and its subscales were (a) positively related to existing weight stigma measures (concurrent; all r’s > .56), and (b) related to weight, age, and gender in the expected direction. Finally, the goal of the fourth study was to confirm the factor structure of the scale and to gather evidence of convergent validity using a sample of adults (n = 614). The 6F structure was supported by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), meeting criteria on all relevant fit indices (CFI = .994, RMSEA = .043; SRMR = .056). Convergent validity was demonstrated via correlations with maladaptive eating behaviour, intuitive eating responses, body appreciation, quality-of-life, and sports and physical anxiety in the expected direction (all .09 < /r/ < .80). The final WeSQ is the first weight stigma measure to demonstrate satisfactory evidence of all psychometric properties. The WeSQ is suitable for use in clinical and research studies that aim to (1) explore the broad range of stigma experiences related to weight (of any weight) both across subscales or in specific subscales (using individual subscales only), (2) evaluate the impact, and/or possible risk factors associated with weight stigma, and (3) determine how the stigma types differentially relate to and predict biopsychosocial consequences.

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Wundsam, Kerstin. "Anti-Stigma-Projekte in der Psychiatrie". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=972196641.

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Leung, Shui King. "Substance abuse and stigma : Family perspectives". Thesis, University of Essex, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510526.

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Balls, Makala. "Young People and Mental Illness Stigma". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.525700.

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ROSA, ANNE BASTOS MARTINS. "SLUM TOURISM: REPRESENTATIONS, STIGMA AND POWER". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2017. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=30580@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
O turismo de favela é uma modalidade que vem se expandindo com celeridade no mundo. Entretanto, poucas pesquisas foram conduzidas sobre o tema, em especial em relação à percepção do morador local que, na maioria das vezes, está distante dos processos de operacionalização e de venda do turismo em seu local de moradia. Trata-se, também, de prática baseada na assimetria de poder nas relações entre visitantes, visitados e agentes externos que exploram o turismo de favela. Estereótipos desfavoráveis cruzam-se no desenrolar do turismo de favela, que ocorre em local e em grupo social que são historicamente estigmatizados. O objetivo desse estudo é identificar se tais aspectos influenciam a percepção e o comportamento de moradores locais em relação ao turismo de favela. Quarenta e oito entrevistas, e observação sistematizada, foram conduzidas, entre setembro de 2015 e julho de 2016, nas favelas da Rocinha e Santa Marta, no Rio de Janeiro. Essas comunidades foram escolhidas porque que nelas o turismo de favela assume formatos diferentes. A análise, baseada em hermenêutica revelou que, em ambas as favelas, os moradores mostraram-se favoráveis ao turismo, mas com ressalvas em relação à sua exploração por agentes externos. Os relatos não sugeriram haver, por parte dos moradores, sentimentos de inferioridade nos encontros sociais com os turistas, a maioria de estrangeiros. Entretanto, na Rocinha, a maior parte dos entrevistados mostrou ressentimentos ao se sentirem invadidos e explorados por empresas de turismo estranhas à favela, confessando ter vergonha e inconformismo pela maneira como tais empresas procuram apresentar aos turistas muitos aspectos negativos, relacionados a estigmas de miséria e pobreza, mostrando deliberadamente a sujeira de valões de esgoto, a pobreza de moradores, emaranhados de fios de ligações clandestinas à rede elétrica e moradias precárias, assim desqualificando o local e seus moradores.
Favela tourism is an activity that has been expanding swiftly around the world. Despite this, little research has so far been conducted around this topic, especially in relation to the perception of the local resident, who, in most cases, stands apart from the processes of tourism implementation and sale in the area where he or she resides. The practice in question is also grounded in the power asymmetry that characterises relationships among the visitors, the visited and the external agents who benefit from favela tourism. Unflattering stereotypes are evoked as favela tourism takes place involving both areas and social groups historically stigmatised. The aim of this study is to identify whether such aspects have an impact on local residents perception and behaviour vis-à-vis favela tourism. Forty-eight interviews, as well as systematised observation, have been conducted between September, 2015 and July, 2016 at the favelas of Rocinha and Santa Marta, in the city of Rio de Janeiro. These communities have been chosen because favela tourism takes different formats in them. The hermeneutics-based analysis has revealed that, in both favelas, residents take a favourable approach towards tourism, albeit with a few reservations to how it is explored by external agents. The accounts compiled do not indicate the presence of feelings of inferiority on the part of the residents during their social encounters with tourists, most of these from foreign countries. However, at Rocinha, most of the interviewees resent the feeling of invasiveness and exploitation by tourist companies with no connection to the favelas. These residents have confessed to feelings of shame and animosity towards the way in which these companies seek to introduce tourists to several negative aspects related to stigmas of poverty by deliberately pointing to the dirt building up over sewage channels, the poverty of residents, the mesh of illegal wiring connected to the electricity grid and the precariousness of homes, which contributes to the devaluation of both the area and its residents.

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Hodge, Samarah. "#Menstruation: Instagram Users Challenging Social Stigma". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38870.

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In many societies there is a stigma surrounding menstruation. It is often perpetuated through representations in advertisements as well as lack of open discussions. This thesis investigates ways that people are presenting menstruation on the social media platform Instagram and concludes that this is a space which allows the normative menstruation discourse to be challenged. Instagram is a widely used app that allows users to interact with others through sharing photos and has the potential to be a space for empowerment and challenging dominant ideologies. Publicly accessible photos were collected from the app using hashtags related to menstruation and menstrual activism, as well as menstrual activist accounts and menstrual product accounts. The results of a qualitative content analysis reveal numerous themes which challenge or reinforce the stigmas: Empowerment, Solidarity, Resistance, Normalizing Periods, Women’s Health, Standard/Normative, Eco-Friendly and Marketing.

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Lundgren, Anna y Agnes Zetterman. "Kvinnor med alkoholmissbruk : Ett dubbelt stigma?" Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen för Vårdvetenskap, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-19211.

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Alkoholrelaterade problem påträffas överallt i vårt samhälle, även inom den somatiska vården. Rapporter visar att kvinnors alkoholkonsumtion ökar och i takt med det, riskerar allt fler kvinnor att fastna i ett missbruk. Därför känns det angeläget att uppmärksamma kvinnornas upplevelser av att vara kvinna och missbrukare. Kvinnor börjar missbruka alkohol senare i livet än män, men de har en snabbare beroendeutveckling och lägre tålighet för alkohol än vad män har. Detta examensarbete har livsvärlds- och genusperspektiven som teoretiska utgångspunkter. Syftet är att belysa hur kvinnor som missbrukar alkohol beskriver upplevelser i samband med att utveckla och leva i ett missbruk. En innehållsanalys har utförts av sju vetenskapliga kvalitativa artiklar som beskriver missbrukande kvinnors upplevelser. Resultatet består av fyra teman. I första temat ”Att vara utsatt och osynlig i barndomen” och här beskrivs upplevelser från barndomen som kvinnorna sätter i relation till utvecklingen av deras missbruk. Tema två ”Att sträva efter att leva upp till normer” berör upplevelser och känslor kring att passa in, andras förväntningar på kvinnorna samt hur de bryter mot normer genom missbruket. I temat ”Att plågas av känslor” beskrivs de känslor av skam, skuld, smärta och ensamhet som är relaterade till missbruket. Slutligen berör det sista temat ”Att nå en vändpunkt” hur kvinnorna upplever vändpunkter i missbruket, känslan av att nå botten och hur självrespekten är viktig för att klara av att bryta missbruket. I diskussionen diskuteras metoden som använts samt konsekvenser av artikelurvalet. Vidare diskuteras valda delar av resultatet och slutligen resultatets betydelser för vårdandet.

Program: Sjuksköterskeutbildning

Uppsatsnivå: C

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Kreeft, Claire Elise. "Stigma and AIDS: Reunifying the Body". Thesis, Boston College, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/2637.

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Thesis advisor: S.J., James Keenan
HIV/AIDS is a serious global medical concern; its impact cannot be denied. Yet according to many it is not the disease itself that disturbs life most, but rather the psychological and social ramifications experienced by people living with HIV and AIDS through stigma and discrimination. Through an exploration of the stigma and analysis of case studies, specific demographics, expert studies, and theological discussions, this thesis seeks to argue that while success is possible, there is not enough being done for the eradication of AIDS-related stigma. It was found that the two most important fronts for this to happen on are education, specifically about the modes of HIV transmission, and through efforts of the church. It concludes that while eradicating AIDS-related stigma will not cure the disease itself, it will lead to healthier and affirming living for people with HIV/AIDS
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2012
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: College Honors Program

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Sullivan, Michael John. "Measuring HIV stigma among healthcare providers". Thesis, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1606107.

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People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH) experience stigma that creates barriers have the net effect of limiting access to care and decreased quality of life. This study seeks to identify, quantify, and measure mechanisms that produce the negative outcomes of provider-based stigma in regards to PLWH. The study employs the Health Care Provider HIV/AIDS Stigma Scale (HPASS), a new instrument based on a tripartite model of measuring prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination as developed by Wagner et al. in 2014. The study shows stereotyping is prevalent in the sample as a whole while prejudice was statistically significant in both correlations and comparisons made among groups. The study concludes that stigma is both frank and occult in its operation within the healthcare delivery model and recommends concrete and targeted interventions suitable for the setting where the study takes place.

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Hilbert, Anja. "Weight stigma reduction and genetic determinism". Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-213926.

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One major approach to weight stigma reduction consists of decreasing beliefs about the personal controllability of—and responsibility for—obesity by educating about its biogenetic causes. Evidence on the efficacy of this approach is mixed, and it remains unclear whether this would create a deterministic view, potentially leading to detrimental side-effects. Two independent studies from Germany using randomized designs with delayed-intervention control groups served to (1) develop and pilot a brief, interactive stigma reduction intervention to educate N = 128 university students on gene × environment interactions in the etiology of obesity; and to (2) evaluate this intervention in the general population (N = 128) and determine mechanisms of change. The results showed (1) decreased weight stigma and controllability beliefs two weeks post-intervention in a student sample; and (2) decreased internal attributions and increased genetic attributions, knowledge, and deterministic beliefs four weeks post-intervention in a population sample. Lower weight stigma was longitudinally predicted by a decrease in controllability beliefs and an increase in the belief in genetic determinism, especially in women. The results underline the usefulness of a brief, interactive intervention promoting an interactionist view of obesity to reduce weight stigma, at least in the short term, lending support to the mechanisms of change derived from attribution theory. The increase in genetic determinism that occurred despite the intervention’s gene × environment focus had no detrimental side-effect on weight stigma, but instead contributed to its reduction. Further research is warranted on the effects of how biogenetic causal information influences weight management behavior of individuals with obesity.

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LaDuke, Sheri L. y Stacey L. Williams. "Stigma, Compassion, Self-Compassion, and Distress". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/8075.

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Stigma is an individual’s devalued identity or other characteristic that may lead to stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. Decades of literature show that experiencing stigma has negative effects on mental health outcomes. However, some research suggests that the experience of stigma leads individuals to cope with adversity in a meaningful way. Understanding how people benefit from adversity will help promote less distress for people who experience different types (visible or covert) of stigma. Three central questions were addressed. First, is level of distress different based on experience with stigma? Second, does having self-compassion buffer individuals with stigma, in that people with more self-compassion would have less distress than those with less self-compassion? Third, does more stigma experiences lead to more compassion toward others and contribute to lower levels of distress? To explore these questions, participants (N = 416) at a southeastern university completed on-line surveys to assess experience with stigma, compassion, and distress. Separate hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to examine whether (1) quantity of stigma, (2) directness of stigma, (3) level of visibility of stigma were related to distress. The direct experience of stigma and the lack of visibility of the stigmatizing characteristic significantly predicted higher levels of distress (b = .09, p < .01; b = .09, p < .01; respectively). In order to examine self-compassion as a moderator of the effect of stigma on distress, we conducted moderated regression analysis, with distress as the dependent variable, the centered stigma and self-compassion variables, as well as, the interaction between stigma and self-compassion, as predictors. This hypothesis was not supported. In order to address central question three, indirect effects were tested using bootstrapping (an SPSS script; Preacher and Hayes). Indirect experiences of stigma predicted compassion for others (b = .04, p < .05) which predicted less distress (b = -.32, p < .01). Given these results a follow-up study was conducted to further investigate these relationships. In a follow-up study of participants experiencing either a covert or invisible stigmatizing characteristic, self-compassion is induced by encouraging the participant to help another with the same stigmatizing characteristic. Preliminary results of the inductions effects on compassion for others, self-compassion, and distress will be presented.

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Fredrick, Emma G., Abbey K. Mann, Sheri L. LaDuke, Kathleen A. Klik y Stacey L. Williams. "Methodology in Sexual Minority Stigma Research". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/8078.

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Price, Cody Raymond. "Alleviating Affordable Housing Stigma by Design". The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1500476247012088.

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White, David Lee Jr. "Evaluating Educators Perceptions of Tattoo Stigma". Walsh University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=walshhonors1588191931131861.

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Jorjorian, Katelyn, Sheri L. LaDuke, Emma G. Fredrick, Kathleen A. Klik y Stacey L. Williams. "Do Individuals With a Concealable Stigma Suffer Less Psychological Distress Than Individuals Who Cannot Hide Their Stigma?" Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/8094.

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Stigma has a negative effect on individuals, which may include psychological distress, anxiety, and social isolation (Pachankis, 2007). Stigma can be either concealable or visible. A concealable stigma is an attribute that is not visibly apparent, but would be devalued if known by others (e.g., sexual orientation, Page 30 2014 Appalachian Student Research Forum mental illness, sexual abuse). Some believe that individuals with a concealable stigma do not face prejudice and discrimination because the stigma is not apparent to others. However, research suggests that those with a concealable stigma may feel the constant need to hide that identity or characteristic, and this may increase distress and anxiety due to the threat of discovery (Pachankis, 2007). We hypothesized that individuals with a concealable stigma will have higher levels of stigma, rejection sensitivity, distress, and anxiety as well as lower levels of self-esteem, relative to those individuals with a visible stigma. The current sample was taken from a larger study (N=408) and consist of participants (n=70) who selfidentified a stigmatizing characteristic. The self-reported characteristics were independently coded by two research assistants as concealable or visible and finally, the assistants collectively assigned the characteristics to each group. Our sample consists of 35.7% concealable (e.g., sexuality, mental illness, history of abuse) and 64.3% visible (e.g., physical appearance, physical disability, race/ethnicity). To test our hypotheses, we used an independent t test to assess the differences in levels of stigma, self-esteem, distress, anxiety, and rejection sensitivity between concealable and visible stigma groups. Results show that self-stigma (t(68)=-.798, p=.428), public stigma (t(68)=-.149, p=.882), and self-esteem (t(68)=-1.320, p=.191) do not differ between groups. By contrast, and in support of our hypotheses, those with concealable stigma reported more rejection sensitivity (t(68)=2.315, p=.024) and anxiety (t(68)=3.030, p=.003) than those with visible stigma. Contrary to our hypotheses, distress (t(68)=-2.599, p=.011) was higher for those with visible stigma than concealable stigma. Future research should be conducted to examine levels of anxiety and rejection sensitivity in individuals with concealable stigma to understand the differences among stigmatized identities and characteristics.

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Faure, Marlyn Collin. "Stigma and African genomics research: An exploration of stigma associated with the genetic attribution of rheumatic heart disease". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29603.

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There is mixed evidence about how genetic attribution of disease may impact on stigma. One theory, based on essentialism, argues that knowledge of genetic attribution may increase stigma, while attribution theory argues that bio-genetic explanations may result in individuals feeling a decreased sense of personal responsibility about the disease. Most empirical studies shows mixed evidence. These studies however are mostly conducted in Western contexts. This study then is one of the few studies investigating the impact of genetic attribution on stigma in an African context. Specifically, this paper explores the question of genetic attribution with RHD patients in the Western Cape. An important part of this exploration was the use of video content to stimulate discussion in focus groups. Many studies include visual methods and justify the use of visual method based on the assumption that visual methods are more effective at stimulating discussion and generating richer data in qualitative research. In addition to explore the impact of genetic attribution on stigma, this thesis also evaluates the efficacy of visual in qualitative research. Methods: Given that this paper has two components, one investigating the impact of genetic attribution on stigma, and a methodological component, this thesis presents findings of three sub-studies. The primary study (Study 3 in this thesis) related to stigma and genetic attribution, 11 focus group discussions were conducted using vignettes to explore the impact of genetic attribution on stigma with RHD patients. These vignettes were developed into films and used to stimulate discussion in FGDs. Thematic coding analysis was used to analyse data. For the methodological component, one study, presents a systematic review of evidence related to the efficacy of visual methods in qualitative research (Study 1 in this thesis). The final study, is an empirical evaluation of the efficacy of visual methods (Study 2 in this thesis). A before/after study designed was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of visual methods. Six of the FGDs watched the video clips produced from the FGDs, while the other five had the vignettes read to them. Another source of evidence for the evaluation was using the coding density calculated by NVivo 11 software. Results: For the primary study investigating the impact of stigma, the finding show that stigma has a negligible impact of stigma amongst RHD patients in the Western Cape. For the methodological component, the systematic review finds evidence that visual methods are more effective at generating richer data. The evaluation study however finds no difference in results before and after each stimuli, when compared between groups who watched the video or heard the vignettes read. Conclusion: For the primary study investigating the impact of stigma, one of the reasons no evidence was found was because of the low level stigma reported. In instances where stigma is reported, I argue that it is in the context of RHD in this population, the impact of genetic attribution on stigma is displaced given that individuals having multiple explanations models of genetics is just one. Additionally, this population is forced navigate more immediate challenges such as cultural norms, and structural inequality related to the enduring impact of South Africa’s racialised apartheid history. In relation to the methodological component, I argue that results from the systematic review is difficult to generalise given the small number of included studies, and the lack of detail described in the studies, used to evaluate claims that visual methods are more effective. The result of the evaluation finds no difference between the groups which may be there are no differences between these methods, or the questionnaire may have been inappropriate. This study nonetheless is still the first to empirical evaluate such claims.

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Williams, Stacey L., E. G. Fredrick y S. L. LaDuke. "Sexual Minority Quality of Life: The Indirect Effect of Public Stigma Through Self-Compassion, Authenticity, and Internalized Stigma". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1037/sah0000176.

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Sexual minorities, or those who do not identify as straight, experience stigma that has been associated with a number of health issues and decreased quality of life. The current study expands on previous explanations of the relationship between stigma experienced by sexual minorities and quality of life by examining self-compassion and authenticity as potential mediators. We proposed and examined a mediation model in which self-compassion and authenticity would explain the relationship between stigma and quality of life, using data from a sample of 213 sexual minorities. Results of structural equation modeling revealed that there was no direct relationship between public stigma and quality of life but that public stigma and quality of life were indirectly related through internalized stigma, authenticity, and self-compassion. These findings have implications for the understanding of sexual minority experience of stigma and highlight potential points of intervention for increasing quality of life among sexual minority individuals.

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Solinski, Cynthia L. "Coping with stigma an adult learners perspective /". Connect to resource online, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/2196.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Indiana University, 2010.
Title from screen (viewed on July 19, 2010). Department of Sociology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). Advisor(s): Peter Seybold, Patricia A. Wittberg, Christine Leland. Includes vitae. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 52-54).

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Ellwyn, Troen y Jenny Dahl. "Konst. Stigma. Identitet. : - En inblick i tatueringskulturen". Thesis, Linköping University, Culture, Society, Media Production, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-53988.

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Denna uppsats undersöker vilket kulturell roll tatueringarna har haft historiskt genom en litteraturstudie.

Tatueringskonsten har praktiserats av människor världen över i tusentals år och man har funnit bevis på att man använde sig av tatueringar i antika Grekland och Romarriket. Många kulturer har av olika anledningar använt sig av tatueringar och gett tatuering en stor social och kulturell mening. Tatueringar har använts för att markera brottslingar, slavar och andra stigmatiserade grupper men har också varit en statussymbol och en identitetsmarkör. Kan man se likheter i hur tatueringar blivit framställda i litteraturen trots skillnader i både tid och rum hos de som utövat tatueringskonsten?

Uppsatsen undersöker även hur tatueringar framställs inom populärkulturen idag genom att analysera två realitytv-serier; Miami Ink och LA Ink. Uppsatsen ämnar utreda om hur tatueringar framställts under historiens gång även kan ses i hur de framställs i populärkulturen idag. Genom att titta på hur tatueringar, tatuerare och de som tatuerar sig porträtteras i populärkulturen ämnar uppsatsen utröna hur man ser på tatueringar idag.

Tattoos over time and continents – as art, stigma and identity explores by a litterature study the cultural significance of tattoos’s throughout history.

Tattooing has been practiced by mankind all over the world for thousands of years and evidence also suggests that tattooing was practiced in ancient Greece and in Rome. Many different cultures have used tattooing for a wide variety of reasons and given the tattoos their great cultural and social meaning. Tattoos have been used to mark prisoners, slaves and other stigmatisiced groups, but also as a sign of status and a mark of identity and heritage. Is it possible to find similarities in different tattoocultures, presented in literature, despite differences in both time and place?

This thesis also explores how tattoos are presented in the field of popular culture today by analyzing two reality-shows: Miami Ink and LA Ink. The thesis seeks to investigate if some of the ways tattoos have been presented in history can be seen in the way they are presented in popular culture today. The thesis analyses how the tattoos, the tattoo artists and their clients are portrayed in popular culture in order to investigate how tattoos are seen today.

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Karamouzian, Mohammad. "HIV/STI stigma, gender, and young people". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/58350.

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Background: In the context of HIV/STI, there is a large and growing body of literature assessing stigma. However, most studies have concentrated on adult populations, leaving several aspects of HIV/STI-related stigma amongst young people open to question. The current thesis examines the issue of HIV/STI-related stigma on young people’s sexual health. Methods: To examine the potential influence of stigma on STI testing amongst marginalized youth, data from the At-Risk Youth Study (ARYS) was used to examine the influence of stigma on STI testing uptake amongst 300 street-involved young people. To explore young people’s perceptions about the capacity for stigma to be mitigated using online testing approaches, individual, semi-structured interviews were completed with 71 young people and analyzed thematically. Moreover, to characterize the state of the literature regarding HIV-related stigma amongst youth living with HIV (YLHIV), a systematic search of the literature was used to identify 22 studies measuring HIV-related stigma among YLHIV; each study was evaluated to assess how sex or gender considerations were taken into account. Results: Perceived devaluation, was independently associated with decreased STI testing uptake among street-involved youth. Moreover, the qualitative analysis pointed to the potential benefits of online HIV/STI testing for reducing the external stigma, despite the complexities around addressing internalized notions of HIV/STI-related stigma among youth as well as the gendered experiences of HIV/STI-related stigma in online testing environments. Among the 22 papers included in the systematic review, several gaps were identified in the existing literature of HIV-related stigma including the missing accounts of sex or gender on HIV-related stigma among YLHIV. Conclusions: Taken together, the findings of the current thesis suggest that HIV/STI-related stigma affect youth’s sexual health care seeking practices in both online and clinic-based settings – and that experiences may differ by gender. To combat HIV/STI-related stigma and its effects, it will be necessary to address underlying individual- and structural-level factors, including gender stereotypes. However, the current literature does not appear to fully account for youth’s gendered experiences, leaving many interventions to promote youth sexual health insufficiently informed and offering space for new research to address an important theoretical and practice gap.
Medicine, Faculty of
Population and Public Health (SPPH), School of
Graduate

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Clark-Miller, Kristi Marie. "The Adoptive Identity: Stigma and Social Interaction". Diss., Tucson, Ariz. : University of Arizona, 2005. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1374%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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42

Rapolienė, Grazina. ""Ar senatvė yra stigma? Senėjimo tapatumas Lietuvoje"". Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20121001_092814-83904.

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Tarptautinei mokslo bendruomenei bei socialinei politikai vis daugiau dėmesio skiriant gyventojų senėjimui, kultūriniai ir komunikaciniai jo aspektai lieka mažai tyrinėti. Šios disertacijos tikslas yra ištirti senatvės (senėjimo) tapatumą Lietuvoje, remiantis sociologine stigmos koncepcija. Šio tikslo siekiama, sujungiant priešiškumo vyresniam amžiui (ageism) ir stigmos tyrinėjimų sritis bei išryškinant jų bendrą vardiklį – diskriminaciją. Joje keliami klausimai: ar/kokiu mastu senatvė šiuolaikinėje Lietuvoje yra stigma? Kada ir kaip ja tapo? Kuo pasireiškia? Kaip senatvės stigma palaikoma? Atsakymų ieškoma, apžvelgiant istorinę nuostatų į senėjimą kaitą, tikrinant vyraujančias senėjimo tapatumo teorijas ir taikant Anthony Giddenso reflektyvaus Aš bei Ervingo Goffmano stigmos koncepcijas. Gynybai teikiami moksliškai nauji disertacijos teiginiai yra pagrįsti trijų empirinių tyrimų rezultatais: medijų tekstų analize, interviu su vyresnio amžiaus žmonėmis ir Europos socialinio tyrimo 4 bangos duomenų analize. Rezultatai leidžia daryti išvadą, kad senatvė Lietuvoje yra stigma: už verbaliai deklaruojamo palankaus požiūrio į senus žmones slypi priešiškumas. Masinėse medijose ir kasdienėse sąveikose aptinkama konstruojama ir internalizuota senatvės stigma. 60 m. ir vyresni Lietuvos gyventojai dažniau nei pažengusių Vakarų šalių vyresnio amžiaus žmonės patiria diskriminavimą - Lietuvos rezultatai panašūs į kitų pokomunistinių ir Viduržemio jūros šalių rezultatus.
While population ageing is attracting ever more attention of international scientific community and social policy, its cultural and communicative aspects remain underinvestigated. The goal of the dissertation is to investigate the old age (ageing) identity in Lithuania, applying the sociological concept of stigma. In the pursuit of this goal, the research areas of stigma and ageism are connected, highlighting their common denominator - discrimination. The following questions are raised: whether/to what extent old age is stigma in contemporary Lithuania? When and why old age did become stigma? What are manifestations of the old age stigma? How is it reproduced? Searching for answers the historical changes of attitudes towards ageing are reviewed, dominant theories of ageing identity are examined and the concepts of A.Gidden‘s reflexive self and E.Goffman‘s stigma are applied. Scientifically new theses presented for defense are grounded in the findings of three empirical investigations: media texts analysis, interviews with older people and data analysis of the European Social Survey Round 4. The results lead to conclusion that old age in Lithuania is an „open secret" type stigma: verbally favourable view of older people conceals discrimination. The constructed and internalized stigma is detected both in media and in everyday interactions. The level of discrimination experienced by Lithuanian population over 60 is close to other post-communist and Mediterranean countries.

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Chapman, David George. "Hope and stigma in early stage dementia". Thesis, University of Hull, 2011. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:5120.

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Part one is a systematic review of the literature relating to perceived stigma and support amongst family caregivers of people with dementia. Numerous studies have suggested stigma is associated with negative outcomes in various mental and physical health difficulties. Older people with dementia and their family care givers could be especially vulnerable to experiencing stigma and this could have a negative impact on their engagement with services. Out of an initial literature search resulting in 101 articles, 15 articles met the inclusion criteria for the present review and their methodological quality was assessed. The 15 articles were critically analysed and four main themes from the articles were extracted. The themes were sociocultural aspects, services use and diagnosis, stigma and aging and managing stigma. A proposed model of perceived stigma that explained the potential origins of stigma, the difficulties it may bring and possible links to service engagement was developed from the results of this review. The clinical implications of this and possible further research areas was discussed. Part two is an empirical paper consisting of two aims. The first aim investigated levels and types of hope experienced by older people with and without dementia. The second aim focused on potential relationships between stigma, hope and quality of life in older . people with dementia. Many studies have indicated that hope is positively associated with quality of life in chronic health conditions and there are two contrasting theories of I " hope, multi-dimensional hope and goal directed hope. Preliminary studies suggested that older people with dementia may predominantly experience multi-dimensional hope and that stigma may be a barrier towards hope. A group of 60 older people without dementia completed two different questionnaires on hope and a group of 40 older people with dementia completed two additional questionnaires on their experiences of stigma and their quality of life. The results supported the hypothesis that older people with dementia experienced higher levels of multi-dimensional hope but stigma was not a statistically significant barrier towards this. Implications for services, including the development of psychosocial interventions and possible further research were discussed. Part three are the appendixes including a reflective statement on the designing, planning and implementation of the research.

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44

Woollatt, Julia. "An exploration of stigma in bipolar disorder". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531947.

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Jasiukevičiūtė, Toma. "Nuo alkoholio priklausomų asmenų patiriama vidinė stigma". Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20140623_183905-27173.

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Kalbant apie psichikos sveikatą ir žmogaus, turinčio psichikos sutrikimą, funkcionavimą socialinėje terpėje, vienas iš svarbiausių veiksnių, įtakojančių šiuos procesus yra asmens paties savęs kaip kitokio suvokimas. O kitoniškumas tiek turint, psichikos sutrikimą, pavyzdžiui, priklausomybę nuo alkoholio, tiek susiduriant su kitais socialiniais konstruktais ir jų neatitinkančiais standartais, gali būti suvoktas ir kaip kliuvinys, ir kaip individualumas, kuris nebūtinai turi trukdyti kokybiškai funkcionuoti socialinėje aplinkoje. Kadangi vidinės stigmos tema yra naujas požiūris į stigmos reiškinį apskritai – tiek teorinėje, tiek empirinėje mokslinėse plotmėse, šis darbas yra skirtas tirti vidinės stigmos ypatumus, naudojantis kokybinio tyrimo privalumais, teikiančiais galimybę ne patvirtinti teoriją, bet atskleisti naujus, gal kiek netikėtus tiriamos problemos aspektus. Atsižvelgiant į tai, kad priklausomybė nuo alkoholio yra psichikos bei fizinės sveikatos sutrikimas, neraminantis viso pasaulio bendruomenę, šio darbo tikslas yra ištirti vidinės stigmos ypatumus priklausomybės nuo alkoholio kontekste. Taigi tam, kad pasinaudoti jau sukaupta patirtimi ir žiniomis apie tiriamą problemą – teorinėje dalyje apžvelgiama priklausomybės nuo alkoholio, stigmos, vidinės stigmos reiškiniai bei jų sąsajos. Na, o praktinėje dalyje atliktas kokybinis tyrimas leido atskleisti autentiškas respondentų, priklausomų nuo alkoholio ir ilgą laiką blaiviai gyvenančių bei dirbančių socialinį darbą su... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Talking about mental health and person, who has a psychical disorder, functioning in a social environment one of the foremost influence on these processes is person’s self awareness that he is different from others. And this awareness of having a psychical disorder, for example, alcohol addiction, so as encountering with other social constructs and standards that contravene them, can also be understood as barrier and as individuality, that does not necessarily has to interfere in a person’s qualitative functioning in social area. Forasmuch the subject of intrinsic stigma is a new attitude to the expression of stigma both in theoretical and empirical academic fields, this study is meant for the research on features of intrinsic stigma. This have been done using the virtues of qualitative analysis that gives opportunity not to confirm the theory, but to reveal new and maybe even unexpected aspects of the problem. With respect to that addiction to alcohol is a mental and physical health disorder that is disturbing the whole world’s community, the aim of this study is to investigate the features of intrinsic stigma in the context of alcohol addiction. Therefore to embrace the accumulative experience and knowledge about the investigating problem, in the theoretical part of this study the occurrence of alcohol addiction, stigma and intrinsic stigma and the connections between these factors are taken into research. While the qualitative analysis in the practical part accomplished to... [to full text]

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46

Chagger, Pabhinder Singh. "Stigma, nurses and acquired immune deficiency syndrome". Thesis, University of Southampton, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242496.

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LEVRINI, GABRIEL ROBERTO DELLACASA. "LOW INCOME CONSUMERS STIGMA IN SERVICE ENCOUNTERS". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2012. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=22375@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
Na prestação de serviços, há evidência do estigma e de ações discriminantes que envolvam ações automáticas de preconceito. Diferentes tratamentos aos consumidores podem produzir e experiências problemáticas, com consequências e respostas imediatas nos negócios. Objetivamente, este estudo busca focar mais profundamente o estigma do ponto de vista do consumidor de baixa renda. Analisa os componentes racionais e emocionais das reações desses consumidores perante as interpretações da sociedade. Em parte, busca suprir a lacuna existente na literatura do marketing. A estigmatização de consumidores de baixa renda pode ter forte influência em suas ações e respostas durante o processo de decisão de escolha e compra de serviços. Isso implica num significativo impacto no desempenho dos negócios, ações de anticonsumo contra as marcas. Neste sentido, o encontro de serviços serve como palco para os atores estigmatizador e estigmatizado, sendo que o consumidor de baixa renda é o protagonista. O estudo foi dividido em três fases: a primeira levantou a preocupação destes consumidores com a estigmatização no encontro de serviços, através de entrevistas experimentais para alinhamento do roteiro. A segunda fase compreendeu uma pesquisa de campo, em que foram utilizadas 210 entrevistas. Para tanto, utilizouse a Técnica do Incidente Crítico. Os dados foram analisados, codificados através do software OpenLogos. Na terceira fase, realizou-se uma análise do conteúdo das narrativas dos entrevistados, chegando a mais de 1200 palavras, códigos e expressões que identificam as emoções, e mostrou-se como ocorre o perfil do estigma e as reações comportamentais. Os resultados indicaram uma predominância das emoções primárias (medo, vergonha e ofensa, etc) no momento imediato a percepção do estigma pelo consumidor de baixa renda. Posteriormente, inicia-se o processo decorrente (emoções secundárias e terciárias) e suas estratégias de respostas destes consumidores. Dessa forma, ratifico- se a influência e importância do estudo do estigma com suas respectivas implicações as situações de consumo.
This article focuses on low-income consumers facing social stigma in service encounters with contact employees. Stigma is a pervasive aspect of our culture and has been rarely considered in services marketing for low-income consumer. In the past, research didn’t pay attention on the low-income consumer’s perspective for marketing actions. Recently, attention has turned to examining how people who are targets of negative stereotypes understand and interpret their experience as members of socially devalued groups. The method used in this article comprised three phases. The first phase explored the awareness of stigmatized service encounters by informal interviews with low-income consumers. The second phase consisted in field interviews, the collection data from 210 individuals with confirmation of discriminatory behaviors. The method utilized was the Critical Incident Technique (CIT) using Open Logos Content Analysis software for coding the emotions. The third phase consisted of detail data analysis, searching for words or concepts within texts or sets of texts, and then coded into manageable categories. In this phase, we found more than 1200 words or emotional expressions. Results showed primal emotions (fear, shame, offense) dominance in the stigma perception moment, often followed by secondary and thirdly emotions. In the last step of the process, the coping responses were important in order to understand the consumer attitudes and behaviors as part of this stigma process. The findings assure the importance of studying the stigma process to understand low-income consumer’s behaviors.

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Rick, Jessica M. "The Communicative Construction of Workplace Flexibility Stigma". Thesis, University of Missouri - Columbia, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13877163.

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Workplace flexibility is becoming more and more common in American workplaces. However, most of these policies are created for professional and white-collar workers. Scholars have argued that the “missing middle,” that is, workers who are neither in the professional class nor low-wage workers, are often ignored in formal policies. Scholars have argued that workers experience a stigma for using these policies; however, little is known about how this stigmatization process occurs. This dissertation employs a grounded theory methodology to analyze 29 semi-structured interviews with missing middle workers to understand how they communicatively construct workplace flexibility and its attending stigma. Analysis of the data suggested the missing middle constructed workplace flexibility by drawing upon macro, meso, and micro-level D/discourses. In doing so, my participants communicated a fine line between use and abuse of workplace flexibility policies based on a) the perception of a worker as lazy, b) the perception of a worker using flexibility too frequently, and c) the perception of a worker having a non-acceptable rationale for using flexibility. Thus, workers become stigmatized for being perceived to abuse, not use, the policies. Based on the data, I offer a ground theory of this flexibility stigmatization process, that includes: a) organizational norms surrounding flexibility, b) the use of workplace flexibility, c) talk surrounding flexibility, and d) stigma perceptions. I then offer potential ways this communicative process can be reconstituted and transformed by human resource personnel, managers, and workers to disrupt the cycle of workplace flexibility stigma.

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Aste, Julie A. "Chronic Pain and Stigma A Literature Review". Thesis, Union Institute and University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10113719.

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Chronic pain is a prevalent disorder that is difficult to treat and has the potential to be stigmatizing for individuals with chronic pain. An exploratory literature review was conducted to examine chronic pain stigma. The review specifically investigated studies that addressed individuals’ experiences of chronic pain stigma, identified sources of chronic pain stigma, and chronic pain stigma’s impact on treatment adherence. The following key terms were used to search 15 computerized databases (i.e. chronic pain AND stigma OR stigmatization OR disbelief OR stereotype OR invisible OR misconception). Studies were reviewed if they were relevant to chronic pain stigma, were conducted in the United States, the majority of participants were adults with a chronic pain condition, chronic pain condition was non-malignant, chronic pain was defined as persistent or intermittent for at least 3 months, and stigma was defined as being labeled, stereotyped, devalued, or discredited. The final review included 18 qualitative and quantitative studies from 1989-2015 that examined chronic pain and stigma. The findings of the study included twelve key themes that shed light on the experiences of stigma, sources of stigma, and impact on treatment adherence. Experiences of stigma included: estrangement, self-stigmatization, invisibility, medication stigma, and disbelief. The participants in the studies identified three sources of stigma: doctors, public, and family. Four themes emerged from the few studies that addressed treatment adherence: difficulty communicating about pain, management strategies, to seek care or not seek care, and to not take medications due to fears of addiction and stigma. The findings are further discussed in relation to the United State’s societal values, beliefs, and culture. A cultural shift is suggested in how we view chronic pain and illness. Additionally, recommendations are made for the role of psychologists addressing chronic pain stigma from a multi-systems level approach. Keywords: Chronic pain, stigma, disbelief, diagnostic uncertainty, illegitimacy

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Sahlén, Annie y Elin Bodin. "Autismspektrumtillstånd och stigma : Mellan konstruktion och hantering". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för socialt arbete (SA), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-77450.

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The purpose of this study is to examine depictions of individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to reach an understanding of how they perceive their diagnosis. Furthermore the purpose of this study is to reach an understanding of how sense of stigmatisation can be related to the diagnosis and how depictions of ASD can affect the individual’s sense of stigmatisation. The study is based on narrative analysis of autobiographies by individuals diagnosed with ASD. The study is also based on document analysis of material containing facts about ASD. The theoretical approach used in the study is stigma theory. The study shows that individuals diagnosed with ASD perceive their diagnosis as part of their personality. Furthermore the study shows that receiving the diagnosis contributes to sense of stigma, but also contributes to self perception. The analysis discusses how knowledge of perceptions of stigma related to the diagnosis can be useful to professionals working with individuals with ASD.

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