Artículos de revistas: "Spray oils"

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Beattie, GAC, EA Roberts, LE Rippon y CL Vanhoff. "Phytotoxicity of petroleum spray oils to Valencia orange, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, in New South Wales". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, n.º 2 (1989): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890273.

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The phytotoxicity of petroleum oil sprays to Vakncia orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) on Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. rootstocks was investigated at Kulnura and at Griffith, New South Wales. Four narrow-range petroleum oils, designated as 206, 212, 214 and 238 oils, were applied as high volume sprays in 3 consecutive years. Annual sprays were applied during the spring, summer and autumn months of November, February and April. Some treatments were sprayed once each year, others twice. The single spray per year treatments involved concentrations of 1.2 or 2% of each oil in February or 2% of the 212, 214 and 238 oils in November or in April. A total concentration of 3.2% oil per year of the 2 12,2 14 and 238 oils was applied in February (2%) and in November of the previous year (1.2%) or in April (1.2%) to the double spray treatments. The effect of the sprays on yield variables, percentage juice, �Brix (w/w sucrose), anhydrous citric acid, rind colour and oil content was studied. Rind colour was not affected by any treatment at either location. Significant (P< 0.05), though inconsistent, effects on other characteristics of fruit quality were found. Increase in 50% distillation temperature and rate of application of oils tended to decrease �Brix. The oils did not significantly affect yield at Kulnura. At Griffith, 2% sprays of 238 oil significantly reduced yield by reducing the number of fruit. At both locations, trees sprayed with 2% oil in April tended to have lower yields than those sprayed in November or February at the same rate. The effect of sprays with total concentrations of 3.2% was variable. The 238 oil was the only oil considered to be potentially phytotoxic. This type of oil should not be used at concentrations > 2% from March to November or in consecutive years at any time. They can be used from late spring to early autumn in consecutive years at 1.2%. Variation in the phytotoxicity of oils between locations in south-eastern Australia appears to be related to variation in night temperatures in summer and early autumn which affect flower initiation.

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Riedl, H. y P. W. Shearer. "Pear, Comparison of Superior Spray Oils, 1986". Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 12, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1987): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/12.1.68.

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Abstract A 4.4 acre 60-year-old commercial pear block was subdivided into 4 equal-sized plots to accommodate 3 different oil treatments and a check where no oil was applied. Volck Supreme was compared to 2 experimental spray oils which differed in terms of viscosity and emulsifiers. Oils were applied 28 Feb (dormant) together with flowable sulfur at 1 gal/acre; 14 Mar (delayed dormant) together with Ambush 2EC at 12 oz/acre and Lorsban 4E at 20 oz/acre; 29 May (1st cover) together with Guthion 50WP at 1.25 lb/acre. Otherwise, a standard insecticide and fungicide program was used throughout the test block. Sprays were applied dilute by an Aerofan sprayer delivering 200 gal/acre. Treatments were evaluated for PP control by beating tray counts of adults (25 trays/treatment) and nymph counts on spur (19 May) and shoot (24 Jun) leaves (108/treatment). Leaves were examined under a stereo microscope.

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3

Mohammed, Nameer Khairullah, Chin Ping Tan, Yazid Abd Manap, Belal J. Muhialdin y Anis Shobirin Meor Hussin. "Spray Drying for the Encapsulation of Oils—A Review". Molecules 25, n.º 17 (26 de agosto de 2020): 3873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173873.

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The application of the spray drying technique in the food industry for the production of a broad range of ingredients has become highly desirable compared to other drying techniques. Recently, the spray drying technique has been applied extensively for the production of functional foods, pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. Encapsulation using spray drying is highly preferred due to economic advantages compared to other encapsulation methods. Encapsulation of oils using the spray drying technique is carried out in order to enhance the handling properties of the products and to improve oxidation stability by protecting the bioactive compounds. Encapsulation of oils involves several parameters—including inlet and outlet temperatures, total solids, and the type of wall materials—that significantly affect the quality of final product. Therefore, this review highlights the application and optimization of the spray drying process for the encapsulation of oils used as food ingredients.

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4

Vivek, R., P. Raghu, K. Pitchandi y N. Nallusamy. "Review Study on Spray Cone Angle in Diesel Engine Fuelled with Biodiesel and its Derivatives". Advanced Materials Research 984-985 (julio de 2014): 938–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.984-985.938.

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— There are so many articles related to the review on diesel and biodiesel such as edible and inedible vegetable oils, performance and exhaust emissions of diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel oil and its derivatives. Spray characteristics was not considered in those reviews. In this study spray characteristics in diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel oil and its derivatives and diesel will be reviewed. Edible vegetable oils, soybean oil and rapeseed oil were mainly investigated. Inedible jatropha oil, used frying oil and palm oil was investigated in diesel engine. Spray cone angle were examined among the macroscopic spray characteristics.

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Cranshaw, Whitney S., Rick J. Zimmerman y Darryl Patrick. "Control of Elm Leaf Beetle Larvae and Eggs with Spray Oils, 1988". Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 14, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1989): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/14.1.341.

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Abstract Evaluations were made of Scalecide foliar spray oil for control of elm leaf beetle eggs and larvae. Larval evaluations were made by counting larvae on 5 branch terminals/treatment on 24 Jun. Foliar applications were made immediately following the count by spraying until run-off. Very hot, dry conditions existed at the time of treatment. At 4 DAT, the marked terminals were counted again. Mortality was corrected by using Abbott’s formula. Evaluations of spray oils against egg stages were done in a similar manner. Twelve recently laid egg masses for each treatment were marked and sprays were applied 28 Jul. After all eggs had hatched, egg masses were removed and examined in the laboratory.

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6

Johnson, Warren T. "Horticultural Oils". Journal of Environmental Horticulture 3, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 1985): 188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-3.4.188.

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Horticultural oils are among the safest of pesticides. Lack of product identification through the label makes it difficult for the field user to know what product was actually used in experimental studies. A minimum standard for product identification is suggested. Phytotoxicity, while relatively uncommon, continues to cause fears on the part of nurserymen and spray contractors. Factors that must be taken into account before spraying oil include dosage, timing with regard to plant phenological development and climatic conditions, and an awareness of sensitive plant species. A list of sensitive plants is given. A new expression of pesticide resistance through the thickening of the test of certain armored scales was observed.

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7

Aini, Resmi, Rina Widiastuti y Nuha Afra Nadhifa. "UJI EFEKTIFITAS FORMULA SPRAY DARI MINYAK ATSIRI HERBA KEMANGI (Ocimum Sanctum L ) SEBAGAI REPELLENT NYAMUK Aedes aegypti". Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung 2, n.º 2 (27 de enero de 2017): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.51352/jim.v2i2.66.

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Dengue fever is transmitted by the bite of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected with denguevirus. Preparations antinyamuk much use of harmful chemicals such as DEET (diethylmetatoluamide) and permethrin that can lead to pollution of the environment, leavingno residue and cause resistance to the drug. To determine the activity of essential oils from herbs basil (Ocimum Sanctum L) in the preparation of spray as a mosquito repellent and determine the effective concentrationof the spray.This type of research is True experiment with design Post Test Only Control Group Design. Repellent activity was observed by means of spray is sprayed on the back of the hand probandus, then tested on female mosquitoes with the introduction into the cage containing20 mosquitoes each treatment. Spray essential oils showed repellent activity of Aedes aegypti with a value of correlation r = 0.964 higher concentration of essential oils the fewer mosquitoes that land. Spray herbal essential oil of basil (Ocimum basilicum L) has a repellent activitycompared to the negative control. The effectiveness of the herb basil essential oil sprayobtainedat 74.131 ppm lC50 and lC90 of 775.711 ppm

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8

Nguyen, Thi Thu Trang, Thi Van Anh Le, Nhu Ngoc Dang, Dan Chi Nguyen, Phu Thuong Nhan Nguyen, Thanh Truc Tran, Quang Vinh Nguyen, Long Giang Bach y Dung Thuy Nguyen Pham. "Microencapsulation of Essential Oils by Spray-Drying and Influencing Factors". Journal of Food Quality 2021 (24 de junio de 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5525879.

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Essential oils (EOs) are known as any aromatic oily organic substances which are naturally synthesized in plants. Exhibiting a broad range of biological activities, EOs have played a key role in numerous industries for ages, including pharmaceutical, textile, and food. However, the volatility and high sensitivity to environmental influences pose challenges to the application of EOs on industrial scale. Microencapsulation via the spray-drying method is one of the promising techniques to overcome these challenges, thanks to the presence of wall materials that properly protect the core EOs from oxidation and evaporation. By optimization of key factors related to the infeed emulsion properties and spray-drying process, the encapsulation efficiency and retention of encapsulated EOs could be significantly improved, thus allowing a wide range of EO applications. This review attempts to discuss on different determining factors of the spray-drying process to develop an effective encapsulation formula for EOs. Furthermore, recent applications of encapsulated EOs in the fields of foods, pharmaceuticals, and textile industries are also thoroughly addressed.

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9

Furness, Geoffrey O., David A. Walker, Paul G. Johnson y Louis A. Riehl. "High resolution g.l.c. specifications for plant spray oils". Pesticide Science 18, n.º 2 (1987): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.2780180205.

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10

Utami, Faikah Dyah y Arif Budi Setianto. "AKTIVITAS REPELLENT FORMULASI SEDIAAN SPRAY KOMBINASI MINYAK ATSIRI SERAI (Cymbopogon winterianus), DAUN KEMANGI (Ocimum basilicum) DAN NILAM (Pogostemon Cablin) BESERTA UJI PREFERENSINYA". Jurnal Ilmiah Ibnu Sina (JIIS): Ilmu Farmasi dan Kesehatan 6, n.º 1 (30 de marzo de 2021): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.36387/jiis.v6i1.631.

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Plants that are played as mosquito repellents, one of which is plants that contain essential oils, such as lemongrass, basil and patchouli. As an effort to make it easier to use, this research will make a spray repellent preparation with a combination of active ingredients from essential oils of lemongrass, basil and patchouli. The research methods included making a spray repellent using essential oils of lemongrass, basil, patchouli every 0.1 ml (5 concentrations %), 0.2 ml (10% concentration), 0.3 ml (15% concentration) and the additives 1ml Propylene glycol and 5 ml 96% Ethanol which functions as a solvent. The experiment used five treatments, namely: Negative control (Kn), Formula A (0.1ml), Formula B (0.2ml), Formula C (0.3ml), and Positive Control (Kp). The parameters tested included pH test, patch test, organoleptic, specific gravity, emulsion stability, preference and percentage of protective power. The protective power test was carried out 10 times from each treatment for 6 hours of observation (0-1 hours, 1-2 hours, 2-3 hours, 3-4 hours, 4-5 hours and 5-6 hours). The results showed that the best spray expulsion treatment was formula B with a concentration of 10% (0.2 ml)

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11

Kallsen, Craig E. "Petroleum Oils as Navel Orange Fruit Thinning Agents". HortTechnology 11, n.º 2 (enero de 2001): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.11.2.189.

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The potential of petroleum sprays to thin navel orange (Citrus sinensis) crops in the San Joaquin Valley of California was examined in 1996, 1997 and 1998. Petroleum oils had not been used within the experimental site as adjuvants in other sprays or as pesticides in the previous year or during the experiment. `Bonanza' navel oranges trees were treated annually or in alternate years with a light narrow-range petroleum oil [distillation midpoint of 415 °F (213 °C)], a medium narrow-range oil [distillation midpoint of 440 °F (227 °C)] and/or heavier oil [distillation midpoint 470 °F (247 °C)] in a range of applications from 5 to 15% by volume in a total spray volume of 200 gal/acre (1870 L·ha-1). Trees treated with oil in 1996, 1997 and 1998 had 38% and 27% fewer fruit per tree in 1997 and 1998, respectively compared to trees not treated with oil indicating that crop thinning had occurred. In 1998, yield was lower in the trees that had been treated with oil annually for three consecutive years. Consecutive, annual applications of petroleum oil applied 1 to 3 weeks after petal fall produced a shift from smaller fruit sizes to larger fruit sizes beginning the second year.

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12

dos Santos, Fábio N., Jandyson M. Santos, Paulo R. R. Mesquita, Karla B. Oliveira, Frederico M. Rodrigues, Wilson A. Lopes y Marcos N. Eberlin. "Immediate differentiation of unusual seed oils by easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry and chemometric analysis". Analytical Methods 8, n.º 18 (2016): 3681–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ay03061g.

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13

HAMMAMI, Hossein, Mohammad Hassan RASHED MOHASSEL, Mehdi PARSA, Mohammad BANNAYAN-AVAL y Eskandar ZAND. "Effect of Simulated Radiation on Sethoxydim Performance Used with and without Vegetable Oils". Notulae Scientia Biologicae 6, n.º 4 (8 de diciembre de 2014): 460–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb649316.

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The photodecomposition of post emergence herbicides on leaf surface can be affected via adding vegetable oils to spray tank. Nine vegetable oils were compared to assess the photodecomposition of sethoxydim on wild oat leaf surface under simulated light conditions. The experiment was conducted as completely randomized factorial design with three replications at the College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in 2013. Each herbicidal solution (with and without vegetable oil) was exposed to simulated light at 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, 120 and 240 MAS (min after spray), for 30 min. The performance of sethoxydim in the presence of turnip, olive, soybean, corn, sunflower, canola, sesame, castor and cotton seed oils, compared to non-vegetable oil solution, increased up to 4.02-, 3.44-, 3.22-, 3.08-, 2.86-, 2.09-, 1.96-, 1.77- and 1.25- fold. All vegetable oils significantly improved the resistance of sethoxydim to light treatment. The effect of vegetable oils on the resistance to photodecomposition of sethoxydim was significant different at less than 60 MAS, while no significant differences were noted among vegetable oils when light treatment occurred at 120 and 240 MAS. Data from the light treatments have confirmed that when vegetable oils were added to sethoxydim, light adverse effect was lower, which is presumably due to disturbance of the cuticule and the rapid absorption of sethoxydim by wild oat leaves. Vegetable oils fatty acids composition effect the resistance to photodecomposition of sethoxydim, as with increasing the unsaturated fatty acid values, the resistance to photodecomposition was improved.

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14

Gaskin, R. E., B. H. Rohitha y P. T. Holland. "Control of insect pests in persimmon with spray oils". Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 49 (1 de agosto de 1996): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1996.49.11405.

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15

Veiga, Ruth Dos Santos Da, Rosana Aparecida Da Silva-Buzanello, Marinês Paula Corso y Cristiane Canan. "Essential oils microencapsulated obtained by spray drying: a review". Journal of Essential Oil Research 31, n.º 6 (20 de mayo de 2019): 457–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2019.1612788.

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16

Broadley, Roger. "Spray Oils Beyond 2000 - Sustainable Pest and Disease Management". Australian Journal of Entomology 43, n.º 1 (febrero de 2004): 96–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.2003.00388.x.

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17

Jóźwiak, D. y A. Szlęk. "Ignition characteristics of vegetable fuel oils in fuel spray". Journal of the Energy Institute 80, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2007): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174602207x174360.

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18

Chai, Xiang Hua, Ke Gang Wu, Ruo Hui Lin y Xiao Li Liu. "Studies on Oxidative Stability of Microencapsulated Oils Rich in Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids". Advanced Materials Research 236-238 (mayo de 2011): 2516–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.2516.

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To evaluate oxidative stability of microencapsulated oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, the change of peroxide value (POV) during storage was investigated. Microencapsulated oils were prepared by spray drying emulsions containing oils rich in docosahexaenoic acid or arachidonic acid, caseinate, modified starch and maltodextrin. Results showed that oxidative stability and initial POV of oils, packing and storage temperature all affected markedly oxidative stability of microencapsulated oils. It is necessary for obtaining stable microencapsulated oils to choose oils of high oxidative stability and low initial POV, reduce oxygen content in wrapper and lower storage temperature. Basing on our findings, six stages of the oxidation of microencapsulated oils were suggested as compared with three stages of the oxidation of oils. It is very important for the oxidative stability and shelf-life to extend the first and the forth stages, shorten the second and the third stages, and avoid the fifth and the sixth stages during oxidation of microencapsulated oils.

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19

Ben-Arye, Eran, Nativ Dudai, Anat Eini, Moshe Torem, Elad Schiff y Yoseph Rakover. "Treatment of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Primary Care: A Randomized Study Using Aromatic Herbs". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/690346.

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This study is a prospective randomized double-blind controlled trial whose aim was to investigate the clinical effects of aromatic essential oils in patients with upper respiratory tract infections. The trial was conducted in six primary care clinics in northern Israel. A spray containing aromatic essential oils of five plants (Eucalyptus citriodora, Eucalyptus globulus, Mentha piperita, Origanum syriacum,andRosmarinus officinalis)as applied 5 times a day for 3 days and compared with a placebo spray. The main outcome measure was patient assessment of the change in severity of the most debilitating symptom (sore throat, hoarseness or cough). Sixty patients participated in the study (26 in the study group and 34 in the control group). Intention-to-treat analysis showed that 20 minutes following the spray use, participants in the study group reported a greater improvement in symptom severity compared to participants in the placebo group (). There was no difference in symptom severity between the two groups after 3 days of treatment (). In conclusion, spray application of five aromatic plants reported in this study brings about significant and immediate improvement in symptoms of upper respiratory ailment. This effect is not significant after 3 days of treatment.

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20

Nedwed, Tim, Gerard P. Canevari, James R. Clark y Randy Belore. "NEW DISPERSANT DELIVERED AS A GEL". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, n.º 1 (1 de mayo de 2008): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-121.

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ABSTRACT Recent research has led to a next-generation dispersant that potentially provides significant improvements for all spill scenarios where dispersants are an option in addition to extending dispersant use to oils previously considered too viscous. The new dispersant is formulated as a positively buoyant viscous gel with the consistency of honey. This allows delivery as a spray of large (up to 0.5 cm) droplets that are persistent in breaking-wave conditions and adhere to an oil slick rather than being washed off as do many commercial dispersants. The new formulation is roughly 90% active ingredient while currently available dispersants are at most 40–50% active ingredient with the remainder being a solvent. Wave-basin tests indicate that the increases in dispersant viscosity and active ingredient content allow the new dispersant to treat conventional oils with very low dispersant-to-oil ratios (as low as 1:100 or lower) and disperse oils currently considered too viscous. The new formulation dispersed heavy California crude oils and heavy fuel oil collected after the Prestige spill significantly better than a commercial dispersant in wave-basin and lab tests. Responders did not attempt to use dispersants on the Prestige spill because they considered the oil too viscous. The new dispersant also includes advances not readily evaluated in basin tests. It is a white gel-like material that visually contrasts with oil allowing response personnel to immediately evaluate slick coverage after application. Application as buoyant, pea-size droplets can reduce spray drift and increase delivery accuracy. The large, persistent, and buoyant droplets allow the new dispersant to penetrate slicks after initial contact or even miss the slick altogether but remain intact and floating near the oil allowing re-contact with the slick. Aircrafts apply most conventional dispersants as small 300–700 µm droplets. The conventional-dispersant spray is not visible after application, and the small droplets are susceptible to spray drift in turbulent wind conditions. The advances provided by the new dispersant - those shown by basin tests and the expected field application improvements - may more than triple the capacity of a single plane load of dispersant, and disperse oils currently considered too viscous either because of naturally high viscosity, weathering, emulsification, or cold temperatures.

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Wood, B. W. y J. A. Payne. "SUPPRESSION OF PECAN NET PHOTOSYNTHESIS BY CROP OILS". Journal of Entomological Science 21, n.º 3 (1 de julio de 1986): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-21.3.201.

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A single foliar spray treatment to both fields and greenhouse adapted pecan, Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch, leaves with either 70 sec petroleum oil or peanut, corn, soybean, or sunflower oils (all oils formulated as a stock with 3% Triton-X) suppressed net photosynthesis (Pn) for 1 to 21 days posttreatment. Crop oils were no more detrimental than petroleum oil in causing Pn suppression. Pn physiology of field acclimated foliage was much more resistant to oil induced damage than greenhouse adapted foliage. Triton-X alone did not adversely influence Pn of pecan.

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22

Sayed, Atef, Robert Behle, Kari Tiilikkala y Steven Vaughn. "Insecticidal activity of bio-oils and biochar as pyrolysis products and their combination with microbial agents against agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)". Pesticidi i fitomedicina 33, n.º 1 (2018): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1801039s.

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Pyrolysis technology for producing biochar and bio-oils can be used as a potential alternative to make biopesticides, which are urgently needed in integrated pest management (IPM). Insecticidal activity of three components of bio-oils: aqueous, organic and their mixture, was evaluated individually and with three different entomopathogens: the baculovirus Agrotis ipsilon nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgipMNPV), bacterium Bacillus thuringensis var. kurstaki (Bt) and fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bb) against black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel). The effect of alkaline conditions of spray-dried biochar was studied simultaneously with the microbial pathogens. Our bioassay results indicated that the organic bio-oil phase was the most active, causing 100% mortality after 24 h, when the median lethal toxicity values LC50s (mg/ml) were found. However, the bio-oil fractions applied alone tended to cause higher mortality of the exposed larvae than did either mix with the microbial agents. Also, the results revealed that maximum mortalities were found in spray-dried formulations made with biochar at pH 7.1. It was concluded that pyrolysis oils are effective insecticides, and biochar could be a useful additive in production and formulation of biopesticides. This interesting finding further promotes the use of pyrolysis bio-oils and biochar compounds as eco-friendly alternatives to replace conventional pesticides.

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Pilicheva, Bissera, Yordanka Uzunova y Plamen Katsarov. "Comparative Study on Microencapsulation of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) and Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) Essential Oils via Spray-Drying Technique". Molecules 26, n.º 24 (9 de diciembre de 2021): 7467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247467.

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Essential oils have been studied for various applications, including for therapeutic purposes. There is extensive literature regarding their properties; however, their low stability limits their application. Generally, the microencapsulation of essential oils allows enhanced stability and enables the potential incorporation in solid dosage forms. Lavender and peppermint oils were encapsulated in microparticles using a spray-drying technique under optimized conditions: 170 °C temperature, 35 m3/h aspiration volume flow, and 7.5 mL/min feed flow. Arabic gum and maltodextrin were used as coating polymers individually in varying concentrations from 5 to 20% (w/v) and in combination. The microparticles were studied for morphology, particle size, oil content, and flowability. The formulated powder particles showed a high yield of 71 to 84%, mean diameter 2.41 to 5.99 µm, and total oil content of up to 10.80%. The results showed that both the wall material type and concentration, as well as the type of essential oil, significantly affected the encapsulation process and the final particle characteristics. Our study has demonstrated that the encapsulation of lavender and peppermint oils in Arabic gum/maltodextrin microparticles by spray-drying represents a feasible approach for the conversion of liquids into solids regarding their further use in powder technology.

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24

Tretter, Sandra y Ralf S. Mueller. "The Influence of Topical Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Essential Oils on Normal and Atopic Dogs". Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 47, n.º 4 (1 de julio de 2011): 236–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-5607.

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Seven dogs with atopic dermatitis and six normal dogs were treated with a spot-on product containing essential oils and unsaturated fatty acids q 7 days for 8 wk. Seven additional atopic dogs received a daily spray containing similar ingredients to the spot-on. In all dogs, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured before and after treatment using a closed chamber device. In atopic dogs, a validated lesion score (canine atopic dermatitis extent and severity index, CADESI) was determined and pruritus was assessed with a visual analog scale before and after treatment. The mean CADESI scores in atopic dogs decreased with the spot-on (P=0.0043) and with the spray (P=0.0366). Similarly, the pruritus scores decreased with the spot-on (P=0.266) and with the spray (P=0.0177). There was a significant difference between the TEWL values of healthy and atopic dogs on the abdomen (P=0.0181) and back (P=0.0123). TEWL decreased significantly on the back after treatment with the spray (P=0.016), but not on the abdomen (P=0.078). Adverse effects were not observed. The results of this pilot study indicate that topical fatty acids and essential oils are a useful treatment option for canine atopic dermatitis.

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Shrimpton, J. S. y A. J. Yule. "Drop Size and Velocity Measurements in an Electrostatically Produced Hydrocarbon Spray". Journal of Fluids Engineering 120, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 1998): 580–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2820703.

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Liquid hydrocarbons are difficult to atomize electrostatically at practical flow rates due to their high resistivities and low concentration of charge carriers. However special “charge injection” techniques have been used in this investigation to produce combustible sprays of oils. An experimental investigation of the drop size and velocity distributions within a charged kerosine spray is presented, using a PDA system and photographic methods. Bimodal size distributions are found with a central core of larger drops or ligament formations near the nozzle surrounded by a sheath of smaller drops. Because of the bimodal character the concept of average diameter for the spray is difficult to apply so that there is little practical use defining a relationship between mean drop diameter and mean specific charge without a knowledge of a relationship between charge and size of individual drops. Examination of the velocity component distributions showed the processes which control the two-zone characteristics of the spray. The larger drops have a high inertia and were less deflected by the space charge force within the spray and it is argued that the larger drops possess a smaller specific charge compared with the smaller drops which reinforces the tendency for the large drops to remain along the spray centreline. For the smaller drops the converse is the case, to the extent that at low flow rates their trajectories have a negligible axial velocity component and recirculation toward the earthed injector body is observed.

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26

Jafari, Seid Mahdi, Elham Assadpoor, Yinghe He y Bhesh Bhandari. "Encapsulation Efficiency of Food Flavours and Oils during Spray Drying". Drying Technology 26, n.º 7 (julio de 2008): 816–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373930802135972.

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27

Adamiec, Janusz y Danuta Kalemba. "Analysis of Microencapsulation Ability of Essential Oils during Spray Drying". Drying Technology 24, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2006): 1127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373930600778288.

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Luna-Guevara, J. J., C. E. Ochoa-Velasco, P. Hernández-Carranza y J. A. Guerrero-Beltrán. "Microencapsulation of walnut, peanut and pecan oils by spray drying". Food Structure 12 (abril de 2017): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foostr.2017.04.001.

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29

Deshmukh, D., A. Madan Mohan, T. N. C. Anand y R. V. Ravikrishna. "Spray characterization of straight vegetable oils at high injection pressures". Fuel 97 (julio de 2012): 879–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.01.078.

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30

Hicks, B. J. "Optimization of Beauveria bassiana in a spray formulation against Choristoneura fumiferana". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 46, n.º 4 (abril de 2016): 543–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0435.

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Most mycoinsecticides require a carrier of natural or synthetic oils for them to be effective when sprayed on forest-defoliating caterpillars such as the eastern spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens)). Two isolates of Beauveria bassiana conidia were formulated in natural (vegetable) and synthetic (mineral) oils and tested against late instar larvae of the budworm. Topical application showed the ARSEF 1850 isolate to be more effective than a commercially available strain. Additional laboratory spray trials using a hand-held spinning disc sprayer showed that the ARSEF 1850 natural oil formulation significantly increased mortality when compared with controls. The use of oil-formulated B. bassiana conidia should be considered for future budworm management under the integrated pest management of this pest in North America.

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31

Ramdani, Chaimae, Karim El Fakhouri, Mohamed Sbaghi, Rachid Bouharroud, Rachid Boulamtat, Abderrahim Aasfar, Abdelhalim Mesfioui y Mustapha El Bouhssini. "Chemical Composition and Insecticidal Potential of Six Essential Oils from Morocco against Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell) under Field and Laboratory Conditions". Insects 12, n.º 11 (9 de noviembre de 2021): 1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12111007.

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The carmine cochineal Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell) is the major insect pest of the prickly-pear cactus Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) in Morocco. The present study investigated the insecticidal activities of six essential oils (EOs) against nymphs and adult females of D. opuntiae applied singly or in combination with a detergent under laboratory and field conditions. Under laboratory conditions, M. pulegium and O. vulgare L. essential oils showed a high level of insecticidal activity at 5%, with 98% and 92% females’ mortality, respectively, 5 days after treatments. The M. pulegium and O. vulgaris oils at 5% applied in combination with black soap at (60 g/L) induced the highest toxic activity on adult females, 100% and 96% at 5 days after treatments, respectively. Under field conditions, M. pulegium and O. vulgare oils at 5% in combination with black soap (60 g/L) showed the highest adult female mortalities with 96.33 and 92.56%, respectively, 7 days after the first application. The double application of M. pulegium oil at 5% significantly increased the mortality of adult females up to 91%, 5 days after the second spray. GC-MS analysis revealed that the most abundant constituent of M. pulegium and O. vulgare oils was pulegone (84.69%) and durenol (76.53%), respectively. These findings showed that the use of M. pulegium and O. vulgare in combination with black soap or in double sprays could be incorporated in the management package for the control of the wild cochineal D. opuntiae, as a safe and natural alternative to chemical insecticides.

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32

Baxendale, R. W. y W. T. Johnson. "Evaluation of Summer Oil Spray on Amenity Plants". Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 14, n.º 9 (1 de septiembre de 1988): 220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1988.053.

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Scattered but persistent questions concerning the pesticidal efficacy and potential phytotoxicity of horticultural oils applied to woody and herbaceous plants in verdant condition prompted a continuing evaluation of the superior oil product Sunspray 6E. Fifty-one species commonly grown as ornamentals were evaluated for foliar phytotoxicity and efficacy against a wide range of arthropod pests. Treatment with 3% oil proved to be highly effective against aphid, scale, mite and other pest infestations. Phytotoxicity was limited to certain species of deciduous nut trees.

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33

Assadpour, Elham y Seid Mahdi Jafari. "Advances in Spray-Drying Encapsulation of Food Bioactive Ingredients: From Microcapsules to Nanocapsules". Annual Review of Food Science and Technology 10, n.º 1 (25 de marzo de 2019): 103–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-032818-121641.

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Many natural food bioactive ingredients are sensitive to processing and environmental conditions and thus it is necessary to improve their stability to create products with long shelf lives. Encapsulation by spray drying is a widely used economical strategy to tackle this issue, and many scientists and manufacturers are using it in their research, development, and production activities. In this review, the spray-drying process is described, as are recent trends in the encapsulation of fish oils, essential fatty acids, probiotics, phenolic compounds, and natural food colorants. The formulation and process conditions used in previous research and the results obtained are tabulated. Also, new innovations in bioactive encapsulation using nano–spray drying are described.

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Souza, Sônia Júlia Oliveira de, Leonardo Luiz Borges, Tatiana de Sousa Fiuza, Suzana Ferreira Alves, Luiz Carlos da Cunha, Jerônimo Raimundo de Oliveira Neto, Stone de Sá, Joelma Abadia Marciano de Paula y José Realino de Paula. "Optimization of drying parameters in the microencapsulation of volatile oil from Spiranthera odoratissima leaves". Research, Society and Development 10, n.º 4 (24 de abril de 2021): e57510414322. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i4.14322.

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Spiranthera odoratissima A. St.-Hil. (Rutaceae), "manacá", is popularly used for head, muscle aches, rheumatism and, stomach, uterine, renal and liver disorders. The aims of this study were to investigate the physico-chemical and morphological properties of microencapsulated powder of volatile oil from S. odoratissima leaves, optimize the drying process and verify the influence of drying parameters on microencapsulation by spray-drying. The volatile oils from leaves were extracting by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger type apparatus and analyzed by GC/MS. The emulsions were prepared and spray-dried. Box-Behnken experimental model was used for optimize the effects of drying parameters on the encapsulation responses. The β-caryophyllene content in the microcapsules was determined by HPLC. The results suggest that the best operational conditions for the atomization drying of S. odoratissima volatile oil were inlet temperature of 158°C, feed flow of 0.25L/h and drying nozzle diameter of 0.7mm. These results reveal the technological potential of the microcapsules obtained from S. odoratissima volatile oils.

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35

Cranshaw, Whitney S., Liz Bergey y Darryl Patrick. "Control of Pine Needle Scale with Spray Oils, Ft. Collins, 1988". Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 14, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1989): 352–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/14.1.352a.

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Abstract Plots were located at the City of Ft. Collins Timberline Road nursery. Trees were 12-15 ft high and had an advanced infestation of pine needle scale. Plots were single branches and plot design was a randomized complete block with 5 replications. Applications of oil were made using a hand-operated mister applied to individual branches to run-off. Applications against the first generation of the pine needle scale were made 25 May, shortly after settled scales were noted on older needles. Evaluations of mortality were made by examining 10 older needles 1 inch and 3 inches back from the new growth on 13 Jul, at the end of the first generation. A second application was made 4 Aug on 6 previously untreated terminals of the trees. Plot design was a randomized complete block with 6 replications. Recently settled scales from the second generation were observed on current season growth. Evaluations were made 28 Sep by counting all scales on 3 terminals of each treated branch.

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36

Kelly, Grace M., James A. O’Mahony, Alan L. Kelly y Donal J. O’Callaghan. "Physical characteristics of spray-dried dairy powders containing different vegetable oils". Journal of Food Engineering 122 (febrero de 2014): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.08.028.

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37

El-Mougy, Nehal. "Effect of Some Essential Oils for Limiting Early Blight (Alternaria Solani) Development in Potato Field". Journal of Plant Protection Research 49, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2009): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10045-009-0008-2.

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Effect of Some Essential Oils for Limiting Early Blight (Alternaria Solani) Development in Potato FieldThe fungicidal effect of some essential oils againstAlternaria solanione of the species that cause early blight of potato was evaluated underin vitroand field conditions. Effect of carnation, caraway, thyme oils and the chemical fungicide Ridomil MZ 72 at various concentrations on mycelial growth ofA. solaniwas tested. Carnation oil had the strongest and most extensive inhibitory effect on fungal growth. Slightly less effective were caraway and thyme oils followed by the chemical fungicide. Extended field trails for two cultivation seasons proved that the application of essential oils twice as foliar spray had a superior effect to the fungicide treatment for reducing the early blight incidence comparing with untreated control. An opposite relationship between the disease incidence and concentrations of applied essential oils was observed. The increase in potato yield also followed the same trend. The highest reduction in disease incidence and yield increase was recorded in treatments with 1% of carnation, caraway and thyme oils in descending order. Ridomil MZ 72 applied at the dose recommended by manufactories had a low effect in this regard. Essential oils treatments might be used as easily applied, safe and cost effective control methods against such plant diseases.

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38

Walsh, Douglas B. y Gary G. Grove. "Repellency and Repulsiveness of Selected Agrichemicals to the Two-Spotted Spider Mite (Tetranychus urticae) on Grape Foliage". Plant Health Progress 6, n.º 1 (enero de 2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2005-1228-01-rs.

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Leaf disk and whole leaf bioassays were conducted to evaluate the repellency and repulsiveness of selected fungicides, insecticides, spray adjuvants, and petroleum-derived spray oils (PDSO) to the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus Urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Compounds were evaluated for their ability to stimulate the movement of T. urticae from treated to nontreated grape tissue (repellency) and to inhibit their movement from untreated to treated tissue (repulsiveness). All insecticides other than Bacillus thuringiensis and some fungicides were highly repellent. Several insecticides and fungicides, and all spray adjuvants, were highly repulsive. We conclude that many agrichemicals are irritating to two-spotted spider mites and may impact their spatial dynamics within plant canopies. Accepted for publication 7 November 2005. Published 28 December 2005.

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39

Scott, William P., Joseph E. Mulrooney y Alvin R. Womac. "Mortality of Susceptible and Resistant Heliothis virescens Larvae Exposed to Various Petroleum Oils and Insecticide Rates". Journal of Entomological Science 29, n.º 4 (1 de octubre de 1994): 466–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-29.4.466.

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Spray table tests with cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. leaves demonstrated that petroleum oil/diluent residues caused higher mortality in laboratory susceptible tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens L., larvae than in a laboratory resistant strain. Paraffinic diluents with bifenthrin caused higher mortality of the susceptible and resistant larvae under conditions of long-term exposure to spray residues than bifenthrin in an isoparaffinic oil or an aromatic solvent. None of the bifenthrin-oil treatments increased mortality above water-bifenthrin in either resistant or susceptible strains.

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40

Chasquibol, Nancy A., Gabriela Gallardo, Raquel B. Gómez-Coca, Diego Trujillo, Wenceslao Moreda y M. Carmen Pérez-Camino. "Glyceridic and Unsaponifiable Components of Microencapsulated Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia huayllabambana L. and Plukenetia volubilis L.) Edible Oils". Foods 8, n.º 12 (12 de diciembre de 2019): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8120671.

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Sacha inchi (Plukenetia huayllabambana L. and Plukenetia volubilis L.) edible oils were microencapsulated and the lipid fraction of the microparticles was characterized. Hi-cap®, Capsule®, Arabic gum, and the binary combination of Arabic gum + maltodextrin and the ternary combination of Arabic gum + maltodextrin + whey protein isolate, were used as coating materials for the encapsulation process using spray-drying. The surface and the total oils obtained from the microparticles were evaluated in terms of fatty acid composition, minor glyceride polar compounds, polymers, oxidized triglycerides, diglycerides, monoglycerides, and free fatty acids, along with their unsaponifiable components, sterols, and tocopherols. Differences between the original oils and the microencapsulated ones were determined. The most remarkable results included the presence of polymers when there were none in the original oils, the slight loss in ω3-fatty acids, up to 6%, the loss in tocopherols, in some of the cases around 30%, the maintaining of the phytosterol in their initial levels and the presence of cholesterol in the oils encapsulated with whey protein isolate.

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41

Panchasara, Heena y Nanjappa Ashwath. "Effects of Pyrolysis Bio-Oils on Fuel Atomisation—A Review". Energies 14, n.º 4 (3 de febrero de 2021): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14040794.

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Bio-oils produced by biomass pyrolysis are substantially different from those produced by petroleum-based fuels and biodiesel. However, they could serve as valuable alternatives to fossil fuels to achieve carbon neutral future. The literature review indicates that the current use of bio-oils in gas turbines and compression-ignition (diesel) engines is limited due to problems associated with atomisation and combustion. The review also identifies the progress made in pyrolysis bio-oil spray combustion via standardisation of fuel properties, optimising atomisation and combustion, and understanding long-term reliability of engines. The key strategies that need to be adapted to efficiently atomise and combust bio-oils include, efficient atomisation techniques such as twin fluid atomisation, pressure atomisation and more advanced and novel effervescent atomisation, fuel and air preheating, flame stabilization using swrilers, and filtering the solid content from the pyrolysis oils. Once these strategies are implemented, bio-oils can enhance combustion efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Overall, this study clearly indicates that pyrolysis bio-oils have the ability to substitute fossil fuels, but fuel injection problems need to be tackled in order to insure proper atomisation and combustion of the fuel.

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42

Zhang, Pingyuan y Bruce E. Branham. "Measurement of foliar spray retention on creeping bentgrass". Weed Technology 33, n.º 6 (19 de agosto de 2019): 827–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2019.60.

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AbstractExperiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of spray volume, nozzle type, adjuvants, the presence of dew, and their interactions on foliar retention of creeping bentgrass. Tartrazine, a common food dye, was used as a tracer in this study. Increasing spray volume from 95 L ha−1 to 1,500 L ha−1 decreased foliar retention efficiency from 98% to approximately 85%. Compared with flat-fan nozzles, air-induction nozzles delivered similar retention efficiency at all spray volumes evaluated. However, flat-fan nozzles provided higher uniformity and more thorough coverage. Adding nonionic surfactants, organosilicone adjuvants, or methylated seed oils at typical concentrations yielded retention efficiency of approximately 90% to 93% regardless of spray volumes. In contrast, with water alone, increasing spray volume reduced retention efficiency from 95.9% to 87.3%. Simulated dew applied at 1,950 L ha−1 increased retention efficiency by approximately 3% when spray application volume was 190 L ha−1, while no difference was observed at 750 L ha−1. The presence of dew reduced the impact of adjuvants on retention efficiency. Large quantities of dew, 3,800 L ha−1, did reduce retention efficiency.

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43

Barbella, R., F. Beretta, A. Ciajolo, A. D'Alessio, M. V. Prati y R. Tamai. "Spray-swirl interaction and early pyrolysis of kerosene and light oils spray flames produced by simplex pressure atomizer". Symposium (International) on Combustion 22, n.º 1 (enero de 1989): 1983–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0082-0784(89)80213-9.

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44

Brockman, Robert, Ryan Kuesel, Kendall Archer, Kyla O'Hearn, Neil Wilson, Delia Scott, Mark Williams, Ricardo Bessin y David Gonthier. "The Impact of Plant Essential Oils and Fine Mesh Row Covers on Flea Beetle (Chrysomelidae) Management in Brassicaceous Greens Production". Insects 11, n.º 10 (19 de octubre de 2020): 714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11100714.

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Brassicaceous leafy greens are an important crop for small growers but are difficult to produce due to damage by flea beetles. Flea beetles are problematic for growers as they chew many small holes through leaves rendering produce unmarketable. We tested the efficacy of several essential oils, the woven-mesh row cover ProtekNet, and the spunbonded row cover Agribon, compared to organic and conventional insecticides and no spray controls in the spring and fall of 2019. We found that the two row cover treatments (Agribon and ProtekNet) provided the best control of flea beetles and associated damage. Thyme oil was highly phytotoxic and killed the crop entirely and rosemary and neem essential oils caused mild phytotoxic burns. Organic insecticides rarely performed better than the no spray control. While conventional insecticides controlled most flea beetles, the crop was often still too highly damaged to sell. The results of our study suggest row covers offer producers an effective method of flea beetle control that reduces their dependence on insecticides for conventional and organic production.

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45

Hanks, James E. y Chester G. McWhorter. "Variables Affecting the Use of Positive Displacement Pumps to Apply Herbicides in Ultralow Volume". Weed Technology 5, n.º 1 (marzo de 1991): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00033364.

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Water and paraffinic oils were used to determine variables that affect positive displacement pumps used to meter liquid flow in an air-assist spray system. Components needed to construct an air-assist spray system were described for use in spray chambers and on a tractor for field application of herbicides in ultralow volume (ULV). The flow rate of the pump varied less than 2% for the water and oil as the pump setting was varied from 0 to 100% of the pump's capacity. Linear relationships were shown for both liquids as the voltage input varied from 4 to 13 volts. Air pressures to 100 kPa and liquid temperatures to 35 C did not affect flow rate of the pump. Volume median diameter of the spray droplets decreased from 295 μm to 77 μm and 159 μm to 85 μm for water and paraffinic oil, respectively, as the air pressure was adjusted from 14 to 110 kPa.

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46

Grove, G. G., R. J. Boal y L. H. Bennett. "Managing Powdery Mildew of Cherry in Washington Orchards and Nurseries with Spray Oils". Plant Health Progress 1, n.º 1 (enero de 2000): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2000-0728-01-rs.

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Powdery mildew of sweet cherry is the most serious disease in irrigated orchards and nurseries of Washington. The fungus infects foliage and fruit, but fruit infections are of primary concern due to the potential for rejection of entire crops. Development of resistance to demethylation inhibiting (DMI) fungicides in the mid-1990s increased the difficulty in controlling this disease. Orchard mildew management programs that utilize oils, DMI and strobilurin fungicides have been developed for use in eastern Washington. A growth stage (phenology)/calendar-based program provides excellent disease control, utilizes three fungicidal modes of action, and minimizes oil-induced fruit and foliar phytotoxicity by limiting oil use to no later than the pit hardening stage. A second approach that utilizes oils in a temperature-based disease forecasting system provides excellent disease control with fewer fungicide applications. Accepted for publication 19 July 2000. Published 28 July 2000.

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47

Retzlaff, W. A., W. W. Barnett, L. E. Williams y T. M. DeJong. "Ozone Air Pollution Increases Petroleum Spray Oil Phytotoxicity". HortScience 29, n.º 2 (febrero de 1994): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.2.93.

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Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindel. `Casselman') trees exposed to three atmospheric ozone partial pressure treatments were sprayed with a summer application of Volck Supreme oil (1% aqueous solution) to control an outbreak of spider mites (Tetranychus spp.). Phytotoxic effects were observed on the foliage of trees in the plots exposed to ambient or higher atmospheric ozone partial pressures 5 days following spray application. Foliage on trees exposed to 0.044 and 0.081 μPa·Pa-1 ozone [12-h mean (8 Apr. to 12 June 1992)] partial pressures developed water spotting and more foliage abscission than trees exposed to charcoal-filtered air (0.024 μPa·Pa-1 ozone). Thus, ozone air-pollution stress may predispose plants to increased phytotoxicity from summer oils.

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48

Syvertsen, J. P. y M. Salyani. "Petroleum Spray Oil Effects on Net Gas Exchange of Grapefruit Leaves at Various Vapor Pressures". HortScience 26, n.º 2 (febrero de 1991): 168–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.2.168.

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The effects of three highly refined petroleum spray oils and of ambient vapor pressure on net CO2 assimilation (A) and stomatal conductance of water vapor (gs) of single grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) leaves were investigated. Overall, gs of various-aged leaves was decreased by a large leaf-to-air vapor pressure difference (VPD). In the first experiment, oils with midpoint distillation temperatures (50% DT) of 224, 235, and 247C were applied with a hand atomizer at concentrations of 0, 1%, and 4% oil emulsions in water and 100% oil, all with 0.82% surfactant (by volume). There was a tendency for oils of the two higher DT to decrease net gas exchange during a subsequent 12 days, but significant differences could not be attributed to oil DT. Both A and gs were reduced by the two higher concentrations of oil mixtures. In the second experiment, a commercial airblast sprayer was used to apply the 224C oil at 4% or the 235C oil at 2% and 4% mixtures plus surfactant under field conditions. There were no significant effects of oil treatments on net gas exchange of leaves either measured under moderate VPD outdoors 1 day after spraying or under low VPD in the laboratory 2 days after spraying. No visible phytotoxic symptoms were observed in either experiment.

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Snyder, H. E., D. W. Senser y A. H. Lefebvre. "Mean Drop Sizes From Fan Spray Atomizers". Journal of Fluids Engineering 111, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 1989): 342–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3243650.

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The drop size distributions produced by two geometrically similar fan spray nozzles were measured over an injection pressure range from 1.38 to 10.34 MPa (200 to 1500 psi). The fluids employed were water, water/glycerine mixtures, silicone oils, paint, and paint solvent. These liquids were selected to provide wide ranges in liquid viscosity and surface tension. A nonintrusive Malvern 2600 particle sizer, based on the forward scattering of a 5 mW He-Ne laser beam, was used to yield line-of-sight and cross-sectional drop size distributions. The atomizer was traversed across the laser beam and drop size profiles as a function of distance from the centerline were developed. Analysis of the experimental data showed that the effects of injection pressure and liquid properties on atomization quality are described with good accuracy by the following dimensionally-correct equation. SMDdh=2.83σμL2ρAdh3ΔPL20.25+0.26σρLρAdhΔPL0.25

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50

Risnawaty, Risnawaty, Laily Nurliana y Desy Kurniawati. "Mikroenkapsulasi Minyak Atsiri Dari Tanaman Nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth) Sebagai Antijamur Candida albicans". Indo. J. Chem. Res. 4, n.º 2 (31 de enero de 2017): 386–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598//ijcr.2017.4-ris.

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Microencapsulation of essential oils from nilam plants (Pogostemon cablin Benth) for antifungal of Candida albicans was carried out. The aims of this study were to know of chemical components, characteristics, and activity test of nilam plants as well as the result test of microencaptulation as antifungal of C. albicans. Nilam essential oils was obtained by using water-vapor destilation with the rendament of 0.88%. Charateristics of nilam essential oils obtained produced are density of 0.947 mg/L, refractive index of 1.506, acid number of 1.122, and dissolved in alcohol 70 and 90% has conducted by Indonesia National Standar. Microencapsulation of nilam essential oils by using spray drying method with the various of the wrapper material of nilam essential oils:maltodextrin (1:12;1:10;1:8) produced solid powders with sticky texture and creamy which giving a spesific aroma of nilam oils. The activity test of antifungal of C. albicans test on liquid essential oil any diffence significantly each various of concentration of 12,5; 25; 50; and 100%. The activity of microcapsule showed that the difference specifically on various of concentrations of 1:12; 1:10 and 1:8 with the good activity power is composition of 1:12. Activity test result showed is any difference significantly between nilam oils and microcapsule.

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