Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Sports – France – Influence anglaise"

Pionnière des stations balnéaires en France, c’est au début du e que Dieppe se transforme en terre d’accueil pour villégiateurs fortunés. Quelques décennies plus tard apparaît Deauville, dont le modèle de développement économique se base exclusivement sur le tourisme. Créée ex nihilo, Deauville se transforme structurellement en devenant une véritable ville balnéaire. Aux transformations techniques (raccordement électrique, éclairage public, eau potable…) s’ajoutent la construction d’équipements structurants (gare, port, hôtels, aérodromes) et la réalisation de nombreuses infrastructures dédiées aux loisirs : casinos, hippodromes, golf, tennis, etc. Cette pratique des sports s’inscrit dans l’univers aristocratique et bourgeois, fortement influencé par la gentry anglaise, où l’essentiel de l’activité réside, non pas dans la performance ou la compétition, mais dans une sociabilité sportive autour de valeurs communes : fair-play, courtoisie, élégance, loyauté, etc. De cette prédominance des investissements « sport-loisirs » naît une notoriété sportive, véritable marqueur d’identité touristique.

Economie du sport : l’expression est ambiguë en langue française puisqu’elle recouvre ce que la langue anglaise permet de clairement distinguer, respectivement the sports economy et sports economics. Il s’agit en premier lieu (sports economy) de l’objet à analyser, disons le secteur économique du sport, i.e. l’ensemble des relations économiques qui traversent le sport (‘le sport et l’argent’) et des relations sportives mettant en mouvement des grandeurs économiques et financières (l’impact économique du sport). Sports economics désigne en revanche la discipline scientifique qui cherche à analyser l’objet précédent ; elle est apparue dès 1956 aux Etats-Unis, avec l’article fondateur de Rottenberg (1956), vers la fin des années 1960 en Europe et dans le courant des années 1970 en France. Quelques publications ont déjà fait le bilan de la discipline économie du sport, liste non exhaustive, à un moment ou l’autre de son développement en France (Andreff, 1995), à une échelle plus internationale ou sur une base comparative Europe-Amérique du Nord (Andreff, 2007a). Une autre a compilé en 86 chapitres les principaux sujets d’économie du sport dans un Handbook on the Economics of Sport (Andreff & Szymanski, 2006), dont l’introduction rappelle l’histoire de la discipline et une dernière a republié les textes les plus marquants en économie du sport, surtout d’origine américaine.

Les spécialistes de Rome s'étaient intéressés de longue date à l'histoire de l'éducation et de la culture, thèmes dont les auteurs anciens et l'iconographie leur montraient la place centrale dans les préoccupations des élites romaines et romanisées (Marrou, 1937 ; 1948). lis n'ont « découvert » que plus récemment, à partir des années 1980, les thémes de la petite enfance et de la maternité : Philippe Ariès (1960) — relayé et prolongé dans la littérature anglo-saxonne par des auteurs tels que Lloyd de Mause, Edward Shorter et Lawrence Stone, non sans désaccords avec leur modèle et entre eux — est devenu une référence obligée en France et, plus encore, dans les pays de langue anglaise : son impact s'y est trouvé prolongé et renforcé par 1'influence des women,puis gender studies,et des recherches inspirées par les revendications des homosexuels et des « nouveaux pères ».

Pays bilingue ayant le français et l’anglais comme langues officielles, la République du Cameroun est aussi un État culturement bi-juridique où se juxtaposent deux grands systèmes de droit : la common law pour ses provinces anglophones anciennement sous occupation de la Grande-Bretagne et le droit civil, mais surtout le droit public pour la partie francophone, jadis sous influence de la France. Ce bi-juridisme, comme les disparités naturelles, humaines, économiques et politiques de ces deux composantes de la communauté nationale est fondamentalement inégalitaire. Sous l’impulsion des autorités francophones de l’État post-colonial politiquement dominantes, les droits français ont amorcé, voici environ 35 ans, un mouvement d’extension, par touches progressives d’abord, puis brutalement ensuite; sortis de leurs aires naturelles, ils sont allés à l’assaut de l’ordre juridique des provinces anglophones. Ce mouvement est particulièrement net pour le droit administratif, le droit actuellement applicable à la puissance publique dans ces contrées où les souvenirs imposent à la conscience qu’il n’y a pas longtemps, c’était la common law, dans la plus pure tradition anglaise qui exerçait cet office.

FR. A la veille de la Grande Guerre la boxe anglaise a pris, dans les sociétés anglo-saxonnes (États-Unis, Grande-Bretagne et Australie) et depuis peu en France, une dimension sociale et culturelle d’importance. Dans l’Hexagone alors qu’elle était au tournant du XIXème siècle une mise en scène illégale et inconnue du grand public, elle a connu en 10 ans une fulgurante ascension. Aussi, En 1914, elle est devenue sport roi non seulement à Paris mais également en province. Ce que l’on peut appeler « la Belle Époque de la boxe anglaise en France » est marqué par une corrélation entre les succès de cette pratique et l’avènement de la première superstar du sport tricolore : le boxeur Georges Carpentier. Né en 1894 à Liévin, dans les bassins miniers du Pas-de-Calais, le « gosse » embrasse la carrière de pugiliste à l’âge de 14 ans. Entre 1908 et 1914, au rythme de nombreuses et surprenantes victoires, sa popularité ne cesse de croître. Elle atteint son apogée dans les deux années précédant la guerre, particulièrement lors de probants triomphes face à la fine fleur pugilistique britannique. A l’occasion de matchs mobilisant les ressorts du nationalisme anti-anglais, ces affrontements poursuivent la longue inimitié historique entre la France et la « perfide Albion », tout en nourrissant et amplifiant la célébrité du jeune prodige. A l’aube du culte des vedettes et dans une métaphore évidente de la guerre, la presse franco-britannique n’hésite pas à l’élever au rang de « vengeur de Waterloo ». Puis, contre toute attente, à quelques mois de l’embrasement de la vieille Europe, augurant du nouveau jeu d’alliance militaire qui se dessine dans les salons de la diplomatie franco-anglaise, il devient dans ces mêmes journaux le « champion de l’Entente Cordiale ». *** EN. In the years preceding the Great War, English boxing occupied an important social and cultural role in Anglo-Saxon societies (United States, Great Britain and Australia) and came to gradually occupy a similar position in France. At the turn of the 19th century, it was still an illegal and obscure show to French audiences. However, in the course of the following decade, it was propelled to higher grounds: by 1914, it had become the king of sports, both in Paris and in the provinces. The “Belle Époque of English boxing in France" is characterized by the correlation between the success of the sport and the rise of the first French boxing superstar, Georges Carpentier. Born in 1894 in Liévin, in the coal mining basins of the Pas-de-Calais, the “kid” embraces the career of pugilist at the age of 14. Between 1908 and 1914, his popularity was on a constant rise thanks to numerous and surprising victories. His popularity climaxes in the two years preceding the war, largely thanks to multiple victories against the British pugilistic elite. Mobilizing nationalism fueled by anti-English sentiments, these boxing matches are presented as a natural extension of the long historical enmity between France and the "perfidious Albion", contributing to grow and amplify the young prodigy’s fame. At the dawn of celebrity worship, and in an obvious metaphor of the war, the Franco-British press did not hesitate to adorn him as the "Waterloo avenger". Then, against all odds, a few months before the dislocation of old Europe, the same newspapers transformed him into the "champion” of the Entente Cordiale, implicitly pulling in behind the new military alliances taking shape in the halls of Franco-British diplomacy. *** PT. Às vésperas da Grande Guerra, o boxe inglês assume uma dimensão sociocultural central nas sociedades anglo-saxônicas (Estados Unidos, Grã-Bretanha e Austrália). Isso ocorre também na França, onde, até a virada do século XIX, não passava de uma encenação ilegal desconhecida do público em geral. 10 anos depois, experimenta uma ascensão meteórica, tornando-se, em 1914, o rei dos esportes em Paris, mas também nas demais cidades francesas. O período da Belle Époque do boxe inglês na França é marcado por uma convergência entre o sucesso do boxe e o advento da primeira superestrela do esporte francês: o boxeador Georges Carpentier. Nascido em 1894 em Liévin, nas bacias mineiras do Pas-de-Calais, o “moleque”, como era chamado, abraçou a carreira de pugilista aos 14 anos de idade. Entre 1908 e 1914, tendo já acumulado diversas vitórias surpreendentes, sua popularidade não para de crescer, atingindo seu auge nos dois anos que precederam a guerra, com vitórias arrasadoras contra a nata do pugilismo britânico. Essas partidas, cenário de incitação ao nacionalismo antiinglês, passaram simultaneamente a consolidar a longa inimizade histórica entre a França e o “pérfido Albion” e a fama do jovem prodígio. Nos primórdios do culto às estrelas do esporte, a imprensa franco-britânica, lançando mão de uma óbvia metáfora bélica, eleva Carpentier ao ranking de “vingador de Waterloo”. Poucos meses antes do estremecimento da velha Europa, contrariando todas as expectativas e prefigurando o novo jogo de alianças militares que se perfilava nos salões da diplomacia franco-britânica, Georges Carpentier torna-se, nas colunas desses mesmos jornais, o “campeão da Entente Cordiale”. ***

The global sports industry has rapidly expanded its scope, and its domain has extended across the world. World sports events including the Olympics, FIFA, Wimbledon Tennis, Tour de France Cycling and many other events have a far reach, a large audience as well as a wide range of participation. With its massive impact, the industry has become inexplorable today and the higher interest of consumers in sports persuades a need to understand the unique behaviour of sports consumers. The current research was conducted to identify the marketing factors that influence sports consumer behaviour. This study was focused on the population of young adults in Dera Ismail Khan, a division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. A questionnaire encircling marketing factors was distributed among 220 respondents. The study was followed by a quantitative method and the participants' responses were analyzed through statistical inferences. The analyzed data indicated that six (06) marketing factors, such as product quality, price, product accessibility & reach, brand image, and sustainable manufacturing have a significant influence on sports consumer behaviour. These findings suggest that sports goods manufacturing companies in Pakistan should give due attention to consumer demands and devise relevant marketing strategies to grow their businesses and gain higher market shares.

In modern times, sports have become more global, and thanks to sports and the media, especially television, the schedule of major events has changed. Thus, a new era has begun in sports journalism. Sports journalism has emerged as a small field in the past. The history of sports journalism is connected with the development of sports. One of the first examples of media in the world appeared in the 17th century. Sports developed professionally in the 19th century. But sports media started before this development. The emergence of this area is directly related to the United States. Betting games in the United States have resulted in the emergence of sports media. Therefore, the first example of sports media dates back to the 19th century. Sports journalism, which first appeared in boxing and horse racing, is everywhere in the world today. Sports journalism is the world's most interactive live media. The Tour de France, the famous Wimbledon tennis tournament in France, is one of the oldest tournaments in the sport. Along with the development of sports, the world's most famous sportswear brands have always sponsored. Large corporations such as Nike, which has an annual turnover of $ 4 billion, invest in sports. Due to the size of the advertising market, sports are one of the largest areas of the media. This study discusses the history and development of world sports journalism. At the same time, opportunities for sports journalism education to influence the development of sports media in Azerbaijan, which has invested heavily in sports in recent years, are presented. Here are some suggestions on the first master's program in sports journalism in the Caucasus. At the same time, sports journalism in Azerbaijan is compared with the US and British media, which are the oldest examples of sports journalism.

The purpose of this paper to analyze the transformations in the French ballroom and choreographic practice, in the context of the development of culture of Western European countries of the XVI — early XXI centuries. The methodology is an organic set of basic principles of research: objectivity, historicism, multifactority, systemicity, complexity, development and pluralism, and to achieve the goal, the following methods of scientific knowledge are used: problem-chronological, concrete historical, statistical, descriptive, logical and analytical. The results. The analysis of trends in the development of ballroom dance in France and the influence of French culture on the formation of ballroom choreography in the XVI — early XXI centuries. The analysis of trends in the development of ballroom dance in France and the influence of French culture on the formation of ballroom choreography in the XVI — early XXI centuries took place. The processes of transformation and democratization of ballroom choreography in the XVIII century, which already in the XIX century turned from salon art into a leisure object for various social strata throughout Europe, were investigated. In the XX century it was France that discovered non-European types of ballroom dancing for Europe, which subsequently acquired standardization in the English professional environment. In the XX century France became the country where foreign art forms appeared and adapted to the conditions of European realities. France attracted artists from all over the world because of the special national culture formed in it. During the XX century the art of ballroom choreography in France developed rapidly. French performers and teachers continued long-standing national traditions. This factor had a positive effect on the training level of dancers in the field of professional and amateur ballroom dancing. Since 2010, France has been an active member of the World Dance Sports Federation (WDSF). The French Dance Federation (Fédération Française de Danse) is one of the largest organizations that develops ballroom choreography in the country. Over the past decades, dozens of open national and world ballroom dancing championships have been held in French cities (Paris, Marseille, Lyon, Nice, etc.). The scientific topicality is to identify the processes of the influence of French culture on the development of ballroom choreography in the XVI — early XXI centuries. The practical significance. The research may be used in developing lectures by specialists in choreography.

Ripening characteristics and pigment changes were investigated in ‘La France’, ‘Gorham’, and their russeted sports ‘Gold La France’ and ‘Grand Champion’ pears. Fruit were harvested at commercial maturity and ripened at 20 °C. In all cultivars, fruit softening was concomitant with a burst in ethylene production. Interestingly, such changes were delayed in russet pear when compared with their wild-types. Chlorophyll level in russet pear at harvest was the same as in the wild-type. In ‘Gorham’ and ‘Grand Champion’ pears, its level rapidly decreased during ripening. Ethylene or 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) did not affect the color and pigments in ‘La France’ and ‘Gold La France’ pears. In contrast, in ‘Gorham’ and ‘Grand Champion’ pears, chlorophyll degradation was suppressed by 1-MCP treatment, but not completely. These results suggested that chlorophyll degradation was regulated by both ethylene-dependent and ethylene-independent means. The influence of ethylene on the expression of chlorophyll-degradation-related genes seemed to be similar in both russet and wild-type. The Stay green-1 gene was stimulated by ethylene and suppressed by 1-MCP treatment. In contrast, little effect of ethylene or 1-MCP was observed on chlorophyllase 1, pheophytinase, pheophorbide a oxygenase, and NYC1-like genes.

Purpose: To describe the performance and tactical sprint characteristics of a world-class sprinter competing in the Tour de France. In addition, differences in the sprint tactics of 2 teams and won versus lost sprints are highlighted. Method: Power output (PO) and video footage of 21 sprints were analyzed. Position in the peloton and number of teammates supporting the sprinter at different times before the finish line together with PO for different time intervals were determined. Sprints were classified as team Shimano (2013–2014) and team Quick-step (2016–2017), as well as won or lost. Results: The sprinter was highly successful, winning 14 out of the 21 sprints. At time intervals 10 to 5, 3 to 2, and 1.5 to 1 minute, POs were significantly lower in team Quick-step compared with team Shimano, but the sprinter was positioned further away from the front at 10, 2, 1.5, 1, and 0.5 minutes at team Quick-step compared with team Shimano. The PO was higher at time interval 0.5 to 0.25 minutes before the finish line with team Quick-step when compared with team Shimano. The position of the sprinter in the peloton in lost sprints was further away from the front at 0.5 minutes before the finish compared with won sprints, while no differences were noted for PO and the number of teammates between won and lost sprints. Conclusions: Differences in sprint tactics (Shimano vs Quick-step) influence the PO and position in the peloton during the sprint preparation. In addition, the position at 0.5 minutes before the finish line influences the outcome (won or lost) of the sprint.

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Asia is composed of a large number of countries spread over a long distance from east to west as well as north to south. It has been traditionally influenced by the colonial powers of Britain, France, Portugual, Spain and Holland and more recently, the U.S. After World War II，while most countries were enjoying a period of peace and prosperity, wars broke out in Korea, Vietnam, and the Middle East. The 1988 Olympics at Seoul was so successful that people again realised that Asia has many hidden resources. It is therefore fair to say that Asia is in transition with different countries responding differently to the impact of modernization and the influence of their natural heritage and past colonial power.亞洲是由一群廣佈東西南北的國家組成。它一向受著其他國家和勢力的影響。例如，較早期的英國，法國，葡萄牙，西班牙以及荷蘭等殖民勢力以致較近期的美國浪潮。第二次世界大戰後，正當大部份國家享受著和平和繁榮生活之際，戰爭卻在韓國、越南和中東相繼爆發。亞洲某些地域又吿進入烽火期。 到了一九八八年在韓國漢城舉行的奧林匹克運動會，運動員和主辦單位的成功又再顯示出亞洲擁有廣大有待發掘的資源。從這點我們可以説，亞洲各國現正處於既受殖民勢力和天然遺產的影響以及對現代化不同反應的過度期。

The article analyzes the main stages of the origin and formation of gymnastics events in France since the beginning of the XIX century to 1942 on the basis of the works of leading French scientists. The development of gymnastics in France does not attract much attention of Ukrainian specialists whose scientific interests are related to the study of physical education and sports in European countries, so the practical issues of our research will complement and expand the relevant courses on the history of physical education for students in Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to study the main historical aspects of the development of gymnastics events in France. To achieve it, the following tasks should be performed: to analyze the literature on research issues; to identify key dates in the history of gymnastics in France; to describe the role of personalities who have contributed most to the evolution of the field in this country. According to the results of the study, we conclude that the greatest influence on the development of gymnastics in France since the beginning of the XIX century to 1942 was made by Francisco Amorós, Napoléon Laisné, Eugène Paz, Charles Cazalet, Joseph Sansbœuf, Georges Demenÿ, Philippe Auguste Tissié. In the middle of the XIX century the institutionalization of gymnastics took place at the level of hospitals (1847), military services (1852) and school (1854). In the last quarter of the XIX century, physical education became a compulsory subject in primary and secondary schools for boys and girls. The Union of Gymnastics Societies of France was founded September 28, 1873 by Eugène Paz. In 1942, it was merged with the French Womenʼs Gymnastics and Physical Education Federation, which formed French Gymnastics Federation. French gymnasts since the beginning of Olympic Games in Paris (1900) have always shown consistently high results at competitions and tournaments of various scales, but since the 1930s it has begun to decline. Our further research will focus on a thorough study of the history of womenʼs gymnastics in France as well as the evolution of this sport in the period since 1942 to 2022.

This work intends to examine the influence of different dimensions of psychological distance on the moral decision-making of sports college students in sports dilemmas under different learning pressure conditions, and to further investigate the relationship between psychological distance and moral decision-making. The research on the influencing factors of moral decision-making of sports majors can effectively help to understand the moral cognition level of the group, and provide a reference for the interpretation of athletes’ moral anomie behavior, thereby enriching the content of the moral quality education of athletes. This work intends to study the impact of psychological distance on the moral decision support of sports college students in the context of the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine learning. Psychological distance in the machine learning environment may affect individuals’ understanding and cognition of events and, to a certain extent, can change students’ cognition and judgment of events. IoT and machine learning environments are chosen as the foundation. The learning pressure of college students majoring in physical education is a variable. A questionnaire survey and experimental design are used to test the influence of different degrees of learning pressure, social distance, and spatial distance on the moral decision-making of physical education college students in the sports dilemma. The dimensions of the psychological distance of physical education (PE) students are analyzed under different stress conditions and their impact on the moral decision-making of PE students. This experiment adopts a mixed experimental design of 3 learning stresses (no stress vs. moderate stress vs. high stress) × 2 social distances (self vs. others) × 2 spatial distances (Beijing vs. France). The results show that the main effect of social distance is significant. When the self is the decision-making subject, individuals tend to make more moral decisions. There is a significant interaction between social distance and learning pressure. In a stress-free and high-stress environment, individuals make a significant increase in the number of moral decisions when faced with self-centered decision-making. Now, moral decision-making and its consequences are important for college students majoring in sports. The results of their moral decision-making in the field of education directly reflect the image of the individual and even the institution.

In Germany and France, football federations and clubs have now affirmed for decades their determination to fight racism and social or ethnic discrimination. Doing so, they persistently proclaim their faith in football’s integrative virtues, in its capacity to transform diversity into a force and its considerable contribution to nation-building. Yet, for most sports historians and sociologists, the number of studies required to draw robust conclusions on such a complex issue has not yet been produced. The present paper aims to question a few prevailing representations and sheds light on the advantages of a French-German comparative socio-historical approach considering a chronogical period going from 1950 to 2018. Its initial part is dedicated to a necessary liminary step: the definition of a conceptual tool-box. Then, it will focus on professional football. This is certainly the aspect of football retaining most of the attention of both the general public and the scholars when refering to the neighboring country. The final part of this article breaks down specific participation modalities of ethnic and national minorities in the system of football as a popular leisure sport in France and Germany. It thus explores to what extent one may mention a crucial influence of national integration and citizenship models in this context.

Marketers are interested in how consumers perceive product cues in order to build an appropriate marketing mix. Country and brand images are some of the cues proven to be of significant impact on consumer behaviour. This paper studies country and brand image multidimensional structures across several brands, countries and products. A model relating country image to brand image and then to product evaluation was built with country and brand image as multidimensional concepts. A within-subject intercultural investigation serves as a basis for data collection (1,400 consumers). The investigation was done in Japan, France and Tunisia. Three products were investigated, with three brands for each product: computer (Dell, Sony and Acer); hand cream (Shiseido, Nivea and L'Oréal); and sports shoes (Nike, Asics and le coq sportif). Results show a conjoint effect of country and brand images on product evaluation in addition to their separate effects. Country image structures differ across countries and influence differently product evaluation. Similarly, brand image structures differ across brands, across countries and across products.

Background Despite the fact that an educational programme for parents of youth tennis players has been launched recently, there is a need to empower parents of athletes in sustaining the combination of education and sport careers (i.e., dual career) of their talented and elite athletes across sports. The aim of this study was to explore the parents’ view of their role as dual career supporters and their need for educational support in this area. Methods In total, 115 parents (F = 49, M = 66) of athletes (14–23 yrs) engaged in full time academic education (high school/university) and competitive (e.g., National, International) sports (individual = 12, team = 9) in five European Member States (e.g., France, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Slovenia) took part in national workshops. The workshops involved discussing five themes and agreeing statements relevant to assist parents supporting their children as dual career athletes: 1) the athletes’ needs; 2) the sports environment; 3) the academic environment; 4) dual career-related policies and services; 5) The educational methods for parenting dual career athletes. Results A final list of 80 agreed statements were identified: 25 statements mainly related to the sports entourage; 23 to information on dual career-related policies and services; 22 to the athletes’ needs; 17 to the academic entourage, and 8 to the relevant educational resources to parenting dual career athletes, respectively. Conclusions This cross-national qualitative research synthesized the parents’ perspectives about their needs and the most relevant content of an educational programme for parenting dual career athletes. The findings of this research will help influence the formulation of effective education strategies on parenting dual career athletes to ensure an optimal supportive environment for the successful combination of high-level sport and education careers.

The Global Code of Ethics for Tourism promotes the right of all people to equality in access to contemplate the resources of the planet, which, in turn, is the main principle of accessible tourism for all. Modern approaches to understanding the concepts of accessible tourism for all are analyzed in this paper. Accessible tourism for all means that any tourism product should be designed irrespective of age, gender and ability and with no additional costs for customers with disabilities and specific access requirements. Role of the principles of universal design for accessible tourism for all is characterized. In contrast to the concept of accessibility, which only applies to low-mobility categories of the population and focuses on physical access to transport and buildings, as well as access to information, the concept of universal design emphasizes creating the same conditions convenient for all users, without impersonating some of them. Three main prerequisites for the development of accessible tourism for all in the European Union are determined and characterized, in particular, existing accessibility legislation and standards at the global, European and national levels, population ageing and increase in the number of people with disabilities. There is the problem in Ukraine of the lack of accessibility standards for tourism facilities and services, so it is important to learn the experience of the European Union. The European Union population is aging and this trend will continue in the future. This phenomenon is a major challenge for the society, but at the same time, it also represents a great opportunity for local businesses and for the whole European economy. Elderly people (65 years and older) are encouraged to travel by different motives: visiting relatives, gaining cultural or gastronomic experience, they are interested in traveling on cruise ships, relaxing on the coast, participating in sports events or ethnic holidays. They tend to spend more while traveling and stay longer. Tourists with disabilities, above all, make travel decisions based on the opinions of their friends, and rely less on special offers aimed at them. Online offers and printed brochures of travel agencies influence their decision at the same level. France and the United Kingdom have the most disabled people in the EU. The European Union is the main tourism destination in the world. Five its member states (France, Spain, Italy, Great Britain, Germany) belong to the top ten countries of the world on arrival of tourists. The map of the most accessible cities of the European Union is created and the quantitative distribution of these cities by country of ownership is presented. France, Germany and Sweden are leaders in the European Union by the number of the most accessible cities in 2011-2018. Among the 23 most accessible cities, only five are the capitals of states. At the same time, the city of Ljubljana in Slovenia was twice noted by the European Commission as one of the most accessible. Elements of the tourism chain include: tourism destination management; tourism information and advertising (preparation, information and booking); urban and architectural environments; modes of transport and stations; accommodation, food service and conventions; cultural activities (museums, theatres, cinemas, and other); other tourism activities and events. On the basis of the theory of accessibility chain structure and the tourism chain, the best practices of accessible tourism for all are analyzed using the example of the city of Lyon – the great business center in France, which in 2018 was recognized by the European Commission accessible in the European Union.

The article addresses the classification of Kyiv murals of the early 21st century, made by foreign artists (USA, Canada, France, United Kingdom, Belgium, Australia, Spain, Portugal, Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, South Africa, etc.). The image of Ukraine in the work of these artists, who got to know Ukraine forcedly, episodically, and inevitably scarcely, isthe image of the Other on the territory of this Other. As a result, “others” (foreign artists) overcome their own otherness and enter into cultural dialogue with other culture and the city, the notable part of which their murals become. Along with animalistic motifs (mainly ornithological), this area is dominated by the archetypal images of Ukrainian history and culture, bizarrely supplemented by their own reminiscences and additions (mural Berehynia). However, signs of simulacrum is not the case. It is rather a carnival fantasy that traces the influence of Baroque culture, which has deep roots in Ukraine. There are precedents of collaboration with Ukrainian authors (mural Vidrodzhennia (Renaissance) by Julien Malland and Oleksii Kyslov). Occasionally, foreign artists use only certain attributes of local life (embroidery pattern), directly reflect on the impressions of the present, transplanting them into the European context (mural Night Kyiv). Also from time to time they turn to real characters of national history and culture (Serhii Nigoian, Lesia Ukrainka, in the latter case Guido van Helten boldly reformed the established image iconography of the “daughter of Prometheus”, giving his heroine the features of a modern feminist), as well as sports (gymnast Hanna Rizatdinova). It was concluded that there is a long-term cultural dialogue between the West and Ukraine, with the first party presenting maximum interest and tolerance.

Muscular Christianity’s influential role in establishing Western sport values and ideals during the 19th century has long been acknowledged by sport scholars. Yet these relatively dated sets of physical moral constructs are rarely understood as having lasting relevance, or as forming part of the contemporary attraction to sport, and thus have been missing in critical sociological analyses of sport. While shown to be valid and reliable, initial results from developing the Contemporary Muscular Christian Instrument (CMCI) also suggested that modifications to item wording could enhance readability and capture all six theorized factors of muscular Christianity, supported by literature. The current scale development study is aimed to strengthen the instrument and verify its structural validity and internal consistency among a more diverse sample population: spectators at the 2014 Tour de France. Following data collection and cleaning of data, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted, and internal consistencies were examined. Results indicate strong support for the structural validity of the revised 20-item, 6-factor CMCI, showing strong factor loadings across all items and acceptable internal consistencies for all six-theorized factors. Findings among this international sample of sport spectators suggest that historic muscular Christian themes used to develop this instrument continue to shape and influence perceptions of what is deemed good, right, and valuable in sport. Our findings point to the importance of understanding these six moral constructs as contemporary discussions on the social value and importance of such activities evolve. The revised CMCI provides sociologists of sport a tool by which to examine theorized muscular Christian constructs, promoting certain values about sport and its social “good,” and allows for further investigation into sports’ social significance, meanings, and values within related topics. This paper details the improvements to the survey instrument, the CFA results, and recommendations for future application and research using the survey instrument.

Resumo. A compreensão da excelência desportiva tem, desde sempre, proporcionado um intenso debate sobre os fatores que lhe estão subjacentes. Porém, no desporto orientação, a investigação no contexto da excelência tem sido escassa. Este estudo procurou identificar os fatores determinantes na aquisição, desenvolvimento e manutenção da excelência na orientação. Desenvolvido sob o paradigma qualitativo de análise, aplicou-se entrevistas semiestruturadas a um grupo de dez treinadores ibéricos de elite e a um grupo de catorze atletas de elite que integram as seleções nacionais da Suíça, Noruega, Dinamarca, França, Itália, Bulgária, Roménia e Letónia. Os resultados identificam que, similarmente, treinadores e atletas consideram os fatores secundários associados aos aspetos socio contextuais como a família, os amigos/pares e o treinador, e os aspetos socioculturais como os principais determinantes modeladores da excelência na orientação. Por outro lado, reconhecem que entre os fatores primários, os fatores psicológicos e da preparação desportiva se configuram como as principais variáveis de influência direta na performance de excelência. Salientam, igualmente, a necessidade da interação entre os diversos fatores para a aquisição, desenvolvimento e manutenção da excelência na orientação. Com a agregação destes resultados conclui-se que a excelência na orientação apresenta uma matriz multidimensional e a sua efetiva concretização é determinada pela interação bem-sucedida entre as dimensões do desempenho e as dimensões socio-contextuais e culturais que envolvem a modalidade orientação. Abstract. The understanding of sport excellence has always provided an intense debate about the underlying factors. However, in sport orienteering, research in the field of excellence has been scarce. This study sought to identify the determining factors in the acquisition, development, and maintenance of excellence in orienteering. Developed under the qualitative analysis, semi-structured interviews were applied to a group of ten elite Iberian coaches and a group of fourteen elite athletes from the national teams of Switzerland, Norway, Denmark, France, Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, and Latvia. The results identify that, similarly, coaches and athletes consider secondary factors associated with socio-contextual aspects, such as family, friends / peers and coaches, and sociocultural aspects as the major determinants determining orienteering excellence. On the other hand, they recognize that among the primary factors, psychological factors and sports preparation are the main variables that directly influence performance of excellence. They also stress the need for interaction between the various factors for the acquisition, development, and maintenance of excellence in orienteering. Supported by these results, we may conclude that excellence in orientation presents a multidimensional matrix and its effective implementation is determined by the successful interaction between the dimensions of performance and the socio-contextual and cultural dimensions that involve the orienteering modality.Resumen. La comprensión de la excelencia deportiva siempre ha proporcionado un intenso debate sobre los factores que le subyacen. Pero en el deporte orientacion, la investigación en el contexto de la excelencia ha sido escasa. Este estudio buscó identificar los factores determinantes en la adquisición, desarrollo y mantenimiento de la excelencia en la orientación. Desarrollado bajo el paradigma cualitativo de análisis, se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a un grupo de diez entrenadores ibéricos de élite ya un grupo de catorce atletas de elite que integran las selecciones nacionales de Suiza, Noruega, Dinamarca, Francia, Italia, Bulgaria, Rumanía y Letonia. Los resultados identifican que, de manera similar, entrenadores y atletas consideran los factores secundarios asociados a los aspectos socio contextuales como la familia, los amigos / parejas y el entrenador, y los aspectos socioculturales como los principales determinantes modeladores de la excelencia en la orientación. Por otro lado, reconocen que entre los factores primarios, los factores psicológicos y de la preparación deportiva se configuran como las principales variables de influencia directa en la performance de excelencia. También subrayan la necesidad de la interacción entre los diversos factores para la adquisición, el desarrollo y el mantenimiento de la excelencia en la orientación. Con la agregación de estos resultados se concluye que la excelencia en la orientación presenta una matriz multidimensional y su efectiva concreción está determinada por la interacción exitosa entre las dimensiones del desempeño y las dimensiones socio-contextuales y culturales que involucran la orientación.

CONTENTS I. PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONSDanguolė Melnikienė (Lithuania). The Issue of the Addressee in Receptive and Productive Dictionaries...11Eleonora Lassan (Lithuania). The Time of Losers...21Yelena G. Zadvornaya (Belarus). Russian Litanies: Types and Characteristics of the Genre...35Evgeny E. Anikin (France). The 2008 US Presidential Election in the Mirror of Sports Metaphor (in the French Press)...46 II. FACTS AND REFLECTIONSZinaida D. Popova (Russia). The Ways of Representation of Concepts as a Problem of Cognitive Linguistics... 56Marzena Marczewska (Poland). The Willow Tree in the Medical Folk Rituals...62Natalia Solovyova (Belarus). The Concepts of “War” and “Peace” in the Old Russian Language Picture of the World: The Genesis of Antonymous Relations...73Olga N. Charykova (Russia). National Specificity of Metaphorical Conceptualization of the World...82Dalia Eigirdienė (Lithuania). On the Peculiarities of the Worldview Reflected In Lithuanian and Russian Zoonymic Phraseology...90Aleksandras Krasnovas (Lithuania). Reception Theory and Practice of Reading...96Asija Kovtun (Lithuania). Parallels Between Deconstructionist and Creator – Paul de Man and Czeslaw Milosz...104Lidia Mazur-Mierzwa (Poland). Wislawa Szymborska in Russian Translation...116Jolanta Chwastyk-Kowalczyk (Poland). Memoirs of Lwów Citizens in Exile Published after the World War II...126Gabija Bankauskaitė-Sereikienė, Žydrė Dargužytė (Lithuania). Rainer Maria Rilke’s Ideas in Father Stanislovas’ Sermons...137Tatsiana V. Eromeitchik (Belarus). The Evaluative Focus of Social Advertising in Belarus...150Laima Kalėdienė (Lithuania). The Statistical Approach to Vernacularisms in The Dictionary Of Modern Lithuanian Language...159Asta Kazlauskienė, Gailius Raškinis (Lithuania). Phone Frequency in Standard Lithuanian...169 III. OPINIONAlgis Braun (Lithuania). Lithuanian Grammar, English Words: Cross-Linguistic Influence and Students’ Written Errors...183 IV. OUR TRANSLATIONSPatrick Seriot (Switzerland). Oxymoran or Misundersanding. Anna Wierzbicka’s Universal Relativism of Natural Semantic Metalanguage. Translated by Vilhelmina Vitkauskienė...193 V. SCIENTIFIC LIFE CHRONICLEConferences , eventsEleonora Lassan (Lithuania). Once Upon a Time in Ekaterinburg…203Books reviewsPavel Lavrinec (Lithuania). БРИО, Валентина, 2008. Поэзия и поэтика города: Wilno – הנליו – Vilnius...205Kazimierz Luciński (Poland). Bulat Okudzhava’s memory will live on for ever in Poland. MAZUR-MERZWA, Lidia, 2008. Булат Окуджава в польских переводах. Когнитивные стратегии польского переводоведения...209Ina Kažuro (Lithuania). ЛАССАН, Элеонора, 2008. Лингвокультурология. Очерк русской концептологии...213Wiesław Caban (Lenkija / Polska). ILGIEWICZ, Henryka, 2008. Societates Academicae Vilnenses. Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk w Wilnie (1907-1939) i jego poprzednicy...216Vilnius University Kaunas Faculty of Humanities: journal of scientific lifeDaiva Aliūkaitė (Lithuania). Emotions suppressed by language: Joviality without a smile...220Skirmantė Biržietienė, Saulutė Juzelėnienė (Lithuania). Linguistics, Literature Studies and advertising or tracing back to the ideas of young linguists of VU KHF...222 Announce...224 VI. REQUIREMENTS FOR PUBLICATION...226VII. OUR AUTHORS... 234

When studying the production of knowledge for policy, focus is typically on science that is being done and taken up. This paper looks at the other side of the coin: science that remains undone or unseen. We analyse sports policies through the prism of ‘agnotology’, using the case of anti-doping as a ‘regulatory science’ (Jasanoff, 2011). Theoretical framework Agnotology refers to social production of ignorance (Proctor, 2008). Science may be suppressed, or otherwise not undertaken, or remain invisible (Boudia & Henry, 2022). Ignorance can range from deliberate hindrance to structural impediments (power to put issues onto the research agenda; resource allocation). Framing matters in policy, since any problem representation manages complexity by simplifying, and leaving gaps (Bacchi, 2009). Undone science may reproduce social inequality structures (Boudia & Henry, 2022). Connections can be made with sociology frameworks, such as Bourdieu’s concepts of habitus and field theory (Bourdieu, 1976). Scientific habitus is an incarnated form of being a scientist, which shapes issue selection and treatment (Jeon, 2019). Scientists self-censor for their career; certain research areas, or methods, are frowned upon. Ignorance is intrinsic to the construction of science: some statements may never be fortified into facts, e.g. if no scientist takes them up or challenges them (Latour & Woolgar, 1976). Various typologies exist of how organisations react to ignorance (Boswell & Badenhoop, 2019: elucidation, denial, resignation), or keep uncomfortable knowledge at bay (Rayner, 2012: denial, dismissal, diversion and displacement). Research questions How is ignorance created or maintained in anti-doping science? Research emphasis and gaps: what is (not) researched? What issues/methods are favoured/considered invalid? Policy uptake: what research is made visible or kept invisible? What actors are influential in the process? Influence of structures and power: who is authorised to do science? What is the role of the the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and its regulatory framework? What strategies are developed in the face of ignorance? Methods i.) Analysis of the regulatory framework and other documents (Minutes of WADA Committees 2000-2022); ii.) semi-structured interviews with scientists (researchers with a record in publishing on doping related science) & decision-makers (officials at WADA & anti-doping organisations). We perform a content and discourse analysis, combining an inductive approach based on our experience in the field and the above frameworks. Preliminary Results The document analysis shows that scientists congregate into a community in which WADA authorizes who provide valid science. The most obvious aspect is accreditation by WADA of laboratories to perform doping analyses. Science predominantly involves these laboratories, based on their specialised expertise, but also privileged access to samples. WADA issues yearly research grants, selected through its expert committees. What science is then brought to the decision-making table also depends on WADA’s expert groups and science department. Through control of access to resources (samples, funding), coupled with regulation, WADA has a strong hold on the science produced. Next we identify, through interviews, specific areas of science that were/are unexplored or invisible, and can be furthered as case studies. References Bacchi, C. (2009). Analysing Policy: What’s the problem represented to be? Pearson. Boswell, C., & Badenhoop, E. (2019). “What isn’t in the files, isn’t in the world”: Understanding state ignorance of irregular migration in Germany and the United Kingdom. Governance, 34(2), 335-352. https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12499 Boudia, S., & Henry, E. (2022). Politiques de l’ignorance [Politics of ignorance]. Presses universitaires de France. Bourdieu, P. (1976). Le champ scientifique. Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales, 2(2-3), 88-104. Jasanoff, S. (2011). The Practice of Objectivity in Regulatory Science. In C. Camic, N. Gross & M. Lamont (Eds), Social Knowledge in the Making (pp. 307-337). University of Chicago Press. Jeon, J. (2019). Invisibilizing politics: Accepting and legitimating ignorance in environmental sciences. Social Studies of Science, 49(6), 839–862. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312719872823 Latour, B., & Woolgar, S. (1979). Laboratory Life. The construction of scientific facts. Princeton University Press. Steve, R. (2012). Uncomfortable knowledge: The social construction of ignorance in science and environmental policy discourses. Economy and Society, 41(1), 107-125. Proctor, R. N. (2008). A missing term to describe the cultural production of ignorance (and its study). In R. N. Proctor & L. Schiebinger (Eds), Agnotology. The Making & Unmaking of Ignorance (pp. 1-37). Stanford University Press. Rayner, S. (2012). Uncomfortable knowledge: The social construction of ignorance in science and environmental policy discourses. Economy and Society, 41(1), 107-125. https://doi.org/10.1080/03085147.2011.637335

In 2022, the Swiss branch of the international publishing house Springer published a book, a collection of papers entitled Military Geoscience: A Multifaceted Approach to the Study of Warfare. It consists of selected contributions by international researchers in the field of military geoscience, presented at the 13th International Conference on Military Geosciences, held in Padua in June 2019. The first paper is by the editors, Aldin Bondesan and Judy Ehlen, and provides a brief overview of understanding the concept of military geoscience as an application of geology and geography to the military domain, and the historical development of the discipline. It should also be pointed out that the International Conferences on Military Geosciences (ICMG), which organises this biennial international conference, has over the past two decades also covered other aspects, such as conflict archaeology. The publication is further divided into three parts. The first part comprises three contributions covering military geoscience up to the 20th century. The first paper, by Chris Fuhriman and Jason Ridgeway, provides an insights into the Battle of Marathon through topography visualisation. The geography of the Marathon field, the valley between Mt. Cotroni and Mt. Agrieliki, allowed the Greek defenders to nullify the advantage of the Persian cavalry and archers, who were unable to develop their full potential. This is followed by a paper by Judy Ehlen, who explores the geological background of the Anglo-British coastal fortification system along the English Channel, focusing on the Portsmouth area of Hampshire. The author thus points out that changes in artillery technology and naval tactics between the 16th and 19th centuries necessitated changes in the construction of coastal fortifications, both in terms of the form of the fortifications and the method of construction, including the choice of basic building materials, as well as the siting of the fortifications in space. The next article is then dedicated to the Monte Baldo Fortress in north-eastern Italy, between Lake Garda and the Adige River. In his article, Francesco Premi analyses the presence of the fortress in the transition area between the Germanic world and the Mediterranean, and the importance of this part of Italy (at the southernmost part of the pre-Alpine mountains) in military history, as reflected in the large number of important military and war relics and monuments. The second part of the book, which is the most comprehensive, focuses on the two World Wars and consists of nine papers. The first paper in this part provides an analysis of the operation of trench warfare training camps in the Aube region of France. The group of authors, Jérôme Brenot, Yves Desfossés, Robin Perarnau, Marc Lozano and Alain Devos, initially note that static warfare training camps have not received much attention so far. Using aerial photography of the region dating from 1948 and surviving World War II photographic material, they identified some 20 sites where soldiers of the Entente forces were trained for front-line service in trenches. Combined archaeological and sociological fieldwork followed, confirming the presence of these camps, both through preserved remains and the collective memory. The second paper in this volume also concerns the survey on trenches, located in northern Italy in the Venezia Tridentina Veneto area in northern Italy. The authors Luigi Magnini, Giulia Rovera, Armando De Guio and Giovanni Azzalin thus use digital classification methods and archaeology to determine how Italian and Austro-Hungarian First World War trenches have been preserved or, in case they have disappeared, why this was the case, both from the point of view of the natural features as well as from the anthropological point of view of the restoration of the pre-war settings. The next paper, by Paolo Macini and Paolo Sammuri, analyses the activities of the miners and pioneers of the Italian Corps of Engineers during the First World War, in particular with regard to innovative approaches to underground mine warfare. In the Dolomites, the Italian engineers, using various listening devices, drilling machinery and geophysical methods, developed a system for drilling underground mine chambers, which they intended to use and actually used to destroy parts of Austro-Hungarian positions. The paper by Elena Dai Prà, Nicola Gabellieri and Matteo Boschian Bailo concerns the Italian Army's operations during the First World War. It focuses on the use of tactical maps with emphasis on typological classification, the use of symbols, and digital cartography. The authors thus analysed the tactical maps of the Italian Third Army, which were being constantly updated by plotting the changes in positions and tactical movements of both sides. These changes were examined both in terms of the use of new symbols and the analysis of the movements. This is followed by a geographical presentation of the Italian Army's activities during the First World War. The authors Paolo Plini, Sabina Di Franco and Rosamaria Salvatori have thus collected 21,856 toponyms by analysing documents and maps. The locations were also geolocated to give an overview of the places where the Italian Army operated during the First World War. The analysis initially revealed the complexity of the events on the battlefields, but also that the sources had misidentified the places of operation, as toponyms were misidentified, especially in the case of homonyms. Consequently, the area of operation was misidentified as well. In this respect, the case of Vipava was highlighted, which can refer to both a river and a settlement. The following paper is the first on the Second World War. It is the article by H. A. P. Smith on Italian prisoners of war in South Africa. The author outlines the circumstances in which Italian soldiers arrived to and lived in the southern African continent, and the contribution they made to the local environment and the society, and the remnants of their presence preserved to the present day. In their article, William W. Doe III and Michael R. Czaja analyse the history, geography and significance of Camp Hale in the state of Colorado. In doing so, they focus on the analysis of the military organization and its impact on the local community. Camp Hale was thus the first military installation of the U.S. Army, designated to test and train U.S. soldiers in mountain and alpine warfare. It was here that the U.S. 10th Mountain Division was formed, which concluded its war path on Slovenian soil. The Division's presence in this former camp, which was in military use also after the war until 1965, and in the surrounding area is still visible through numerous monuments. This is followed by a paper by Hermann Häusler, who deals with German military geography and geology on the Eastern Front of the Second World War. A good year before the German attack on the Soviet Union, German and Austrian military geologists began an analysis of the topography, population and infrastructure of the European part of the Soviet Union, which led to a series of publications, including maps showing the suitability of the terrain for military operations. During the war, military geological teams then followed the frontline units and carried out geotechnical tasks such as water supply, construction of fortifications, supply of building materials for transport infrastructure, and analysis of the suitability of the terrain for all-terrain driving of tracked and other vehicles. The same author also authored a paper in the next chapter, this time focusing on the activities of German military geologists in the Adriatic area. Similarly to his first contribution, the author presents the work of military geologists in northern Italy and north-western Slovenia. He also focuses on the construction of fortification systems in northern Italy and presents the work of karst hunters in the Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral. Part 3 covers the 21st century with five different papers (chapters). The first paper by Alexander K. Stewart deals with the operations of the U.S. Army specialised teams in Afghanistan. These Agribusiness Development Teams (ADTs) carried out a specialised form of counter-guerrilla warfare in which they sought to improve the conditions for the development of local communities through agricultural assistance to the local population. In this way, they were also counteracting support for the Taliban. The author notes that, in the decade after the programme's launch, the project had only a 19% success rate. However, he stresses that such forms of civil-military cooperation should be present in future operations. The next chapter, by Francis A. Galgan, analyses the activities of modern pirates through military-geographical or geological methods. Pirates, who pose a major international security threat, are present in four regions of the world: South and South-East Asia, East Africa and the Gulf of Guinea. Building on the data on pirate attacks between 1997 and 2017, the author shows the temporal and spatial patterns of pirate activities, as well as the influence of the geography of coastal areas on their activities. This is followed by another chapter with a maritime topic. Mark Stephen Blaine discusses the geography of territorial disputes in the South China Sea. Through a presentation of international law, the strategic importance of the sea (sea lanes, natural resources) and the overlapping territorial claims of China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Vietnam and Indonesia, the author shows the increasing level of conflict in the area and calls for the utmost efforts to be made to prevent the outbreak of hostilities or war. M. H. Bulmer's paper analyses the Turkish Armed Forces' activities in Syria from the perspective of military geology. The author focuses on the Kurdish forces' defence projects, which mainly involved the construction of gun trenches, observation towers or points, tunnels and underground facilities, as well as on the Turkish armed forces' actions against this military infrastructure. This involved both mountain and underground warfare activities. While these defensive infrastructures proved to be successful during the guerrilla warfare period, direct Turkish attacks on these installations demonstrated their vulnerability. The last chapter deals with the current operational needs and limitations of military geosciences from the perspective of the Austrian Armed Forces. Friedrich Teichmann points out that the global operational interest of states determines the need for accurate geo-data as well as geo-support in case of rapidly evolving requirements. In this context, geoscience must respond to new forms of threats, both asymmetric and cyber, at a time when resources for geospatial services are limited, which also requires greater synergy and an innovative approach to finding solutions among multiple stakeholders. This also includes increased digitisation, including the use of satellite and other space technologies. The number of chapters in the publication illustrates the breadth and depth of military geoscience, as well as the relevance of geoscience to past, present and future conflicts or military operations and missions. The current military operations in Ukraine demonstrate the need to take into account the geo-geological realities of the environment and that terrain remains one of the decisive factors for success on the battlefield, irrespective of the technological developments in military engineering and technology. This can also be an incentive for Slovenian researchers and the Slovenian Armed Forces to increase research activities in the field of military geosciences, especially in view of the rich military and war history in the geographically and geologically diverse territory of Slovenia.

En raison de son rôle de lingua franca, l’anglais est une source majeure d’influence linguistique dans le monde entier. Cet article traite de l’impact de l’anglais sur l’allemand. Les influences induites par le contact ont été largement décrites pour des domaines comme le commerce, le sport, le divertissement, la publicité et la politique. L’accent est mis ici sur un domaine traditionnellement associé à la langue française – la cuisine. Il présente les résultats d’une étude empirique sur l’utilisation des anglicismes dans une émission de cuisine de la télévision allemande. En Allemagne, ce format connaît un regain de popularité et constitue une base utile pour cette étude car il représente un type de communication orale qui est perçu comme authentique et se rapproche de la communication spontanée et naturelle. Les anglicismes trouvés dans l’ensemble de données comprennent des emprunts directs, des emprunts traduits (calques) et des constructions hybrides. Alors que la majorité d’entre eux sont des lexèmes simples et complexes, tels que peppern (« poivrer ») et Signature-Gericht (« plat signature »), plus d’un tiers peuvent être classés comme des unités phraséologiques ayant la structure de syntagmes (p. ex. in the making) et de phrases (p. ex. Safety first!). Les buts comunicatifs des émissions de cuisine sont l’instruction et le divertissement, et l’utilisation des anglicismes y est étroitement liée. Par exemple, les anglicismes servent à dénommer les produits et les plats (p. ex. green-zebra Tomaten, Surf and Turf, No-bake Cheesecake), sont utilisés pour combler les lacunes de l’émission lorsque les gens ne savent peut-être pas quoi dire ou comment réagir (p. ex. That’s life), et on les retrouve fréquemment dans les jugements positifs et négatifs (p. ex. ein Masterpiece, ein bisschen Old School). En outre, les animateurs insèrent des expressions anglaises pour donner à leur discours un caractère plus vivant, moderne et familier et pour créer un humour basé sur la langue.

This study aimed at analyzing and studying the strategic and geopolitical importance of the Sahel region, which increased the regional competition for the resources of the region, especially the energy resources that have been and continue to be one of the axes of conflict and competition between these forces.The researcher tried to review the competition between the international force, France, the United States of America, China, Algeria and Libya, and the African coast. We note that there is a positive correlation between the severity of the conflict and the intensity of the competition of the major powers to control the countries of the region and the extent of political and economic stability These countries are directly affected by stability and security in the region. The United States is working to limit French influence, while France, in cooperation with China and Libya, is trying to limit American influence and protect its interests in logic. , And this is not to say that the Sahel region was not only an arena for international competition, but was often effective and influential, as the Sahel countries encouraged some parties to enter the arena of competition and objected to the role of other parties, and followed them a foreign policy aimed at economic development And to strengthen political stability in the region. Encouraging these countries to compete was in their interest and attracted foreign investment to their territorie

AbstractBackgroundSevere asthma (SA) in horses, resembling human asthma, is a prevalent, debilitating allergic respiratory condition marked by elevated allergen‐specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) against environmental proteins; however, research exploring the exposome's influence on IgE profiles is currently limited but holds paramount significance for diagnostic and therapeutic developments.AnimalsThirty‐five sports horses were analyzed, consisting of environmentally matched samples from France (5 SA; 6 control), the United States (6 SA; 6 control), and Canada (6 SEA; 6 control).MethodsThis intentional cross‐sectional study investigated the sensitization profiles of SA‐affected and healthy horses via serological antigen microarray profiling. Partial least square‐discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) was used to identify and rank the importance of allergens for class separation (ie, affected/non‐affected) as variable influence of projection (VIP), and allergen with commonality internationally established via frequency analysis.ResultsPLS‐DA models showed high discriminatory power in predicting SA in horses from Canada (area under the curve [AUC] 0.995) and France (AUC 0.867) but poor discriminatory power in horses from the United States (AUC 0.38). Hev b 5.0101, Cyn D, Der p 2, and Rum cr were the only shared allergens across all geographical groups.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceMicroarray profiling can identify specific allergenic components associated with SA in horses, while mathematical modeling of this data can be used for disease classification, highlighting the variability of sensitization profiles between geographical locations and emphasizing the importance of local exposure to the prevalence of different allergens. Frequency scoring analysis can identify important variables that contribute to the classification of SA across different geographical regions.

The role of public authorities in the process of implementing the SDGs is determined on the example of the analyzed group of foreign countries (USA, UK, Germany, France and Japan): an important function of state regulation is noted in terms of overcoming “market failures” and internalizing social and environmental costs. It has been established that the process of adapting state policies to the 2030 Agenda is currently underway; the political leadership of the countries under consideration initiates the formation of mechanisms for the interaction of various stakeholders in the interests of the implementation of the SDGs at the national and global levels. The factors that encourage transnational businesses to participate in the implementation of the SDGs are analyzed: the possible benefits acquired by the private sector as a result of this activity (creation of long-term qualitative "value" and short-term quantitative "value" are investigated and evaluated); specific business cases are described that prove in practice the commercial feasibility of companies' activities in the interests of the SDGs; shows the relationship between financial and non-financial indicators of the business. The main ways of participation of transnational business in the implementation of the SDGs at the present stage (FDI, the implementation of the SDGs through key business operations, social and green investments, the promotion of individual SDGs within corporate strategies, "mixed" financing) are identified and described. models of such participation (philanthropic, commercial, hybrid). Based on the author's analysis of the key areas of participation of transnational businesses in the implementation of the SDGs, content analysis of non-financial reporting and financial performance of the largest and most socially responsible TNCs in the world, as well as an analysis of the activity of the private sector in transactions of "mixed" financing, an assessment was made of the involvement of transnational businesses in the implementation of the SDGs at the present stage.

Thanks to the stunning performance of the Italian national team (who reached the quarter-finals of the FIFA Women’s World Cup in France), the summer of 2019 was the apex in the development of women’s football in Italy: it was greatly helped by its integration into the huge FIFA system (including sponsors and media). This essay tries to investigate the quality and quantity of this external, global influence. Gender, geographic, and historical filters will be used to gain a better understanding of the phenomenon. The analysis will be based mainly on sports blogs, online newspapers, interviews with footballers and supporters’ tweets, in order to capture the most realistic view of the sociological reality of the Italian women’s football movement. The globalizing tendencies, models (a new image of women in sport) and values (such as female empowerment and diversity) shaped the representation of Italy’s national team as broadcasted by media to the Italian audience, unaccustomed to viewing young women playing soccer. On the other hand, the Italian female footballers, who took advantage of the global influence in order to improve their condition, were successful in shaping it (for example, by showing an image of the hard-headed footballer, rather than the arrogant one coming from the USA). What happened in Italy during the summer of 2019 seems like an interesting (and successful) case of glocalization in women’s sports, played out in such a gendered context as the Italian one.

AbstractThe primary hypothesis of this study was that the survival rate over 10 years of total knee arthroplasties (TKAs) implanted with a navigation system was superior to that of TKAs implanted with a conventional technique. The secondary hypothesis was that the severity of the initial coronal deformity had a negative influence on the survival rate. A national, multicentric, retrospective study was performed in France, including eight university or private centers with high volumes in knee surgery. Cases operated on with either a conventional (control group) or a navigated (study group) technique were matched after calculating the propensity score using the logistic regression technique. All patients were contacted after 10 years or more to determine the survival of the TKA. The need for date and cause of revision were noted. The primary end point of the study was the occurrence of a revision for any mechanical reason. Survival curves were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier's technique, with the primary criterion as end point. The influence of the implantation technique was analyzed by a log-rank test at a 5% level of significance. The influence of severity of the preoperative coronal deformity was analyzed using the same technique. A total of 513 cases were included in each group. The survival rates after 13 years were 96.5% in the study group and 92.9% in the control group (not significant). There was no significant difference between both groups for the survival rates after 13 years for small deformity (96.0 vs. 97.0%), but the difference was significant for large deformity (97.0 vs. 89.0%, p = 0.04). The results suggest that the use of a navigation system, allowing a more consistent correction of the preoperative coronal deformity, thus allows a better long-term prosthetic survival in cases with a large initial coronal deformity. A navigation system should be routinely used in cases of initial coronal deformity greater than or equal to 10 degrees, as conventional techniques do not routinely provide satisfactory axial correction in these difficult cases.

Abstract Background Integrated patterns of energy balance-related behaviours of preschool children in Asia are sparse, with few comparative analyses. Purpose Using cohorts in Singapore (GUSTO) and France (EDEN), we characterized lifestyle patterns of children and investigated their associations with family-focused contextual factors. Methods Ten behavioural variables related to child’s diet, walking, outdoor play and screen time were ascertained by parental questionnaires at age 5–6 years. Using principal component analysis, sex-specific lifestyle patterns were derived independently for 630 GUSTO and 989 EDEN children. Contextual variables were organised into distal (family socio-economics, demographics), intermediate (parental health, lifestyle habits) and proximal (parent-child interaction factors) levels of influence and analysed with hierarchical linear regression. Results Three broadly similar lifestyle patterns were identified in both cohorts: “discretionary consumption and high screen time”, “fruit, vegetables, and low screen time” and “high outdoor playtime and walking”. The latter two patterns showed small differences between cohorts and sexes. The “discretionary consumption and high screen time” pattern was consistently similar in both cohorts; distal associated factors were lower maternal education (EDEN boys), no younger siblings (GUSTO boys) and Malay/Indian ethnicity (GUSTO), while intermediate and proximal associated factors in both cohorts and sexes were poor maternal diets during pregnancy, parents allowing high child control over food intake, snacking between meals and having television on while eating. Conclusions Three similar lifestyle patterns were observed among preschool children in Singapore and France. There were more common associated proximal factors than distal ones. Cohort specific family-focused contextual factors likely reflect differences in social and cultural settings. Findings will aid development of strategies to improve child health.

Abstract Issue Effectiveness analyses of health promotion (HP) interventions (HPI) abound nowadays in France, but few research details how HPI work, nor explains how practitioners can translate conclusive evidence from the literature into action. Furthermore, large amounts of experiential knowledge remain untapped and undervalued. To close these gaps, a national multidisciplinary committee, comprising public officials, academics and practitioners, has worked since 2016 at designing a new method to build up knowledge in HP. CEKHP The method aims at Capitalizing, collecting and circulating Experiential Knowledge in HP (CEKHP). Committee members first investigated methods used in other countries to synthesize and share practical evidence, then drafted and experimented CEKHP in 11 different settings to test its relevance and applicability. Results Key components of CEKHP are: 1/CEKHP consists in in-depth semi-structured interviews and offers a guideline template adjustable for various contexts and multiple public health issues (behaviors, environments, etc.); 2/a trained outsider, mastering 7 core competencies, must conduct CEKHP; 3/CEKHP includes a framework for reporting key mechanisms that influence HPI outcomes. Detailed mechanisms include: context, partnerships, key steps, barriers and levers, ethics, theoretical foundations (intervention models, evidence-based literature, etc.), transferability. A guidebook and a toolkit are published in 2020. CEKHP successfully disseminates within the French HP community. It is currently used as the main data collection tool in a research project investigating health promoting sports clubs (PROCeSS) and in a practice-focused project documenting tobacco prevention (DCAP). Lessons Practitioners benefit from access to knowledge on how HPI work. CEKHP offers new tools to value and disseminate experiential knowledge. Given that policymakers increasingly prioritize funding in France on documented HPI, providing such tools and training is crucial. Key messages CEKHP offers a new method in the French context that has proven fruitful in various settings, for various public health issues, and can be useful to practitioners and researchers alike. Building up experiential knowledge with and for practitioners can be effective at both documenting practices and helping them gain new skills and better understanding of their interventions.

Abstract Background This study examined the impact of Mobidisc implant on spinopelvic parameters, with particular focus on the preservation of the lumbar lordosis (LL) and on the segmental lordosis (SL) of the treated and adjacent segments. Methods A prospective study was conducted on 63 consecutive patients with symptomatic degenerative disc disease who underwent Mobidisc implantation at the Clinic for Spinal Diseases in Strasbourg, France. Based on the profile images of the whole, the following static spinopelvic parameters were measured and analysed: lumbar lordosis L1-S1 (LL), SL for L3-L4, L4-L5 and L5-S1, sacral slope (SS), pelvic tilt (PT) and pelvic incidence. In the lumbar spine images, the anterior (ADH) and posterior disc height (PDH) were measured prior to surgery and at the different follow-up appointments. The preoperative and postoperative values were compared and statistically analysed at different time intervals. Results Sixty-three patients were included in the study. The average age of the patients was 41.4 years (range 27–59 years). The mean follow-up was 44 months (range 36–71 months). Overall, total disc replacement (TDR) led to an increase in LL which increased TED over time. The preoperative LL measured 48.9° ± 10.1° and 53.4° ± 9.9° at 3 years follow-up (p < 0.0001). In the cohort of patients who underwent TDR at L4-5, the LL increased from 51.6° ± 10° to 56.2° ± 9.2° at the last FU (p = 0.006). All other spinopelvic parameters remained stable between the preoperative values and the last follow-up. In the patients who underwent L5-S1 TDR, a significant increase in LL was also observed between preoperative data and at the last FU (from 47.8° ± 10.1° to 53.3° ± 10.1°, p < 0.0001). Following L5-S1 TDR, the SS increased from 32.9° ± 8.3° to 35.6° ± 7.4° (p = 0.05) and the PT decreased from 15.4° ± 6.2° to 11.6° ± 5.7° between preoperative values and the last follow-up. Considering the entire cohort, the SL L5-S1 increased significantly from 5.9° ± 4.2° preoperatively to 8.1° ± 4.4° (p < 0.01) at the last FU, while at the L4-L5 level, the SL remained stable from 9.9 ± 4.5° to 10.7° ± 3.8° (p = 0.3). After L4-5 TDR, an increase in ADH and PDH at the treated level was observed, while these parameters progressively decreased in the adjacent segment. In patients who underwent L5-S1 TDR, a significant increase in L5-S1 ADH and PDH was observed from 18.8 ± 9.1 to 28.4 ± 11.1 and from 9.5 ± 3.8 to 17.6 ± 9.5 pixels, respectively. ADH and PDH at the proximal adjacent levels L3-4 and L4-5 were reduced. We did not observe any case of implant failure or damage to the bone/implant interface. Conclusion TDR with Mobidisc allows for an improvement of LL and SL at the treated level. An increase in both anterior and posterior disc height was observed at the treated level. While disc height decreased at the adjacent level, further studies are required to investigate whether these changes are clinically relevant.

Abstract Purpose Given the health promotion (HP) potential of the sport club (SC) and the paucity of HP interventions rigorously evaluated in this setting, a HP intervention was co-constructed from the Health Promoting SC theoretical framework to enable the application of a setting based approach. The present pilot study investigates the implementation of this intervention and how it is influenced by the characteristics of SCs. Methods A qualitative study involving recordings, observations and interviews was conducted with 14 SCs. Implementation of HP strategies and intervention steps was informed by the implementation traces collected during meetings, emails and calls. The influence of SCs characteristics on the implementation of the intervention and strategies was elucidated through semi-structured interviews with the project leaders of each SC. Data were analyzed based on the HPSC model. Results 4 SCs have implemented between 9 and 13 multi-level and multi-determinant strategies that allow them to develop adapted sports sessions and educational activities nutrition, warm-up and first aid. Their ability to develop HP activities and implement intervention steps is influenced by the human resources available, the support they receive from the sports federations and the ability of a referent to get involved. Identifying SC experiences and resources to promote health and communicating HP activities were the most used strategies. The results and feedback from the project leaders enabled the intervention steps to be reworked and an evaluation design to be developed for future work. Conclusion This study highlights the importance of taking into consideration the needs and specificities of the contexts in which HP interventions are deployed, as well as the importance of piloting interventions. The results highlight in particular the relevance of using the setting based approach to develop a global and sustainable approach to health in SCs. Funding The work was supported through a partnership between Santé Publique France, Université Côte d’Azur and the Université de Lorraine and through a doctoral grant from the Grand-Est Region and the Pole Biologie-Medecine-Santé of Université de Lorraine.

Background: Recent research suggests a need for worksite programs that promote structured physical activity (PA) among hospital staff. The objectives of this study were to assess the hospital employees’ acceptance of PA opportunities that could be implemented at the worksite, and the association between worksite PA and commuting and other sociocognitive factors. Method: Acceptance of seven PA opportunities from the WHO guidelines was correlated with commuting and socio-cognitive factors through an online survey conducted among the workforce of the University Hospital of Angers, France ( N = 6874) between April 25 and May 22, 2022. Results: Only three PA opportunities in the seven proposed reached high approval rates among at least 50% of the 1,427 participants, namely, provide cycle facilities onsite, create a fitness room onsite, and establish partnerships with private associations or sports clubs, albeit rates decreased significantly with commuting distance for the first and the last proposals. The number of approved PA opportunities was positively related to the perceived negative influence of commuting on well-being and self-rated concerns with current PA level. It was negatively related to older age, long commuting, and flexible rest days. Conclusion: Based on these results, we recommend raising PA awareness and self-efficacy before implementing an easily accessible fitness center for employees. Providing cycle facilities and a more walkable environment in the hospital setting while encouraging active traveling between home and work for short commuters could additionally increase the level of physical activity on an equitable and sustainable basis.

Abstract Background Physical activity is key for preventing obesity and development of noncommunicable diseases later in life. Previous research suggests that socioeconomic factors, such as parental education or income, may influence a child’s risk of obesity. However, previous research on this has provided heterogeneity in results. Our aim was to investigate the socioeconomic disparities between physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep patterns in school-aged children aged 6 to 9 years in 24 European countries, using a large nationally-representative sample of children from 24 countries (Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, France, Georgia, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lithuania, Latvia, Malta, Montenegro, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation – only Moscow, San Marino Republic, Spain, Tajikistan, Türkiye and Turkmenistan). Methods COSI collected information on physical activity patterns of children, sedentary behaviour and sleep duration through a questionnaire filled by parents. Among these, the paper focused on the following behaviours: Transportation to and from schools, Time spent on practising sports, Time spent on actively/vigorously playing, Time spent watching TV or using electronic devices and Hours of sleep per night. For the paper purpose, countries were grouped in 4 macro-regions according to United Nations “Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use”. Results Findings indicated that a high prevalence of motorized school transport among children of employed parents in Southern Europe. The highest prevalence of insufficient sports and active play was among families from West-Central Asia who meet the end of the month with troubles, the highest prevalence of excessive screen time is among families from Eastern Europe, where both parents have a low level of education and the highest prevalence of insufficient sleep is among families from West-Central Asia where both parents have a high level of education. Conclusions There are important differences in the socioeconomic determinants of PA, sleep and screen related behaviours both between countries and sub-regions across the WHO European Region. This analysis of results from the COSI survey provides important insights that can help guide policy makers to take action to address the childhood obesity epidemic.

The purpose of the article is to study the global trends in the development of maritime container transportation, which should be taken into account when reforming the transport industry in Ukraine. The role of containers in increasing the throughput of seaports and increasing the competitiveness of logistics services is noted. The main prerequisites that act as an incentive for containerization processes are determined. The level of modern development of global maritime container transportation has been studied. The dynamics of the main indicators in the world maritime container transportation market is analyzed and the influence of a number of factors is considered. It has been established that the increase in container traffic in multimodal transportation contributed to the growth in the throughput of seaports by 5–5.5% annually and, according to forecasts, should be. 978 million TEU by 2025. It is noted that the largest volume of sea container traffic (64%) is provided by the ports of Asian countries, which is explained by the location in this region of the world's largest ports (Shanghai, Singapore, Shenzhen and others). The attention is focused on the processes of mergers and acquisitions inherent in the maritime transportation market and which led to the consolidation of some shipping lines. It was noted that the world's leading container shipping operators (in terms of the number of vessels) are APM-Maersk (Denmark), Mediterranean Shg Co (Switzerland), CMA CGM Group (France). The prospects for further development of this market are indicated. It was noted that the profitability of container networks over the past five years has more than tripled and reached 3446 million dollars. The main trends that have developed in the global maritime container transportation market have been studied, and should become a guideline in shaping the ways for the development of the Ukrainian transport industry, aimed at the effective use of the transit potential of the state and increasing the competitiveness of this area.

A considerable body of research has examined stress and wellbeing in athletes (e.g., Arnold et al., 2017). In contrast, similar experiences in sports coaches have received considerably less attention although these are widely exposed to numerous stressors which can potentially influence their well-being and performance. In 2017, a meta-analysis (Norris et al., 2017) highlighted various stressors influencing the performance of coaches. These include external scrutiny from the public and media, the need to constantly maintain high standards during training and competition and organizational stressors relating to administration, finances, overload, and environment. Regarding the elite football setting specifically, coaches must regularly deal with stressors such as job insecurity (Bentzen et al., 2020) and cope with the stress and adversity associated to a highly pressurized workplace environment (Knights and Ruddock-Hudson, 2016). These stressors can cause anxiety, in addition to sleep disturbance, thus there is a clear need to help coaches find ways to deal with such difficulties. In clinical health settings, music-based therapeutic interventions are systematically shown to help improve sleep quality (Chen et al., 2021) and anxiety levels (Umbrello et al., 2019). In sports settings, listening to music demonstrated a positive effect in reducing pre-competition anxiety levels in a cohort of elite shooters (John, Verma, Khanna, 2012) and amateur athletes (Elliott et al., 2014) respectively. Yet to our knowledge no study has investigated the potential benefits of music in sports coaches. In this preliminary study, we investigated 1) the feasibility of implementing a novel smartphone music application in a cohort of elite soccer coaches, and 2) its effectiveness in helping them fall asleep and reducing anxiety levels. A total of 10 elite French soccer coaches (age 28.4 ± 3.9 years, working in clubs belonging to the 4 highest standards of football in France: Ligue 1: n=1, Ligue 2: n=3, Division 3: n=1 and Division 4: n=5) were invited to participate in the present study which was also proposed as part of their personal development plan during a year-long elite coach development course. Prior to their inclusion, participants were informed about the implementation of the study by means of an information document and oral presentation by the research team and were asked to sign an informed consent form to participate. The participants were asked to download the music application (Music Care©, Paris, France) on their personal smartphone/tablet and provided with a headphone set. This music application is typically used in health care settings (see www.music-care.com/en/clinical-evidence.html for list of related research works) and offers personalized music listening according to the patient’s therapeutic need (pain, anxiety, sleep) and musical preferences (e.g., classic, jazz, traditional…). The music sequences (each 20min duration) aim to progressively bring the user into a state of relaxation, and naturally treat pain, anxiety, and sleep disorders. Each participant was instructed to use the application at home in the morning on waking up (choice of anxiety or awakening session) and in the evening prior to falling asleep (sleep session) over a 1-month period. They were asked to record the date, time and duration of each session in a personal diary. Following the sleep session, participants were also requested to respond to the question: did the session help you to fall asleep: yes, no or I don’t know? Finally, immediately before and at the end of each anxiety/awakening session, participants used a Likert scale to rate their current anxiety level (0=no anxiety to 10=maximal anxiety). Data are presented as means, standard deviations and range values unless stated. Owing to the non-normality of the dataset collected for the pre-post session anxiety score ratings, Wilcoxon’s signed-rank non-parametric test was used to compare mean data (significance level, p<0.05). Cohen’s Effect Sizes were also calculated and classified as trivial (<0.2), small (>0.2–0.6), moderate (>0.6–1.2), large (>1.2–2.0) and very large (>2.0–4.0). The BiostaTGV (INSERM, France) package was used for all statistical calculations. Results showed that out of the 10 participants, two did not choose to download the application while among the remaining 8, 2 did not record any information on their music sessions. Regarding the 6 remaining participants, half completed at least one session per day over the 30-day period while an average of 25 sessions were completed per participant (range: 18 to 29). In total, 150 sessions were completed by the participants of which 64% (n=96) were used to aid sleep, 19% (n=28) anxiety and 17% (n=26) wake-up respectively. Each music session was completed in its entirety (20mins duration) on 99.3% occasions. Of the 96 sleep-related sessions completed, 62.5% (n=60) were considered by the participants to have aided them in falling asleep (Figure 1). The comparison of anxiety levels demonstrated a significant reduction in mean values for the pre- versus post-session scores: 6.0±1.0 vs. 4.3±1.5, -28%, p < 0.0001, effect size=1.2 (large). To the best of our knowledge, this investigation is the first to report the feasibility of implementing a novel therapeutic music smartphone application in a group of elite soccer coaches and determine its effects on their current anxiety levels and helping them fall asleep. Altogether, 40% of coaches (4 out of 10) chose not to use the application which is greater than the 20% drop-out rates frequently reported in randomised controlled studies. However, half of the 6 remaining participants completed at least one music session per day over the 30-day period while an average of 25 sessions (with nearly all listened to in their entirety) were completed per participant demonstrating in our opinion a satisfactory level of feasibility. The coaches most often chose sleep sessions (64% of the total) of which nearly two thirds were considered to have helped them to fall asleep. Anxiety sessions were less frequently utilised but nevertheless helped to significantly reduce the coaches’ current anxiety levels (-28% reduction). These positive results follow those observed in clinical health settings (Chen et al., 2021; Umbrello et al., 2019) and athletes (Elliot et al., 2014, John et al., 2012). As such, we suggest that music can be used by elite soccer coaches as a tool to aid anxiety and falling asleep. Further research is nevertheless required to determine why not all the coaches used the application or tended to use it for sleep rather than anxiety purposes. Similarly, a stronger experimental approach employing a longitudinal randomized controlled study design, a larger sample size to increase statistical power in addition to inclusion of qualitative (e.g., questionnaires) and quantitative (e.g., physiological responses) metrics is necessary. We estimate that to achieve a statistical power level of 90%, a sample size of 62 participants (accounting for a 20% drop out rate) would be necessary for a future randomized controlled study.

Israël est un pays complexe et les anthropologues qui en font l’étude le savent bien (Dominguez 1989; Marx 1980; Motzafi-Haller 2018). La plus grande partie de l’anthropologie en Israël a jusqu’à présent été réalisée par des anthropologues juifs, hommes et femmes, ashkénazes (principalement d’ascendance européenne du nord et de l’est d’Europe) et mizrachi (principalement d’origine nord-africaine, ibérique et du Moyen-Orient). Les juifs ashkénazes ont largement prédominé dans les domaines politique, universitaire, économique et artistique au cours des premières décennies qui ont suivi la création de l'État d'Israël, ce pays qui vient de fêter ses 70 ans. Il n'est donc pas surprenant qu’on y retrouve beaucoup plus d'anthropologues juifs ashkénazes que d’anthropologues juifs Mizrachim ou d’anthropologues palestiniens. La plupart des anthropologues en Israël sont des anthropologues sociaux ou socioculturels (Abuhav 2015). Certains d’entre eux sont des anthropologues praticiens / appliqués qui travaillent dans les ministères de l’éducation, de la santé et de l’absorption des immigrants juifs et qui ont font partie d’une association d’anthropologie appliquée. Mais beaucoup n’adhèrent à aucune association. L'archéologie, partie des quatre champs de l’anthropologie selon la conception américaine de cette dernière, n'est pas considérée comme une carrière anthropologique en Israël, même si elle y est considérée comme une discipline visible et importante. On trouve la présence d’anthropologues médicaux et biologiques en Israël, mais ils ne sont certainement pas la majorité et ils sont rarement embauchés par les départements de l'université ou du collège dans lesquels travaillent la plupart des anthropologues universitaires. Jusqu'à récemment, tous ces départements étaient dans les faits des départements de sociologie et d'anthropologie, composés d’une majorité de sociologues. Ce n'est que depuis 5 ans qu'un département entièrement composé d’anthropologues a vu le jour, soit le département de l'Université de Haïfa qui se consacre au niveaux supérieurs de formation. L’association d’anthropologie d’Israël ((HaAguda HaAntropologit HaYisraelit)) remonte au début des années 1970 et n’a compté jusqu’à présent que des anthropologues juifs comme chefs ou présidents. Des efforts ont été faits pour changer cette situation au fil des ans, car tous les membres de l’Association ne sont pas juifs et certains d’entre eux croient fermement qu’ils ne doivent pas tous être juifs. Cette question demeure délicate pour certains des membres les plus en vue de la communauté anthropologique en Israël, citoyens d’Israël mais également Palestiniens (Kanaaneh 2002; Sa’ar 2016). Alors que l’association d’anthropologie d’Israël s'oppose largement à l'occupation de la Cisjordanie et à toute forme de discrimination à l'encontre des Palestiniens, en particulier de ses concitoyens, cette organisation est toujours israélienne et a toujours été une association fortement juive. En fait, ce n’est que récemment que la plupart des départements universitaires israéliens ont engagé des Arabes, des Palestiniens, voire des musulmans, en tant que membres du corps enseignant. Pour les quelques Palestiniens qui occupent actuellement ces postes dans des universités ou des collèges israéliens, les postes de direction de l'association anthropologique israélienne les laisseraient ouverts à la critique selon lesquelles ils seraient simplement des collaborateurs ou des complices des sionistes israéliens qui considèrent Israël comme un pays réservé aux juifs et un pays réalisé par les juifs dont les valeurs morales l'obligent à être tolérant envers les non-Juifs parmi eux. Ainsi, une nouvelle association appelée Insaniyyat a simplement été créée ces dernières années pour et par des anthropologues palestiniens Pendant des années et avant la date de la fondation de l’association (1973) l’anthropologie a été enseignée aux niveaux universitaire dans toutes les grandes universités israéliennes et les étudiants ont obtenu un baccalauréat en sociologie et en anthropologie, une maîtrise en anthropologie et un doctorat en anthropologie en Israël. Le corps professoral et les étudiants israéliens font des recherches, présentent leurs travaux lors de conférences et pratiquent périodiquement des activités d'anthropologie engagée ou de plaidoyer. La qualité de leurs recherches et de leurs publications est généralement élevée, et les universités s'attendent à de nombreuses publications dans des revues savantes internationales de haute qualité destinées à toute personne considérée pour une promotion et une permanence. Pendant des années aussi, l'anglais a été fortement enseigné et fortement favorisé à la fois dans la communauté universitaire en général en Israël et dans la communauté anthropologique israélienne en particulier. En fait, la publication en hébreu dans des revues israéliennes n'a pas autant de valeur que celle dans des revues de langue anglaise au Royaume-Uni, aux États-Unis, en Australie ou au Canada. Une partie de cette tendance est valable pour les universités israéliennes en général, mais une autre est spécifique à l'anthropologie en Israël. Au fil des ans, plusieurs influences ont marqué l'anthropologie en Israël. Le regretté professeur Shmuel Eisenstadt (1967), qui a marqué la sociologie et l'anthropologie en Israël, en particulier dans son département d'origine à l'Université hébraïque de Jérusalem, compte parmi celles-la. Pendant bon nombre d'années, ce professeur a été nommé à Harvard (pendant six mois) alors qu'il était également à l'Université hébraïque de Jérusalem. Ce professeur se croyait autant anthropologue que sociologue et considérait l'anthropologie comme une branche de la sociologie, cela bien que ce n’était généralement pas l’opinion des anthropologues qu’il était disposé à engager comme professeurs dans ce même département. Sa connexion à Harvard était importante. C’est vers les États-Unis qu’il s’est tourné en ses qualités de sociologue et d’anthropologue, mais aussi que sur l’organisation de l’enseignement supérieur en Israël. Ce n’était pas l’Allemagne, la Pologne, la France, l’Italie ou tout autre pays imaginable. Ce n’est donc pas un hasard si ce chercheur a privilégié les publications en anglais et plus particulièrement aux États-Unis. La deuxième influence importante qui a marqué l’anthropologie israélienne a été celle de la Manchester School dirigée par Max Gluckman, un juif sud-africain émigré en Angleterre à l’origine de ce puissant département d'anthropologie à l'Université de Manchester en Angleterre. Gluckman a formé des anthropologues à Manchester pour effectuer des travaux d'anthropologie sociale en Israël, et certains de ses plus importants étudiants sont restés en Israël et y sont devenus professeurs d'anthropologie sociale. Une troisième influence sur le développement de l'anthropologie en Israël fut le sionisme travailliste lui-même. Des juifs d'autres pays sont venus s'installer en Israël pour participer au développement d'un Israël à tendance socialiste dans les années 1950 et 1960. Certains d'entre eux étaient des anthropologues titulaires d'un doctorat de pays anglophones (ou dominants anglophones), comme les États-Unis, le Royaume-Uni, Canada, l’Australie, l’Afrique du Sud et la Nouvelle-Zélande. Pendant de nombreuses années, peu de postes de professeur d’anthropologie dans des universités israéliennes ont été occupés par des Israéliens nés dans le pays, et certainement pas par des anthropologues n’ayant jamais étudié dans un pays anglophone, suivi une formation postuniversitaire dans un pays anglophone ou encore terminé au moins un postdoc dans un pays anglophone. Quand des collègues qui sont des rédacteurs de revues anglophones en anthropologie aux États-Unis, au Royaume-Uni ou au Canada font une remarque sur le nombre de manuscrits qu’ils reçoivent d’anthropologues israéliens et sur leur qualité, je souris. Les anthropologues israéliens publient en dehors d’Israël parce que leur université accorde plus d’importance, en particulier dans les articles de revues, et que leurs textes sont bons (c’est-à-dire que leurs problèmes sont familiers et qu’ils respectent les normes des articles de journaux aux États-Unis), car ils ont en grande partie été formés et par des anthropologues anglophones. Une génération plus jeune est maintenant moins à l'aise de publier ou de présenter ses recherches en anglais, parce que l'anglais n'est pas la langue maternelle des anthropologues israéliens, mais le fait demeure qu'ils lisent des livres et des articles en anglais tout au long de leurs études universitaires. Il faut mentionner que peu de livres ou d'articles académiques sont traduits de l’anglais vers l’hébreu. Quoi que les conférences et conversations universitaires soient en hébreu, de nombreux livres et articles qu'ils sont censés lire sont en anglais. Quels sont les champs et thèmes de recherche privilégiés par ces anthropologues ? Sans surprise, ils travaillent sur une variétés de sujets, mais aussi, sans surprise, on note quelques changements au fil des ans (Feldman 2008; Levy et Weingrod 2004; Markowitz 2013). Les premières vagues d'anthropologues en Israël avaient tendance à travailler sur des groupes d'immigrants juifs non ashkénazes en Israël ou sur des communautés non juives vivant en Israël. Pour la plupart, ils ont étudié les kibboutzim et les moshavim ou villes de développement en Israël. Cette tendance s’est partiellement modifiée dans les années 1980 et 1990, mais la plupart des anthropologues israéliens travaillent encore largement sur le terrain en Israël et non en dehors d’Israël. L'adaptation et l'intégration des nouveaux arrivants ne sont plus des thèmes dominants. D’autres thèmes de recherche apparaissent tels que les LGBTQ, les New Agers en Israël, certains se penchent sur la science et la technologie en Israël, d’autres sur la reproduction et sa politique en Israël, sur le néolibéralisme en Israël ou encore les tribunaux de conversion en Israël. Les autres sujets prédominants sont l'anthropologie médicale et psychologique, la jeunesse, le féminisme et le genre, et ainsi que les études environnementales. L'anthropologie israélienne interroge de nombreux aspects de la vie en Israël. Elle se considérait de gauche dans les premières décennies d’Israël (quand Israël avait un gouvernement à tendance socialiste) comme c’est toujours le cas aujourd’hui (malgré le mouvement connu d’Israël vers la droite) (voir Lomsky-Feder et Ben-Ari 2000). L'anthropologie israélienne a longtemps été influencée par l'anthropologie dans le monde anglophone et aucun signe n’indique que cela soit en train de changer. L’anthropologie israélienne a longtemps été centrée sur la vie en Israël (juive et arabe) ; bien que les thèmes de recherche aient tendance à se diversifier, et encore là tout indique que cette tendance se poursuit, même si davantage d’anthropologues israéliens travaillent dorénavant sur terrains en dehors d’Israël. Les anthropologues israéliens ont reçu une formation rigoureuse à tous les niveaux de leurs études universitaires, et je vois que cela continue. Reste à savoir si les juifs et les palestiniens trouveront davantage de collaborations que ce que l’on constate aujourd’hui. Lorsque la communauté anthropologique américaine a sérieusement envisagé le mouvement BDS (mouvement britannique de boycott, désinvestissement et sanction face à Israël) (voir Redden 2016) les anthropologues israéliens se sont préparés au boycott qu'ils attendaient des départements, revues et maisons d'édition anthropologiques américains. Ils ont également subi un peu de pression (de leurs universités et de leurs collègues) pour combattre le BDS. Beaucoup s'inquiètent de l'impact du BDS sur la communauté anthropologique israélienne. Rétrospectivement, c’est un signe vraiment visible de la manière dont la communauté anthropologique israélienne a été liée - et continue de l’être - à la communauté anthropologique américaine. Certains[DVR1] [DVR2] [DVR3] [DVR4] anthropologues israéliens de la première génération craignent que la jeune génération ne fasse plus de travail sur le terrain en immersion totale et, partant, que l'anthropologie disparaisse bientôt de la vie et du monde universitaire israéliens, mais je vois des continuités tout autant que des changements dans l'anthropologie israélienne, et je ne pense pas que l'anthropologie est susceptible de disparaître en Israël.

Introduction In November 2020, upon learning that the company’s Covid-19 vaccine trial had been successful, the head of Pfizer’s Vaccine Research and Development, Kathrin Jansen, celebrated with champagne – “some really good stuff” (Cohen). Bubbles seem to go naturally with celebration, and champagne is fundamentally associated with bubbles. Yet, until the late-seventeenth century, champagne was a still wine, and it only reached the familiar levels of bubbliness in the late-nineteenth century (Harding). During this period and on into the early twentieth century, “champagne” was in many ways created, defined, and defended. A “champagne bubble” was created, within which the “nature” of champagne was contested and constructed. Champagne today is the result of hundreds of years of labour by many sorts of bubble-makers: those who make the bubbly drink, and those who construct, maintain, and defend the champagne bubble. In this article, I explore some elements of the champagne bubble, in order to understand both its fragility and rigidity over the years and today. Creating the Champagne Bubble – the Labour of Centuries It is difficult to separate the physical from the mythical as regards champagne. Therefore the categorisations below are always overlapping, and embedded in legal, political, economic, and socio-cultural factors. Just as assemblage – the mixing of wine from different grapes – is an essential element of champagne wine, the champagne bubble may be called heterogeneous assemblage. Indeed, the champagne bubble, as we will see below, is a myriad of different sorts of bubbles, such as terroir, appellation, myth and brand. And just as any assemblage, its heterogeneous elements exist and operate in relation to each other. Therefore the “champagne bubble” discussed here is both one and many, all of its elements fundamentally interconnected, constituting that “one” known as “champagne”. It is not my intention to be comprehensive of all the elements, historical and contemporary. Indeed, that would not be possible within such a short article. Instead, I seek to demonstrate some of the complexity of the champagne bubble, noting the elaborate labour that has gone into its creation. The Physical Champagne and Champagne – from Soil to Bubbles Champagne means both a legally protected geographical area (Champagne), and the wine (here: champagne) produced in this area from grapes defined as acceptable: most importantly pinot noir, pinot meunier (“black” grapes), and chardonnay (“white” grape). The method of production, too, is regulated and legally protected: méthode champenoise. Although the same method is used in numerous locations, these must be called something different: metodo classico (Italy), método tradicional (Spain), Methode Cap Classique (South Africa). The geographical area of Champagne was first legally defined in 1908, when it only included the areas of Marne and Aisne, leaving out, most importantly, the area of Aube. This decision led to severe unrest and riots, as the Aube vignerons revolted in 1911, forcing the inclusion of “zone 2”: Aube, Haute-Marne, and Seine-et-Marne (Guy). Behind these regulations was a surge in fraudulent production in the early twentieth century, as well as falling wine prices resulting from increasing supply of cheap wines (Colman 18). These first appellations d’origine had many consequences – they proved financially beneficial for the “zone 1”, but less so for the “zone 2”. When both these areas were brought under the same appellation in 1927, the financial benefits were more limited – but this may have been due to the Great Depression triggered in 1929 (Haeck et al.). It is a long-standing belief that the soil and climate of Champagne are key contributors to the quality of champagne wines, said to be due to “conditions … most suitable for making this type of wine” (Simon 11). Already in the end of the nineteenth century, the editor of Vigneron champenois attributed champagne’s quality to “a fortunate combination of … chalky soil … [and] unrivalled exposure [to the sun]” (Guy 119) among other things. Factors such as soil and climate, commonly included in and expressed through the idea of terroir, undoubtedly influence grapes and wines made thereof, but the extent remains unproven. Indeed, terroir itself is a very contested concept (Teil; Inglis and Almila). It is also the case that climate change has had, and will continue to have, devastating effects on wine production in many areas, while benefiting others. The highly successful English sparkling wine production, drawing upon know-how from the Champagne area, has been enabled by the warming climate (Inglis), while Champagne itself is at risk of becoming too hot (Robinson). Champagne is made through a process more complicated than most wines. I present here the bare bones of it, to illustrate the many challenges that had to be overcome to enable its production in the scale we see today. Freshly picked grapes are first pressed and the juice is fermented. Grape juice contains natural yeasts and therefore will ferment spontaneously, but fermentation can also be started with artificial yeasts. In fermentation, alcohol and carbon dioxide (CO2) are formed, but the latter usually escapes the liquid. The secret of champagne is its second fermentation, which happens in bottles, after wines from different grapes and/or vineyards have been blended for desired characteristics (assemblage). For the second fermentation, yeast and sugar are added. As the fermentation happens inside a bottle, the CO2 that is created does not escape, but dissolves into the wine. The average pressure inside a champagne bottle in serving temperature is around 5 bar – 5 times the pressure outside the bottle (Liger-Belair et al.). The obvious challenge this method poses has to do with managing the pressure. Exploding bottles used to be a common problem, and the manner of sealing bottles was not very developed, either. Seventeenth-century developments in bottle-making, and using corks to seal bottles, enabled sparkling wines to be produced in the first place (Leszczyńska; Phillips 137). Still today, champagne comes in heavy-bottomed bottles, sealed with characteristically shaped cork, which is secured with a wire cage known as muselet. Scientific innovations, such as calculating the ideal amount of sugar for the second fermentation in 1836, also helped to control the amount of gas formed during the second fermentation, thus making the behaviour of the wine more predictable (Leszczyńska 265). Champagne is characteristically a “manufactured” wine, as it involves several steps of interference, from assemblage to dosage – sugar added for flavour to most champagnes after the second fermentation (although there are also zero dosage champagnes). This lends champagne particularly suitable for branding, as it is possible to make the wine taste the same year after year, harvest after harvest, and thus create a distinctive and recognisable house style. It is also possible to make champagnes for different tastes. During the nineteenth century, champagnes of different dosage were made for different markets – the driest for the British, the sweetest for the Russians (Harding). Bubbles are probably the most striking characteristic of champagne, and they are enabled by the complicated factors described above. But they are also formed when the champagne is poured in a glass. Natural impurities on the surface of the glass provide channels through which the gas pockets trapped in the wine can release themselves, forming strains of rising bubbles (Liger-Belair et al.). Champagne glasses have for centuries differed from other wine glasses, often for aesthetic reasons (Harding). The bubbles seem to do more than give people aesthetic pleasure and sensory experiences. It is often claimed that champagne makes you drunk faster than other drinks would, and there is, indeed, some (limited) research showing that this may well be the case (Roberts and Robinson; Ridout et al.). The Mythical Champagne – from Dom Pérignon to Modern Wonders Just as the bubbles in a champagne glass are influenced by numerous forces, so the metaphorical champagne bubble is subject to complex influences. Myth-creation is one of the most significant of these. The origin of champagne as sparkling wine is embedded in the myth of Dom Pérignon of Hautvillers monastery (1638–1715), who according to the legend would have accidentally developed the bubbles, and then enthusiastically exclaimed “I am drinking the stars!” (Phillips 138). In reality, bubbles are a natural phenomenon provoked by winter temperatures deactivating the fermenting yeasts, and spring again reactivating them. The myth of Dom Pérignon was first established in the nineteenth century and quickly embraced by the champagne industry. In 1937, Moët et Chandon launched a premium champagne called Dom Pérignon, which enjoys high reputation until this day (Phillips). The champagne industry has been active in managing associations connected with champagne since the nineteenth century. Sparkling champagnes had already enjoyed fashionability in the later seventeenth and early eighteenth century, both in the French Court, and amongst the British higher classes. In the second half of the nineteenth century, champagne found ever increasing markets abroad, and the clientele was not aristocratic anymore. Before the 1860s, champagne’s association was with high status celebration, as well as sexual activity and seduction (Harding; Rokka). As the century went on, and champagne sales radically increased, associations with “modernity” were added: “hot-air balloons, towering steamships, transcontinental trains, cars, sports, and other ‘modern’ wonders were often featured in quickly proliferating champagne advertising” (Rokka 280). During this time, champagne grew both drier and more sparkling, following consumer tastes (Harding). Champagne’s most important markets in later nineteenth century included the UK, where the growing middle classes consumed champagne for both celebration and hospitality (Harding), the US, where (upper) middle-class women were served champagne in new kinds of consumer environments (Smith; Remus), and Russia, where the upper classes enjoyed sweeter champagne – until the Revolution (Phillips 296). The champagne industry quickly embraced the new middle classes in possession of increasing wealth, as well as new methods of advertising and marketing. What is remarkable is that they managed to integrate enormously varied cultural thematics and still retain associations with aristocracy and luxury, while producing and selling wine in industrial scale (Harding; Rokka). This is still true today: champagne retains a reputation of prestige, despite large-scale branding, production, and marketing. Maintaining and Defending the Bubble: Formulas, Rappers, and the Absolutely Fabulous Tipplers The falling wine prices and increasing counterfeit wines coincided with Europe’s phylloxera crisis – the pest accidentally brought over from North America that almost wiped out all Europe’s vineyards. The pest moved through Champagne in the 1890s, killing vines and devastating vignerons (Campbell). The Syndicat du Commerce des vins de Champagne had already been formed in 1882 (Rokka 280). Now unions were formed to fight phylloxera, such as the Association Viticole Champenoise in 1898. The 1904 Fédération Syndicale des Vignerons was formed to lobby the government to protect the name of Champagne (Leszczyńska 266) – successfully, as we have seen above. The financial benefits from appellations were certainly welcome, but short-lived. World War I treated Champagne harshly, with battle lines stuck through the area for years (Guy 187). The battle went on also in the lobbying front. In 1935, a new appellation regime was brought into law, which came to be the basis for all European systems, and the Comité National des appellations d'origine (CNAO) was founded (Colman 1922). Champagne’s protection became increasingly international, and continues to be so today under EU law and trade deals (European Commission). The post-war recovery of champagne relied on strategies used already in the “golden years” – marketing and lobbying. Advertising continued to embrace “luxury, celebration, transport (extending from air travel to the increasingly popular automobile), modernity, sports” (Guy 188). Such advertisement must have responded accurately to the mood of post-war, pre-depression Europe. Even in the prohibition US it was known that the “frivolous” French women might go as far as bathe in champagne, like the popular actress Mistinguett (Young 63). Curiously, in the 1930s Soviet Russia, “champagne” (not produced in Champagne) was declared a sign of good living, symbolising the standard of living that any Soviet worker had access to (at least in theory) (Gronow). Today, the reputation of champagne is fiercely defended in legal terms. This is not only in terms of protection against other sparkling wine making areas, but also in terms of exploitation of champagne’s reputation by actors in other commercial fields, and even against mass market products containing genuine champagne (Mahy and d’Ath; Schneider and Nam). At the same time, champagne has been widely “democratised” by mass production, enabled partly by increasing mechanisation and scientification of champagne production from the 1950s onwards (Leszczyńska 266). Yet champagne retains its association with prestige, luxury, and even royalty. This has required some serious adaptation and flexibility. In what follows, I look into three cultural phenomena that illuminate processes of such adaptation: Formula One (F1) champagne spraying, the 1990s sitcom Absolutely Fabulous, and the Cristal racism scandal in 2006. The first champagne bottle is said to have been presented to F1 grand prix winner in Champagne in 1950 (Wheels24). Such a gesture would have been fully in line with champagne’s association with cars, sport, and modernity. But what about the spraying? Surely that is not in line with the prestige of the wine? The first spraying is attributed to Jo Siffert in 1966 and Dan Gurney in 1967, the former described as accidental, the latter as a spontaneous gesture of celebration (Wheels24; Dobie). Moët had become the official supplier of F1 champagnes in 1966, and there are no signs that the new custom would have been problematic for them, as their sponsorship continued until 1999, after which Mumm sponsored the sport for 15 years. Today, the champagne to be popped and sprayed is Chanson, in special bottles “coated in the same carbon fibre that F1 cars are made of” (Wheels24). Such an iconic status has the spraying gained that it features in practically all TV broadcasts concerning F1, although non-alcoholic substitute is used in countries where sale of alcohol is banned (Barker et al., “Quantifying”; Barker et al., “Alcohol”). As disturbing as the champagne spraying might look for a wine snob, it is perfectly in line with champagne’s marketing history and entrepreneurial spirit shown since the nineteenth century. Nor is it unheard of to let champagne spray. The “art” of sabrage, opening champagne bottle with a sable, associated with glamour, spectacle, and myth – its origin is attributed to Napoleon and his officers – is perfectly acceptable even for the snob. Sparkling champagne was always bound up with joy and celebration, not a solemn drink, and the champagne bubble was able to accommodate middle classes as well as aristocrats. This brings us to our second example, the British sitcom Absolutely Fabulous. The show, first released in 1992, featured two women, “Eddy” (Jennifer Saunders) and “Patsy” (Joanna Lumley), who spent their time happily smoking, taking drugs, and drinking large quantities of “Bolly” (among other things). Bollinger champagne may have initially experienced “a bit of a shock” for being thus addressed, but soon came to see the benefits of fame (French). In 2005, they hired PR support to make better use of the brand’s “Ab Fab” recognisability, and to improve its prestige reputation in order to justify their higher price range (Cann). Saunders and Lumley were warmly welcomed by the Bollinger house when filming for their champagne tour Absolutely Champers (2017). It is befitting indeed that such controversial fame came from the UK, the first country to discover sparkling champagne outside France (Simon 48), and where the aspirational middle classes were keen to consume it already in the nineteenth century (Harding). More controversial still is the case of Cristal (made by Louis Roederer) and the US rap world. Enthusiastically embraced by the “bling-bling” world of (black) rappers, champagne seems to fit their ethos well. Cristal was long favoured as both a drink and a word in rap lyrics. But in 2006, the newly appointed managing director at the family owned Roederer, Frédéric Rouzaud, made comments considered racist by many (Woodland). Rouzard told in an interview with The Economist that the house observed the Cristal-rap association “with curiosity and serenity”. He reportedly continued: “but what can we do? We can’t forbid people from buying it. I’m sure Dom Pérignon or Krug would be delighted to have their business”. It was indeed those two brands that the rapper Jay-Z replaced Cristal with, when calling for a boycott on Cristal. It would be easy to dismiss Rouzard’s comments as snobbery, or indeed as racism, but they merit some more reflection. Cristal is the premium wine of a house that otherwise does not enjoy high recognisability. While champagne’s history involves embracing new sorts of clientele, and marketing flexibly to as many consumer groups as possible (Rokka), this was the first spectacular crossing of racial boundaries. It was always the case that different houses and their different champagnes were targeted at different clienteles, and it is apparent that Cristal was not targeted at black rap artists. Whereas Bollinger was able to turn into a victory the questionable fame brought by the white middle-class association of Absolutely Fabulous, the more prestigious Cristal considered the attention of the black rapper world more threatening and acted accordingly. They sought to defend their own brand bubble, not the larger champagne bubble. Cristal’s reputation seems to have suffered little – its 2008 vintage, launched in 2018, was the most traded wine of that year (Schultz). Jay-Z’s purchase of his own champagne brand (Armand de Brignac, nicknamed Ace of Spades) has been less successful reputation-wise (Greenburg). It is difficult to break the champagne bubble, and it may be equally difficult to break into it. Conclusion In this article, I have looked into the various dilemmas the “bubble-makers” of Champagne encountered when fabricating what is today known as “champagne”. There have been moments of threat to the bubble they formed, such as in the turn of nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and eras of incomparable success, such as from the 1860s to 1880s. The discussion has demonstrated the remarkable flexibility with which the makers and defenders of champagne have responded to challenges, and dealt with material, socio-cultural, economic, and other problems. It feels appropriate to end with a note on the current challenge the champagne industry faces: Covid-19. The pandemic hit champagne sales exceptionally hard, leaving around 100 million bottles unsold (Micallef). This was not very surprising, given the closure of champagne-selling venues, banning of public and private celebrations, and a general mood not particularly prone to (or even likely to frown upon) such light-hearted matters as glamour and champagne. Champagne has survived many dramatic drops in sales during the twentieth century, such as the Great Depression of the 1930s, and the post-financial crisis collapse in 2009. Yet they seem to be able to make astonishing recoveries. 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