Tesis sobre el tema "Spatialisée"
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Pidancier, Nathalie. "Analyse génétique spatialisée : le modèle Grenouille rousse (Rana temporaria)". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002GRE10230.
Texto completoDestandau, François. "Régulation de la pollution de l'eau par une redevance spatialisée". Bordeaux 4, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR40050.
Texto completoNicol, Rozenn. "Restitution sonore spatialisée sur une zone étendue: Application à la téléprésence". Phd thesis, Université du Maine, 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01067541.
Texto completoMontes, Carlo. "Modélisation spatialisée des échanges surface-atmosphère à l'échelle d'une région agricole méditerranéenne". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20085/document.
Texto completoIn Mediterranean regions, decision making tools for water management require knowledge of water and mass exchanges between land surface and atmosphere, where evapotranspiration is the main component of the hydrological cycle. Recent advances, in terms of modeling and remote sensing, mainly at the subregional scale for homogeneous canopies, allow foreseeing the regional extent for complex landscapes such as row crops. This work aims to propose and calibrate a versatile modeling at the regional scale over a vineyard watershed, the calibration relying on remote sensing. A literature review allows selecting a SVAT model with a regional scope and a limited number of parameters. Model implementation is motivated by versatility and further inclusion into a simulation platform. Then, evapotranspiration is spatialized synergistically by using thermal infrared data from ASTER and Landsat remote sensors. Next, the time series obtained for evapotranspiration are used for calibrating the selected SVAT model. These investigations are conducted over the Peyne watershed, within the framework of the OMERE Observatory for environmental research
Le, Hir Céline. "Forêt et chutes de blocs : méthodologie de modélisation spatialisée du rôle de protection". Marne-la-Vallée, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MARN0259.
Texto completoForest have a protection role against rockfalls in mountain areas. Foresters have to manage forests in a way to optimise this role and for they becomes durably protective. To reach this objective, they need adapted tools. This thesis is based on the idea that such tool can be provided. We design a tool to map the interrelation between rockfall and forest and to asses the influence of forest management on their protective ability. The method is based on use of spatial data. We first conceive and validate a tool from a model-GIS coupling. Real size experiments brought validation of the parameter from the trajectography model. GIS use allow us to validate the model and bring some adaptation for the results obtained with the model. We brought up some analysis modules for data spatial repartition. Then we took into account stand management by integrating their dynamic in the modelling process. We then obtain a tool open to be used in order to improve the understanding of stand management influence on protective role of forest. It could bring information on how to reduce rockfall hazard. Finally we conceived a methodology of rockfall hazard mapping with taking into account forests stands management
Saulnier, Georges-Marie. "Information pédologique spatialisée et traitements topographiques améliorés dans la modélisation hydrologique par TOPMODEL". Grenoble INPG, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPG0046.
Texto completoBigeard, Guillaume. "Estimation spatialisée de l'évapotranspiration à l'aide de données infra-rouge thermique multi-résolutions". Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/3086/.
Texto completoIn a global warming context, estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) over agricultural landscapes is of great interest for water resources management at crop and watershed scales. ET can be estimated spatialy by combining soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer (SVAT) modeling, and satellite data. In particular, thermal infra-red (TIR) data allows retrieving surface temperature (LST) which is a precious information regarding energy budgets solving. In this context, this thesis focuses on multi-resolutions intercomparison of 2 approaches: 1. By simulating with TSEB [Norman et al. , 1995a], a surface energy budget (SEB) model forced directly with TIR data at hectometric and kilometric resolutions. It is designed to be driven with remote sensing data, but simplified and thus limited. 2. By agregating high spatial resolution (crop scale) estimations from SEtHyS [Coudert et al. , 2006] model, a more complex model which solves water budget and can be constrained by TIR data. It requires more parameters and inputs which make it trickier to spatialize. In a first part in-situ data acquired over 3 experimental sites in France and Morocco allowed calibration, performances evaluation and sensitivity analyses of models for various cases (temperate and semi-arid climate, kind of culture, phenological stage, hydric stress. . . ), which highlighted their domains of validity and prepared spatialization phase. In a second part, a tool was developed in order to handle semi-automatically spatialized multiresolutions ET estimations with both approaches. Spatialization scenarios were tested (variability of soil water contents, soil depth, and meteorological forcing) and an innovative method was proposed to inverse irrigation amounts from relative information available among a LST image. This part allowed to implement the first bricks of an exploratory work and open interesting perspectives regarding data assimilation for irrigation monitoring, but also for studying impact of spatialization of rain, impact of slopes on radiative transfer, and enhancement of low spatial resolution ET products
Sahli, Anne Marie. "La population de la ville d'Alger : analyse spatialisée de la population, essai de projections démographiques". Paris 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA010563.
Texto completoThe first volume of the thesis brings new and detailed information concerning the natural change of population and population migrations in Algiers and the Algiers region since independance (1962). With this new information it is possible to test theories of anticipated population movements in the years to come (1977-1997). In the second volume a method of population analysis is put forward, based on spatial partition of the built up area (at the level of the block of houses). On the same basis we then propose the grouping together of blocks whose resident populations are of homogenous character. It is not necessary for the blocks to be geographically adjacent. The outcome is groups of blocks of homogenous character. Each of these groups becomes the object of prospective study depending of the different possible assumptions to be derived from the study of the natural change of population and population migration. The analysis is backed up by a number of maps produced by computer. The results of these theoritical projections are given for each period of fine years between 1977 to 1997 and are consistant with the actual results of the Algerian census of march 1987being published. The elaboration of population projections is a way of putting the method to the test. This method of spatial analysis of population can be used with other ends in view
Petrescu, Maftei Carmen. "Etudes concernant les écoulements superficiels : modélisation spatialisée de l'écoulement sur le bassin de Voinesti - Roumanie". Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20035.
Texto completoBen, Fradj Nosra. "Analyse micro-économique spatialisée des enjeux environnementaux de l’introduction de productions agricoles à finalité énergétique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGPT0007.
Texto completoThe main objective of this thesis is to perform an economic analysis of the impacts of second generation (2G) biofuel crops production on land use, agricultural practices and the environment. As for the environmental impacts, we focus on the relationship between the nitrogen fertilizers' consumption and the pollutants emissions (N2O, NH3 et NO3). The second objective is to estimate the potential development of 2G ethanol production in France. The available data and modeling tools that we use in this thesis allow for an economic analysis on a fine spatial dimension. The agricultural supply, given by the AROPAj model, is then combined with the different French bioenergy demands and public policies, which are modeled by the TIMES-GeoMIRET model. This modeling framework allows us to highlight the coherence of bioenergy objectives with the biomass resource potential through the analysis of the technological choices and the regionalisation of the bioenergy plants. Results indicate that "fuel" is not competing only with food, but also with "feed" because producing biomass is achieved at the expense of food and feed production. Cultivating dedicated biomass crops decreases land allocated to crops with high nutrient requirements, and consequently reduces the nitrogen losses. The coupling between AROPAj and TIMES-GeoMIRET has shown that 0.5 Mt of ethanol/year should be produced in 2030, which corresponds approximately to an output capacity of 3 processing plants. These plants should be built in the French northwest region, more precisely at Lillebonne where a 1G ethanol plant already exists
Acevedo, César. "Extrapolation spatialisée d'une mesure locale de l'état hydrique de la vigne à partir de données auxiliaires". Montpellier SupAgro, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NSAM0023.
Texto completoThis thesis focused on the spatial estimation of vines water status. Its objective was to propose and validate an approach to take into account the spatial variability in order to better estimate the plant water status at a given date. After a state of the art showing tools and methods exist for estimating the water status of plants, this thesis showed, firstly, the availability of measurements of reference to estimate the plant water status with a low spatial resolution and secondly, the existence of information with high spatial resolution but indirectly related to the variable of interest. This state of art led to propose a collaborative approach between reference measurements and auxiliary data at high resolution. It considers a function of extrapolation of the water status which allows to take into account the spatial variability characterized by the auxiliary data on a defined area (zone of validity). Such an approach has never been proposed in the literature. In response to questions and to validate the proposed approach, experiments were carried out in nine fields of vineyard INRA Pech-Rouge (Gruissan France). A database of pre-existing thesis was also used. A database developed by the thesis was also used. These data have identified the advantages and limitations of a spatial estimation of plant water status. For moderate to severe water restriction (<-0. 4 MPa), spatial variability of vines water status is determined by certain environmental factors. The main factor identified is the soil. When the soil units are characterized, spatial variability is structured according to plant vigor. The study of information such as multispectral airborne images and the soil electrical properties showed the benefit of this information to characterize the spatial variability of plant water status. The modeling stage focused on a spatial domain corresponding to the block. For a first approach, this scale of work permits to minimize inter-block sources of variability like variety, training system, date of plantation, etc. An extrapolation model of plant water status has been proposed and validated in two databases. This model is based on a collection of site specific coefficients which are constant over time. Each coefficient, models the linear relationship between plant water status measured on a reference site, and the plant water status at a given site, regardless of date. When water restriction is large, the proposed approach can explain a significant proportion of the spatial variability of plant water status (r² = 0. 70). The identification of this general model, gave the formalism to take into account the auxiliary data. Compared to a classical approach similar to the estimation of the mean field, the model with auxiliary data explains a significant part of the spatial variability of plant water status (r² = 0. 71), when water restriction is large. At the within-field level, selected auxiliary information refers mainly to plant vigor
Este trabajo de tesis se focaliza en la estimación espacial del estatus hídrico de la viña. Tiene por objetivo proponer y validar una metodología que considera la variabilidad espacial del cuartel vitícola, de manera de estimar lo mejor posible el estatus hídrico de la planta en una fecha determinada. Posterior a una revisión exhaustiva de literatura de las principales herramientas y métodos existentes para estimar el estatus hídrico de las plantas, este trabajo puso en evidencia, por un lado, la posibilidad de utilizar mediciones de referencia para estimar el estatus hídrico de planta con una baja resolución espacial y por otro, la posibilidad de utilizar información auxiliar de alta resolución espacial que está relacionada indirectamente a la variable de interés. Este trabajo propone una metodología conjunta entre las mediciones de referencia y la información auxiliar de alta resolución, la cual es original y jamás propuesta hasta ahora en la literatura. Así, se propone una función de extrapolación del estatus hídrico que considera la variabilidad espacial sobre un área determinada (zona de validación) la cual es caracterizada por datos auxiliares. Para responder a las preguntas científicas y validar la metodología propuesta, se planificó un dispositivo experimental que comprendió nueve cuarteles vitícolas de la estación experimental del INRA de Pech-Rouge (Gruissan, Francia) que permitió crear una importante base de datos. Además se utilizó una base de datos pre-existente a la tesis. Estos datos permitieron identificar las ventajas y las limitaciones de una estimación espacial del estatus hídrico de las plantas. Para restricciones hídricas moderadas a fuertes (<-0,4 MPa), la variabilidad espacial del estatus hídrico de la viña está determinada por ciertos factores ligados al medioambiente. Así, el principal factor identificado fue el suelo. Una vez que las unidades pedológicas han sido caracterizadas, la variabilidad espacial se presentó estructurada en función del vigor de las plantas. Además, el estudio de la información auxiliar tal como, imágenes aéreas y propiedades eléctricas de suelo, mostró las ventajas de esta información para caracterizar la variabilidad espacial del estatus hídrico de las plantas. Las etapas de modelización fueron concentradas a la escala del cuartel. Así, en una primera etapa, esta escala de trabajo permitió minimizar las fuentes de variabilidad entre cuarteles vitícolas ligadas al cultivar, sistema de conducción, edad de plantación, etc. Un modelo de extrapolación del estatus hídrico fue propuesto y validado sobre dos bases de datos. Este modelo fue basado sobre una colección de coeficientes sitio-específicos locales y constantes. Cada coeficiente local, permitió modelar la relación lineal existente entre el estatus hídrico medido en un sitio de referencia y el estatus hídrico medido en cualquier otro sitio al interior del cuartel, sin importar la fecha de medición. Bajo condiciones de restricción hídrica elevada, el modelo permitió explicar una parte importante de la variabilidad espacial del estatus hídrico de la planta (r2=0,70). La identificación de este modelo general, permitió proponer una metodología para introducir datos auxiliares. Comparado con un método clásico de estimación, esta última permitió explicar una parte importante de la variabilidad espacial del estatus hídrico de las plantas (r2=0,71) en condiciones de restricción hídrica elevada. A nivel de cuartel, las variables auxiliares seleccionadas están relacionadas principalmente al vigor de las plantas
Legeard, Benoît. "Prévention des inondations torrentielles méditerranéennes : approche multi-agents pour l'aide a la gestion spatialisée de crise". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE10010.
Texto completoVenturini, Véronique. "La planification littorale spatialisée à l’épreuve du terrain : l’exemple des communes de Calenzana, Olmeto et Sisco". Thesis, Corte, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022CORT0002.
Texto completoThis thesis deals with the difficulties involved in the operationalization of the spatialized littoral planning in Corsica, especially through the consideration of the characteristics and configurations related to the land situation. To do this, it is based, within the framework of a professional experience of urban planner, on the analysis of three coastal municipalities, Sisco, Olmeto and Calenzana, presenting difficulties in the implementation of their urban planning documents. The planning includes tools and methods of preparation and analysis implemented to frame the evolution and development of territories. Seven years after the approval of the PADDUC, the island's urban planning documents have seen their goals evolve about a more balanced vision of urbanization. The challenges of preserving the environment, production areas and the objective of densifying built-up areas have been reinforced, thus obliging planning documents to set a strict and precise development context based on socio-demographic projections. In view of this operational definition of spatialized strategic planning, this research work proposes, within the framework of an empirical approach, a vision that complements the methods of elaboration and evaluation of local urban planning documents by integrating the land question as a basis for analysis and observation of territorial evolution. This research work is based on the identification of a series of indicators showing the influence of land characteristics on the implementation of planning documents, taking into consideration their legal and geographical situation. This aggregation of land indicators leads us to a spatialized and surface representation aiming at better estimating and understanding the real mobilization of land for building
Oehler, François. "Mesure de la dénitrification et modélisation spatialisée des flux d'azote à l'échelle d'un petit bassin versant d'élevage". Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NSARD047.
Texto completoOur objective was to assess the relative importance of heterotrophic denitrification on the fate of excess nitrogen at the catchment scale, and to quantitify the relative importance of riparian areas ont the N20 emissions. We measured denitrificatin at 15 sites over one year on a farming water catchment area in Brittany France. Using C2H2 inhibition, denitrification analysed on soil core and denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA) were each determined, for samples taken from 2 soil layers : 0-20 and 20-40 cm. Denitrification rates, ranging from 0 to 417 mg N. M-2. D-1 were significantly higher in riparian areas. The measured DEA values ranged from 76. 48 ng N. G-1 dry soil. H-1 to 530. 63 ng N. G-1 dry soil. H-1. Soil moisture appeared to be the main limiting factor. The ratio N20/(N20+N2) was about 60 % and seemed to be constant throughout the year. The results simulations suggest that the at the studied water catchment area scale, denitrification is a major route for nitrogen removal
Jolivet, Aurélie. "Compréhension des mécanismes de biominéralisation : quantification spatialisée des fractions minérale et organique et influence de facteurs environnementaux". Brest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BRES2055.
Texto completoDespite numerous applications on the use of otoliths at both population and individual levels, knowledge regarding the mechanisms of the otolith and their variations with environmental and physiological factors has to be improved. In particular, the characterization of mineral and organic fractions of the otolith structures and the influence of their qualitative and quantitative composition on the opacity remain poorly documented. Vet this information is of key interest for the calibration of the archive “otolith” allowing a robust analysis of information. The first issue of this study focused on the analysis of the opacity and the effects of temperature, growth and metabolism through experiments in controlled conditions. Results led to the modelling of opacity as a function of two energetic contributions: one related to somatic growth and the other independent of somatic growth and associated to maintenance mechanisms. The second issue dealt with the physico-chemical characterization of otolith structures. The development of an approach based on micro-spectrometry Raman, non-destructive, has allowed to quantitatively discriminating organic and mineral signatures at very high resolution. It has led to the characterization of microstructures (L and D zones) and macrostructures (translucent and opaque zones) led to the development of a predictive model of opacity from the signatures of these two fractions. The relationship between the environmental and metabolic factors and the chemical composition of structural features has still to be established but our results promising perspectives for a better understanding of the mechanisms of otolith biomineralisation
Certain, Grégoire. "Distribution, abondance et stratégie de recherche alimentaire chez les prédateurs supérieurs du Golfe de Gascogne : une étude spatialisée". Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00261859.
Texto completoTetegan, Marion. "Modélisation des propriétés de rétention en eau des sols caillouteux : application à l'estimation spatialisée de la réserve utile". Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00667737.
Texto completoGumiere, Silvio José. "Contribution à la modélisation déterministe spatialisée de l'érosion hydrique des sols à l'échelle des petits bassins versants cultivés". Montpellier SupAgro, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NSAM0022.
Texto completoAnthropogenic activity associated with intensive agricultural production is often the origin of an acceleration in soil erosion processes, such that the rate of erosion will exceed the rate of soil formation. In Europe and the world, water erosion affects all types of landscapes to different degrees. Water erosion models may provide helpful information for the development and application of land management practices in catchments with soil and water conservation concerns. The objective of this work was to reflect on and then critically analyse the problem of water erosion modelling from different points of view: conceptually, model exploration and model parameterisation. From this reflection, and after a literature review, which focused on two of the main problems identified with present-day erosion models, namely model parameterisation and sedimentological connectivity, we have developed a physically based and distributed water erosion model, able to provide dynamic information about soil loss and sediment transport within small agricultural catchments during rainfall events. The model takes into account the effects of land management practices on sediment transport using a distributed GIS parameterisation. The model was calibrated and validated for a Mediterranean catchment, using an automatic and multi-scale calibration procedure. Another result from this work was the development of a sensitivity analysis framework to provide an exploratory analysis of distributed erosion models at different space and time scales. This framework has been applied to four water erosion models (MHYDAS-Erosion, STREAM, MESALES and PESERA). Results have shown a similarity in behaviour of the four erosion models with regards to input parameter variations
Certain, Grégoire. "Distribution, abondance et stratégies de recherche alimentaires chez les prédateurs supérieurs du golfe de Gascogne : une approche spatialisée". La Rochelle, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LAROS204.
Texto completoThis work proposes a new insight on an animals community which is poorly know and focus on the community of marine predator (seabirds and marine mammals) in the bay of Biscay. On the basis of airplane and ship-based transect surveys, and by using spatial analysis, the distribution and the abundance of the marine predator in the French Atlantic continental shelf is characterized for the first time. The distribution and the abundance of the marine predator offer new management information’s in the context of putting up marine protected area. After a thorough study on bias associated with pelagic aerial strip transects survey, this works round on three principal thematic: spatial distribution and temporal variability, abundance and prey consummation and lastly on foraging strategy. In a fundamental point of view, an innovative approach to quantify spatio-temporal variability of seabird’s distribution is proposed. This approach allows revealing areas with low temporal variability (i. E. Stable area) and areas with high temporal variability (i. E. Variable area) of seabird’s spatial distribution, and the spatial scales at which this variability is expressed. Large scale habitats of marine mammals have been modelled too, which revealed the important area of their spatial distribution. Our abundance estimates coupled to previous study on foraging diet lead us to conclude that consummation of prey by marine predators is in same order than fisheries activity in terms of biomass. Lastly, based on a foraging seabird species « the northern gannets » as a study model, fine scale spatial networks is revealed which is interpreted as an increase of information using from their congeners (i. E. Public information), this typical spatial organisation will increase the probability of finding preys in a highly variable, dynamic, and unpredictable marine environment. These results emphasize the importance of using statistical tools and concepts of spatial ecology to answer to fundamental and applied questions on structures, functioning and management of wildlife population
Valette, Gilles. "Simulation dynamique spatialisée de l’évolution de la structure de surface des sols cultivés sous l’action de la pluie". Reims, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008REIMS006.
Texto completoThis document is the result of a thesis conducted on the interface between computer science and soil science. This work concerns the modeling and simulation of two types of changes in the structure of a cultivated soil surface: its degradation by the action of rain, and its cracking by the action of dessication. The models we have developed are based on the DEVS formalism, which is dedicated to discrete event systems, and on extended cellular automata principle. The main originality of our simulator of soil degradation is that it aims to reproduce the interaction between the erosion processes and the evolution of the relief and of the soil surface structure. The processes of water transfer are represented, as well as the processes of sediment transfer. A rain simulator experiment permitted to verify that our simulator provides a correct global behavior, producing a realistic crusting on both qualitative and quantitative aspects, which is one of its most original and innovative characteristics. The cracking simulator reproduces the emergence and development of vertical cracks in the surface layer of a dessicating soil. We have introduced the method of hierarchical watershed to obtain a cracks network that can be determined by soil properties, especially the crust thickness. Besides a validation using Minkowski's densities, we have also proposed a generalization of our method to 3D meshes
Baptiste, Hervé. "Interactions entre le système de transport et les systèmes de villes : perspective historique pour une modélisation dynamique spatialisée". Tours, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOUR1801.
Texto completoJahel, Camille. "Analyse des dynamiques des agroécosystèmes par modélisation spatialisée et utilisation d’images satellitaires, Cas d’étude de l’ouest du Burkina Faso". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AGPT0059.
Texto completoRural areas of West Africa have seen notable transformations these last two decades, mainly due to high population growth, development policies in favor of export crops and introduction of new cropping practices. The results of these developments are a pressure on forestry resources, an evolution of farming systems, a depletion of soils and a saturation of cultivated areas. The number of conflicts for resources access increases, reviving buried ethnical tensions, and the question of food security is raised. In that context, early warning systems have been developed in order to foresee and curb food insecurity by the mean of hazard analyses.The present work deals with agrarian changes and their mechanisms, in the context of early warning systems development. New methodological approaches are explored, based on modeling and remote sensing in order to create a retrospective and prospective analysis of agrarian dynamics of the Tuy province, located in West Burkina Faso.We first focus on the issue of cross-scaling in agro-ecosystems dynamics models, by building a multi-scalar model of past developments. The model uses interaction graphs to simulate processes occurring from the plot scale to the regional scale (crop production, crop rotation and crop area expansion). We show that modelling across scales is achievable without resorting to methods of aggregation or disaggregation, usually applied for this type of study.The model is then used to analyze two aspects of agrarian dynamics of Tuy province. The first one deals with clearances dynamics in the context of Malthus vs Boserup debate, concerning the impacts of demographic growth on natural resources. Prospective scenarios are simulated and their consequences on natural vegetation surfaces are assessed: these scenarios simulate emigrations of a part of the population towards other areas, the implementation of protected areas, a demographic regulation and an ecological intensification of farming systems.The second aspect concerns decisional processes of farmers in order to constitute their crops rotations. The study consists in understanding the important variations of cultivated species, observed during the studied period, by analyzing the simulated weight evolution of different determining factors involved in the decisional processes.Finally, we show that anthropic processes footprints are explicitly detectable in remote sensing images, by using multi-scalar simulations of the model developed. Then, we create an assimilation of satellite data in the model in order to re-calibrate it and reinforce its abilities to reproduce past dynamics. This last part opens important perspectives concerning the joint use of remote sensing data and agro-ecosystems dynamics
Blouet, Sylvain. "Vers une approche spatialisée de la planification spatiale marine : cas d’étude pour des populations d’invertébrés sessiles dans le Golfe du Lion". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS292.
Texto completoMarine spatial planning is a future issue for the conservation of marine resources, but our understanding of the spatial arrangement of conservation zones and management zones to promote the persistence of populations is not so clear. The study of spatial scales structuring the distribution of species and processes influencing the dynamics and persistence of marine populations is therefore essential for a spatialized approach to the organization of marine spaces. This thesis work is therefore organized around two objectives: (i) to understand the local and regional scales structuring the spatial distribution of sessile invertebrates in natural and artificial habitats (part 2 and part 3) and (ii) to evaluate how the he integration of functional connectivity associated with larval dispersal in a hybrid network of natural habitats and artificial habitats influences the spatialized prospective schemes of conservation extension in the Gulf of Lion. The chosen approaches combine modelling tools and high-resolution inventories of common sessile invertebrates on natural habitats and on artificial reefs. Part 2 examines the regional spatial distribution of 5 gorgonian species using an ecological niche model, based on hydrological and geomorphological predictors (bottom currents, surface temperature, turbidity, depth, slope, roughness, wall orientation). The spatial structuring of 4 of the 5 species of gorgonians can be explained by these factors. In part 3, the effects of local (shape, depth and duration of immersion) and regional (geographical area) factors were evaluated by examining the assemblages of five species with contrasting life history traits. Geographical positioning prevailed over local factors in AR colonization. The multi-specific approach carried out in parts 2 and 3 showed different importance of the role of dispersal and abiotic factors on the spatial structuring (local and regional) of species. In Part 4, a prospective conservation extension design was simulated to assess the integration of functional connectivity within the natural hard bottom and with the addition of the artificial reef network. The network of marine protected areas is strongly modified when the functional connectivity within the fragmented rocky natural habitat is taken into account. The network of artificial reefs, adding stepping stone in the network of natural habitats, modifies the prospective design. These results highlight the importance of integrating functional connectivity into marine spatial planning and the potential impact of installing or dismantling artificial reefs
Sarrazin, Benoit. "MNT et observations multi-locales du réseau de drainage d'un petit bassin versant rural dans une perspective d'aide à la modélisation spatialisée". Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENU042/document.
Texto completoHydrological functioning of small temporary catchments depends on several processes governing transfer from surface water paths. As a result flow dynamics and drainage density are highly variable in space and time. But this complex dynamic is not enough taken into account because of technical and economical limitations. However, it is essential to describe hydrological connectivity as a spatial and temporal pattern of contributive areas to the drainage network. Get this pattern may facilitate the conceptual distinction between production and transfer functions to improve spatially distributed models. The aim of the study is to develop methods to describe spatial and temporal patterns of the drainage network in relation to catchment hydrological responses. The Mercier headwater catchment (7 km²) is located into the Yzeron catchment near Lyon (France). The land use is principally composed of agricultural plots and forested areas. The hydrographical network consists of natural thalwegs and many roadside ditches and agrarian ditches. Both approaches are developed for this purpose: first, the micro-topography from a LiDAR DEM helps to describe potential flow lengths from drainage network extensions during rainfall events. On the one hand, main artificial ditches are mapped from the DEM with minimal corrections from ancillary data. On the other hand, channelized or unchannelized reaches are located from the DEM into the natural thalwegs. Second, a water level sensor device is set up to record hydrological response from 18 stations located in nested sub-catchments into the hydrological network. These synoptic measurements are used to estimate temporal changes in drainage density, to analyze local hydrological functioning, or to describe flood propagation to the outlet. Results from both approaches lead to the identification of specific behaviors inside the hydrological network controlled by functional thresholds. These patterns help to better understand the relationship between land use and hydrological processes. The results also show the interest of LiDAR DEM and the suitability of adaptable distributed measurements as a substitute to heavy in situ studies for the identification of drainage patterns. Finally, to test the assumption of a gradual drainage network extension during a rainfall event, a simplified drainage pattern is processed into a geomorphological transfer function. This tool is fairly easy to set and is used to initiate an association between local hydrological knowledge and global catchment response. Both approaches lead to conclude that various drainage pattern must be integrated into spatially distributed models according to hydrological conditions, rather than a single hydrological network
Moncoulon, David. "Proposition d’une méthode d’estimation de l’exposition financière aux inondations pour le marché de l’assurance en France : modélisation hydrologique et économique probabiliste spatialisée". Toulouse 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOU30251.
Texto completoThis Thesis was conducted in the Department of technical studies of CCR within the framework of a research / development program which aims at developing models for the estimation of insurance losses due to natural catastrophes. This document is organized in two parts. The first part is dedicated to the development of a simulation model (ARTEMIS) of the hazard and damage resulting from a flood event. The calibration of this model and its validation based on a catalog of historical events are then described in the second part, the coupling of ARTEMIS with two generators of probabilistic events is achieved: a stochastic flow generator and a stochastic spacialized precipitation generator, adapted from the SAMPO model developed by IRSTEA. The analysis of the complementary nature of these two generators is proposed: the first one allows to generate floods on the French hydrological station network; the second allows to simulate surface water runoff and small river floods, even on ungauged rivers. Thus, the simulation of thousands of fictitious events allows us, after an analysis of uncertainties, to provide for the first time an estimate of the financial exposure of the insurance market to flooding in France
Arreola, Tostado Jesus Manuel. "Représentation spatialisée de l'effet du semis direct sur paillis de résidus sur la culture de maïs pluvial, dans l'Etat de Jalisco, Mexique". Dijon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000DIJOL031.
Texto completoBoulain, Nicolas. "Effet des facteurs climatiques et anthropiques dans l'évolution récente des écosystèmes tropicaux : modélisation spatialisée du bilan hydrique d'un petit bassin versant sahélien". Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066016.
Texto completoZanolin, Anne. "Irrigation de précision en Petite Beauce : mesures au champ et modélisation stochastique spatialisée du fonctionnement hydrique et agronomique d'une parcelle de mai͏̈s". Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066344.
Texto completoDinaharison, Jean Bienvenue. "Conception d’une approche spatialisée à base d’agent pour coupler les modèles mathématiques et informatiques : application à la modélisation du processus écosystémique du sol". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS184.
Texto completoSoil is a highly heterogeneous environment in which many processes interact to provide ecosystem services. Model coupling approaches propose to define such system by using a modular architecture in which various processes, represented by models, communicate to reproduce different aspects of a phenomenon such as soil functioning. In this thesis project, we develop such an approach for the purpose of modelling soil functioning. The challenges of such a scheme lie in solving representation problems of soil processes. These representation problems originate from the fact that models from various disciplines are reused to describe the processes. By representations problems, we mean model description which can be (individual or equation based), the temporal execution settings and data resolution. These coupling constraints are addressed by a number of approaches in the literature. All of them propose satisfactory solutions to these constraints in their respective application fields. In our approach, we use the agent paradigm to encapsulate the various soil processes. Then processes will communicate through the space by using resources inside it. The behaviour of the processes then depends on the availability of resources. A coordination problem can arise from this type of coupling, as processes may consume the resource simultaneously while the resource may not support this demand. To overcome that matter, we use an action-theoretic technique called Influence-Reaction to define strategies to manage this type of situation. We used algorithms suggested by the abbundant litterature to manage any processes temporality issues. This coupling approach was applied to a model of organic matter decomposition in which several processes (earthworms, microbes and roots) compete for soil ressources. The results suggest that the use of our approach is suitable for modelling soil functioning, but also gives more accurate indications of resource availability
Maréchal, Denis. "Du drain potentiel au drain réel : utilisation de données satellitales à très haute résolution pour l'étude de l'origine géomorphologique des chemins de l'eau sur des bassins versants méditerranéens soumis aux crues éclair". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00715931.
Texto completoPique, Gaétan. "Apport de la télédétection pour la simulation spatialisée des composantes du bilan carbone des cultures et des effets d'atténuation biogéochimiques et biogéophysiques des cultures intermédiaires". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOU30038.
Texto completoClimate change and the demographic growth of the world's population are leading the agricultural world to adapt to meet these two major challenges. While agricultural land, which represents nearly one third of the world's land area, contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, it also offers the possibility of implementing climate change mitigation levers. In this context, the aim of this thesis is to increase our knowledge of the functioning of agricultural areas, to provide tools for assessing the contribution of cultivated surfaces to climate change, and to quantify the biogeochemical (C storage) and biogeophysical (albedo effect) effects of climate change mitigation through the implementation of cover crops. To meet these objectives, two modeling approaches were developed during this work. The first part of this thesis focused on the development of a spatialized modeling approach, allowing to provide estimates of production (biomass and yields), CO2 and water fluxes, these variables being used to quantify the carbon and water budgets for cropland. To this end, the SAFYE-CO2 agro-meteorological model assimilating satellite products of vegetation index at high spatial and temporal resolutions was developed and applied to different crops (wheat, maize and sunflower) and intercrop vegetation (spontaneous regrowth, weeds, cover crops). This approach has been validated on a network of plots in southwestern France, taking advantage of a large number of satellite images and validation data on the Regional Spatial Observatory area. In particular, it has allowed to accurately estimate wheat, sunflower and corn production, as well as CO2 and water fluxes on wheat and sunflower crops. Vegetation, which can develop on the plots during intercropping periods, was also considered in order to improve the estimation of CO2 and water fluxes. In particular, this made it possible to quantify the impact of intermediate crops on the C balance components of plots allocated to field crops in the study area. The second part of the project aimed at developing a model for the introduction of cover crops at a European scale, in order to estimate the radiative forcing induced by the modification of the surface albedo generated by this practice. Thanks to medium resolution albedo products (1/20°), developed by the CNRM (and in collaboration with this laboratory), this modelling approach allowed to provide estimates of the albedo effect related to cover crops. Several introduction scenarios were simulated to account for the impact of certain factors, such as snow or rain. They have allowed us to highlight the potential negative impact of soil darkening, induced in the long term (via the enrichment of soil organic matter) by cover crops on the radiative forcing of cultivated areas. Finally, as any change in agricultural practice induces biogeochemical and biogeophysical effects on climate, an analysis of these coupled effects was conducted using these two modelling approaches. We conclude that once intercropping is implemented, the soil should be permanently covered so that the soil darkening effect does not cause the other climatic benefits of this agricultural practice to be lost
Nitschelm, Laure. "Développement de la méthode analyse du cycle de vie territoriale spatialisée (ACVTS) appliquée à l’agriculture. Cas d’étude des bassins versants de la lieue de grève, Bretagne, France". Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NSARD079/document.
Texto completoThis thesis focuses on development of the spatialized territorial life cycle assessment (STLCA) method, which spatializes environmental-impact calculation, and on its application to a case study to help decision making. The thesis is organized into four main chapters: (1) building the STLCA framework, (2) spatializing nitrogen emissions, (3) developing regionalized characterization factors for eutrophication and (4) comparing STLCA and LCA results. STLCA can estimate environmental impacts of a territory that are more similar to real impacts and can map emissions and impacts to help decision making. However, STLCA requires time, data and expertise to be applied; thus, it is necessary to determine its suitability for the goals of a given study before using it
Idda, Corinne. "Caractéristiques biologiques spatialisées et influence des stratégies individuelles dans la gestion des ressources halieutiques : une approche par les jeux différentiels". Thesis, Corte, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CORT0004.
Texto completoMuch of the fishery resource is, to date, overexploited even endangered. It is therefore necessary to manage this resource to ensure the sustainability of the fishery’s economic sector. The aim of this work is to extend and complete the existing models in the literature on the topic which aim for analyze the effects of different strategies for resource conservation benefit of the fishery sector. Indeed, these studies suffer from two main limitations.On the one hand, they put forward mainly the biological characteristics of the resource in space and their works are generally limited to the determination of the fishing level which provides the maximum sustainable yield. However, from an economic point of view, these works are limited, as they do not take into account the strategic behavior between agents.On the other hand, concerning the management policies of fishery resources in space, a few studies integrate agents’ individual strategies to evaluate the impacts of these regulations on the stocks state. In addition, with regard to marine protected areas, existing works focus on the impact of such measures on resources stock and their approach does not allow evaluating the impact of the size of a marine reserve.It is therefore important to extend the analysis in two directions. Firstly, we will try to improve existing works on integrating fishermen strategies in an oligopolistic sector (market structure representing the fishery sector), while taking into account the biological characteristics in terms of dispersion, to investigate in which extent these aspects influence the preservation prospects.Then, we focus, in the same analytical framework, the fishery resources management policies to evaluate their effectiveness
Daniel, Adrien. "Spatial Auditory Blurring and Applications to Multichannel Audio Coding". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00623670.
Texto completoChen, Sheng. "Stochastic simulation of near-surface atmospheric forcings for distributed hydrology". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAU005/document.
Texto completoThis PhD work proposes new concepts and tools for stochastic weather simulation activities targeting the specific needs of hydrology. We used, as a demonstration, a climatically contrasted area in the South-East of France, Cévennes-Vivarais, which is highly attractive to hydrological hazards and climate change.Our perspective is that physical features (soil moisture, discharge) relevant to everyday concerns (water resources assessment and/or hydrological hazard) are directly linked to the atmospheric variability at the basins scale, meaning firstly that relevant time and space scales ranges must be respected in the rainfall simulation technique. Since hydrological purposes are the target, other near-surface variates must be also considered. They may exhibit a less striking variability, but it does exist. To build the multi-variable modeling, co-variability with rainfall is first considered.The first step of the PhD work is dedicated to take into account the heterogeneity of the precipitation within the rainfall simulator SAMPO [Leblois and Creutin, 2013]. We cluster time steps into rainfall types organized in time. Two approaches are tested for simulation: a semi-Markov simulation and a resampling of the historical rainfall types sequence. Thanks to clustering, all kind of rainfall is served by some specific rainfall type. In a larger area, where the assumption of climatic homogeneity is not considered valid, a coordination must be introduced between the rainfall type sequences over delineated sub-areas, forming rainy patterns at the larger scale.We first investigated a coordination of Markov models, enforcing observed lengths-of-stay by a greedy algorithm. This approach respects long duration aggregates and inter-annual variability, but the high values of rainfall are too low. As contrast, the joint resampling of historically observed sequences is easier to implement and gives a satisfactory behavior for short term variability. However it lacks inter-annual variability.Both approaches suffer from the strict delineation of homogeneous zones and homogeneous rainfall types.For these reasons, a completely different approach is also considered, where the areal rainfall totals are jointly modeled using a spatio-temporal copula approach, then disaggregated to the user grid using a non-deterministic, geostatistically-based conditional simulation technique. In the copula approach, the well-known problem of rainfall having atom at zero is handled in replacing historical rainfall by an appropriated atmospheric based rainfall index having a continuous distribution. Simulated values of this index can be turned to rainfall by quantile-quantile mapping.Finally, the copula technique is used to link other meteorological variables (i.e. temperature, solar radiation, humidity, wind speed) to rainfall. Since the multivariate simulation aims to be driven by the rainfall simulation, the copula needs to be run in conditional mode. The achieved toolbox has already been used in scientific explorations, it is now available for testing in real-size application. As a data-driven approach, it is also adaptable to other climatic conditions. The presence of atmospheric precursors a large scale values in some key steps may enable the simulation tools to be converted into a climate simulation disaggregation
Saadi, Sameh. "Estimation spatialisée de l'évapotranspiration réelle et des volumes d'irrigation à l'aide de modèles de bilans hydrique et énergétique forcés par des données de la télédétection optique (VIS/PIR/IRT)". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30008/document.
Texto completoIn arid and semi-arid regions, efficient agricultural water management is a major issue, mainly in irrigated areas. The design of tools that provide an estimate of water balance components at the regional scale may help sustainable management of limited water resources in the water scarce regions. Remotely sensed Earth observation has become a major research field for agricultural water resources management. The main objective of this thesis is to develop and test efficient techniques and methods to estimate hydrological variables (Evapotranspiration (ET) and irrigation volumes) in order to assess, at "metric" and "kilometric" resolution , the crop water requirements and the extracted irrigation volumes in the Kairouan plain (central Tunisia). The adopted approach combines field experimentation, modeling and the use of multi-sensor / multi-resolution remote sensing data. Two modeling tools are used: the soil water balance model SAMIR and the energy balance model, SPARSE. SAMIR and SPARSE estimates are assessed using field measurements (Scintillometer XLAS measurements) and field surveys (observed irrigation volumes). The seasonal irrigation volumes estimated by the SAMIR model are acceptable, even though results at finer timescales (monthly and below) needed to be improved. Hence, the SAMIR model parameters, especially the uncalibrated ones are revisited in order to improve the results. SPARSE estimates of sensible and latent heat ?uxes are in close agreement with those obtained from the XLAS. However, the extrapolation from instantaneous to daily ET is less obvious
Van, Wynsberge Simon. "Approche comparée, intégrée et spatialisée pour la gestion d'une ressource emblématique exploitée en Polynésie fraçaise et Nouvelle-Calédonie le cas du bénitier Tridacna maixima : le cas du bénitier (Tridacna maxima)". Thesis, Polynésie française, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016POLF0002.
Texto completoThe giant clam (Tridacna maxima) is an emblematic species found from the Central Pacific to the Red Sea. The abundance and exploitation of this species, however, can vary following several orders of magnitude along its distribution range depending on past fishing pressure and natural environment. The establishment of sound management plans for this species is a challenge both at ecological and economical purpose, and requires a clear understanding of population functioning for adiversity of natural and anthropogenic context. The aim of this thesis was to characterize and compare the functioning of T. maxima populations in three contrasted reef systems: in Tatakoto atoll (Tuamotu Archipelago, French Polynesia), in the high island of Tubuai (Austral Archipelago, French Polynesia), and in the South-West part of the Pacific Ocean, including New Caledonia and Vanuatu. In the New Caledonia and Vanuatu study area, low densities and low exploitation of T. maxima are encountered in a diversity of reef fragmentation state (i.e., continuous versus isolated reefs). These local specificities constraint the analyses toward a meta-population approach, for which connectivity between stocks is as important as stocks themselves for the population persistence. In this context, a gene flow model was coupled with a bio-physical model using maps of resource distribution. The model was validated by genetic data. The model evidenced the strong influence of habitat fragmentation and population size on connectivity. This suggests that the spatial distribution of resource would be relevant as first proxy for population connectivity characterization at regional scale when oceanic and lagoon currents cannot be properly modelled. In French Polynesia, densities of T. maxima are high and associated with high fishing pressure. The strong isolation of lagoons suggests closed populations. In this context, we used a population dynamic model to assess the extent by which life traits at individual scale (growth, mortality and reproduction) and fishing pressure may affect the dynamic at population scale (e.g., density, size distribution). The analyses were performed for too lagoons of contrasted configurations: the semi-closed atoll of Tatakoto and the high island of Tubuai. We highlighted contrasted population dynamics of giant clams between the two sites, partly because of lagoon enclosure, which also influence the effectiveness of management planning simulations. Finally, we discuss this research in the context of seascape ecology, evolution and conservation biology and discuss the implications for management. This work should lead to promising perspectives for future research applied to the management of tropical islands marine resources
Veloso, Amanda Gabriela Maia. "Modélisation spatialisée de la production, des flux et des bilans de carbone et d'eau des cultures de blé à l'aide de données de télédétection : application au sud-ouest de la France". Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2695/.
Texto completoThe agricultural lands that occupy more than one third of Earth's terrestrial surface contribute to climate change and are also impacted by those changes, since their production is conditioned by climatic conditions and water resources. The main objective of this thesis is therefore to quantify and analyze the production and also the main components of the carbon and water biogeochemical cycles for crop ecosystems in contrasted climatic years, focusing specifically on the winter wheat crop, in order to identify the best strategies for maintaining crop production and reducing environmental impacts. The study area is located in southwest France. We propose a regional modeling approach that combines: i) high spatial and temporal resolutions optical remote sensing data, ii) simple crop models and iii) an extensive set of in-situ measurements for models' calibration and validation. The combined use of these three 'tools' opens new perspectives for advanced agro-ecosystems modeling and monitoring at regional or global scales
Lecomte, Pierre. "Ambisonie d'ordre élevé en trois dimensions : captation, transformations et décodage adaptatif de champs sonores". Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9888.
Texto completoAbstract : Sound field synthesis is an active research domain with various musical, multimedia or industrial applications. In the latter case, the accurate reconstruction of the sound field is targeted, which involves answering several scientific questions. Using arrays of microphones and loudspeakers, the capture, synthesis and accurate reconstruction of sound fields are theoretically possible. However, for practical applications, the arrangement of the loud- speakers and the acoustic influence of the restitution room are critical factors to consider in order to ensure the accurate reconstruction of the sound field. In this context, this thesis proposes methods and techniques for the capture, transforma- tions and accurate reconstruction of sound fields in three dimensions based on the Higher Order Ambisonics (HOA) method. A spherical configuration for the array of microphones and loudspeakers is proposed. It follows a fifty-node Lebedev grid that enables the capture and reconstruction of the sound field up to order 5 with HOA formalism. The limitations of this approach, such as the spatial aliasing, are studied in detail. A transformation op- eration of the sound field is also proposed. The formulation is established in the spherical harmonics domain and enables a directional filtering on the sound field prior to the decod- ing step. For the reconstruction of the sound field, an original approach, also established in the spherical harmonics domain, can take into account the acoustic influence of the restitution room and the defects of the playback system. This treatment then adapts the synthesis of sound fields to the restitution room, maintaining the theoretical formalism established in free field. Finally, an experimental validation of methods and techniques developed in the thesis is made. In this context, a digital signal processing toolkit is de- veloped. It process in real-time the microphones, ambisonics, and loudspeaker signals for the sound field capture, transformations, and decoding.
Thieu, Vincent. "Modélisation spatialisée des flux de nutriments (N, P, Si) des bassins de la Seine, de la Somme et de l'Escaut : impact sur l'eutrophisation de la Manche et de la Mer du Nord". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00446589.
Texto completoThieu, Vincent. "Modélisation spatialisée des flux de nutriments (N, P, Si) des bassins de la Seine, de la Somme et de l’Escaut : impact sur l’eutrophisation de la Manche et de la Mer du Nord". Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066695.
Texto completoClaverie, Martin. "Estimation spatialisée de la biomasse et des besoins en eau des cultures à l'aide de données satellitales à hautes résolutions spatiale et temporelle : application aux agrosystèmes du sud-ouest de la France". Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1789/.
Texto completoThere is a close relationship between agrosystems (or agroecosystems) and carbon (soil carbon sequestration process) and water (irrigation management systems) cycles. This PhD thesis contributes to the analysis and the validation of methods for quantification of agrosystems biomass (carbon cycle) and water needs (water cycle) over large land surfaces. To this end, remote sensing data are assimilated within a crop model, SAFY (Simple Algorithm For Yield Estimate), through a key biophysical variable, the GAI (Green area index). GAI in situ (proxy-detection) and spatialized (inversion of radiative transfer models) estimation methods are first assessed. Secondly, remote sensed time series of GAI are used for the calibration of the SAFY crop model in order to deliver spatial estimates of crop biomass and water needs. These estimations are validated, through direct comparison with an experimental system which is located in the southwest of France and run from 2006 to 2010. Studied crops are maize and soybean, which are irrigated, and also sunflower, which is non-irrigated. Remote sensing data used to estimate the time series of GAI are taken from Formosat-2 sensors. Such data are particularly relevant for the crop monitoring because they combine high spatial resolution (8 m) and high temporal frequency (1 day)
Maréchal, Denis. "Du drain potentiel au drain réel : utilisation de données satellitales à très haute résolution pour l’étude de l’origine géomorphologique des chemins de l’eau sur des bassins versants méditerranéens soumis aux crues éclair". Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EMSE0609/document.
Texto completoIn Mediterranean areas, heavy rainfalls can generate flash floods during fall season. The rainfall intensities and their high spatial variability combined with complex processes of run-off generation reduce drastically the predictability of these phenomena. Although rainfall intensities monitoring techniques are progressing, another way to better understand and predict the hydrological responses of the catchments is to better understand the hydrological processes underlying the spatial and temporal variability of water pathways on upstream elementary catchments where concentrated flows begin. In the framework of spatial hydrology, this PhD proposes to study the potentialities of remote sensing, in particular the emergent high spatial resolution 3D products, to characterize catchments drainage elementary networks in order to relate some derivated geomorphologic traits to the observed hydrological responses all over catchments. This permits to identify the involved hydrological processes during flow dynamics on upstream mountainous catchments. This work is organized in two axes. The first one consists in characterizing, from 3D satellite data, the “potential” drain corresponding to the dry morphological network of a basin, formed by the continuum of thalweg lines within a catchment. An original algorithm, based on a TIN DEM structure, has been specifically designed for this purpose. This algorithm allows the delineation of thalwegs networks and provides geomorphological traits of catchments and networks. The second axe concern the study of the spatial dynamic of the “real” drain, which is the drain with effective flow. The goal is to enhance the understanding of flow networks spatial dynamics during rainfall events. A specific sensor network has been specially distributed on two experimental sub-catchments of the Gardon d’Anduze watershed in order to monitor the spatio-temporal variations of flow and network dynamics. The relationship between computed geomorphologic features and observed hydrological responses along networks tends to confirm the prevalence of sub-surface flows on the studied catchments. This exhibits two types of hydrographic networks, showing two distinct hydrological behaviors (the principal and secondary networks). Results also show the great influence of slopes and their variations on flow initiation and durability, and to propose hypothesis of hydrological mechanisms, in function of the observed events
Jankowfsky, Sonja. "Compréhension et modélisation des processus hydrologique dans un petit bassin versant périurbain à l'aide d'une approche spatialisée orientée objet et modulaire. Application aux sous-basins de la chaudanne et du mercier (bassin de l'Yzeron, France)". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00721988.
Texto completoCasal, Laurène. "Evaluation de scénarios de gestion paysagère de l’azote par modélisation en bassins versants agricoles". Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NSARD085/document.
Texto completoEnvironmental issues related to the excess of reactive nitrogen of agricultural origin activity, are still a major concern in France despite restrictive regulations. To reconcile sustained agricultural production and reduced nitrogen emissions, we identified innovative mitigation strategies and simulated their effects were simulated using distributed agro-hydrological models. The approach consisted in farm surveys in two contrasted situations (NW and SW of France) a basis to simulate the following scenarios :i) optimisation of agricultural practices according to the 5th action programme of the Nitrate Directive ii) conversion of agricultural land into environmental zones (unmanaged grasslands), with varying extension and in different landscape positons. Results show the interest of locating them in an interception position (i.e. in humid zones around the stream network) rather than in headwater position, especially in the NW catchment were subsurface flow is the dominant pathway. This solution would reduce nitrate losses without increasing other nitrogen emissions
Lecomte, Pierre. "Ambisonie d'ordre élevé en trois dimensions : captation, transformations et décodage adaptatifs de champs sonores". Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CNAM1076/document.
Texto completoSound field synthesis is an active research domain with various musical, multimedia or industrial applications. In the latter case, the accurate reconstruction of the sound field is targeted, which involves answering several scientific questions. Using arrays of microphones and loudspeakers, the capture, synthesis and accurate reconstruction of sound fields are theoretically possible. However, for practical applications, the arrangement of the loudspeakers and the acoustic influence of the restitution room are critical factors to consider in order to ensure the accurate reconstruction of the sound field.In this context, this thesis proposes methods and techniques for the capture, transformations and accurate reconstruction of sound fields in three dimensions based on the Higher Order Ambisonics (HOA) method. A spherical configuration for the array of microphones and loudspeakers is proposed. It follows a fifty-node Lebedev grid that enables the capture and reconstruction of the sound field up to order 5 with HOA formalism. The limitations of this approach, such as the spatial aliasing, are studied in detail.A transformation operation of the sound field is also proposed. The formulation is established in the spherical harmonics domain and enables a directional filtering on the sound field prior to the decoding step.For the reconstruction of the sound field, and original approach, also established in the spherical harmonics domain, can take into account the acoustic influence of the restitution room and the defects of the playback system. This treatment then adapts the synthesis of sound fields to the restitution room, maintaining the theoretical formalism established in free field.Finally, an experimental validation of methods and techniques developed in the thesis is made. In this context, a digital signal processing toolkit is developed. It process in real-time the microphones, ambisonics, and loudspeaker signals for the sound field capture, transformations, and decoding
Le, Rest Kévin. "Méthodes statistiques pour la modélisation des facteurs influençant la distribution et l’abondance de populations : application aux rapaces diurnes nichant en France". Thesis, Poitiers, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013POIT2330/document.
Texto completoIn the context of global biodiversity loss, more and more surveys are done at a broad spatial extent and during a long time period, which is done in order to understand processes driving the distribution, the abundance and the trends of populations at the relevant biological scales. These studies allow then defining more precise conservation status for species and establish pertinent conservation measures. However, the statistical analysis of such datasets leads some concerns. Usually, generalized linear models (GLM) are used, trying to link the variable of interest (e.g. presence/absence or abundance) with some external variables suspected to influence it (e.g. climatic and habitat variables). The main unresolved concern is about the selection of these external variables from a spatial dataset. This thesis details several possibilities and proposes a widely usable method based on a cross-validation procedure accounting for spatial dependencies. The method is evaluated through simulations and applied on several case studies, including datasets with higher than expected variability (overdispersion). A focus is also done for methods accounting for an excess of zeros (zero-inflation). The last part of this manuscript applies these methodological developments for modelling the distribution, abundance and trend of raptors breeding in France
Haran, Julien. "Dispersion des espèces impliquées dans une association phorétique vecteur - pathogène nouvellement formée : le cas de Monochamus galloprovincialis, vecteur natif d’un nématode invasif en Europe (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)". Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2046/document.
Texto completoBiological invasions dramatically increased over the last decades due to the intensification of international trade. These invasions constitute a threat for ecosystems and many anthropic activities, therefore it is crucial to understand underlying processes in order to better predict and manage their impacts. In this PhD thesis, I explore the potential of dispersion of native and non-native species involved in a novel phoretic association. I focus on the case of the association between a pest for pine forests, the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) introduced in Europe, and its endemic insect vector (Monochamus galloprovincialis). I first estimated gene flows of the insect vector alone in order to identify the barriers and corridors to dispersal of this species. Then I have simulated the spatial spread of the nematode-vector couple using a spread model, and accounting for the synergistic effect of this novel association. The results obtained during this PhD showed that the invasive nematode has an important potential to spread through this phoretic association. However, some environmental features such as elevation, areas with low temperatures, and the high pine densities constitute barriers to dispersal of the vector and so, potential obstacles to the spread of the invasive nematode. Beyond these results focused on the model of study, this thesis has led to the development of several methods that may be adapted to other cases of novel phoretic association and, by extension, may contribute to a better understanding of dispersal of species involved in those complex and poorly known systems
Baby, Jean-François. "Le traitement des données spatialisées par stations geomatiques". Aix-Marseille 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX23005.
Texto completoThe development of up-to-date computer aids now enable us to write down a new territorial geography, just as the increasing development in data banks offer new prospects in diffusing geographical messages our approach was pragmatic. We tried to put into practice a new method to process spatial data to our first experiment with the town planning department at the town hal in nice, involved establishing a cartographical data bank. Our second experiment is a larger department scale and is being carried at the cci nice-cote-d'azur both experiments have provided confirmation of our choice in "geomatic" computer aids, but furthemore to have the necessary tools in hans, and thesefore a complete step-by-step range of our data, from acquisition to distribution, is of primary importance
Djabelkhir, Karima. "Développement d'une modélisation du devenir de pesticides à l'échelle d'un versant au sein d'une plateforme hydrologique, prise en compte de la macroporosité". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAU012/document.
Texto completoThe aim of my thesis is to develop a spatial scale modeling of a catchment, to better reflect the main pathways of pesticides in agricultural lands. We are looking to adopt a simplified approach, yet it allows to represent the existing discontinuities (plots, ditches, embankments ... etc). Indeed, we wish to quantify the mechanisms of transfer of pesticides taking into account the influence of landscape features (patches, ditches, grass strips ... etc) on the partition of water transfers and pesticides in surface and subsurface. It relies for this development on the acquired data on the experimental watershed Morcille (69), which serve to provide orders of magnitude and a framework to test the relevance of business developments. A literature review on the processes involved and the existing models led to the choice of hydrological modeling framework CMF, developed at the University of Giessen (Kraft, 2012). CMF allows for object oriented modeling of a hydrologic system (soil column, slope, watershed etc.) and offers a wide variety of physical equations for the representation of hydrological processes. The work is conducted in three steps, the first involves assessing the behavior of CMF and validating its response via the comparison initially via a 1D model following a comparison with Hydrus1D. Secondly, we conducted 2D simulations comparing with the Cathy model based on the work of Sulis et al. (2010) and Hydrus2D (Simunek et al., 1999 & Simunek et al., 2001) on a hillslope inspired from the experimental slope of Morcille. The second step is to take account of preferential flow in certain types of structured soil, seems necessary for better representation of the processes. The representation of the preferential transfer of pesticides through macropores to water resources is still a research challenge. The dual permeability approach (DP) contains selected developing the infiltration of a new function in the macropores. Our DP model also contains two alternative exchange functions matrix-macropores; the first one is proportional to the difference of the water contents of the two compartments of the soil (Philip, 1968). The second exchange function is a diffusing wave based on the approach outlined by van Genuchten (1993). The last part of the thesis consists in the modeling of solutes successively following two approaches: single dual porosity and permeability, considering the convective transport of solutes and a linear adsorption. The validation of our modeling approach is conducted by comparing with the Hydrus1D / 2D simulations