Tesis sobre el tema "SPAIDD M"

Intorno alla metà degli anni trenta la Spagna diventò il centro dell’attenzione del mondo e tutte le grandi potenze internazionali, vecchie e nuove, vennero coinvolte, in misura diversa, nella guerra civile. Già nell’agosto del 1936, un mese dopo l’esplosione del conflitto, tutti gli Stati più rappresentativi caldeggiavano l’ipotesi di una politica comune di “non intervento”. Il ruolo guida in tal senso venne assunto dal governo inglese, capace di dissuadere, in tempi estremamente rapidi, il governo frontista francese di Leon Blum dall’intento di sostenere economicamente e militarmente il legittimo governo repubblicano spagnolo. La preoccupazione che il conflitto potesse degenerare in uno scontro più generale fu quindi la ragione principale per la quale qualche settimana dopo nacque il “Comitato di Non Intervento”, cui aderirono ben ventisette nazioni europee tra cui Francia, Inghilterra, URSS, Italia, Germania e Portogallo. Il mio progetto di ricerca dottorale esamina il ruolo, le scelte ed i relativi dibattiti in merito all’unica grande potenza, gli Stati Uniti d’America, che, pur scegliendo di rimanere neutrale, si astenne dal partecipare al suddetto Comitato. In ambito statunitense particolare rilievo assumono due aspetti del dibattito politico sulla Spagna: il primo maturato in seno all’Amministrazione Roosevelt, il secondo elaborato dalla componente Liberal della coalizione del New Deal attraverso i settimanali, “The Nation” e “The New Republic”. Il confronto pubblico acceso dalla guerra civile spagnola fu infatti l’occasione per la società civile americana per dibattere apertamente e francamente circa l’opportunità e la capacità della nazione di assumere o meno un ruolo internazionale corrispondente al prestigio socio-economico in via di acquisizione a livello mondiale. Approfondire ed esaminare il dibattito sulla guerra civile spagnola negli USA significa dunque andare alla ricerca delle radici culturali di quello che sarà uno dei più vasti ed articolati confronti politici e teorici del ventesimo secolo: l’internazionalismo americano.
During the thirties Spain became the center of the world and all the major international powers, old and new, were involved, to varying degrees, in civil war. In august 1936, a month after the outbreak of the conflict, all states more representative advocated the hypothesis of a common policy of "non intervention". The leading role in this regard was taken by the British government, able to deter, in a very short time, the French government of Leon Blum by the need to support economically and militarily the legitimate Republican government in Spain. The concern that the conflict could soar into a wider confrontation was therefore the main reason why a few weeks later came the "Committee of Non-Intervention", which joined twenty-seven European nations including France, England, USSR, Italy, Germany and Portugal. My Phd research project examines the role, the choices and the related debates concerning the only great power, the United States of America, which, while choosing to remain neutral, it refrained from participating in this Committee. There are two aspects that are particularly important of the American political debate about Spain: the first developed within the Roosevelt administration, the second developed by the Liberal component into the New Deal coalition through the weekly "The Nation” and “The New Republic". The public debate on the Spanish Civil War was an occasion for the American civil society to discuss openly and frankly about the opportunity and the nation's ability to assume or not an international role corresponding to the socio-economic prestige in the process of acquisition worldwide. To deepen and examine the debate on the Spanish Civil War in the U.S. means then go in search of cultural roots of what will be one of the largest and articulated political and theoretical comparisons of the twentieth century: the American Internationalism.

Intorno alla metà degli anni trenta la Spagna diventò il centro dell’attenzione del mondo e tutte le grandi potenze internazionali, vecchie e nuove, vennero coinvolte, in misura diversa, nella guerra civile. Già nell’agosto del 1936, un mese dopo l’esplosione del conflitto, tutti gli Stati più rappresentativi caldeggiavano l’ipotesi di una politica comune di “non intervento”. Il ruolo guida in tal senso venne assunto dal governo inglese, capace di dissuadere, in tempi estremamente rapidi, il governo frontista francese di Leon Blum dall’intento di sostenere economicamente e militarmente il legittimo governo repubblicano spagnolo. La preoccupazione che il conflitto potesse degenerare in uno scontro più generale fu quindi la ragione principale per la quale qualche settimana dopo nacque il “Comitato di Non Intervento”, cui aderirono ben ventisette nazioni europee tra cui Francia, Inghilterra, URSS, Italia, Germania e Portogallo. Il mio progetto di ricerca dottorale esamina il ruolo, le scelte ed i relativi dibattiti in merito all’unica grande potenza, gli Stati Uniti d’America, che, pur scegliendo di rimanere neutrale, si astenne dal partecipare al suddetto Comitato. In ambito statunitense particolare rilievo assumono due aspetti del dibattito politico sulla Spagna: il primo maturato in seno all’Amministrazione Roosevelt, il secondo elaborato dalla componente Liberal della coalizione del New Deal attraverso i settimanali, “The Nation” e “The New Republic”. Il confronto pubblico acceso dalla guerra civile spagnola fu infatti l’occasione per la società civile americana per dibattere apertamente e francamente circa l’opportunità e la capacità della nazione di assumere o meno un ruolo internazionale corrispondente al prestigio socio-economico in via di acquisizione a livello mondiale. Approfondire ed esaminare il dibattito sulla guerra civile spagnola negli USA significa dunque andare alla ricerca delle radici culturali di quello che sarà uno dei più vasti ed articolati confronti politici e teorici del ventesimo secolo: l’internazionalismo americano.
During the thirties Spain became the center of the world and all the major international powers, old and new, were involved, to varying degrees, in civil war. In august 1936, a month after the outbreak of the conflict, all states more representative advocated the hypothesis of a common policy of "non intervention". The leading role in this regard was taken by the British government, able to deter, in a very short time, the French government of Leon Blum by the need to support economically and militarily the legitimate Republican government in Spain. The concern that the conflict could soar into a wider confrontation was therefore the main reason why a few weeks later came the "Committee of Non-Intervention", which joined twenty-seven European nations including France, England, USSR, Italy, Germany and Portugal. My Phd research project examines the role, the choices and the related debates concerning the only great power, the United States of America, which, while choosing to remain neutral, it refrained from participating in this Committee. There are two aspects that are particularly important of the American political debate about Spain: the first developed within the Roosevelt administration, the second developed by the Liberal component into the New Deal coalition through the weekly "The Nation” and “The New Republic". The public debate on the Spanish Civil War was an occasion for the American civil society to discuss openly and frankly about the opportunity and the nation's ability to assume or not an international role corresponding to the socio-economic prestige in the process of acquisition worldwide. To deepen and examine the debate on the Spanish Civil War in the U.S. means then go in search of cultural roots of what will be one of the largest and articulated political and theoretical comparisons of the twentieth century: the American Internationalism.

1918 - 1940 m. Lietuvos pedagoginė spauda vykdė komunikacinę funkciją švietimo srityje, informavo skaitytojus apie visas pedagoginiame pasaulyje vykstančias problemas ir naujienas, stengėsi reaguoti į visus mokyklą, mokytojus ir mokinius liečiančius einamojo momento klausimus. Nagrinėjamo laikotarpio Lietuvos pedagoginė spauda gali būti ir vienas pagrindinių šaltinių, analizuojant ugdymo mokslo brandą Lietuvoje. Darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti pedagoginės minties sklaidą 1918 - 1940 m. Lietuvos pedagoginėje spaudoje. Uždavinai: 1. Aptarti Lietuvos pedagoginės spaudos atsiradimo aplinkybes; 2. Išnagrinėti pagrindines 1918 - 1940 m. Lietuvos pedagoginėje spaudoje gvildentas ugdymo problemas. Metodas istorinis chronologinis – skirtas 1918-1940 metų edukacinės spaudos raidos ir savitumo analizei Bibliografiniai tyrimai leido išsiaiškinti nagrinėjamo laikotarpio pedagoginės raštijos autorius ir jų darbus, susipažinti su jų straipsniais ir nustatyti darbų vertingumą ugdymo mokslui. Nagrinėjamų straipsnių analizė baigiama ieškant bendrybių. Tam buvo naudojamas apibendrinimo metodas. Šiuo darbu nebuvo siekiama aprėpti visų ugdymo mokslo veikėjų ir jų straipsnių, bet pasirinkti ryškiausi atstovai, rašę įvairiais pedagogikos klausimais cituojami tarpukario laikotarpio pedagoginėje spaudoje, taip pat nagrinėjamu laikotarpiu į ugdymo mokslą įnešę kažką naujo. Cituojamais šaltiniais siekiama atskleisti bei išryškinti ugdymo mokslo problematiką ir ją aptarti. Analizuojant minimo laikotarpio... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
In 1918-1940 in the field of education the communicative function was being carried by the pedagogical press of Lithuania, readers were informed about the problems and news in pedagogy, in addition, there was a try to react to all the current affairs related to schools, teachers and students. Analysing the maturity of educational science in Lithuania during the consideration period, the pedagogical press of Lithuania may be considered as one of the main sources. The aim of this work is to analize the spread of pedagogical thought in the pedagogical press of Lithuania in the period of 1918-1940. Goals: 1. To discuss the circumstances of the origin of the pedagogical press in Lithuania. 2. To analyse the main educational problems examined in the pedagogical press of Lithuania of 1918-1940. Historical-chronological method was applied to analyse the development and the distinction of the educational press of 1918-1940. Bibliographical researches revealed the authors and their works on pedagogy of the analysed period, to survey their articles, and to assess the worth of their works to educational science. The analysis of articles is concluded by the search of commonalities. For this purpose, the method of generalization was applied. There was no aim to cover all the persona of educational science and their articles, but the most distinct representatives, who wrote on pedagogical topics and were quoted in the pedagogical press of the interwar period, and ones who brought... [to full text]

For almost three centuries, the sacred villancico was the primary vernacular musical form of Spain and its New World colonies. Consisting of a through-composed estribillo, or refrain, and a set of strophic coplas, or verses, these ‘devout and honest songs’ (as they were styled by the Third Mexican Provincial Council of 1585) featured in the Matins services of the cathedrals and convents of Mexico throughout the colonial period. This thesis traces the morphology, development and significance of the villancico in New Spain during the one hundred year period from 1650 to 1750, examining the musical development of the genre within the institutional contexts of cathedral, convent and girls’ school. The biographies and villancico oeuvres of the composers Juan Gutiérrez de Padilla, Antonio de Salazar, Manuel de Sumaya, and others who moved in their orbits are reconsidered in light of new music and documentation, while the supposed New World phenomenon of the villancico de negros, or African dialect villancico, receives fresh attention. In separate chapters, the feminine side of genre is examined. The musical aspects of the life of the Hieronymite nun Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz are considered from the viewpoint of the music historian, while the practice of the villancico in the feminine institutions of New Spain is explored. Focussing on period documents as a means of enriching the historical narrative, the thesis is intended as an interpretation of the villancico genre for the English-speaking reader.

In recent years, flamenco has been consolidated as a prominent symbol of regional identity in Andalusia, the southernmost region of Spain. In the late 1970s, Spain began to decentralise into seventeen autonomous regions. As a result, each region has been encouraged to foreground its own culture vis-à-vis national culture. Although associated with Spain in general, flamenco has fulfilled the role of regional identity building in Andalusia. Increasingly, the Andalusian Government has focused attention on the development of flamenco within and outside of the region. In this thesis, I explore this relationship between flamenco and regional identity in Andalusia. In doing so, I draw upon the theoretical tenets of political geography. Through scholarly exchange, I argue that political geographers and ethnomusicologists can learn much about the relationship between music and regional identity. I use flamenco as a pertinent case study of this relationship in the European context. In particular, I discuss the role that governmental institutions play in the ‘regionalisation’ (Schrijver 2006) of flamenco (that is, the institutional development of flamenco as an ‘official’ symbol of regional identity). However, I argue that at times the regionalisation process can be disputed and subverted. Accordingly, I contend that regionalism (that is, the bottom-up identification with a region) in Andalusia is a fragmented concept. By examining the contexts, the discourses and the styles associated with flamenco, I present alternative readings of regionalism in Andalusia. Drawing upon virtual ethnography and traditional ethnography in Granada, I examine the reception and the production of flamenco at a local level as well as at a regional level. Arguably, some flamenco scholars present a somewhat rigid understanding of the relationship between flamenco and regional identity. By offering different readings of regionalism through flamenco, I reveal the complex and contested relationship between flamenco and identity in southern Spain.

Magistro darbo objektas - Lietuvos katalikiškos žiniasklaidos priemonės. Darbo tikslas – ištirti Lietuvos katalikiškos žiniasklaidos raidos ypatumus 2000 – 2007 metais. Darbo uždaviniai: aptarti katalikiškos žiniasklaidos sampratą, suvokti jos vietą žiniasklaidos kontekste; ištirti užsienio katalikiškos žiniasklaidos raidos tendencijas ir dokumentus, reglamentuojančius katalikiškos žiniasklaidos specifiką; pateikti Lietuvos katalikiškos žiniasklaidos raidos apžvalgą nuo tarpukario iki 2007 metų; ištirti būdingiausias Lietuvos katalikiškos žiniasklaidos priemonių savybes 2000 – 2007 metais. Darbo hipotezės: Lietuvos katalikiškos žiniasklaidos priemonės nesugebėjo šiuolaikiškai pateikti tikėjimo dalykų; Lietuvos katalikiškos žiniasklaidos priemonių raidą stabdė vidinės ir išorinės problemos, kurių jos nesugebėjo išspręsti; Lietuvos interneto ir radijo katalikiškos žiniasklaidos augimas stiprino katalikiškos žiniasklaidos padėtį Lietuvoje. Teorinėje darbo dalyje apibrėžiama žiniasklaidos sąvoka, nustatomi specifiniai katalikiškos žiniasklaidos bruožai, supažindinama su pasauliniu katalikiškos žiniasklaidos priemonių kontekstu, pateikiama Lietuvos katalikiškos žiniasklaidos priemonių raida nuo tarpukario iki XXI amžiaus, aptariamas oficialus Katalikų Bažnyčios požiūris į žiniasklaidos priemones, pristatomi su visuomenės komunikavimo priemonėmis ir jų reglamentavimu susiję Šventojo Sosto dokumentai. Darbo metodai: antrinė duomenų analizė, indukcija, interviu, lyginamasis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The object of this work is Lithuanian catholic media. The purpose is to analyze the features of development of Lithuanian Catholic media from 2000 till 2007. The tasks of this work are: 1. Discuss the concept of Catholic media, understanding its place in the context of all media. 2. Investigate foreign Catholic media trends and the documents governing the specifics of Catholic media. 3. Provide an overview of Lithuanian Catholic media evolution from the interwar period to 2007. 4. Investigate the most representative characteristics of Lithuanian Catholic media 2000 - 2007 year. This work has the following hypotheses: 1. Lithuanian Catholic media have failed to represent religious subjects in a modern way. 2. The development of Lithuanian Catholic media slowed because of internal and external problems, which they failed to resolve. 3. The growth of Lithuanian Catholic radio and Internet media has strengthened Catholic media situation in Lithuania. This work of master’s degree about Lithuanian catholic media is one of the first in Lithuania. Working methods in a theoretical part of this work are secondary data analysis, induction, comparative, historical, systematic, interview, logical methods. In a practical part of this work there is an interview method. The research interviewed six experts, who monitor the Lithuanian Catholic media and participate in its activities. This work sowed that Lithuanian Catholic media prospered interwar, but the occupation of the Soviet Union... [to full text]

L'apprendimento integrato di contenuto e lingua (CLIL) è un approccio in cui le materie vengono insegnate attraverso una lingua straniera con un duplice obiettivo: l’apprendimento di contenuto disciplinare non linguistico e il contemporaneo apprendimento di una lingua straniera con funzione veicolare. Finalità primaria del presente lavoro di ricerca è mettere in evidenza struttura e logica organizzativa che soggiace all’insegnamento/apprendimento mediato dalla lingua con le ripercussioni che esso implica. La ricerca vuole offrire una panoramica multidimensionale delle impostazioni CLIL a livello internazionale (Italia, Spagna, Turchia) in ambito scolastico, panoramica che contempla le percezioni delle figure educative coinvolte, il ruolo dei team di gestione delle scuole, lo sviluppo professionale degli insegnanti e i risultati accademici e non accademici ottenuti per garantire il successo del CLIL nonché il livello di soddisfazione degli studenti nei Paesi oggetto dell’indagine. Al fine di presentare tutte queste informazioni, è stato utilizzato un progetto di ricerca con metodo misto. Insegnanti di lingua, insegnanti di altre discipline, coordinatori didattici e dirigenti sono le componenti importanti per la messa in atto della pratica del CLIL. Si tratta di figure-guida per gli studenti, nonché concreti amministratori del processo educativo; pertanto, rilevare e comprendere il loro punto di vista è un passaggio necessario. La ricerca, condotta in tre diversi contesti educativi, Italia, Spagna e Turchia, più specificamente in Sicilia, nella Regione Autonoma Castiglia-León e nella Regione Marmara, ha preso in considerazione le realtà teoriche, legislative e pratiche nella messa a punto dei programmi CLIL secondo le differenze proprie di ciascun sistema educativo. Il funzionamento del programma CLIL e le sue parti costitutive sono stata, pertanto, esaminate in dettaglio nei tre contesti nazionali, esprimendo alcune vie di miglioramento della pratica del CLIL a scuola. Parole chiave: CLIL, percezione, insegnamento delle lingue straniere, insegnamento dei contenuti, contesti educativi diversi.
Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) is an approach where subjects are taught through a dual focusing foreign language aimed at the learning of the content, and the simultaneous learning of the foreign language. The main purpose of this dissertation is dealing with the organization behind the learning foreign languages through a content-based subject and the content-based subject through foreign languages. So, the main purpose of this dissertation may be said to be about the effects of CLIL learning. Here we want to offer a multidimensional overview to the CLIL settings at an international level; Italy, Spain, Turkey, through the perceptions of educational authorities about the involvement of management teams, professional development of teachers and the academic and non-academic results obtained to ensure the success of CLIL practice as well as the level of satisfaction of the students in three different countries. In consideration of what said till now we have made use of a mixed research design, in particular QUAN – QUAL ® Findings ® Interpretation model. Teachers of linguistic areas, teachers of non-linguistic areas, coordinators, and directors are the important components of a CLIL context. As they are the guides for students as well as being the administrators of the education process, knowing their point of view is of high importance. That’s why this study pays most attention to the perception of CLIL by the educational communities and to the differences created by perception in the implementation which varies from country to country. The research participants are; directors, coordinators, teachers of linguistic areas, teachers of nonlinguistic areas and students from selected schools with CLIL provision. The research has been conducted in three different education contexts; namely, Sicily in Italy, Castilla-León Autonomous Region in Spain and Marmara Region in Turkey, at a tertiary level of education considering the theoretical, legislative and practical realities each country has within their educative systems. The functioning of CLIL program and components in the mentioned countries would be examined in details and potential ways to improve the positive results would be discussed extensively in the dissertation thesis. Key Words: CLIL, Perception, Foreign Language Teaching, Content Teaching, Diverse Educational Contexts

More than twenty years ago, Enzo Cecchini prompted to realize a “systematic analysis” of the vast number of logical formulas and argumentative procedures that stud Dante’s prose works. Since then, several specific contributions have appeared, highlighting the importance of this topic both for the understanding and the philological restitutio of Dante's text. Still missing, however, is a fully comprehensive and systematic study of this side of the Poet’s philosophical language. This work aims to fill this gap, bringing to fulfillment this critical desideratum. The first part of the thesis provides an analytical census of all the passages in which Dante deploys a technical logical terminology. Specifically, the selected formulas have been compared with: (i) the main Latin translations and commentaries to the so-called "Ars Vetus" and "Ars Nova"; (ii) the most popular logical textbooks and summulae of Dante’s time (such as Peter of Spain’s Tractatus); (iii) widely consulted works such as the Auctoritates Aristotelis and Vincent of Beauvais’Specula. Rather than identifying the specific sources Dante used, the primary aim has been to scrutinize his terminology in relation to coeval logical traditions, discussing its level of linguistic and conceptual “specialism” on a case-by-case basis. In particular, possible relations with the Auctoritates Aristotelis and the Tractatus have been explored and evaluated, as well as points of contact with the more complex exegetical traditions linked to the texts of the Organon. As requested by Cecchini, all the Poet’s prose works have been included in the analysis: the Vita nova, the Convivio, the De vulgari eloquentia, the Epistole and the Monarchia. In light of the new editorial initiative of the Società Dantesca Italiana, the controversial Questio de aqua et terra has been considered as well. Thus, the traditional consideration of the “Latin Dante” has been integrated with a special attention to the “Vernacular Dante”; and the terminological enrichment leading from the Vita nova to the Monarchia and the Questio has been diachronically pointed out. In the second part, the lexicographical entries I prepared for the Vocabolario Dantesco Latino (Accademia della Crusca; Istituto Opera del Vocabolario Italiano) have been collected and presented. In this way, an essential vocabulary of Dante's logical lexicon is provided, as a tool of easy reference to be used when Dante's text «fia […] in parte alcuna un poco duro» (Conv. I III 2).

Research on social movements has traditionally addressed issues of movement emergence and mobilisation, paying little attention to their outcomes and consequences. Moreover, despite research on the political consequences of social movements accelerating in recent years, much has been left under researched, no more so than the impact social movements have on one of the most important actors in liberal democracies: political parties. This paper extends social movement research by examining whether social movements have an impact on political parties and under what conditions impact is more likely to take place. The empirical analysis, investigating whether anti-austerity social movements have had an impact on social democratic parties in Ireland and Spain during the years 2011 to 2016, suggests that the relationship between social movements and political parties is both under-theorised and under-researched, and mistakenly so. The paper finds that while parties are more likely to be influenced by social movements when certain conditions are present, social movements can also have unintended impacts on parties. Ultimately, this paper encourages research on political parties, and particularly research on party change, to pay greater attention to social movements and for social movement research to pay greater attention to political parties.

El tema a tratar, la relación entre el discurso historiográfico y la realidad, por una parte, y la nueva novela histórica y la ficción, por otra, tiene tanto en la literatura como en las ciencias literarias y culturales un carácter tópico. Diversos autores, desde Aristóteles, Cervantes y Diderot hasta Balzac y Flaubert, Borges, Robbe-Grillet y Calvino se han ocupado reiteradamente con el, al parecer, siempre actualísimo fenómeno de la relación entre ficción y realidad.:Introducción al problema. - Las tesis principales de la "nueva historiografía" y "metahistoriografía". - La reelaboración de la historia: historia como construcción semióticopragmática y estrategia de hibridización. - Resumen

During the XVI Century the warlike vocation of the reign of Castiglia, shaped during the centuries of the Reconquista, and the wars conducted by the Absburgs towards many frontlines, gave a great contribution for the creation of a strong burocratic structure which gave the opportunity made possible to Spain to give itself a modern country dimension. Particularly, a great impulse for the empowerment of the administrative structure came from the development and the complex management of the military fleet, committed in the Mediterranean area in many naval activities against Turks. In the first half of the XVII century Spain was forced to display all its immense military potential during the long conflict that interested the countries of half Europe between 1618 and 1648: the Thirty Years War. To sustain the expensive politics of intervention, all the reigns of the Crown were called to give their contribution. Among them, also Sardinia, in spite of her poverty and marginality, joined with conviction the politic project of the Unión de Armas. The opening of the new front against France, in 1635, risked to bring the monarchy into collapse: insurrections and revolts exploded in Portugal, Catalogna and in the Reigns of Naples and Sicily; in the Atlantic sea the Armada del Mar Océano had terrible defeats by nordish fleets; while in the mainland the tercios lost their primacy of unbeatability. Only the Mediterranean fleets of galleys, even if strongly reduced, compared to the previous century, and technologically overtaken by the sail ships, even if did not succeed in dominating could at least contrast the enemy and preserve in some kind the precious vital space of a power already in decline.

The objective of this study is to analyze and describe the processes and dynamics driving the communities to apply for the inscription of their intangible cultural heritage into the representative list of UNESCO. Understanding the role performed by the community, from the recognition of its cultural heritage up to management of the same, means to interpret the motivations and expectations, conflicts and feelings relating not only to one’s heritage but also to the social and historical context the heritage lies in. The study intends also to analyse the international and national laws regarding the process of patrimonialisation of a cultural expression in order to define a sort of general model that may be applied to similar cases, while analysing the path followed both by the Misteri d’Elx (Alicante, Spain) and the rising candidacy for the safeguard of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity promoted by El Felze, the association of gondola’s artisans and builders based in Venice, Italy. The drawing up of a dossier for the safeguard of a cultural expression at an international level is a complex process that inevitably involves the single communities. It implies the setting-up of a net of relations with public authorities, both local, national and international, such as, the Municipality, the Region, the UNESCO Committee, as well as the Universities and the research centres provided with specialised sectors aiming at promoting the research activities.
L’obiettivo dello studio è di analizzare e descrivere i processi e le dinamiche che spingono le comunità a chiedere l’inserimento dei loro patrimoni culturali immateriali nelle liste rappresentative dell’UNESCO. Comprendere il ruolo svolto dalle comunità, a partire dal riconoscimento dei loro patrimoni culturali fino alla gestione degli stessi, significa interpretare le motivazioni e le aspettative, i conflitti e i sentimenti legati ai patrimoni e al contesto sociale e storico nel quale sono immersi. Si vuole inoltre analizzare le legislazione internazionale e nazionale inerente al processo di patrimonializzazione delle espressioni culturali per stabilire una specie di modello generale applicabile a casi simili, analizzando i percorsi realizzati dal Misteri d’Elx (Alicante, Spagna) e dalla nascente candidatura per la salvaguardia del patrimonio culturale immateriale dell’Umanità promossa dall’associazione degli artigiani e costruttori di gondole di Venezia El Felze (Venezia, Italia). L’elaborazione del dossier per la salvaguardia di una determinata espressione culturale in ambito internazionale è un processo complesso che coinvolge necessariamente le singole comunità. Esso implica la creazione di una rete di rapporti con le istituzioni pubbliche sia locali e nazionali che internazionali, quali il Comune, la Regione e il Comitato dell’UNESCO, ma anche le università e gli enti di ricerca che dispongono di settori specializzati e promuovono le attività di ricerca.

This thesis deals with the repertoire of violent practices perpetrated by armed groups that performed public order tasks in parallel to police institutions in Spain and Portugal between the late 1960s and the years prior to the Great War. The analysis, based on a long-range perspective, has been carried out through the study of three medium-sized cities in the rural periphery of both countries and includes wide spectrum of groups and associations of different kinds: civic militias, shooting and pre-military training groups, private security forces, property guards or company guards, while not excluding the private use of the public force or even the privatisation of the latter. In almost all of these cases, these were non-state organizations swelled by voluntary civilians, whose motivations could range from patriotism to mere pleasure, to a sense of duty, fear or financial gain. Another relevant feature is that, although they could carry out illegal activities or could adopt extra-legal behaviour, they were in any case legally recognized organizations or organizations whose activities enjoyed legal coverage. This is indicative of another of the key elements of the work: the interaction between the private and public spheres, or between these groups and the State and its institutions, whose relations could range from tolerance or complicity to an open delegation of functions with respect to the management of public order, even though they were non-official forces. Throughout the pages of the thesis, several questions linked to the existence and evolution of these groups will be discussed, particularly their emergence in relation to the deployment and consolidation of capitalism and the contradictions inherent in a complex process of social democratization. This resulted, among other factors, in a gradual establishment of class identities, including that of the self-described “producing class”. The main ingredient of this identity-building process was, in this case, the belief in the need for a strong defence in the face of a changing world in the socio-economic and political spheres. In the first place, defence before the dangers accentuated by the very advance of capitalism: concentration of the working population, social impoverishment, criminality and marginality; secondly, and as a result of this same changing economic scenario, in view of the growing demands of the subordinate classes and their gradual political articulation in an institutional climate of gradual democratic opening; in third place, eventual defence before the State itself in the cases in which it was considered that it was acting with lukewarmness, neutrality or even in open prejudice to the so-called “loyal classes”. The emergence of these defence strategies, which included the use of violence and a use of weapons considered to be fully legitimate, was undoubtedly bound to condition the emergence and evolution of new and old political cultures.
Esta tesis aborda el repertorio de prácticas violentas perpetradas por grupos armados que llevaron a cabo tareas de orden público en paralelo a las instituciones policiales en España y en Portugal entre finales de la década de los sesenta del siglo XIX y los años previos a la Gran Guerra. El análisis, basado en una perspectiva de largo alcance, se ha llevado a cabo mediante el estudio de tres ciudades medias de la periferia rural de ambos países y comprende una miríada de grupos y asociaciones de distinta índole: milicias cívicas, grupos de tiro y de formación premilitar, cuerpos privados de seguridad, guardias de propiedades o guardias de compañías, sin excluir el uso privado de la fuerza pública o incluso la privatización de aquélla. En casi todos estos casos, se trataba de organizaciones de carácter no estatal engrosadas por civiles voluntarios, cuyas motivaciones podían ir desde el patriotismo al mero placer, pasando por el sentido del deber, el miedo o el beneficio económico. Otro rasgo relevante es que, pese a que pudieran llevar a cabo actividades ilegales o pudieran adoptar comportamientos extralegales, se trataba en cualquier caso de organizaciones reconocidas legalmente o bien cuyas actividades gozaban de cobertura legal. Esto es indicativo de otro de los elementos clave del trabajo: la interacción entre el ámbito privado y el ámbito público, o entre estos grupos y el Estado y sus instituciones, cuyas relaciones podían ir desde la tolerancia o la complicidad a una abierta delegación de funciones en lo tocante a la gestión del orden público, y ello pese a tratarse de fuerzas no oficiales. A lo largo de las páginas de la tesis van a ir desgranándose varias cuestiones vinculadas a la existencia y evolución de estos grupos, muy particularmente su surgimiento en relación con el despliegue y consolidación del modelo capitalista y con las contradicciones inherentes a un complejo proceso de democratización social. Esto redundó, entre otros factores, en una gradual fijación de identidades de clase, incluida la de aquella autodenominada como «clase productora». El ingrediente principal de este proceso de construcción identitaria fue en este caso la creencia en la necesidad de una firme defensa ante un mundo cambiante en lo socioeconómico y en lo político. En primer lugar, defensa ante los peligros acentuados por el propio avance del modelo capitalista: concentración de población trabajadora, pauperización social, criminalidad y marginalidad; en segundo lugar, y derivado de este mismo escenario económico cambiante, ante las crecientes demandas de las clases subalternas y su gradual articulación política en un clima institucional de paulatina apertura democrática; en tercer lugar, eventual defensa ante el propio Estado en los casos en los que se considerara que este actuaba con tibieza, neutralidad o incluso en abierto perjuicio de las llamadas «clases leales». El surgimiento de estas estrategias de defensa, que comprendían el recurso a la violencia y a un uso de las armas considerado como plenamente legítimo, estaba sin duda llamado a condicionar la emergencia y la evolución de nuevas y viejas culturas políticas.

By combining research methods from the cultural history of the politic with a comparative perspective, my dissertation covers the celebrations of the Napoleonic era that took place between 1799 and 1814 in the Republic (later, Empire) of France, in the Republic (later, Kingdom) of Italy, and in the Kingdom of Spain. My comparative perspective aims to show the existence of a model of Napoleonic celebration that was fairly uniform across the three geographical contexts I studied, especially in its basic principles, fundamental concepts and values conveyed. My study centres on the concepts of sovereignty, legitimacy and sacrality, and aims to shed light on their interplay and their significance in the context of Napoleonic-era civic festivities, especially in terms of the forms of symbolic, visual and discursive representation that were used. My analysis of these forms of representation will allow the reader to better understand not only the manifestations of Napoleonic power, but also its ideological underpinnings, characteristics, and evolution over time.

L’esercito italiano e la conquista della Catalogna (1808-1811) Uno studio di Military Effectiveness nell’Europa napoleonica Settori scientifico-disciplinari SPS/03 – M-STO/02 La ricerca ha lo scopo di ricostruire e valutare l’effettività militare dell’esercito italiano al servizio di Napoleone I. In primo luogo attraverso un’analisi statistica e strategica della costruzione, e del successivo impiego, dell’istituzione militare del Regno d’Italia durante gli anni della sua esistenza (1805-14); successivamente, è stato scelto un caso di studi particolarmente significativo, come la campagna di Catalogna (1808-11, nel contesto della guerra di Indipendenza spagnola), per poter valutare il contributo operazionale e tattico dei corpi inviati dal governo di Milano e la loro integrazione con l’apparato militare complessivo del Primo Impero. La tesi ha voluto rispondere alla mancanza di studi sul comportamento in guerra dell’esercito italiano e, allo stesso tempo, introdurre nella storiografia militare italiana la metodologia di studi, d’origine anglosassone e ormai di tradizione trentennale, di Military Effectiveness. La ricerca si è primariamente basata, oltre che sulla copiosa memorialistica a stampa italiana e francese, sulla documentazione d’archivio della Secrétairerie d’état impériale (Archives Nationales di Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, Parigi), del Ministère de la Guerre francese (Service historique de la Défence, di Vincennes, Parigi) e del Ministero della Guerra del Regno d’Italia (Archivio di Stato di Milano). Dal punto di vista dei risultati è stato possibile verificare come l’esercito italiano abbia rappresentato, per Bonaparte, uno strumento duttile e di facile impiego, pur in un contesto di sostanziale marginalità numerica complessiva di fronte alle altre (e cospicue) forze messe in campo da parte dell’Impero e dei suoi altri Stati satellite e alleati. Per quanto riguarda la campagna di conquista della Catalogna è stato invece possibile appurare il fondamentale contributo dato dal contingente italiano, sotto i punti di vista operazionale e tattico, per la buona riuscita dell’invasione; questo primariamente grazie alle elevate caratteristiche generali mostrate dallo stesso, ma anche per peculiarità disciplinari e organizzative che resero i corpi italiani adatti a operazioni particolarmente aggressive.
The Italian Army and the Conquest of Catalonia (1808-1811) A Study of Military Effectiveness in Napoleonic Europe Academic Fields and Disciplines SPS/03 – M-STO/02 The research has the purpose of reconstruct and evaluate the military effectiveness of the Italian Army existed under the reign of Napoleon I. Firstly through a statistic and strategic analysis of the development, and the following deployment, of the military institution of the Kingdom of Italy in the years of its existence (1805-14). Afterwards, a particularly significant case study was chosen, as the campaign of Catalonia (1808-11, in the context of the Peninsular War), in order to assess the operational and tactical contribution of the regiments sent by the Government of Milan and their integration in the overall military apparatus of the First Empire. The thesis wanted to respond to the lack of studies on the Italian army’s behavior in war and, at the same time, to introduce the methodology of the Military Effectiveness Studies (of British and American origin and, by now, enriched by a thirty-year old tradition) in the Italian historiography. The research is primarily based, besides the numerous memoirs of the Italian and French veterans, on the archive documentation of the Secrétairerie d’état impériale (Archives Nationales of Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, Paris), of the French Ministère de la Guerre (Service historique de la Défence, of Vincennes, Paris) and of the Italian Ministero della Guerra (Archivio di Stato di Milano). About the results, it has been verified how the Italian army has become a flexible and suitable instrument for Bonaparte, albeit in a context of substantial overall numerical marginality in comparison to the heterogeneous forces available to the Empire and its others satellites and allied states. Regarding the campaign of Catalonia, instead, it was possible to ascertain the fundamental contribution of the Italian regiments, in an operational and tactical perspective, for the success of the invasion. This was primarily due to the excellent general characteristics shown by the expeditionary force, but also to disciplinary and organizational peculiarities that have made the Italian corps suitable for particularly aggressive operations.

Background: Current literature reports the frequent co-occurrence of psychiatric disorders (PDs) in adults with Intellectual and Developmental Disorders (IDD), such as Intellectual Disability (ID) and Low-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder (LF-ASD). Unfortunately, the adaptations of diagnostic criteria for PDs as well as the standardization of the psychiatric diagnostic process in this population still represent an unmet need, with relevant implications for both the management of mental health issues and the research in this field. In fact, the assessment of PDs in people with IDD requires appropriate modifications in respect to the general population, to adjust for cognitive dysfunctions, language and communication limitations, sensory impairments, skill deficits, impairment of adaptive behavior, and physical disabilities. Moreover, research and clinical experience highlight the interpretation of problem behaviors (PBs) to interfere with the psychiatric diagnostic process. Among PDs, depressive and bipolar disorders (DDs and BDs, respectively), seem to be very common and associated to a variety of behavioral, medical and treatment issues in these populations. Indeed, the prevalence rates of DDs and BDs in large ID population-based studies are estimated to be about 5% and 2.5%, respectively. The prevalence rates are at least doubled in the overall ASD population and even higher rates can be found in clinical studies. These data indicate the co-occurrence of mood disorders (MDs) in intellectually disabled persons to be a relevant clinical issue, but some difficulties may arise as far as a certain number of patients, mostly those with lower cognitive and adaptive functioning, have atypical presentations. To implement the validity of clinical diagnosis and in order to operationalize the adaptations and descriptions of MDs in ID, the design and experimentation of specifically addressed assessing tools is required. Aim: The main objective of the present study was to develop and to validate the version for DDs and BDs of the Systematic Psychopathological Assessment for persons with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (SPAIDD-M). Secondary aims of the present study were the investigation of the prevalence and clinical features of MDs in people with ID and LF-ASD, including demographic, anamnestic, familial, and clinical variables as well as the course and clinical specificities of MDs in this population. Method: 233 adults with ID and with an eventual co-occurrence of ASD, aged 16-65 years, were recruited among those attending the residential and clinic-rehabilitative facilities of the San Sebastiano Foundation in Florence and of the wide network of the Research and Clinical Center (CREA). The sample underwent a complex anamnestic evaluation implying the collection of demographics, psychosocial, familial, medical and psychiatric information via a semi-structured interview developed ad hoc. The SPAIDD-M 1.2 was completed for all the participants. For the evaluation of concurrent validity, 197 participants (85.3%) were administered with the Diagnostic Assessment for the Severely Handicapped (DASH-II), and 141 (68.4%) were assessed with DSM-5 criteria for Major Depressive Episode, Mania and Hypomania, adapted according to the definition of DM-ID-2. Mixed features of major depressive episode (MDE) and (hypo)manic episode were evaluated in 110 probands. The overall sample was stratified based on ID severity as described by the following three groups: 1. Borderline intellectual functioning (BIF) and mild ID; 2. Moderate ID; 3. Severe and profound ID. The test-retest reliability was evaluated in reference to three study participants (one for each ID level) through VII the administration of the tool to the same informants at baseline and after two-to-three months. The inter-rater reliability was evaluated through a special session which included eight different professionals rating for the same study participant. χ² for categorical variables, ANOVA and F-variance for continuous variables tests were used for comparisons between groups. The psychometric properties evaluated were: internal consistency, inter-rater reliability, face validity, criterion validity, test-retest reliability, concurrent validity. To explain the variance, a factorial analysis was performed. For other clinical variables, stepwise backward procedure logistic regression models were elaborated. Results: SPAIDD-M 1.2 showed good psychometric properties. The face validity, which underwent two revisions, resulted to be comprehensible for most evaluators. Some difficulties remained about the completion of the items relative to mixed features. The internal consistency was very good, with a Cronbach’s  of .937, as well as an acceptable inter-rater reliability expressed by a Cohen’s K coefficient ranging from .870 to .575. Criterion validity was also good for both the major depressive and the (hypo)manic episodes. The concurrent validity was found to be high with moderate correlations between SPAIDD-M and DASH-II scores, and strong correlations between SPAIDD-M and DSM-5 diagnoses. A factor analysis identified four main factors explaining about the 38% of the score variance. The sample was very homogeneous regarding all the demographic, socio-economic, familial, medical and psychiatric variables explored. The comparisons of the psychiatric diagnoses indicated the rates of MDs to be equally distributed across the three ID groups, whereas this homogeneity was not evident before the assessment provided in the study protocol. Indeed, before the study, the severe/profound group had been correctly diagnosed only in the half of the cases as well as other participants in the other groups had to be diagnostically reviewed. In our sample, MDs were associated to a higher number of mental health issues in the personal and family history as well as a higher use of psychotropics. LF-ASD resulted to be at higher risk for MDs, mostly BD type I, and the affective illness was more frequently associated to catatonia, mixed features and rapid cycling. The analyses of differences between DDs and BDs as presented in ID did not identify any statistically significant feature, and both clinical conditions resulted to be equally associated to high rates of psychotic, catatonic and mixed symptoms in a more frequent way than it is reported in the general population. The diagnosis of BD was associated to a complex pattern of comorbidities including ADHD, impulse control disorders, binge eating and the presence of a familial psychiatric burden. By the contrary, DDs were associated to anxiety disorders and family history of ASD. Limitations of the study: Sample size, selection, referral and recall biases. Concerns regarding the use of behavioral equivalence. Difficulties in the differential diagnosis with other psychiatric and iatrogenic conditions beyond DDs and BDs. Conclusions: The study provides preliminary information regarding the psychometric properties and the effectiveness of specifically addressed assessment in the ID and LF-ASD population. The prevalence data are not generalizable to the overall ID population. Some clinical information has been drawn regarding the peculiar presentations of MDs in persons with ID pointing towards a pathoplastic effect of the basal neurodevelopmental condition. Further research is needed to operationalize the assessment of DDs and BDs in ID and LF-ASD.

Recentemente il dibattito su università e ricerca si è focalizzato principalmente sulla scarsità delle risorse a disposizione e sulle modalità con cui vengono distribuite tali risorse. La creazione di istituzioni preposte alla valutazione e lo sviluppo di tecniche ed indicatori rispondono alla necessità di allocare le risorse in base a criteri di efficienza e merito. Questa ricerca si è posta l’obiettivo di seguire l’evoluzione di norme e pratiche relative alla valutazione della ricerca nel nostro Paese, collocandola nella cornice del Processo di Bologna. La comparazione tra Italia, Francia, Germania e Spagna, che presentano sistemi universitari avanzati, di massa e a finanziamento prevalentemente pubblico, può fornire elementi utili allo sviluppo di un dibattito informato e costruttivo nel nostro Paese. Lo studio di caso comparativo è articolato in due livelli di analisi. Al livello macro, attraverso la somministrazione di un questionario ad un campione di ricercatori nei quattro Paesi oggetto di analisi, ci si è posti l’obiettivo di analizzare le opinioni e posizioni del mondo accademico rispetto a temi cruciali riguardanti la valutazione e il finanziamento della ricerca universitaria. Al livello micro si analizzano cinque Atenei (uno per Francia, Germania e Spagna, due per l’Italia), con l’obiettivo di realizzare uno studio approfondito delle modalità di valutazione e distribuzione interna delle risorse per la ricerca. Gli Atenei sono stati scelti all’interno di una rosa di istituzioni che si posizionano ai primissimi posti nei principali ranking internazionali riguardanti la produttività scientifica. Questo lavoro mette in evidenza l’importanza di condizioni che fanno da sfondo al lavoro dei ricercatori e che ne influenzano pesantemente, anche se in modo indiretto, i risultati. L’Italia investe molto meno degli altri Paesi considerati in istruzione terziaria e ricerca: la nostra spesa in ricerca e sviluppo in percentuale del PIL equivale a meno della metà di quella tedesca e poco più della metà di quella francese. In senso più generale, è l’intero “sistema Paese” che ha un impatto, indiretto ma importante, sui risultati ottenuti nella ricerca; lo stesso vale per le caratteristiche del contesto urbano in cui ciascun Ateneo si trova. Secondo gli studi di competitività utilizzati a supporto della nostra tesi (Global Competitiveness Report 2012-2013 del World Economic Forum per i sistemi paese e Global City Competitiveness Index 2012 per le città) l’Italia risulta ultima in lista tra i quattro Paesi considerati, così come i “contesti urbani” di Roma e Milano si discostano sensibilmente dagli altri tre. A livello di singolo Ateneo, il quadro emerso mostra una tale disparità di condizioni, da poter affermare che un confronto obiettivo sui risultati ottenuti nella ricerca non è possibile. Gli indicatori relativi all’organizzazione della didattica e della ricerca, così come quelli di budget, mostrano disparità tali da comportare opportunità e prospettive radicalmente diverse. Di conseguenza, l’indagine si limita a far luce sulle modalità con cui ciascun Ateneo si relaziona al proprio contesto, come affronta le criticità e le variabili “non controllabili” e come riesce, invece, ad incidere negli ambiti in cui è possibile una fattiva ed efficace interazione tra contesto esterno ed interno. La ricerca, infatti, ha mostrato come i singoli Atenei abbiano spazi di manovra, seppur limitati, nel disegnare ed attuare politiche coerenti con i loro obiettivi di miglioramento. Ciascuno dei cinque Atenei, per esempio, ha trovato una strada per costruire un sistema di valutazione interno che supporti efficacemente la mission istituzionale, ha individuato una strategia per rafforzare le proprie capacità di reperimento di fondi a livello internazionale, così come ha disegnato processi di gestione del knowledge transfer che tengano conto delle peculiarità del territorio. In conclusione, il confronto tra realtà profondamente diverse evidenzia che: qualsiasi valutazione che non tenga conto delle condizioni di contesto sia inutile, quando non controproducente; le classifiche internazionali spesso nascondono più di quanto riescano effettivamente a spiegare; gli Atenei e i singoli ricercatori possono agire in modo più o meno efficace nell’ambito di spazi di manovra limitati, per migliorare i risultati della ricerca universitaria, ma è imprescindibile un intervento in termini di politiche pubbliche che valorizzi la ricerca, a partire da un più adeguato investimento economico.

The main objective of this master’s dissertation is to find out the Portuguese cultural standards from the Spanish perspective. The best methodology used to this research is by using the cultural standards method approach, which is an innovative qualitative research especially used to study only two countries which are very close geographically. The cultural standards method consists of three main phases: narrative interviews, analysis and identifying the cultural standards. By doing the narrative interviews, a number of participants is needed for the sample. The data was collected during the interviews with Spaniards who have an experience of living and working in Portugal. This thesis is divided into two parts. The first one is a more theoretical background about the concept of "culture" and the importance of culture in cross-cultural business. There is a comparison between both countries regarding the historical background and the results from Geert Hofstede with the cultural dimensions scores between Portugal and Spain. The second part of the thesis is the practical one where the results of the current research are shown by describing the sample of the participants, identifying the cultural standards obtained and comparing them with Hofstede's cultural dimensions. Furthermore, real based experiences’ case studies are presented as well as a proposal of a Portuguese business protocol for Spaniards which preceeds the conclusion of the thesis.
O principal objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado é encontrar os standards culturais Portugueses desde a perspetiva dos indivíduos Espanhóis. A melhor metodologia usada para esta investigação é a abordagem do método dos standards culturais, que é uma novidade na pesquisa qualitativa usada especialmente para estudar só dois países que estão geograficamente perto. O método dos standards culturais está formado por três fases: entrevistas, análises e identificação dos standards culturais. Foi necessário um numero de participantes para criar a amostra para as entrevistas. Os dados foram recolhidos durante as entrevistas com indivíduos Espanhóis com experiência de vida e trabalho em Portugal. Esta tese está dividida em duas partes. A primeira parte é um enquadramento teórico sobre o conceito de "cultura" e a importância da cultura transversal nos negócios. Há uma comparação entre ambos países em relação ao enquadramento histórico e dos resultados de Geert Hofstede com os valores das dimensões culturais entre Portugal e Espanha. A segunda parte da tese é mais prática onde é mostrado os resultados da atual investigação descrevendo a amostra dos participantes, identificando os standards culturais obtidos e comparando-os com as dimensões culturais de Hofstede. Além disso, foram feitos estudos de caso baseados em experiências reais e um protocolo de negócios Portugueses para Espanhóis seguidos da conclusão. Os resultados da presente dissertação podem ser utilizados para ajudar e preparar qualquer indivíduo Espanhol - que venha para Portugal para viver, estudar ou trabalhar – e que se depara com o cotexto Português.

The work is about development of spain retailing chain in the field of textile and clothing. The goal of work is finding development the company during timeframe and comparing position of company with competitions.