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Lehmann, Caitlyn. "Editorial". Children Australia 42, n.º 4 (29 de noviembre de 2017): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2017.44.
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Among the plethora of minor parties fielding candidates in Australia's 2016 federal election was a relative newcomer called Sustainable Australia. Formed in 2010 and campaigning with the slogan ‘Better, not bigger’, the party's policy centrepiece calls for Australia to slow its population growth through a combination of lower immigration, changes to family payments, and the withdrawal of government agencies from proactive population growth strategies (Sustainable Australia, n.d.). At a global level, the party also calls for Australia to increase foreign aid with a focus on supporting women's health, reproductive rights and education. Like most minor parties, its candidates polled poorly, attracting too few votes to secure seats in the Senate. But in the ensuing months, the South Australian branch of The Greens broke from the national party platform by proposing the aim of stabilising South Australia's population within a generation (The Greens SA, 2017). Just this August, Australian business entrepreneur Dick Smith launched a ‘Fair Go’ manifesto, similarly calling for reductions in Australia's population growth to address rising economic inequality and a “decline in living standards” (Dick Smith Fair Go Group, 2017).
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HEYWOOD, A. E., N. ZWAR, B. L. FORSSMAN, H. SEALE, N. STEPHENS, J. MUSTO, C. LANE et al. "The contribution of travellers visiting friends and relatives to notified infectious diseases in Australia: state-based enhanced surveillance". Epidemiology and Infection 144, n.º 16 (30 de agosto de 2016): 3554–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268816001734.
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SUMMARYImmigrants and their children who return to their country of origin to visit friends and relatives (VFR) are at increased risk of acquiring infectious diseases compared to other travellers. VFR travel is an important disease control issue, as one quarter of Australia's population are foreign-born and one quarter of departing Australian international travellers are visiting friends and relatives. We conducted a 1-year prospective enhanced surveillance study in New South Wales and Victoria, Australia to determine the contribution of VFR travel to notifiable diseases associated with travel, including typhoid, paratyphoid, measles, hepatitis A, hepatitis E, malaria and chikungunya. Additional data on characteristics of international travel were collected. Recent international travel was reported by 180/222 (81%) enhanced surveillance cases, including all malaria, chikungunya and paratyphoid cases. The majority of cases who acquired infections during travel were immigrant Australians (96, 53%) or their Australian-born children (43, 24%). VFR travel was reported by 117 (65%) travel-associated cases, highest for typhoid (31/32, 97%). Cases of children (aged <18 years) (86%) were more frequently VFR travellers compared to adult travellers (57%,P< 0·001). VFR travel is an important contributor to imported disease in Australia. Communicable disease control strategies targeting these travellers, such as targeted health promotion, are likely to impact importation of these travel-related infections.
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Syafik, Munjin, Raisha Nadina Nur Fitria, Bama Andika Putra y Darwis. "Australia's Role in Supporting Kiribati's Migration with Dignity Policy Dealing with Sea Level Rise in the South Pacific". Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies 4, n.º 2 (15 de mayo de 2022): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jhsss.2022.4.2.13.
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This study aims to describe Kiribati's adaptation efforts through the "Migration with Dignity" policy that the government made to deal with the sea level rise problem and to describe Australia's role in supporting Kiribati in carrying out this policy. The research method used in this research is a descriptive analytical research type that describes the cause and effect of a certain phenomenon, in this case, climate change, by describing data, facts, and arguments relevant to the discussion. The results of this study indicate that through migration policy as an adaptation strategy, the Kiribati government builds its capacity to respond to human security threats arising from sea level rise and fulfills the responsibility to ensure the survival of the population through education and skills development programs. In this regard, Australia plays a role as the dominant regional actor by providing assistance through AusAID. Australia's foreign aid as a donor country is used to meet the needs of Kiribati as a recipient country to support the "Migration with Dignity" policy.
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Shimizu, Kazuki, Hiroshi Nishiura y Akifumi Imamura. "Investigation of the Proportion of Diagnosed People Living with HIV/AIDS among Foreign Residents in Japan". Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, n.º 6 (5 de junio de 2019): 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8060804.
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Foreign residents represent an increasing proportion of newly diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases in Japan, though scant research has addressed this. This study aimed to estimate the diagnosed proportion of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) among foreign residents in Japan, covering 1990–2017 and stratifying by geographic region of the country of origin. A balance equation model was employed to statistically estimate the diagnosed proportion as a single parameter. This used published estimates of HIV incidence and prevalence, population size, visit duration, travel volume, as well as surveillance data on HIV/AIDS in Japan. The proportion varied widely by region: People from Western Europe, East Asia and the Pacific, Australia and New Zealand, and North America were underdiagnosed, while those from sub-Saharan Africa, South and South-East Asia, and Latin America were more frequently diagnosed. Overall, the diagnosed proportion of PLWHA among foreign residents in Japan has increased, but the latest estimate in 2017 was as low as 55.3%; lower than the estimate among Japanese on the order of 80% and far below the quoted goal of 90%. This finding indicates a critical need to investigate the underlying mechanisms, including disparate access to HIV testing.
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Krivosheev, V. V., A. I. Stolyarov, L. U. Nikitina y A. A. Semenov. "The impact of smoking on COVID-19 morbidity and mortality". Sanitarnyj vrač (Sanitary Doctor), n.º 9 (12 de septiembre de 2022): 629–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-08-2209-01.
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Many articles by foreign authors, published in scientific journals with a stable international reputation, contain claims that smoking tobacco reduces the likelihood of infection with SARS-CoV-2. To study this issue, a correlation analysis was carried out to assess the dependence between the proportion of women and men who smoke in 94 countries located in Eurasia, North and South America, Australia, where more than 64 % of the world’s population lives, and the incidence and mortality of the population from COVID-19 during the period from February 1 to November 21, 2021. The results showed that an increase in the proportion of the population who smokes is always accompanied by an increase in morbidity and mortality among the world’s population. This tendency is especially pronounced in Europe, the USA and Canada, with the most detrimental effect of smoking on the growth of mortality. The results obtained allow us to reject with a high degree of confidence the conclusions about the protective effect of smoking from infection with SARS-CoV-2 and provide the media, medical, educational and educational institutions with additional arguments for informing the population about the negative consequences of smoking, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Manrique, Veronica, Rodrigo Diaz, James P. Cuda y William A. Overholt. "Suitability of a New Plant Invader as a Target for Biological Control in Florida". Invasive Plant Science and Management 4, n.º 1 (marzo de 2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-10-00040.1.
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AbstractThe suitability of a target weed for classical biological control should be considered early in the process of plant invasion. Concerns have been raised about the recent arrival ofMikania micranthaKunth in south Florida and its potential to spread and invade natural and managed ecosystems. This weed is native to the neotropics, and has been introduced into many Asian countries and, more recently, into Australia. In Asia,M. micranthais particularly problematic in plantation crops, but also threatens natural areas and disturbed ecosystems. Several aspects of the biology and ecology ofM. micranthaare discussed in this review to evaluate its suitability as a target of biological control in Florida. Based on an ecological niche model, the climate in southern and central Florida is highly favorable for the invasion of this weed. Previous biological control programs provide valuable information for Florida scientists about the availability of natural enemies and potential areas for future foreign surveys. Genetic comparison of the Florida population and native range populations, in addition to climate matching, should be considered when selecting areas for foreign exploration. Finally, the authors used a scoring system and risk-benefit–cost analysis to evaluateM. micranthaas a potential target for biological control in Florida. We suggest that similar feasibility evaluations should be conducted not only for well-established problematic weeds but also for new invaders with a known history of invasiveness.
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Oram, Rex y Greg Lodge. "Trends in temperate Australian grass breeding and selection". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, n.º 3 (2003): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar02137.
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Current trends in grass cultivar development are reviewed, with respect to the range of species involved, and the objectives and methodology within each species. Extrapolations and predictions are made about future directions and methodologies. It is assumed that selection will necessarily cater for the following environmental changes: (1) higher year-round temperatures, higher variability of rainfall incidence, and lower total winter and spring rainfall along the south of the continent; (2) higher nutrient and lime inputs as land utilisation intensifies; and (3) the grazing management requirements of the important pasture components will be increasingly defined and met in practice.The 'big four' species, perennial ryegrass, phalaris, cocksfoot and tall fescue, will continue to be the most widely sown species in temperate regions for many decades, with the latter 3 increasing most in area and genetic differentiation. However, species diversification will continue, especially with native grasses, legumes, and shrubs from fertile regions of Australia and exotics from little-explored parts of the world, such as South Africa, western North and South America, coastal Caucasus, and Iraq–Iran. By contrast, the recent high rate of species diversification in the tropics and subtropics will probably give way to a much lower rate of cultivar development by refinement and diversification within the established species. Domestication of native grasses will continue for amenity, recreational, land protection, and grazing purposes. As seed harvesting technologies and ecological knowledge improve, natural stands will become increasingly important as local sources of seed. It is suggested that many native grasses have been greatly changed by natural selection so as to withstand strong competition from introduced species under conditions of higher soil fertility and grazing pressure. Conversely, some introduced species are being selected consciously and naturally to persist in regions with irregular rainfall and less fertile soils. Therefore, the distinction between native and introduced grasses may be disappearing, and many populations of native species could now be as foreign to the habitats of pre-European settlement as are populations of introduced species that have been evolving here for 50–200 years. Methods used for genetic improvement will continue to be selection among both overseas accessions and the many native and introduced populations that have responded to natural selection in Australia. As well, there will be deliberate recurrent crossing and selection programs in both native and introduced species for specific purposes and environments. Increasingly, molecular biology methods will complement traditional ones, at first by the provision of DNA markers to assist the selection of complex traits, and for proving distinctness to obtain Plant Breeders' Rights for new cultivars. Later, genetic engineering will be used to manipulate nutritive value, resistance to fungal and viral diseases, and breeding systems, especially cytoplasmic male sterility and apomixis, to utilise heterosis in hybrid cultivars of grasses, particularly for dairying and intensive meat production.Areas where the practice and management of grass breeding and selection programs could be improved are highlighted throughout the review, and reiterated in a concluding statement. Most problems appear to stem from inadequate training in population ecology, population genetics, evolution, and quantitative inheritance.
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Gurko, T. A., M. S. Mamikonian y E. K. Biyzhanova. "THE STUDIES OF GENDER IDEOLOGY OF THE YOUTH: THE REVIEW OF FOREIGN PUBLICATIONS". Sociology of Medicine 17, n.º 2 (15 de diciembre de 2018): 104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1728-2810-2018-17-2-104-113.
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The article presents the results of foreign studies of gender ideology of students for a number of valuable social demographic variables. In the first part of publication the studies describing dynamics of gender ideology in various countries are analyzed. In the process of modernization of the Eastern Asia (China, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan), India and Indonesia female population is involved in work outside of home, a trend of egalitarianisation of gender relationship and spreading of families with two breadwinners. During transition from socialist to liberal states in the countries of the Eastern Europe the impact of religious conservative family’s values on the youth is less significant than that of Western ideas of individualization and permissiveness. In the developed countries (USA, Europe, Australia, Canada) gender revolution resulted in diversity of gender ideologies. At least in the European countries five models are fixed empirically: egalitarian, egalitarian essentialism, intensive parenthood, moderate conservative ideology. The second part of article presents the analysis of studies of attitudes of students in areas of gender and marriage and family relationships carried out in various countries that established that gender and religious identity are the major differentiating variables. The other characteristics such as urban rural origin, structure of parents' family, coeducation and separate education are less significant. The attitudes of the youth concerning social roles of males and females and future marriage are changing effected by peers, mass culture and personal experience. The conclusion is derived that in spite of more conservative attitudes of male youths factually in all countries, a slow convergence of views of male and female youths among well-educated strata. The denominational membership remains the main differential factor
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Shimizu-Kimura, Yoko, Scott Burnett y Alison Shapcott. "Demographic, dispersal, predation and genetic data reveal the potential vulnerability of an endangered rainforest shrub, Triunia robusta (Proteaceae)". Australian Journal of Botany 65, n.º 3 (2017): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt16216.
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We investigated the population ecology of Triunia robusta (C.T. White) Foreman, an endemic rainforest shrub of south-east Queensland, Australia. Two-time demographic data from 1999 and 2010 were used to estimate the species life span and changes in demographic factors over the 11 year period. The potential dispersal vectors and their activities were monitored, and the effects of predation on seed and seedling mortality were quantified. Published genetic data was used to assess the gene flow distance in years. On average, T. robusta has a life span of 103 years, with a generation time of 44 years. Larger populations (>200) increased in size since 1999, whereas smaller populations retained the same or slightly reduced numbers. Small, isolated populations in the northern distribution range showed substantially lower reproductive rates. Local rodents and marsupials were considered responsible for the majority of observed secondary seed dispersal (<10.3 m) and predation activities. Post-predation mortality was high (82%), with only 12% surviving to become seedlings. The empirical evidence of short-distance dispersal, limited gene flow, high post-predation mortality rates and relatively low reproductive rates, combined with potential absence of primary dispersers suggests that critically small and isolated populations may be highly vulnerable.
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Zhailaubekov, M. y E. Zhailaubek. "Application of intelligent transport systems on the roads of Кazakhstan". Bulletin of the Innovative University of Eurasia 81, n.º 1 (27 de marzo de 2021): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.37788/2021-1/97-102.
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The progress of work on the creation of an "intelligent transport system" in Kazakhstan, the development and modernization of the road industry will be reported. The economic and social effectiveness of several transport corridors and new projects were analyzed. Transport corridors of foreign countries, methods of providing logistics services were presented. In his address, the head of state paid special attention to the issues of digitalization of all spheres of life of the population, including the transport sector of Kazakhstan. Currently, the Ministry of investment and development of the Republic of Kazakhstan is working on the creation of an "intelligent transport system" within the framework of the state program «Digital Kazakhstan» (ITS). ITS goal is to systematically integrate transport infrastructure, transport devices and users with modern information and communication technologies aimed at improving the safety and efficiency of the transport process. The concept will include 11 components in ITS. One of them is a special automated measuring instruments (UAVs), which are installed in the main automobile corridors. This device is designed to measure moving vehicles without contact and eliminate unjustified stops. This year, it is planned to put into operation 10 units of RSPP, and by 2020 it is planned to increase their number to 46 units. It is also planned to introduce a traffic management system that will inform drivers about the situation on the roads, a system for forecasting and analyzing climatic conditions, which is carried out through a network of weather stations along the roads, a network of video monitoring and special video cameras for detecting traffic violations, toll road systems that cover the cost of maintenance of the national road network, etc. They will be introduced in stages until 2021. The implementation of this project will reduce road deaths, increase the volume of transit traffic and the speed of logistics services, fully cover the main highways with measuring instruments and create favorable conditions for drivers on the roads. Such systems are already operating in South Korea, Japan, Australia, Europe and the United States.
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Hugo, G. J. y P. J. Smailes. "Population dynamics in rural South Australia". Journal of Rural Studies 8, n.º 1 (enero de 1992): 29–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(92)90029-6.
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Clarke, Patrick y R. Julian Hafner. "Telepsychiatry in South Australia". Australasian Psychiatry 5, n.º 3 (junio de 1997): 124–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10398569709082109.
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South Australia has a population of about 1.5 million, of whom one million live in Adelaide, the state capital. All except one of the state's 160 practising psychiatrists live in Adelaide or adjacent rural and semi-rural locations. Historically, professional and geographical isolation and lack of facilities have prevented psychiatrists from living and working outside the metropolitan environment.
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Koval, Natalia, Natalia Priamuhina y Inna Zhmurko. "ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC-FINANCIAL EXPERIENCE OF THE WORLD COUNTRIES IN THE SYSTEM OF PENSION INSURANCE". Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 6, n.º 1 (16 de marzo de 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2020-6-1-1-8.
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The purpose of this article is to analyze the experience of pension insurance systems in Europe, Asia, North and South America, Australia. The defining feature is that the existing pension insurance system in Ukraine does not perform its main task properly, since the rate of pension, for the most part, does not make it possible to maintain a decent standard of living for current pensioners. After analyzing the implementation of the pension reform in Ukraine, it should be emphasized that during the twelve-year period after the pension reform in the country there remain a number of unresolved issues regarding the pension provision of citizens, namely: aging of the population, which is one of the main factors that prompt the government to a new stage of reforming the pension system; the presence of arrears on contributions to compulsory state pension insurance; lack of proper differentiation of pension payments; shadow wages; lack of sound financial instruments for investing pension assets; unsatisfactory level of legal and financial awareness of the population in matters of pension provision; lack of interest of employers in financing non-state pension programs for employees, lack of confidence in the pension system of non-state pension funds. Methods. In most countries of the world, the problems of the pension system, same to what we have in our country, arose. But due to pension reform, they achieved successful results. Each country chose its own way of building a pension system based on its own demographic and socioeconomic features. However, despite this, the main task of any pension system is to secure from poverty and provide a pension that could guarantee a decent standard of living for a pensioner. Results. Ukraine is trying to build the pension insurance system, drawing on the best practice of the countries studied. Practical implications. It is found that the most effective and successful model of the pension system is considered to be Chilean, since the country has been using cumulative and voluntary pension systems for a long time, which are priority and allow to resolve the pension of their citizens financially, prudent and efficient investing of pension funds with lower rates of public investment income. The same model was taken as the basis in Peru, Argentina, Colombia and Kazakhstan. Value/originality. Analyzing the pension reforms implemented in Eastern Europe, it should be noted that part of the changes was due to the need to protect pensioners from poverty in the context of a sharp decrease in the rate of pensions because of the reduction of total pension contributions and the inability of the state to finance previous pension obligations. The real way to reduce the financial burden on employers and the state in the context of a solidarity pension system was to develop levels II and III of the pension system. It is noteworthy to study the foreign experience of the Eastern European country, such as Poland, which was one of the first to introduce a compulsory funded pension system.
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Shanahan, Martin P. "Personal Wealth in South Australia". Journal of Interdisciplinary History 32, n.º 1 (julio de 2001): 55–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/00221950152103900.
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Probate and succession-duty records are a rich source of information about the living standards and material wealth of past communities. According to these records, the small, mainly rural, and comparatively egalitarian population of South Australia held a diverse array of personal assets at the beginning of the twentieth century. Despite the strong British influence on the former colony's culture, however, South Australia's distribution of wealth before World War I was more similar to that of the United States fifty years earlier than to that of contemporary Great Britain.
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Fisher, JM y TW Hancock. "Population dynamics of Heterodera avenae Woll. in South Australia". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 42, n.º 1 (1991): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9910053.
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Population changes of the cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae Woll.) under various rotational regimes in the field were examined. A density of 5 eggs/g soils caused a loss of about 10% in yield of wheat cv. Bayonet under the experimental conditions. Maximum multiplication rate at low initial densities was about l0x, but this rapidly decreased as initial density increased. Equilibrium levels ranged from 15 eggs/g soil up to 40 eggs/g under different conditions. The resistant wheat, Aus 10894, maintained an equilibrium level of about 1 egg/g soil-a level low enough to avoid damage in a following crop. Annual percentage hatch varied from 70-90% with an average of 85%. Presence or absence of plant species had little effect on per cent hatch. About 7.5% of the nematodes successfully penetrated and became established in the root systems of seedlings, invading both seminal and nodal roots, but only about 0.5% became established in the principal axes of the seminal roots. The implications of these data for various rotational practices are discussed.
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Sinaga, Lidya Christin. "China’s Assertive Foreign Policy in South China Sea Under Xi Jinping: Its Impact on United States and Australian Foreign Policy". JAS (Journal of ASEAN Studies) 3, n.º 2 (20 de febrero de 2016): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/jas.v3i2.770.
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This essay examines the impact of the assertiveness of China’s Foreign Policy in the South China Sea under Xi Jinping on United States and Australian foreign policy. The essay focuses on the Xi Jinping period from 2013 because Xi has a different approach in foreign policy making from that of his predecessors. His determination to defend and advance maritime claims and interests as well as the external developments, have made his foreign policy more assertive. This essay will argue that China’s assertive foreign policy in South China Sea under Xi Jinping has paved the way for a greater role for the US in Southeast Asia, and deepened the rivalry between China and the US. This rising tension in turn has put Australia in a challenging situation, torn between its security alliance with the United States, and its economic interests in China. However, Australia does not have to choose one, but Australia can play a constructive role in the development of some compromise between the two.
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D'Onise, Katina y Russell Waddell. "Recurrent gonorrhoea in South Australia, 1987 - 2003". Sexual Health 3, n.º 3 (2006): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh06006.
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In Australia, it is unclear if individuals are being recurrently infected with gonorrhoea, a proxy for identifying core groups. We reviewed all notified gonococcal (GC) infections in South Australia between 1987 and 2003. A case of repeated GC infection is one in which at least one further episode of GC infection occurred after 30 days and within 365 days of the first infection. There were 253 recurrent infections (7.26%) from 238 individuals. Men who have sex with men (MSM) and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders (ATSI) were significantly more likely to be recurrently infected with gonorrhoea than the rest of the South Australian population. This method of identifying individuals who have recurrent gonococcal infections can be used to target more frequent screening for individuals in a population who are more likely to be a part of the core group.
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MOSOLOVA, Olga V. "DEMOGRAPHICS SITUATION IN AUSTRALIA: REALITY AND FORECASTS". Southeast Asia: Actual Problems of Development, n.º 3(56) (2022): 194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2072-8271-2022-3-3-56-194-203.
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Demographics situation in Australia determinates by internal and foreign migration floods, as well by natural increment of population. Australia is a multinational country, therefore the solution of demographics problem is important part of the government policy. Before the pandemic COVID-19 the growth rates of Australian population was higher than in the most developed countries. The main factor of population growth in the years before the pandemic was foreign migration. The population of Australia is the association of the people with rich variety in culture, linguistics and religious attitudes. The most of Australians is the immigrants or the posterity of the immigrants. Introduction of international frontier restrictions in times of pandemic led to the reduction of migrant’s flow, as well to the deceleration of Australian population growth rates. Like this, results of pandemic to a great extent changed demographics situation in the country. As far as to further demographics development of Australia, forecasts shows, that in a future population growth rates must restore, since together with the opening of international frontiers starts the return of provisional and constant migrates. In opinion of experts, in a future migration questions also will be important element of Australian demographics policy.
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GARIN, Artyom A. "AUKUS AND THE SOUTH PACIFIC: FOREIGN POLICY AND SECURITY IMPLICATIONS FOR AUSTRALIA". Southeast Asia: Actual Problems of Development, n.º 1 (54) (2022): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2072-8271-2022-1-1-54-223-233.
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The United States, the UK and Australia continue to enhance defence cooperation in the dual space of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. These powers announced the establishing of a trilateral security pact AUKUS on September 15, 2021. The U.S. will transfer nuclear submarine technology to Australia but the nature of AUKUS implies a broader technological interaction between the parties. Despite the Anglosphere's attempts to indicate that their actions aren't directed against any power, all their actions reveal intensifying rivalry with the People's Republic of China (PRC). This article examines the nature of AUKUS and the reasons for its appearance. Special attention is paid to the influence of the alliance on the Fifth Continent's defense capabilities and its domestic policy dimension. At the same time, the author analyzes the impact of AUKUS on Australia's relations with the countries of Southeast Asia and Oceania.
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Byron‐Scott, Rosemary, Eric Haan, Annabelle Chan, Carol Bower, Heather Scott y Kathryn Clark. "A population‐based study of abdominal wall defects in South Australia and Western Australia". Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 12, n.º 2 (abril de 1998): 136–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3016.1998.00090.x.
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Reed, Richard L., Leigh S. Roeger, Nova Reinfeld‐Kirkman y Sara L. Howard. "Access to general practitioners in South Australia: a population survey". Medical Journal of Australia 189, n.º 2 (julio de 2008): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2008.tb01929.x.
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Bowden, Jacqueline A., Caroline L. Miller y Janet E. Hiller. "Smoking and Mental Illness: A Population Study in South Australia". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 45, n.º 4 (abril de 2011): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048674.2010.536904.
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Smith, Patricia, Miroslav Prokopec y Graeme Pretty. "Dentition of a prehistoric population from Roonka Flat, South Australia". Archaeology in Oceania 23, n.º 1 (abril de 1988): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4453.1988.tb00181.x.
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Costantino, Valentina, Mallory J. Trent, John S. Sullivan, Mohana P. Kunasekaran, Richard Gray y Raina MacIntyre. "Serological Immunity to Smallpox in New South Wales, Australia". Viruses 12, n.º 5 (18 de mayo de 2020): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12050554.
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The re-emergence of smallpox is an increasing and legitimate concern due to advances in synthetic biology. Vaccination programs against smallpox using the vaccinia virus vaccine ceased with the eradication of smallpox and, unlike many other countries, Australia did not use mass vaccinations. However, vaccinated migrants contribute to population immunity. Testing for vaccinia antibodies is not routinely performed in Australia, and few opportunities exist to estimate the level of residual population immunity against smallpox. Serological data on population immunity in Australia could inform management plans against a smallpox outbreak. Vaccinia antibodies were measured in 2003 in regular plasmapheresis donors at the Australian Red Cross Blood Service from New South Wales (NSW). The data were analysed to estimate the proportion of Australians in NSW with detectable serological immunity to vaccinia. The primary object of this study was to measure neutralising antibody titres against vaccinia virus. Titre levels in donor samples were determined by plaque reduction assay. To estimate current levels of immunity to smallpox infection, the decline in geometric mean titres (GMT) over time was projected using two values for the antibody levels estimated on the basis of different times since vaccination. The results of this study suggest that there is minimal residual immunity to the vaccinia virus in the Australian population. Although humoral immunity is protective against orthopoxvirus infections, cell-mediated immunity and immunological memory likely also play roles, which are not quantified by antibody levels. These data provide an immunological snapshot of the NSW population, which could inform emergency preparedness planning and outbreak control, especially concerning the stockpiling of vaccinia vaccine.
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Richards, Eric. "Irish life and progress in colonial South Australia". Irish Historical Studies 27, n.º 107 (mayo de 1991): 216–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400010518.
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South Australia was the least Irish part of nineteenth-century Australia. Proportionately fewer Irish arrived at Port Adelaide than at the other great immigrant ports of the southern continent. They also came later: relatively few Irish participated in the first dozen years of colonisation in South Australia after its inception in 1836. In contrast with other parts of Australia the Irish were slow to reach a tenth and never reached a third of the colonial population. They were not in South Australia ‘a founding people’. They were indeed conspicuously a minority which faced the established and unquestioned primacy of Anglo-Scottish colonisation.South Australia was overwhelmingly English in its origins. From the beginning it was virtually a fragment of southern England, a Home Counties colony expressly designed for superior expatriates. It was also heavily advertised as a haven for Protestant dissenters. The first Catholic priest in South Australia, William Benson, was hardly exaggerating when he described it in 1843 as ‘a little dissenting colony, exclusively Protestant evangelical’. He went further, saying that ‘when this colony was established no Catholic gentlemen of property were allowed to join the founders’ — implying thereby that the planners deliberately discouraged Irish participation. Only when the colonial population reached 14,000, asserted Benson, did ‘our late evangelical governors’ feel confident enough to permit a minority of Catholics reasonable and equal entry. Another Catholic Irishman, Major Thomas O’Halloran, also claimed that the early colonial planners had been anti-Irish, wishing to restrict their numbers to less than 5 per cent of the colonial population. It is little wonder that South Australia seemed, in Irish eyes, the most alien quarter of the new continent.
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Stirling, GR y MF Wachtel. "Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla) on potato in south-eastern South Australia". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, n.º 2 (1985): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850455.
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In south-eastern South Australia root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla) caused losses to potato crops in fields that were sown once every 5- 15 years and were used for grazing in the intervening years. Although seed used by some growers was infested with M. hapla, the nematode also survived between potato crops on subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum), the dominant pasture species, and capeweed (Cryptostemma calendula). Subterranean clover was the most abundant alternate host. Nematodes invaded clover seedlings that established following rain in April and produced eggs about 12 weeks later. A second generation was produced in late winter and spring, so that a relatively high root-knot nematode population was present when potatoes were planted. The population increased rapidly on potatoes and numbers capable of causing severe root damage were observed 10- 15 weeks after planting. The growing of non-host crops, or the use of herbicides or cultivation to eliminate subterranean clover in the winter prior to the potato crop, should be investigated. In a nematicide trial, ethylene dibromide at 70 and 110 kg/ha increased yields of potato cv. Pontiac by about 90%.
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Shaughnessy, PD, NJ Gales, TE Dennis y SD Goldsworthy. "Distribution and abundance of New Zealand fur seals, Arctocephalus forsteri, in South Australia and Western Australia". Wildlife Research 21, n.º 6 (1994): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9940667.
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A survey to determine the distribution and abundance of New Zealand fur seals, Arctocephalus forsteri, in South Australia and Western Australia was conducted in January-March 1990. Minor surveys were conducted in the summers of 1987-88, 1988-89 and 1990-91. Although the surveys were primarily of black pups in breeding colonies, opportunity was taken to count fur seals of all age-classes, including those in non-breeding colonies. Pups were counted and, in more accessible and larger colonies, numbers of pups were estimated by a mark-recapture technique. The latter technique gave higher estimates than counting, and was considered more accurate. In South Australia, the seals extend from The Pages in Backstairs Passage to Nuyts Reef in the Great Australian Bight. In Western Australia, the range comprised islands on the south coast from the Recherche Archipelago to islands near Cape Leeuwin. There are 29 breeding localities; 13 are in South Australia and 16 in Western Australia. Eighteen of these have not been reported previously. The term ''breeding locality'' is used for aggregations of breeding colonies as well as for isolated breeding colonies. Estimates of the number of pups for the 1989-90 breeding season were 5636 in South Australia and 1429 in Western Australia. This leads to a population estimate of approximately 34600 seals in these two states (using a multiplier of 4.9). But such estimates of overall abundance must be treated cautiously as the multiplier incorporates estimates of population parameters not available for A. forsteri. Most of the population (77%) is in central South Australian waters (from Kangaroo Island to the southern end of Eyre Peninsula). With the estimate of 100 for a breeding colony in southern Tasmania, the population of New Zealand fur seals in Australia can be estimated at 34700. Historical aspects of some colonies are outlined and evidence for increases described. The largest breeding localities are at South Neptune Islands (1964 pups) and North Neptune Islands (1472). The combined Neptunes group accounts for 49% of the pup estimate for Australia. One-fifth of the pups are from colonies on Kangaroo Island and the nearby Casuarinas.
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Poole, WE, JT Wood y NG Simms. "Distribution of the tammar, Macropus eugenii, and the relationships of populations as determined by cranial morphometrics". Wildlife Research 18, n.º 5 (1991): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9910625.
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Apparently once widespread throughout dense thickets in south-western Australia, the tammar is now much restricted in its distribution. On mainland Australia, isolated populations still persist in Western Australia, but in South Australia, where there is little remaining evidence to confirm that it extended beyond Eyre Peninsula, the wallaby is probably close to extinction. All originally recorded populations on five islands in Western Australia remain, but in South Australia all natural island populations, other than those on Kangaroo I., appear to be extinct. Morphometric analyses of crania representative of most known populations provide a means of assessing their relationships. Canonical variate analysis, the derivation of Mahalanobis distances and subsequent calculation of minimum spanning trees supported the existence of affinities within three major regional groups-a group predominantly from Western Australia, a group from Kangaroo and Greenly Is, South Australia, and a group from New Zealand-all apparently related via a population from Eyre Peninsula, presumably representative of a former widespread mainland population. By cranial criteria, feral tammars established in New Zealand are South Australian in origin although probably not introduced from Kangaroo I.
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Taylor, Andrew S., Brian J. Knaus, Niklaus J. Grünwald y Treena Burgess. "Population Genetic Structure and Cryptic Species ofPlasmopara viticolain Australia". Phytopathology® 109, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2019): 1975–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-04-19-0146-r.
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Downy mildew of grape caused by Plasmopara viticola is a global pathogen of economic importance to commercial viticulture. In contrast to populations in the northern hemisphere, few studies have investigated the population biology, genetic diversity, and origin of the pathogen in Australian production systems. DNA was extracted from 381 P. viticola samples from Vitis vinifera and alternate hosts collected via fresh and herbarium leaves from populations within Australia and Whatman FTA cards from North America, Brazil, and Uruguay. A total of 32 DNA samples were provided from a French population. The populations were genotyped using 16 polymorphic microsatellite markers. Representative samples from within Australia, Brazil, and Uruguay were also genotyped to determine which of the cryptic species (clades) within the P. viticola species complex were present. Our findings suggest the Australian and South American populations of P. viticola are more closely related to the European population than the North American population, the reported source of origin of the pathogen. The Western Australian population had similarities to the South Australian population, and the tight clustering of samples suggests a single introduction into Western Australia. P. viticola clade aestivalis was the only clade detected in Australian and South American populations. Analysis of the Western Australian population suggests that it is reproducing clonally, but additional research is required to determine the mechanism as to how this is occurring.
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Yuhong, Sun, Mu Yifei y Jun Yang. "An Analysis of Interaction Effects of China–South Korea and China– Australia FTAs and the Expanding TPP". Naše gospodarstvo/Our economy 62, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2016): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ngoe-2016-0020.
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Abstract On 5 October 2015, the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) led by the U.S. was signed. Already, 12 countries1 have joined the agreement, but China has not. Thus, lots of research has focused on the negative effect of the TPP on China’s foreign trade. On the other hand, China is moving forward in its own efforts to establish bilateral free trade agreements (FTAs) and free trade zones. In June 2015, China-South Korea and China-Australia signed bilateral FTAs which went into effect in December 2015. Several questions were raised: Since South Korea and Australia are the major trade partners in the Pacific area and the bilateral FTAs will be effective before the TPP, will these FTAs’ positive effects on China’s foreign trade offset some of the negative effects of the TPP? If China and the U.S. adopted a competitive trade policy, which countries would benefit? If China and the U.S. adopted a cooperative trade policy, how would the trade value and economic welfare change? This paper simulates and analyses the mutual effects of China-South Korea and China-Australia FTAs and the enlarging TPP using the computable general equilibrium model. The major conclusions drawn suggest that China-South Korea and China-Australia FTAs will significantly offset the TPP’s negative effect on China’s foreign trade. If China is not included, the U.S. economic benefit from the TPP will be limited. The economic welfare for a country like Australia, which joined both the bilateral FTA and the TPP, will be increased the most. In the long run, China joining the TPP would be the most beneficial decision for its national interest. However, if the TPP cannot be approved by the US congress, the U.S.’s economic indicators and export would be decreasing sharply. China’s economy and export will benefit from FTAs.
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Ben-Tovim, David I. y Jacqueline Morton. "The Epidemiology of Anorexia Nervosa in South Australia". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 24, n.º 2 (junio de 1990): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679009077680.
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A survey of 5,705 pupils in girls' schools in South Australia revealed that the one year prevalence of cases of anorexia nervosa, diagnosed according to DSM-Ill criteria, was 1.05 cases per thousand of the population studied. This study has a number of advantages in comparison to the majority of other school-based surveys, and confirms that descriptions of anorexia nervosa as a disorder of epidemic proportions may be premature.
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Pestell, A. J. L., S. J. B. Cooper, K. Saint y S. Petit. "Genetic structure of the western pygmy possum, Cercartetus concinnus Gould (Marsupialia: Burramyidae) based on mitochondrial DNA". Australian Mammalogy 29, n.º 2 (2007): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am07023.
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Cercartetus concinnus Gould (Marsupialia: Burramyidae) has a spatially disjunct distribution, with a broad stretch of saltbush on the Nullarbor Plain forming an apparent barrier between the population: one in southern Western Australia, and another in south-eastern Australia, encompassing South Australia, Victoria, and New South Wales. This disjunct distribution and slight differences in morphology between western and eastern populations have led to conjecture about the taxonomy of this species. This study assessed the taxonomic status of C. concinnus across southern Australia. Analyses using the mitochondrial (mtDNA) ND4 gene showed little phylogeographic structure throughout the wide range of C. concinnus in southern Australia; closely related haplotypes (~0.1% sequence divergence) had a wide distribution from Western Australia to South Australia, suggesting recent genetic connectivity. These data indicate that C. concinnus populations represent a single taxonomic unit (Evolutionarily Significant Unit) throughout the geographic range. Further research is required to assess the impact of recent population fragmentation and whether an erosion of genetic variation in isolated populations has occurred.
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Chan, K. Y. y D. P. Heenan. "Earthworm population dynamics under conservation tillage systems in south-eastern Australia". Soil Research 44, n.º 4 (2006): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr05144.
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Changes in earthworm abundance, biomass, and diversity were monitored under a range of tillage and stubble management practices in a wheat/alternative crop rotation over 5 years on a Sodosol (Alfisol) in southern New South Wales, Australia. There were 3 tillage and 2 stubble management practices in a completely randomised block design with 3 replications. The 3 tillage treatments were no-tillage (NT), 1 tillage pass (1T), and 3 tillage passes (3T). Stubble management practices were stubble retained (sr) and stubble burnt (sb). Positive responses of earthworm abundance and biomass to stubble retention (>2-fold increase) were evident in the second year and to both stubble and tillage in the third year. In the latter, abundance in NT/sr was 6.6 times that found under 3T/sb (239 v. 36/m2). Higher earthworm abundance in NT/sr compared with 3T/sb prevailed for the remaining duration of the experiment. However, a drastic decline in total population (to a mean of 31/m2) was observed in the fourth year in all the treatments and this was followed by further decline to a mean abundance of 4/m2 in the fifth year. The drastic decline in abundance was also accompanied by a shift in earthworm species composition. The earthworm population was originally dominated by the exotic Lumbrid, Aporrectodea trapezoides (Lumbricidae) (~100% in composition), but by the fifth year, Microscolex dubious (Acanthodrilidae) was the dominant species, making up 75% of the earthworm population in NT/sr. Improvement in soil quality as detected in the fifth year under a conservation tillage system compared with a conventional system included higher transmitting macropores, higher labile carbon, and water-stable aggregation. The reason for the decline in earthworm abundance was not clear but was unlikely related to changes in soil quality, wheat yield, and rainfall. Instead, we suggest that it was related to the changes in insecticide applications during the course of the experiment. The study highlights the importance of judicious use of chemicals in farming systems if earthworm presence is to be encouraged.
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Nakabonge, Grace, Treena Burgess, Marieka Gryzenhout, Brenda Wingfield, Michael J. Wingfield y Jolanda Roux. "Population structure of the fungal pathogenHolocryphia eucalyptiin Australia and South Africa". Australasian Plant Pathology 37, n.º 2 (2008): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ap08004.
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Short, Stephanie Doris, Hyo-Young Lee, Mi-Joung Lee, Eunok Park y Farah Purwaningrum. "The Case for a Reciprocal Health Care Agreement between Australia and South Korea". Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management 16, n.º 1 (28 de febrero de 2021): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24083/apjhm.v16i1.505.
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Objectives: This study presents the case for a reciprocal health care agreement (RHCA) between Australia and South Korea. Design and Setting: The research utilised a qualitative social scientific methodology. Document analysis was conducted on government reports, official statistics and media articles in English and Korean. Main outcomes: In Australia, the Health Insurance Act 1973 enables health care agreements with 11 nations, however, Korea has no similar legislation in place. Therefore, Korea would need to build a broader consensus on the need for a RHCA in full, based on the precedent of Australia's agreements with other nations, as well as on the Korean Pension Act, which has enabled reciprocal (equal treatment among the countries) pension agreements with 28 nations through an exceptive clause. Results: The active government commitment and involvement of the Ministry of Health and the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade in Australia, and of the Ministry of Health & Welfare and Ministry of Foreign Affairs in South Korea, would be essential for a successful RHCA process to come to fruition. Conclusions: While a potential health care agreement between Australia and Korea would constitute a significant step forward in strengthening people-to-people links between these two significant trading partners in the spirit of health diplomacy, the feasibility at the current time is very low indeed.
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Allen, B., J. L. Read y G. Medlin. "Additional records of small mammals in northern South Australia". Australian Mammalogy 33, n.º 1 (2011): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am10032.
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Analysis of prey remains found in predator scats is a valuable tool for assessing the distribution and status of small mammal populations. As part of a large-scale dingo research project in northern South Australia, the prey remains found in 1845 dingo scats were analysed. A range of species were identified as expected, though, of particular interest, additional records of Rattus villosissimus, Notomys fuscus and Pseudomys australis were obtained. Our R. villosissimus records confirm the contemporary range of this species in the north-eastern pastoral zone, while our N. fuscus records support other recent records of this species in the same area. Our P. australis record indicates that an isolated population of this species exists in the Strzelecki Desert, ~400 km east of the nearest known population. The status of these populations remains unknown, including the risk of dingo predation to them.
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Garcia Arieta, Alfredo, Craig Simon, Gustavo Mendes Lima Santos, Iván Omar Calderón Lojero, Zulema Rodríguez Martínez, Clare Rodrigues, Sang Aeh Park et al. "A Survey of the Regulatory Requirements for the Acceptance of Foreign Comparator Products by Participating Regulators and Organizations of the International Generic Drug Regulators Programme". Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences 22 (1 de enero de 2019): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18433/jpps30215.
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The acceptance of foreign comparator products is the most limiting factor for the development and regulatory assessment of generic medicines marketed globally. Bioequivalence studies have to be repeated with the local comparator products of each jurisdiction because it is unknown if the comparators of the different countries are the same product, with the consequent duplication of efforts by regulators and industry alike. The regulatory requirements on the acceptability of foreign comparator products of oral dosage forms differ between countries participating in the Bioequivalence Working Group for Generics of the International Pharmaceutical Regulators Programme. Brazil, Colombia, the European Union member States, Japan, Mexico, South Korea and the United States only accept bioequivalence studies with their local comparator. In contrast, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Singapore, South Africa, Switzerland and Taiwan accept studies with foreign comparators under certain conditions. Canada limits its use to highly soluble drugs with a wide therapeutic range in immediate release products. Australia requires a comparison of the quantitative composition. In contrast, there are fewer restrictions on the acceptance of foreign comparators in New Zealand, Singapore, South Africa, Switzerland and Taiwan. For the WHO Prequalification of Medicines and for developing generics of the essential medicines the WHO lists comparators from different countries. In conclusion, there is currently no consensus amongst regulators on the acceptability of foreign comparator products.
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Gupta, Sabrina, Rosalie Aroni, Siobhan Lockwood, Indra Jayasuriya y Helena Teede. "South Asians and Anglo Australians with heart disease in Australia". Australian Health Review 39, n.º 5 (2015): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah14254.
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Objectives The aim of the present study was to determine cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and compare presentation and severity of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) among South Asians (SAs) and Anglo Australians (AAs). Methods A retrospective clinical case audit was conducted at a public tertiary hospital. The study population included SA and AA patients hospitalised for IHD. Baseline characteristics, evidence of diabetes and other CVD risk factors were recorded. Angiography data were also included to determine severity, and these were assessed using a modified Gensini score. Results SAs had lower mean (± s.d.) age of IHD presentation that AAs (52 ± 9 vs 55 ± 9 years, respectively; P = 0.02), as well as a lower average body mass index (BMI; 26 ± 4 vs 29 ± 6 kg/m2, respectively; P = 0.005), but a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes (57% vs 31%, respectively; P = 0.001). No significant differences were found in coronary angiography parameters. There were no significant differences in the median (interquartile range) Gensini score between SAs and AAs (43.5 (27–75) vs 44 (26.5–68.5), respectively), median vessel score (1 (1–2) vs 2 (1–3), respectively) or multivessel score (37% (33/89) vs 54% (22/41), respectively). Conclusions The findings show that in those with established IHD, cardiovascular risk factors, such as age at onset and BMI, differ between SAs and AAs and these differences should be considered in the prevention and management of IHD. What is known about the topic? There is much evidence on CVD and SAs, it being a leading cause of mortality and morbidity for this population both in their home countries and in countries they have migrated to. Studies conducted in Western nations other than Australia have suggested a difference in the risk profiles and presentations of CVD among SA migrants compared with the host populations in developed countries. Although this pattern of cardiovascular risk factors among SAs has been well documented, there is insufficient knowledge about this population, currently the largest population of incoming migrants, and CVD in the Australian setting. What does this paper add? This paper confirms that a similar pattern of CVD exists in Australia among SAs as does in other Western nations they have migrated to. The CVD pattern found in this population is that of an earlier age of onset at lower BMI compared with the host AA population, as well as a differing cardiovascular risk profile, with higher rates of type 2 diabetes and lower smoking rates. In addition, this study finds similar angiographic results for both the SAs and AAs; however, the SAs exhibit these similar angiographic patterns at younger ages. What are the implications for practitioners? SAs in Australia represent a high cardiovascular risk group and should be targeted for more aggressive screening at younger ages. Appropriate preventative strategies should also be considered bearing in mind the differing risk factors for this population, namely low BMI and high rates of type 2 diabetes. More intensive treatment strategies should also be regarded by practitioners. Importantly, both policy makers and health professionals must consider that all these strategies should be culturally targeted and tailored to this population and not assume a ‘one-size fits all’ approach.
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SeHoon Park y 정소양. "Spatial Distribution of Foreign Population and Policy Implications in South Korea". Korea Spatial Planning Review 64, n.º ll (marzo de 2010): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15793/kspr.2010.64..004.
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Wheeler, SH y DR King. "The European Rabbit in South-Western Australia. III. Survival." Wildlife Research 12, n.º 2 (1985): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9850213.
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The survival of Oryctolagus cuniculus was investigated at 2 sites in the southern part of Western Australia using live-trapping. Winter myxomatosis appears to have been a major factor in determining the changes in population size, through its effect on the survival of young rabbits.
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Collins, Kathryn M., Owen F. Price y Trent D. Penman. "Spatial patterns of wildfire ignitions in south-eastern Australia". International Journal of Wildland Fire 24, n.º 8 (2015): 1098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf15054.
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Wildfires can have devastating effects on life, property and the environment. Official inquiries following major damaging fires often recommend management actions to reduce the risk of future losses from wildfires. Understanding where wildfires are most likely to occur in the landscape is essential to determining where wildfires pose the greatest risk to people and property. We investigated the spatial patterns of wildfire ignitions at a bioregional scale in New South Wales and Victoria using generalised linear models. We used a combination of social and biophysical variables and examined whether different categories of ignitions respond to different explanatory variables. Human-caused ignitions are the dominant source of ignitions for wildfires in south-eastern Australia and our results showed that for such ignitions, population density was the most important variable for the spatial pattern of ignitions. In future years, more ignitions are predicted in the coastal and hinterland areas due to population increases and climate change effects.
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Terblanche, Stephan y Geraldine Mackenzie. "Mandatory Sentences in South Africa: Lessons for Australia?" Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 41, n.º 3 (diciembre de 2008): 402–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/acri.41.3.3402.
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Many of the most serious crimes that can be committed in South Africa are, since 1998, subject to mandatory minimum sentences prescribed in legislation. This legislation was originally introduced as a short-term measure, yet has now become a permanent fixture. This article looks critically at the mandatory sentencing legislation in South Africa, drawing comparisons with similar legislation in Australia. It also examines some of the consequences of such legislation not properly foreseen in South Africa, in particular the escalation in the prison population. In taking an internationally comparative approach, this article contributes to the contemporary debate on mandatory sentencing.
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Hatoss, Anikó, Donna Starks y Henriette Janse van Rensburg. "Afrikaans language maintenance in Australia". Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 34, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2011): 4–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.34.1.01hat.
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Changes in the political climate in the home country have resulted in the emigration of South Africans to English speaking countries such as Britain, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Despite the scale of movement of the South African population, language maintenance in these diasporic contexts has received little consideration. This paper presents a description of an Australian Afrikaans-speaking community in the small Queensland city of Toowoomba. The study shows a high degree of bilingualism amongst the first generation Afrikaans community but also shows incipient signs of language shift within the home and a weak connection between language and identity.
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Ayres, Renae M., Vincent J. Pettigrove y Ary A. Hoffmann. "Genetic structure and diversity of introduced eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) in south-eastern Australia". Marine and Freshwater Research 63, n.º 12 (2012): 1206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf11279.
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The closely related eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) and western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) have been introduced into many countries and collectively represent the most widely distributed freshwater fish in the world. We investigated genetic patterns associated with the spread of G. holbrooki in its introduced range in south-eastern Australia, by sampling 60 G. holbrooki populations (n = 1771) from major regions where G. holbrooki was initially introduced into Australia, and characterising the genetic diversity and population structure of G. holbrooki, using five polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci and sequences from two mitochondrial genetic markers. Results were compared with published data on American and European Gambusia samples and historical records. Low microsatellite diversity and strong population genetic structuring were found within G. holbrooki in south-eastern Australia. Observed heterozygosity and allelic richness declined regionally in the order Sydney, Brisbane, Canberra, Melbourne and Adelaide. Microsatellite variation in Australia was reduced compared with native populations. Two mitochondrial DNA haplotypes of G. holbrooki were found; one was common, whereas the other was detected in one Sydney population and one Melbourne population. Cytochrome b sequence diversity was reduced compared with native and European ranges, and sequences were identical to two haplotypes previously identified. Microsatellite diversity of G. holbrooki in south-eastern Australia validates historical records of its spread, beginning north and moving south. Mitochondrial sequencing confirms that G. holbrooki is present in Australia, but the origins of Australian G. holbrooki populations remain unclear.
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Ames, David. "Australia (Melbourne)". Psychiatric Bulletin 16, n.º 9 (septiembre de 1992): 552–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.16.9.552.
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Australia is a unique, geologically ancient island continent. Its flora and fauna are unlike those found anywhere else and the same may be said of its people, politics and health services. The population of 17.3 millions represents a multicultural mix, with an anglo-celtic core conflated by sustained post-war immigration from southern Europe, Turkey, southeast Asia and south America. One in five current Australians was born elsewhere, one in ten comes from a non-English speaking background, and a quarter of those born here have a parent who was born overseas. Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders form 1.4% of the total population. They have third world mortality figures but die of first world diseases, their life expectancy being 20 years less than that of other Australians. Two hundred and four years after what they see as the British invasion, their standard of living lags far behind all other socio-cultural groups in the country. Most members of the Aboriginal community do not live long enough to develop Alzheimer's disease, but it and other age-related diseases are emerging as the major determinants of health costs as Australia moves towards the 21st century.
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O'Brien, CJ. "Population dynamics of juvenile tiger prawns Penaeus esculentus in south Queensland, Australia". Marine Ecology Progress Series 104 (1994): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps104247.
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Wilson, David H., Robert J. Adams, Richard E. Ruffin, Graeme Tucker, Anne W. Taylor y Sarah Appleton. "Trends in asthma prevalence and population changes in South Australia, 1990–2003". Medical Journal of Australia 184, n.º 5 (marzo de 2006): 226–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00207.x.
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Fatovich, Daniel M. "A population‐based study of thrombolysis for acute stroke in South Australia". Medical Journal of Australia 194, n.º 8 (abril de 2011): 431–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2011.tb03049.x.
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Kleinig, Tim, James M. Leyden, Andrew Lee y Jim Jannes. "A population‐based study of thrombolysis for acute stroke in South Australia". Medical Journal of Australia 194, n.º 8 (abril de 2011): 431–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2011.tb03050.x.
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Bauman, A. "POPULATION SURVEYS TO MONITOR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA 309". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 28, Supplement (mayo de 1996): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199605001-00309.
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