Tesis sobre el tema "Souris – Reproduction (biologie) – Régulation"
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Trouillet, Anne-Charlotte. "Rôle des mécanismes de signalisation olfactive impliquant Gai2 dans le contrôle des comportements socio-sexuels". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Tours, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOUR4018.
In most mammals, the olfactory system drives socio-sexual behaviors through the detection of chemosensory information. Sensory neurons of the olfactory system detect these signals through dedicated G protein-coupled receptors, each expressed by a single ensemble of neurons. Chemosignals relevant for social communication are mainly sensed by the vomeronasal organ in which at least two populations of receptor cells detect pheromones through two families of G-protein-coupled receptors, V1Rs and V2Rs. The binding of ligands to the receptor (V1R or V2R) has been proposed to activate the corresponding G protein, Gai2 and Gao, respectively. Gao-expressing neurons have been shown to detect peptides and proteins modulating several social behaviors. Genetic and behavioral studies on mice also point to a potential role of Gai2-expressing neurons as transducers of the olfactory information controlling reproductive physiology and behaviors. However, the exact contribution of this signaling pathway remains elusive. Therefore, the main goal of this project is to determine how socio-sexual behaviors are controlled by the olfactory system, particularly by the V1R-Gai2-expressing neurons of the vomeronasal organ.To address this point, we used the Cre-lox system to generate a conditional knockout mouse in which the deletion of Gai2 gene is restricted to olfactory sensory neurons. First, we evaluated the functional role of Gai2 in the process of VSNs signal transduction using live-cell calcium imaging experiments. We first established that Gai2 is necessary for the detection of small organic molecules and sulfated steroids in V1Rs-expressing VSNs. Second, we investigated the role of Gai2/V1Rs-expressing VSNs in displaying reproductive and social behaviors. We tested sexual, parental, and aggressive behaviors of male and female mice deficient for Gai2 and identified brain regions transforming the olfactory information into a behavioral decision. We observed an influence of Gai2-expressing VSNs in a sex-dependent manner with distinctive traits for each behavior. We found that the deletion of Gai2 in VSNs played a central role in male aggressive behavior by increasing territorial aggression and reducing infant-directed aggression. However, female aggression remained unaltered in the absence of Gai2. Parenting was also differentially affected by Gai2 deletion in each sex, activated in males and inhibited in females. Further, social experience changed the implication of Gai2 vomeronasal signaling in female sexual behavior, while in males, Gai2-deletion had no effect on sexual behavior before or after experience. Last, we identified a new role of Gai2-expressing VSNs in avoidance behaviors mediated by predators and sick-conspecifics aversive olfactory cues.All species continuously integrate environmental information and adapt their responses accordingly. This project aims to shed light on neural mechanisms underlying the processing of olfactory chemosignals in order to understand how peripheral olfactory inputs interact with neural centers controlling the behavioral responses. Understanding these mechanisms is of broad relevance and may lead to new insights in the comprehension of behavioral disorders and the development of new breeding strategies in domestic animals
Caron, Emilie. "Leptine et régulation hypothalamique de la fonction de reproduction chez la souris : sites d'action et influence de la nutrition postnatale". Lille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LIL2S052.
Badro, Danielle. "Identification de nouvelles cibles de WT1 au cours de la néphrogenèse précoce et analyses fonctionnelles chez la souris". Nice, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NICE4119.
WT1 encodes a transcription factor and is mutated in a subset of Wilms’ tumors in children. Instead of developing motors, Wt1-/- mouse embryos suffer from renal agenesis due to apoptosis of the tissue, clearly demonstrating the complexity of WT1 functions in vivo. In this study we took an unbiased approach by performing DNA microarray studies on renal tissues isolated from Wt1-/- and Wt1-/- embryos at E10. 25. Three genes with reduced expressions were selected for further studies : Rspondin1, Fgf10, and Fgf20. RSPO1 is a secreted positive modulator of the WNT/β-catenin signalling pathway. In the mouse embryonic kidney Wt1 and Rspo1 expressions highly overlap. The combination of reporter transgenic embryos and in vitro experiments point to a very complex regulation of Rspo1, with evolutionary conserved elements scattered over more than 20kb upstream of the transcription start site. In particular, we isolated a 750bp region driving Rspo1 expression in the mouse neural tissues. Fibroblast growth factors FGF10 and FGF20 are secreted molecules implicated in the lacrimoauriculodentodigital syndrome and Parkinson’s disease, respectively. We have addressed potential roles of FGF10 and FGF20 in the renal phenotype of Wt1-/- embryos. In vitro cultures of wildtype urogenital ridges (UGR) in media supplemented with FGF10/20 led to ectopic production of UBs. Moreover, UGRs from Wt1-/- mice showed a partial rescue of the phenotype by forming a UB. Taken together we have identified novel genes that are under control of WT1 and that may play key roles during kidney development. Future functional analysis will better assess their roles and involvement in the complex phenotype of Wt1-/- mice
Watrin, Marguerite. "Régulation de l'expression génique par formation de complexes boucle-boucles ARN : application de la technique de SELEX génomique aux interactions ARN/ ARN". Bordeaux 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR21548.
RNA does not only play a role in the genetic information transfer between a gene and his protein. As mRNA, tRNA and rRNA are involved in protein synthesis. MiRNA, snRNA, snoRNA and other ncRNA are involved in the regulation of numerous biological processes such as plasmid replication, conjugation, transcription, translation, splicing and posttranscriptional modifications. RNA are able to form stem-loop structures, to interact via their loops with nucleic partners and to form loop-loop complexes so called kissing complexes. RNAI/RNAII kissing complexes enables the regulation of ColE1 plasmid replication in E. Coli. An RNA hairpin (aptamer R-0624) has been selected against the TAR element located at the end of the 5' UTR of the human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1 RNA. The artificial R-0624/TAR kissing complex inhibits the transactivation of the viral transcription. We identified RNA hairpins derived from the human genome which are able to generate kissing complexes with TAR or RNA hairpins targets containing RNGG, RYRY or YUNR loop sequences. Those kissing complexes could be responsible for natural or artificial regulations of human genes. In this work, genomic SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Liganfs by Exponential enrichment) has been carried for the 1rst time for fishing RNA/RNA interactions and directed against target RNA libraries
Rajabi, Maham Hassan. "Phylogéographie des souris du complexe Mus musculus en Iran : coalescence mitochondriale et diversité du chromosome Y". Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20077.
Jouve, Pesce Caroline. "Analyse de la mise en place et de la régulation de l'horloge de segmentation chez le poulet et la souris". Aix-Marseille 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX22096.
Palma, Rigo Kesia. "Implication du récepteur AT1 central dans la régulation de la pression artérielle de la souris". Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05P606.
The central regulation of arterial pressure (AP) involves activation of angiotensin II receptors type 1 (AT1R) in specific brain area of the hypothalamus and brainstem. The thesis studies involve modulation of brain AT1R using genetic and hypertensive mice combined with a telemetry system to record AP. The mouse model expressing a gain of function of the AT1R subtype A (AT1AMUT) showed high AP and reduced cardiac baroreflex sensitivity, but a normal circadian cardiovascular rhythm. The role of AT1R in the AP level of the genetic hypertensive mouse (BPH/2J) was examined and found to be similar to normotensive mice. However, in BPH/2J mice AT1R are important for the cardiac baroreflex and pressor responses to stress. These findings led to a targeted analyse of this receptor in the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) which is known for its role in baroreflex control. In the mice lacking the gene coding the AT1R, the expression of its subtype A, obtained by viral transgenesis in the CVLM, reduced the pressor response to an emotional stress and reduced the baroreflex sensitivity during the day period. These findings indicate the importance of the brain renin angiotensin system through activation of AT1R which modulates the sympathetic contribution to blood pressure control at a number of levels within the central nervous system. Of particular importance is the modulation of baroreflex control and the sympatho-inhibitory actions during emotional stress both of which occur within the ventral medulla
Ganem, Guila. "Commensalisme, fonction corticosurrénalienne et évolution chromosomique chez la souris domestique". Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20053.
Mouzat, Kevin. "Etude du rôle des récepteurs nucléaires des oxystérols LXR alpha et LXR bêta dans la physiologie de la reproduction chez la souris femelle". Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CLF21802.
Jacquart, Thierry. "Structure génétique et phylogénie intraspécifique chez la souris sauvage Mus spretus Lataste : distribution spatiale du polymorphisme des gènes nucléaires de structure et de l'ADN mitochondrial". Montpellier 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON20053.
Barraud, Perrine. "Les gènes nm23 dans le système nerveux périphérique de la souris : expression et régulation chez l'adulte et au cours du développement". Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR28860.
A and B nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) isoforms are heterohexameric enzymes that catalyze phosphoryl-group transfer between nucleoside di-and tri-phosphates. During development, nm23-M1,-M2 and -M3 genes encoding for NDPK A, B and C, respectively, are expressed by mouse neural crest cells. This expression is long-lasting and is detected in adult dorsal root ganglia (DRG). In neuroblast primary cultures, NDPK B and C are detected in dividing neurons, and then with NDPK A during neuronal differentiation. The precursors of the peripheral nervous system express different isoforms, depending on their phenotype as assessed by primary cultures of neural tube explants. Thus, NDPK A and C are mainly detected in sensory and cholinergic precursors whereas NDPK B is generally found in adrenergic neuroblasts. In adult DRG sensory neurons, NDPK A is visualized in the cytosol. NDPK B is also detected in the nucleus and NDPK C is often associated with plasma membrane. NDPKs co-localizations suggested that the three isoforms may be associated in vivo to form heterohexamers. Moreover, NDPK C could be responsible for anchoring the whole complex on the plasma membrane. NDPK A could act in association with GTPase proteins. The nuclear localization of NDPK B could be related to its functions as c-myc proto-oncogene transcription factor and in DNA repair. Finally, NDPK C may participate in cell transduction via receptor-coupled G proteins or in cell adhesion by interacting with integrins. NGF treated primary cultures of sensory neurons increased NDPK A expression level without affecting those of NDPK B and C. In contrast, LIF knock-out had a low expression level of NDPKs compared with wild mouse sensory neurons. Finally, sensory neurons of NDPK A knock-out mouse are characterized by a highly branched neuritic arborescence that revealed a disturbed axonal outgrowth
Chavis, Pascale. "Régulation des canaux calciques par les récepteurs métabotropiques du glutamate". Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20059.
Chaumeil, Julie. "L'inactivation du chromosome X chez la souris : étude du rôle des modifications épigénétiques et de l'organisation nucléaire dans la régulation des gènes au cours du développement". Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112037.
During early development, mammalian female embryos inactive one of their two X chromosomes to ensure dosage compensation between sexes. Although coating of the X chromosome by Xist RNA is essential for the initiation and propagation of X inactivation, little is known about how this signal is transformed into transcriptional silencing. In this context, I investigated the precise timing of early events during X inactivation, using differentiating female embryonic stem cells as a model system. I first focused on the characterisation of histone modifications, known to be involved in transcription regulation and appear rapidly after Xist RNA coating. Although their stability throughout cell cycle and mitosis suggests that they could be part of epigenetic marks involved in the maintenance of the inactive state, recent studies have shown that they are not crucial for induction of X inactivation. I then showed that the exclusion of the transcription machinery from the Xist RNA-coated X chromosome represents the earliest event following Xist RNA accumulation described so far, several days before complete gene silencing. Examination of the 3D organization of X-linked genes reveals that their repression involves their relocation within Xist RNA domain. Based on these results, we propose that Xist RNA has dual silencing functions, accomplished by different regions of the transcript. On the one hand, it seems to create a repressive nuclear compartment and, on the other hand, it silences genes through X chromatin reorganization. Thus, these results provide important findings on the role of nuclear organization and non coding RNAs on transcription regulation
Grémare, Antoine. "Aspects quantitatifs de la reproduction chez quelques annélides polychètes : Intérets et perspectives". Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066651.
Roche, Jennifer. "Implication des récepteurs de la dopamine dans la régulation de l’axe gonadotrope lors de la période pré-ovulatoire chez le sandre, Sander lucioperca". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0234.
Pikeperch, Sander lucioperca, is a potential valuable economic fish, making it a species of interest for aquaculture diversification. In the domestication process, controlling and understanding the reproductive cycle is a crucial step in order to produce viable offspring in a synchronous and predictable way. In many teleosts including some perciforms, dopamine inhibits the ovulatory pulse of LH and the ovulation step through D2 dopamine receptors family. In pikeperch, the roles of dopamine and its receptors, especially those belonging to the D1 receptors family, are unknown. For the purpose of the optimization of pikeperch reproduction, we investigated the role of the dopaminergic system during the final stages of oogenesis in this species: (1) by determining the effects of D1 or D2 receptor antagonists alone or in association with sGnRHa on the regulation of the reproductive axis and on the induction of ovulation, (2) by determining the repertoire and the expression profile of the dopamine receptors using a brain transcriptome analysis during the pre-ovulatory period and (3) by evaluating the role of dopamine and its receptors (D1 and D2 families) in the direct and local regulation of the gonadotropic axis at the brain and ovarian levels. For the first time, we showed that the dopamine/D1 receptors complex regulates the sex-steroids release during the pre-ovulatory period, suggesting that dopamine is involved in pikeperch reproduction. Also, we support its involvement thanks to the identification of the dopamine receptors gene expression at the brain, pituitary and ovarian levels. Finally, we showed that the dopaminergic system directly regulates the ovarian testosterone production, through both D1 and D2 receptor families. The involvement of both dopamine receptor families was also highlighted on ovarian 17β-estradiol production. Only the D2 receptor family was shown to be involved on the brain GnRH-3 gene expression. In conclusion, we point out a dopamine receptors implication on the gonadotropic axis regulation during the final stages of oogenesis in pikeperch. However, further studies should be performed to pinpoint the physiological mechanisms behind this phenomenon. From an aquaculture point of view, hormonal treatments with dopamine receptor antagonists appear to be ineffective to improve pikeperch reproductive performances. Therefore, their use to induce pikeperch ovulation should be put into question and the development of alternative methods is necessary to further promote pikeperch production
Jakubiec, Anna. "Etude du complexe de réplication du virus de la mosaïque jaune du navet (TYMV) : assemblage et régulation". Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077111.
Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) has a positive-stranded RNA genome encoding three proteins, one of which - the 206K -is essential for viral replication. In vitro and in vivo studies have revealed that the 206K is cleaved into two products: the 140K containing domains indicative of methyltransferase (MT), proteinase (PRO) and helicase (HEL) activities and the 66K encompassing RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. During my PhD I studied interactions between these proteins and determinants of their subcellular localisation in order to gain insight into molecular mechanisms underlying the assembly of viral replication complexes. This work supports a model wherein the 66K is recruited to the replication sites through an interaction with the PRO domain of the 140K, which is the membrane tether for viral replication complexes. Using antisera directed against different domains of the 206K precursor, we showed that the 140K was further processed in vivo into two products: 92K, containing the MT and PRO domains and 42K encompassing the HEL domain. Preliminary results indicate that the cleavage is not essential, but it is required for efficient viral replication. Eventually, we showed that the 66K polymerase was phosphorylated in vivo and several phosphorylated residues were identified by mass spectrometry analysis. Site directed mutagenesis experiments suggest two distinct functions for the 66K phosphorylation. We propose that phosphorylation in the N-terminal PEST sequence controls the metabolic stability of the 66K polymerase, while phosphorylation of its catalytic domain is involved in the regulation of viral RNA synthesis in the course of viral infection
Bragança, José. "Etude de la régulation transcriptionnelle des gènes interférons A : mise en évidence du facteur vif induit par le virus". Paris 11, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA11T031.
Desmarais, Eric. "Phylogénies intraspécifiques et histoire évolutive des populations de souris Mus spretus Lataste : analyse des lignées matriarcales par séquençage nucléotidique de l'ADN mitochondrial". Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20208.
Faralli, Hervé. "Tshz3 un marqueur des cellules satellites : une étude de sa fonction dans la régulation de la myogenèse chez la souris". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX22045/document.
Skeletal muscles are made of several units called myofibers, a syncitium into which muscular contraction is generated. During the muscle growth and repair, the quiescent Satellite Cells (SCs; adult stem cells) become activated, proliferate and differentiate to form new multinucleated myofibers. In animal model and primary culture, I found that, Tshz3 was strongly expressed in the quiescent and activated satellite cells.In C2C12 myoblast cells, I showed a specific repressive effect of TSHZ3 on the myogenic differentiation. The terminal differentiation of the myoblastes is trigger by Myogenin (Myog). The transcriptional activation of Myog promoter involves MYOD and the SWI/SNF remodelling complex. In vitro, I showed that TSHZ3 interacts with BAF57, a subunit of the SWI/SNF complex. TSHZ3 represses the MYOD-dependant activation on the Myog promoter. This specific repression involves in part BAF57.The repressive activity of and the temporal dynamic of expression of Tshz3, indicated that TSHZ3 potentially is required to impede the premature activation of the Myog promotor during the SCs proliferation. These results suggest that TSHZ3 plays important roles in the molecular mechanisms operating in activated SCs when there are poised between proliferation, differentiation and self renewal of muscular progenitors
Mouzat, Kevin. "Etude du rôle des récepteurs nucléaires des oxystérols LXR alpha et LXR bêta dans la physiologie de la reproduction chez la souris femelle". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00926323.
Bilal, Hamzeh. "Biologie de la reproduction chez callosobruchus maculatus f. (coléoptère, bruchidae), formes voilières et non voilières : application à la protection des stocks". Tours, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOUR4014.
Tran, Bruno. "Caractérisation de l'état diapausant et induction de l'activité reproductrice chez Bruchus Rufimanus (Boh. ) (coléoptère : bruchidae)". Tours, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOUR4004.
Vandenhoudt, Nathalie. "Etude du rôle des sites de liaison AP-1 intragéniques dans la régulation de l'expression du HIV-1 (Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1)". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210317.
Au cours de notre thèse, nous avons poursuivi la caractérisation de ces sites de liaison AP-1 et avons montré que les facteurs c Fos, JunB et JunD interagissent in vitro avec ces motifs. Pour chaque site, nous avons identifié des mutations qui abolissent la liaison des facteurs AP-1 sans altérer la séquence en acides aminés sous-jacente de la transcriptase inverse. Par des expériences de transfection transitoire, nous avons démontré que les sites AP 1 intragéniques sont entièrement responsables de l’activité enhancer PMA-dépendante du fragment 5103. De plus, l’activité PMA-inductible du fragment 5103 est inhibée par le mutant dominant négatif A-Fos à condition que les sites ne soient pas mutés. A l’inverse, l’expression ectopique de dimères forcés AP-1 affecte positivement l’activité enhancer du fragment 5103. Enfin, nous avons étudié le rôle biologique des sites AP-1 intragéniques dans la réplication virale et avons montré que ces sites contribuent positivement à l’infectivité du virus.
Durant la seconde partie de notre thèse, nous avons entamé la caractérisation physique et fonctionnelle du fragment 5105. Nos résultats de transfection transitoire montrent que l’activité PMA inductible du fragment 5105 est localisée dans le dernier tiers de ce dernier :le sous fragment 5105.3. L’analyse bioinformatique de cette région a permis de mettre en évidence un site de liaison pour les facteurs AP-1 in vitro. Des mutations ponctuelles permettent d’abolir la liaison des facteurs à leur site mais altèrent la séquence en acides aminés sous-jacente codant pour les protéines Tat et Rev. Nous avons montré que ce site est impliqué dans l’activité transcriptionnelle de ce fragment. L’expression ectopique du mutant dominant négatif A-Fos inhibe l’activité transcriptionnelle PMA-inductible du fragment 5105. Une analyse bioinformatique plus large nous a ensuite permis d’identifier in vitro, par retard de migration sur gel, 5 sites de liaison pour le facteur YY1 et 2 sites de liaison pour le facteur PU.1 dont les implications pour le virus restent encore à déterminer.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Fontaine, Emmanuel. "Maitrise de la folliculogenèse chez la chienne a l’aide d’agonistes de la GnRH". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGPT0049.
The mode of action of desloréline implants (Suprelorin®4,7mg, Virbac, Carros, France) allows activation and inhibition of the estrous cycle, with both clinical applications (from estrus induction to chemical sterilization). From a scientific background however, data concerning these different uses were mainly restricted to experimental bitches (Trigg et al. 2001) and yet no clear guidelines concerning the use of this product in females has been edicted. 173 bitches (including 24 experimental beagles) were includes in 6 different experiments to assess the use of these implants from the two perspectives. When used for estrus induction, the implant was administered during anœstrus and removed just after occurrence of ovulation (defined as progesterone level >5-6 ng/mL). All 64 bitches included in these experiments expressed an induced oestrus. For 32 of them, it occurred 4,3±1,4 days [2 to 7 days after] following implant administration. Anovulatory cycles were reported in 14 of these 64 bitches, but no statistical difference could be enlightened to discriminate the ones that ovulated and the ones that did not. When the implant was administered in early anoestrus, 2 out of 22 (9.1%) bitches carried their pregnancy to term while, when implanted in late anoestrus, this concerned 16 out of 23 (69.6%) bitches. Mean litter size obtained was 6.7±3.5 puppies. Luteal failure was suspected in 5 cases: 2 bitches were not pregnant at the time of pregnancy diagnosis and one gave birth 58 days post-ovulation as the owner refused supplementation. The two remaining bitches were supplemented with oral progresterone and gave birth normally. These implants were also used in 109 bitches in the purpose of chemical sterilization. The clinical response was depending of the stage of the cycle. The same features than for oestrus induction were obtained when administering the treatment in anoestrus. Oestrus induction also concerned 3 out of 15 bitches implanted in diestrus. When this was observed, implants were removed, as concomitant high levels of progesterone and estrogens may favored occurrence of uterine disorders. In one of these diestrous bitches, oestrus was induced with progesterone levels >60 ng/mL, which was different from the threshold proposed by Trigg et al (2001), who did not experience oestrus induction when bitches were above 5 ng/mL. In 15 bitches, the induced oestrus lead to side effects that required to stop the treatment: 3 bitches in diestrus, 7 bitches presenting persistent heats which lasts more than 30 days and 5 bitches presenting persistent lactation. Therefore, implanted bitches should be controlled after 30 days to ensure that heats are over and if not, ultrasound examination of the genital tract is advised to rule out the presence of ovarian cysts. Development of medical protocols to avoid the induced oestrus may change this. We tried different strategies to prevent the occurrence of this phenomenon. The use of the aromatase inhibitor anastrozole and the anti-estrogen clomifen did not give satisfying results (3/3 induced oestrus with anastrozole, 5/8 induced oestrus with clomifen). Better results were obtained with the progestagen osaterone acetate: 11 out of 16 bitches did not express induced oestrus, but the phenomenon was not completely prevented. The best results were obtained when implanting prepubertal bitches: none of the 24 animals exhibited oestrus after implant administration. Further data are still required to determine at which frequency the treatment should be administered in order to maintain its effect. However, with one implant administration, bitches, the contraceptive effect lasted less than 180 days in 5 bitches, between 180 and 365 days in 15 bitches and more than 365 days in 19 bitches
Enault, Jérémy. "Identification et caractérisation de pheromones sexuelles impliquées dans l’accouplement et la ponte chez la seiche Sepia officinalis : perturbations induites par la présence de PCBs dans le milieu marin : Thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux". Caen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CAEN2030.
In the cephalopod mollusc Sepia officinalis, sex pheromones released into the marine environment during spawning have long been suspected to be the cause of the spawners concentration on coastal egg-laying areas during reproduction. The identification of these pheromones, due to the lack of genomic data, has been based on data available from a marine gastropod, Aplysia, according to the strong homology of reproduction behavior associated with phylogenetic proximity with cephalopods. To this end, 576 ESTs from female accessory sex glands involved in the development of the egg capsule (main nidamental glands and oviduct gland) were sequenced and analyzed in silico. Three related protein precursors with signal peptide and representing 50% of the expression products were identified (SPalpha, SPalpha-prime and SPbeta). Twelve peptides and polypeptides are potentially deriving from the dibasic cleavage of these precursors exclusively expressed by the mature oviduct gland. Among the cleavage products, three peptides are C-terminaly amidated and exert regulatory activity focused specifically on the genitals, the gill, and the cava vein of mature animals of both genders. Most of these peptides and polypeptides precursors possess cysteine and are therefore able to form intra and inter-chains disulfide bonds. If the majority of peptides and polypeptides expected have been found by mass spectrometry, some will require a further peptidomic approach. In addition, acute exposure to PCBs alters muscle tone of the organs involved in egg production and changes their response to certain regulatory peptides of nervous or genital origin. In drastic weather conditions, PCBs are resuspended in the water mass from the sediments carried by spring floods, thus are able to modify the conditions of deposit eggs and the quality of the capsule. It is therefore quite possible that the spawning areas located near estuaries are directly impacted by PCBs whose low bioavailability generates a significant persistence in the coastal marine environment
Aghion, Joël. "Le virus polyome et les cellules de carcinome embryonnaire murin : expression et réplication virales en fonction de l'état de différenciation". Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066003.
Huot-Daubremont, Colette. "Contribution à l'étude écophysiologique de différents aspects du cycle annuel de la tortue d'Hermann (Testudo Hermanni Hermanni) dans le massif des Maures (Var)". Tours, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOUR4012.
Benayoun, Béatrice. "Etude du contrôle de l'expression et de la fonction du proto-oncogène C-MOS dans le système myogénique". Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05S024.
Ainani, Hassan. "Contrôle central de la reproduction chez le dromadaire : effet des saisons et du facteur inducteur d’ovulation (β-NGF) sur les neurones à kisspeptine et à RFRP-3". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021STRAJ110.
The dromedary (Camelus dromedarius), a highly adapted mammal to the desert, is sexually active during short days. This period coincides with food availability and favourable climatic conditions to the survival of the offspring. At this time, females exhibit ovulation induced by neuronal growth factor beta (β-NGF) present in seminal plasma of males. Currently, the mechanisms involved in the central control of breeding and the induction of ovulation remain unknown. During this thesis we showed that Kp and RFRP-3 neurons, two RFamides involved in the control of seasonal breeding, are present in the hypothalamus of dromedaries. These two neurons present opposite seasonal variations suggesting a role of these RFamides in the seasonal regulation of dromedary reproduction with probably different physiological effects. Furthermore, we have shown that the ovulatory effect of β-NGF is induced by activating mainly the neurons that are directly involved in reproduction, namely Kp, GnRH and RFRP-3
Ouedraogo, Patouin Albert. "Le déterminisme du polymorphisme imaginal chez callosobruchus maculatus (fab), coléoptère bruchidae : son importance sur la biologie des populations de ce bruchidae". Tours, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOUR4005.
Poidatz, Juliette. "De la biologie des reproducteurs au comportement d’approvisionnement du nid, vers des pistes de biocontrôle du frelon asiatique Vespa velutina en France". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0778/document.
This CIFRE thesis deals with the biology, the behavior and the biological control of aninvasive predator of bees, the hornet Vespa velutina. Since its introduction in France, this hornet isnow invading most countries in occidental Europe, dealing damages both to the environment and thebeekeeping activity. In order to limit its proliferation, a good strategy could consist in disrupting itscolony development at different levels, explored in this work. The first axis deals with V. velutinareproductive biology, exploring the different paths to prevent colonies creation. First we describedthe sexual maturation of males in V. velutina, and second we compared different traits linked tofertility between foundresses of V. velutina and the European hornet, thus highlighting V. velutinahigher precocity and fertility potential. The second axis explored the biology of colonies, fromresource collection to resource distribution in the nest. Using RFID technic, we assessed the actionrange and its boundaries in V. velutina workers. We also labelled food and observed its distribution inV. velutina colonies in function of the colony size and structure. The third axis deals with V. velutinabiocontrol, using entomopathogenic fungi. We evaluated the efficiency of different isolates anddifferent application methods on V. velutina, and described a wild fungus found naturally parasitizingV. velutina. This work brought knowledge on biology behavior and physiology of this invasive hornet,and also proposed options that could be assayed for a durable control of V. velutina
Thierry, Anne-Mathilde. "Statut endocrinien et effort de reproduction chez un oiseau marin longévif, le manchot Adélie, dans un environnement changeant". Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01059812.
Sallon, Céline. "Implication des Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) hypophysaires dans la régulation de la synthèse et de la libération de l'hormone folliculo-stimulante (FSH) ?" Thesis, Tours, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOUR4040.
BMPs inhibit FSH synthesis and release in ewe. The detection of BMP mRNAs in the pituitary as well as the colocalisation of the two types of BMP receptors on gonadotrope cells suggest that these BMPs can exert paracrine/autocrine actions on FSH production. The aim of this thesis work was to determine the importance of pituitary BMPs in the regulation of FSH production in the ewe. We showed that the level of mRNAs for BMP-4 system, analyzed by real-time RT-PCR, did not vary across the oestrous cycle or in vitro whatever the incubation period (6h-48h) and the treatment (GnRH, oestradiol, activin) of pituitary cells. By using a bioactivity test based on embryonic mesenchymal cells transfected with an expression construct containing a BMP-responsive element fused to firefly luciferase reporter gene,we detected no BMP activity within conditioned media from pituitary cells whatever the incubation period (6h-48h) and the treatment (GnRH, oestradiol, activin) of the pituitary cells. However, we detected a BMP inhibitory activity which is increased by GnRH and oestradiol suggesting the implication of BMP inhibitor(s) in FSH regulation. In conclusion, the results are not in favor of a role for pituitary BMP-4 in the regulation of FSH synthesis in adult ewe. An endocrine action of BMPs at pituitary level can be evoked since BMP bioactivity was detected within ovine serum. BMP inhibitors that remain to be identified can modulate the bioavailability of BMPs reaching the pituitary by the blood way
Piccand, Julie. "Regulation of pancreatic and intestinal endocrine cell differentiation and function : roles of Pak3 and Rfx6". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAJ057/document.
Pancreatic and intestinal endocrine cells, and their secreted hormones, contribute to the regulation of energy homeostasis. Their differentiation relies on similar genetic programs controlled by the proendocrine transcription factor Ngn3. However, our knowledge of the endocrinogenic programs implemented by Ngn3 is still fragmentary. Therefore, the transcriptome of endocrine progenitors has been determined in the lab. Among the genes which showed a strong enrichment in the endocrine lineage, I studied the expression and function of Pak3, a serine/threonine kinase and further pursued the dissection of the function of the transcription factor Rfx6 in the pancreas and the intestine. I showed that Pak3 is expressed throughout pancreas development and maintained in adult islets. Using ex vivo loss of function experiments and in vivo characterisation of the Pak3-deficient mice, I identified Pak3 as an inhibitor of islet progenitors and beta-cell proliferation in the embryonic mouse pancreas. Furthermore, we performed metabolic studies which revealed that Pak3-deficient micehave an impaired glucose homeostasis, especially under challenging high fat diet. In parallel, using a conditional knockout mouse for Rfx6, we showed that Rfx6 is necessary downstream of Ngn3 for endocrine cell differentiation in the pancreas as well as in the intestine. Finally, additional experiments in adult mice suggest that Rfx6 is necessary to maintain pancreatic beta-cells, enteroendocrine cell turnover and intestinal lipid absorption. In conclusion, these studies revealed two novel key players in the regulation of endocrine cell differentiation and energy homeostasis in the pancreas and the intestine
Maisonnasse, Alban. "Communication chimique et régulations sociales dans la colonie d’abeilles (apis mellifera L.)". Thesis, Avignon, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AVIG0320/document.
In the honeybee colony (Apis mellifera L.) studies of the chemical communication are essential to understand social regulations. In the honey bee colony more than 50 chemical substances with releaser and primer effects have been identified. Despite years of research on this type of communication, significant work remains to be done.In this thesis, the aim is to characterize the dynamics of a major pheromone: ethyl oleate (EO), which optimizes the balance between nurses and foragers in the colony. In addition, we initiated research on the queen and brood chemical communication in which only two pheromones have been identified in the colony.We have demonstrated that EO production by workers varies under different colony environment. EO production can also be modified by stress; honey bees parasitized by the Nosema spp. have abnormally high EO production. In addition, we identified that EO is transmitted from foragers to nurses by contact (cuticle and pollen).For the queen, our results indicate that the queen uses multiple redundant pheromones (QMP and other unknown compounds), that affect wax construction, retinue behaviour and worker ovary inhibition.For the brood we have identified a volatile pheromone E-ß-ocimene produced mostly by the young larvae to inhibit the development of workers ovaries and accelerate workers’behavioural maturation.With these studies we clarify some aspects of what is known about chemical communication in the honey bee colony. Then we try to explain the role of complexity and redundancy of pheromones in the honey bee colony by two theories
El, Helou Janine. "Étude de l’implication de la Neuroligine 1 dans le processus homéostatique de régulation du sommeil chez la souris". Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9947.
Sleep is essential for the well-functioning of the body. It has been suggested that sleep is regulated, in part, by the homeostatic process of sleep regulation which controls a pressure for sleep in function of the amount of time spent awake. Studies have suggested that the homeostatic process could be linked to synaptic plasticity, and that changes in sleep pressure can affect brain plasticity. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, which are important plasticity mediators, appear to be implicated in the deleterious effects related to sleep loss as well as in the regulation of cortical synchrony characteristic of slow wave sleep. Their activity is controlled by Neuroligin 1 (NLGN1), a synaptic adhesion molecule. Also, a Nlgn1 mutation has similar effects on memory and behavior as those observed following a sleep deprivation. In this master’s thesis, we hypothesized that NLGN1 is implicated in sleep and wake regulation. To test this hypothesis, Nlgn1 mRNA and protein expression has been measured after sleep deprivation, and the sleep of mice lacking NLGN1 has been studied. The results of my research project show that an increase in sleep pressure changes Nlgn1 mRNA and protein expression in mice. We also find that Nlgn1 mutation reduces wake duration and modifies the EEG spectral composition during wake and sleep. These results indicate that NLGN1 is important in the maintenance of wakefulness and the regulation of sleep, and provide further support to a role for NLGN1 in the regulation of neuronal activity.
Hannou, Lydia. "La régulation transcriptionnelle de Neuroligine-1 par les facteurs de transcription de l’horloge". Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20787.
Tardif, Laurence. "Les rôles des isoformes d'AKT dans les processus reproductifs chez la souris". Thèse, 2020. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/id/eprint/9687/1/eprint9687.pdf.
Bélanger, Marie-Claude. "Mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la régulation de l’acide polysialique (PSA) dans le néocortex visuel des souris durant la maturation des synapses GABAergiques". Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4295.
The functioning of the cerebral cortex requires coordinated action of two major neuronal subtypes - the glutamatergic projection neurons and the GABAergic interneurons. GABAergic interneurons represent 20 to 30% of all cortical cells. Even though they are a minor cell population in the cerebral cortex compared to glutamatergic neurons, they are key modulators of network dynamics and plasticity of neocortical circuits. It is therefore not surprising that aberrant development of GABAergic circuits is implicated in many neurodevelopmental disorders including epilepsy, Rett syndrome and schizophrenia. Understanding the molecular mechanisms governing the development of GABAergic inhibitory synapses in neocortex is important towards a better comprehension of how abnormalities in this developmental process can occur. Therefore, we focus specifically on the role of polysialic acid (PSA) in the development of GABAergic synapses. PSA is a α-2,8 polysialylated homopolymer, which is exclusively linked to the Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule (NCAM) in the mammalian brain. It is involved in several developmental processes including formation and plasticity of glutamatergic synapses; however its role in GABAergic circuit formation has not been explored so far. Previously in Dr Di Cristo’s lab, we showed that PSA is strongly expressed post-natally and its expression steadily declines during development in mice neocortex. We also showed that the developmental and activity-dependant regulation of PSA expression is inversely correlated with the maturation of perisomatic GABAergic innervation. Our aim is to characterize the molecular mechanisms regulating PSA expression in mouse iv visual cortex during post-natal development. Two polysialyltransferases, ST8SiaII (STX) and ST8SiaIV (PST), are responsible for PSA attachment to NCAM. By controlling the amount of PSA on NCAM, they can influence GABAergic synapses development. The mechanisms regulating STX and PST expression is crucial but remain still unknown. My research project focused on the mechanisms regulating STX and PST transcription in the mouse postnatal cortex. We used an organotypic culture system, which recapitulates many aspects of GABAergic synapse maturation as observed in vivo. Polysialyltransferases transcript levels were measured by qPCR and showed that STX and PST mRNA levels steadily decline during post-natal development in the mouse cortex; the sharpest reduction in the expression of both enzymes correlate with eye opening. We further demonstrate for the first time that STX mRNA levels is activity-dependant, requires the activation of NMDA receptors, an increase in intracellular Calcium levels and is PKC-dependent. Altogether, we show that the regulation of the expression of STX is the main mechanism responsible for PSA expression levels in the cortex around eyes opening. We next investigated whether epigenetic mechanisms regulate STX transcription and preliminary data suggest that histone acetylation and DNA methylation may contribute to STX expression during development. However, further experiments are required to confirm this hypothesis. In summary, understanding the mechanisms modulating STX and PST expression in the neocortex is essential for the comprehension of their precise role in GABAergic synapse maturation. This knowledge could allow us to modulate pharmacologically the expression of these enzymes; in turn overexpression of STX and PST may re-induce PSA expression, thereby destabilizing GABAergic synapses, and ultimately facilitating cortical plasticity in the adult.
Bellefleur, Anne-Marie. "La dynamique chromatinienne induite par le pic de LH dans les cellules de granulosa chez la souris". Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9078.
Identification of regulatory elements in the genome is of paramount importance to understanding the mechanisms governing the expression of specific genes in a given cell type. Following the LH surge, the ovarian peri-ovulatory follicle enters an intensive program of cellular differentiation, orchestrated by major changes in the transcriptional profile of granulosa cells, ultimately triggering ovulation and luteinization, processes essentials for fertility in females. In the mouse, several genes essential to the success of this program are induced 2 to 6 hours after the ovulatory stimulus. Using a standard protocol for superovulation in mice, the regulatory elements were isolated and identified in granulosa cells 4h after administration of hCG using the method FAIRE (Formaldehyde-Assisted Isolation of Regulatory Elements) combined with next generation sequencing. The results of this analysis demonstrate that after the ovulatory stimulus, granulosa cells undergo a major reprogramming of regulatory elements, which is correlated with the extensive changes in their biological functions. In addition, this study showed that most regulatory elements were associated with distal intergenic regions and introns, indicating that these regions are important in transcriptional regulation in granulosa cells. A variety of transcriptional regulators known to be essential for ovarian function, and their binding sites were also identified in this analysis, demonstrating that the FAIRE method has the power to predict molecular events that have correlates in the known physiology of ovarian processes.
Freyburger, Marlène. "Contribution différentielle de Neuroligine‐1 et d’EphA4 à la régulation du sommeil". Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13919.
Sleep is a vital need and the proper functioning of the body depends on the amount and quality of sleep. Sleep is regulated by two processes: a circadian process that depends on the activity of suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus and regulates the time of day during which we are going to sleep, and a homeostatic process that seems to depend on neuronal activity and that reflects sleep intensity. The homeostatic process controls a pressure for sleep as a function of the amount of time spent awake. Indeed, sleep quality depends on the duration of preceding wakefulness, the more one is awake, deeper the sleep afterwards as measured by electroencephalographic markers (EEG). Studies have shown that the proper functioning of these two sleep regulatory processes depends on synaptic plasticity. Thus, elements that regulate synaptic communication and synaptic strength are important candidates to act upon the physiology of sleep regulation. Cell adhesion molecules are key elements regulating synaptic plasticity. They control synapse activities and maturation. Studies have shown that their absence leads to consequences similar to sleep deprivation. The aim of this study is to explore the effect of the absence of two different cellular adhesion molecule, Neuroligin‐1 and EphA4 receptor in sleep regulatory processes. Our hypothesis is that the absence of either of these molecules will affect sleep regulation and more specifically sleep homeostasis. To address our hypothesis, we first studied EEG activity in mice which do not express Nlgn1 and EphA4 in normal condition or after sleep deprivation. Secondly, we measured the molecular changes that occur in these two models after sleep deprivation. At the level of EEG activity, our results show that the absence of Nlgn1 increases the density of slow waves under baseline condition, and that the amplitude and slope of slow waves are increased after sleep deprivation. We concluded that Nlgn1 is required for normal functioning of cortical synchrony especially after sleep deprivation, thereby giving it a key role in sleep homeostasis. Regarding the EphA4 receptor, its absence affects the duration of paradoxal sleep and sigma activity which are known to depend on the circadian process. These results suggest that the EphA4 receptor is an important element in the circadian regulation of sleep. The transcriptional response after sleep deprivation in mice not expressing Nlgn1 or EphA4 is not different from that in wild‐type mice. However, we found that sleep deprivation affects the distribution of specific epigenetic markers like methylation and hydroxymethylation and the expression of molecules regulating these changes is altered in EphA4 null mice. Our observations show that two cell adhesion molecules, Nlgn1 and EphA4 receptor, have an important role in the homeostatic and circadian sleep process and contribute differentially to sleep regulation.
Rousseau, Justine. "Caractérisation de la MAP kinase atypique Erk4 : activation et fonction physiologique". Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4142.
MAP kinases are essential enzymes implicated in 7 distinct signaling pathways that allow cells to respond appropriately to extracellular stimuli. In mammals, Erk1/2, Jnk, p38 and Erk5 are the best characterized MAP kinases. These enzymes play important roles in embryogenesis, cell proliferation and differentiation and in response to cellular stresses. Erk4 is an atypical member of the MAP kinase family. First, its activation loop is composed of an SEG motif instead of the well conserved TXY motif found in MAP kinases. Second, Erk4 has a C-terminal extension following the kinase domain that is not present in classical MAP kinases. Despite its identification more than a decade ago, the function of Erk4 remains elusive. Moreover, the signaling pathway as well as the regulatory mechanism leading to Erk4 activation in still uncharacterized. The only identified substrate of Erk4 is the MAPKAP kinase MK5, but the functional relevance of this interaction is still unknown. To gain information about the atypical MAP kinase Erk4, we decided to study the activation mechanism of Erk4 and its physiological function using a gene targeted deletion approach in mice. Regarding the activation of Erk4, we showed that the activation loop of Erk4 (S186EG) is constitutively phosphosphorylated in vivo and that this phosphorylation is not modulated by classical MAP kinase stimuli such as serum and sorbitol. However, we observed that phosphorylation of S186 increases in the presence of MK5 and we showed that this increase is independent of the kinase activity of either kinases. Moreover, we established that phosphorylation of Erk4 activation loop is required for the stable interaction between Erk4 and MK5 as well as for the activation and cytoplasmic relocalisation of MK5. Thus, our study reveals that Erk4 is differently regulated than classical MAP kinases and that Erk4 activation loop phosphorylation is important for its role in the regulation of MK5 activity. In parallel, our results revealed the existence of an “Erk4 kinase” whose recruitment and/or activation seems to be facilitated by MK5. To gain information about the physiological function of Erk4 we generated Erk4 deficient mice. Gene-targeted inactivation of Erk4 is viable and these mice present no gross abnormality. To explain the absence of phenotype, we analyzed the expression of Erk3, the paralog of Erk4, to determine if it could compensate for the loss of Erk4. Our analysis revealed that Erk3 expression in Erk4-/- mice is not up-regulated during embryogenesis nor in adult mice tissues in order to compensate for the loss of Erk4. We next addressed the question of redundancy between Erk4 and Erk3. In our laboratory, Erk3-/- deficient mice were also generated and the phenotype of these mice was recently analyzed. This study revealed that gene inactivation of Erk3 leads to intra-uterine growth retardation, lung maturation defect and neo-natal lethality. We then investigated the contribution of Erk4 in these phenotypes. The analysis of Erk4-/- mice revealed that inactivation of Erk4 did not delay intra-uterine growth nor cause pulmonary maturation defect. Moreover, we showed that additional loss of Erk4 in Erk3-/-mice does not accentuate Erk3-deficient mice phenotype. Thus, this study reveals that, contrary to Erk3, Erk4 is dispensable for mice development under normal condition and that Erk4 and Erk3 have non-redundant functions in vivo.