Tesis sobre el tema "Sorbas"

Long term fluvial incision spanning the Late Cenozoic is recorded in many fluvial systems around the world by terrace landform sequences. The incision manifests itself as inset sequences of river terraces which form terrace staircases. The timing of the onset of incision and the rate incision then proceeds at is poorly constrained due to the difficulties in dating river terraces. This study applies the technique of cosmogenic exposure dating to a fluvial staircase, for the first time, in the Sorbas Basin, SE Spain. Cosmogenic exposure dating allows the timing of abandonment of the fluvial terraces to be calculated therefore recording periods of incision. Cosmogenic exposure dating and the profile method offer a viable way to date Early and Middle Pleistocene terrace deposits. Combined exposure and burial age’s approaches using paired isotopes allow for insights into terrace aggradation and fluvial incision timing. The fluvial deposits in the Sorbas Basin record 1.0 Ma of incision by the Río Aguas. The timing of aggradation and incision in the Sorbas basin has been linked to both tectonics and climate cycles. Terrace aggradation took place in glacial and interglacial periods. The abandonment of terrace surfaces occurred both at warming transitions and in interglacial periods. New uplift rates calculated for the Pleistocene fluvial system suggest that tectonic activity in the Sorbas Basin has been episodic. The south margin and centre of the Sorbas Basin has uplifted at a faster rate than the northern margin impacting on the rates of incision taking place in the fluvial systems. Overall tectonic uplift has increased the fluvial system sensitivity to climatic variations.

Ce travail represente une contribution a la connaissance de la dynamique sedimentaire des plates-formes carbonatees a mixtes du miocene superieur de mediterranee occidentale. L'exemple choisi est situe dans le bassin messinien de sorbas en espagne du sud-est. Il a d'abord ete procede a une etude detaillee de l'anatomie et de la lithologie de la plate-forme des zones internes, jusqu'a la transition au bassin, en s'appuyant sur l'elaboration d'un profil construit dans son etat actuel, integre dans une cartographie du bassin et un transect de 15 km jusqu'a la marge opposee. Trois unites sedimentaires majeures ont ete definies sur la base de criteres lithologiques, geometriques, biosedimentologiques et paleoecologiques. La premiere unite (complexe bioclastique a pates coralliens) est transgressive sur le socle de la cordillere betique. Dominee a la base par une sedimentation silicoclastique a caractere deltaique, elle represente ensuite une rampe carbonatee homoclinale marquee par l'individualisation progressive de corps bioclastiques sigmoidaux progradants a pates coralliens au sommet et intercalations de depots de cone deltaique dans les talus, et passant a des marnes en position distale. La seconde unite (complexe recifal progradant) est composee d'une succession de 12 edifices coralliens sigmoidaux progradant vers le sud, caracterises par un talus sedimentaire a dominante bioclastique ou silicoclastique et une armature recifale continue au sommet. Les premiers edifices sont associes a des depots de cone deltaique. La troisieme unite (complexe oolitique a edifices coralliens et stromatolites) debute par 3 edifices coralliens agradants, a talus bioclastique reduit, intercales avec des depots oolitiques, puis se poursuit par un ensemble de niveaux oolitiques, stromatolitiques et thrombolitiques comportant, a la base, des pates coralliens. Une etude petrographique a ete effectuee sur chaque unite avec une approche statistique pour les deux premieres sous la forme d'anal yses ascendantes hierarchiques de categories de bioclastes comptes en lames minces, afin de definir des biofacies et des microfacies-types de signification environnementale precise, proche de l'ecozone. Des analyses factorielles des correspondances ont ensuite ete utilisees pour les deux premieres unites, afin d'ordonner les biofacies et microfacies-types associes en fonction d'eventuels gradients environnementaux et relais d'assemblages biologiques. A l'issue de cette etude, il a ete etabli un paysage environnemental synthetique qui constitue un modele de zonation biologique, sedimentologique et bathymetrique et qui permet d'apprehender la succession des environnements dans chaque unite. Une attention particuliere est portee sur le phenomene de construction microbienne, constant au cours de l'edification de la plate-forme et une typologie des microbialites est proposee, toujours en rapport avec le milieu de depot. Les resultats obtenus aux plans de la geometrie, de la sedimentologie de terrain (structures sedimentaires) et au laboratoire, de la paleoecologie et de la reconstitution des paysages environnementaux, conduisent a remettre en cause des points importants pour la comprehension de l'histoire de la plate-forme, et particulierement : 1) les surfaces erosives qui marquent le sommet de certains edifices progradants ne presentent pas de caractere d'emersion qui serait liee a la crise de salinite, mais correspondent a des terrasses marine planes ; 2) il est demontre que la geometrie actuelle de la plate-forme ne correspond pas a la geometrie messinienne, les pendages observes, notamment en bordure de plate-forme, n'etant pas les pentes sedimentaires originelles ; en effet se sont exprimes une compaction differentielle progressive a la transition plate-forme-bassin puis des basculements post-messiniens. Un nouveau modele anatomique et sedimentologique est finalement propose, apres elimination des deformations tardives, ce qui contraint fortement l'interpretation sequentielle des depots. Un tel modele, qui etablit pour la premiere fois, de maniere tres detaillee, dans une plate-forme messinienne de mediterranee occidentale, un lien etroit entre geometrie et paleoenvironnements, des zones internes aux zones externes, apporte un nouvel eclairage sur les modalites d'evolution des bassin marginaux du messinien.

La Mer d'Alboran est un bassin arrière-arc situé à l'extrémité occidentale de la Mer Méditerranée ayant subi une évolution complexe. Basé sur une approche " terre-mer ", pluridisciplinaire, ce travail axé sur deux grandes thématiques de recherche vise à mieux comprendre les modalités d'ouverture et de déformation des bassins sédimentaires au cours du Néogène en étudiant notamment un événement majeur de l'histoire de la Mer Méditerranée, la Crise de salinité messinienne.L'étude tectonique et sédimentaire du bassin Ouest-Alboran, a permis de construire un nouveau schéma d'évolution tectonique et sédimentaire au cours du Miocène. L'initiation de la subsidence s'est effectuée au gré de grandes zones de cisaillement crustales affectant le socle métamorphique. La subsidence est ensuite contrôlée par la traction du panneau plongeant lithosphérique sous-jacent. Dans les Cordillères Bétiques, une seconde génération de bassins, dont celui de Sorbas, s'est développée le long de dômes métamorphiques exhumés au cours d'une phase d'extension. Des reconstitutions paléogéographiques montrent que la formation des bassins de la Mer d'Alboran est en relation avec la subduction sous-jacente.Des études de terrain ont mis en évidence une importante phase d'érosion des bassins périphériques de la Mer d'Alboran en réponse à la Crise de salinité messinienne. Cette érosion subaérienne eut pour conséquence le creusement de canyons fluviatiles à terre qui ont été suivis en mer par l'analyse fine de profils sismiques. Un nouveau scénario est alors proposé afin d'expliquer la réouverture de la connexion avec l'Océan Atlantique après plus de 160.000 ans d'émersion<br>The Alboran Sea is a back-arc basin located at the western end of the Mediterranean Sea, and has been affected by complex tectonic settings during its history. Based on a multidisciplinary "land-sea" approach, this work focuses on two major research topics: it aims (1) to better understand the opening and deformation processes of two key sedimentary basins during the Neogene, and (2) to study the effects and imprints of the Messinian Salinity Crisis onto the basins.Tectonic and stratigraphic analysis of the thickest sedimentary accumulation called Western Alboran Basin (WAB) led to build an original tectonic scenario in the Miocene. Inception of extension was triggered by major crustal shear zones favoring the exhumation of the metamorphic basement. Then, the subsidence became most probably controlled by the slab-pull effect of the underlying oceanic slab. In the Betic Cordilleras, a second generation of sedimentary basins, as the Sorbas Basin, developed along metamorphic core complexes exhumed during an extension regime. A set of paleogeographic maps proposes to explain the formation of the Alboran basins in relation with deep geodynamic processes.Field studies evidenced that peripheral basins bounding the Alboran Sea have been affected by a significant subaerial erosional phase in response to the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Stratigraphic analysis of seismic profiles demonstrated the onshore/offshore continuity of fluvial canyon morphologies recognized on land. A new scenario is then proposed to explain the reopening of the worldwide oceanic connection with the Mediterranean realm after more than 160.000 years of emersion

Der Anspruch der Publikationen der Reihe „Sorben (Wenden) - Eine Brandenburger Minderheit und ihre Thematisierung im Unterricht“, Lehrerinnen und Lehrern Anregungen und Impulse für eine Berücksichtigung der Thematik in ihrem Unterricht zu geben, bleibt aktuell. Der Bildungsauftrag der Brandenburger Schule ist in dieser Hinsicht auch unverändert. Was sich jedoch verändert hat, sind eine Vielzahl von Rahmenlehrplänen. Mit der vorliegenden Publikation, der überarbeiteten und erweiterten Zusammenfassung der 2008 erschienenen Teile I und II, entstand ein einführendes Werk, das fachübergreifende Grundlagen zum Thema Sorben/Wenden in Brandenburg und Anknüpfungspunkte für die Unterrichtsfächer an den Schulen Brandenburgs bietet. Wie immer flossen zahlreiche Quellen sorbischer/wendischer Institutionen ein, so dass auch deren Perspektiven berücksichtigt wurden. Zahlreiche Verweise auf weiterführende Literatur bzw. das Internet sollen zudem bei einer tiefer gehenden Beschäftigung mit der Thematik hilfreich sein.

To what extent was German unification (1989-90) a turning point (Wende) for the Sorbian national minority? Although a majority of scholars and commentators understand the period as one of ‘revolution’, there are grounds to query how radical or widespread were the changes which the collapse of communism promised to bring. In the case of the Sorbs – a national minority in Germany which was persecuted under the National Socialist regime, which became a protected minority under the German Democratic Republic, and which remains a protected minority under the Federal Republic of Germany – many difficulties persist in the relationship between the Sorbs, the German government, and wider German society, as well as amongst the Sorbs themselves. There have been extensive policy, legal, and constitutional changes since unification, but these have often led to similar outcomes as would have been expected under the GDR. The economy is one of the biggest challenges in the post-unification era, as the government and broader society seek to balance the legally recognised rights of national minorities with the economic interests of the state and society at large. This conflict is most evident in the continuation of brown coal mining in the Sorbian area of settlement, as well as in the privatisation of the GDR’s agricultural collectives after unification. Sorbian cultural institutions and organisations have remained relatively unreformed, which means that traditionalists have retained the upper hand in successive institutional debates. The case study of Horno, a village in south Brandenburg, illustrates these issues well, as it was destroyed in 2004 to make way for brown coal mining, and was the first village after unification to be relocated in this manner. These factors lead to the conclusion that German unification was not quite the turning point that it is commonly believed to be, as in many areas of Sorbian life, the continuities seem to outweigh the changes.

La Mer d'Alboran est un bassin arrière-arc situé à l'extrémité occidentale de la Mer Méditerranée ayant subi une évolution complexe. Basé sur une approche " terre-mer ", pluridisciplinaire, ce travail axé sur deux grandes thématiques de recherche vise à mieux comprendre les modalités d'ouverture et de déformation des bassins sédimentaires au cours du Néogène en étudiant notamment un événement majeur de l'histoire de la Mer Méditerranée, la Crise de salinité messinienne.L'étude tectonique et sédimentaire du bassin Ouest-Alboran, a permis de construire un nouveau schéma d'évolution tectonique et sédimentaire au cours du Miocène. L'initiation de la subsidence s'est effectuée au gré de grandes zones de cisaillement crustales affectant le socle métamorphique. La subsidence est ensuite contrôlée par la traction du panneau plongeant lithosphérique sous-jacent. Dans les Cordillères Bétiques, une seconde génération de bassins, dont celui de Sorbas, s'est développée le long de dômes métamorphiques exhumés au cours d'une phase d'extension. Des reconstitutions paléogéographiques montrent que la formation des bassins de la Mer d'Alboran est en relation avec la subduction sous-jacente.Des études de terrain ont mis en évidence une importante phase d'érosion des bassins périphériques de la Mer d'Alboran en réponse à la Crise de salinité messinienne. Cette érosion subaérienne eut pour conséquence le creusement de canyons fluviatiles à terre qui ont été suivis en mer par l'analyse fine de profils sismiques. Un nouveau scénario est alors proposé afin d'expliquer la réouverture de la connexion avec l'Océan Atlantique après plus de 160.000 ans d'émersion<br>The Alboran Sea is a back-arc basin located at the western end of the Mediterranean Sea, and has been affected by complex tectonic settings during its history. Based on a multidisciplinary "land-sea" approach, this work focuses on two major research topics: it aims (1) to better understand the opening and deformation processes of two key sedimentary basins during the Neogene, and (2) to study the effects and imprints of the Messinian Salinity Crisis onto the basins.Tectonic and stratigraphic analysis of the thickest sedimentary accumulation called Western Alboran Basin (WAB) led to build an original tectonic scenario in the Miocene. Inception of extension was triggered by major crustal shear zones favoring the exhumation of the metamorphic basement. Then, the subsidence became most probably controlled by the slab-pull effect of the underlying oceanic slab. In the Betic Cordilleras, a second generation of sedimentary basins, as the Sorbas Basin, developed along metamorphic core complexes exhumed during an extension regime. A set of paleogeographic maps proposes to explain the formation of the Alboran basins in relation with deep geodynamic processes.Field studies evidenced that peripheral basins bounding the Alboran Sea have been affected by a significant subaerial erosional phase in response to the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Stratigraphic analysis of seismic profiles demonstrated the onshore/offshore continuity of fluvial canyon morphologies recognized on land. A new scenario is then proposed to explain the reopening of the worldwide oceanic connection with the Mediterranean realm after more than 160.000 years of emersion

Background: Obesity is a disease that is caused by genetic and environmental factors. However, epigenetic mechanisms of obesity are less well known. DNA methylation provides a mechanism whereby environmental factors can influence gene transcription. The aim of our study was to investigate skeletal muscle DNA methylation of sorbin and SH3 domain containing 3 (SORBS3) with weight loss induced by Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Results: Previously, we had shown increased methylation (5.0 to 24.4%) and decreased gene expression (fold change -1.9) of SORBS3 with obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m(2)) compared to lean controls. In the present study, basal muscle biopsies were obtained from seven morbidly obese (BMI > 40 kg/m(2)) female subjects pre-and3months post-RYGB surgery, in combination with euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps to assess insulin sensitivity. We identified 30 significantly altered promoter and untranslated region methylation sites in SORBS3 using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS). Twenty-nine of these sites were decreased (-5.6 to -24.2%) post-RYGB compared to pre-RYGB. We confirmed the methylation in 2 (Chr. 8: 22,423,690 and Chr. 8: 22,423,702) of the 29 decreased SORBS3 sites using pyrosequencing. This decreased methylation was associated with an increase in SORBS3 gene expression (fold change + 1.7) post-surgery. In addition, we demonstrated that SORBS3 promoter methylation in vitro significantly alters reporter gene expression (P < 0. 0001). Two of the SORBS3 methylation sites (Chr. 8: 22,423,111 and Chr. 8: 22,423,205) were strongly correlated with fasting plasma glucose levels (r = 0.9, P = 0.00009 and r = 0.8, P = 0.0010). Changes in SORBS3 gene expression post-surgery were correlated with obesity measures and fasting insulin levels (r = 0.5 to 0.8; P < 0.05). Conclusions: These results demonstrate that SORBS3 methylation and gene expression are altered in obesity and restored to normal levels through weight loss induced by RYGB surgery.

Zwischen den Polen „hier und dort“, „bei uns und bei denen“ oder „wir und die“ werden Stereotype verhandelt. Sie kontrastieren das Fremde und das Eigene. Das Eigene, das Innen, das Wir sind unsere Nation oder Ethnie, unsere soziale Gruppe, unsere Familie. Die anderen sind das Draußen, das uns Fremde. Wir charakterisieren uns mit Bildern von uns selbst. Diese entstehen in Auseinandersetzung mit der „fremden“ Gruppe, von der wir uns abgrenzen, um unsere Identität zu schaffen und zu erhalten. Ein wechselseitiges System von Stereotypen entsteht. Wo Menschen miteinander interagieren, gibt es solche Stereotypsysteme. Manche sind durch geografische Eckpunkte bestimmt, andere durch religiöse, soziale oder ethnische. Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich der Analyse eines Stereotypsystems, das sich zwischen einer deutschen Mehrheit und einer slawischen Minderheit entwickelt hat. Seit Jahrhunderten teilen sich Deutsche und Sorben ein Siedlungsgebiet. Das „Miteinander“ von Deutschen und Sorben erscheint heute friedlich. Die gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen für ein verträgliches Zusammenleben zwischen Deutschen und Sorben sind geschaffen. Und doch besteht eine große Differenz zwischen den äußeren gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen und der inneren Akzeptanz der heterogenen Strukturen in der Lausitz.

Orientador: Fernanda Paula Collares Queiroz, Theo Guenter Kieckbusch<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T22:22:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bertan_LarissaCanhadas_D.pdf: 3212873 bytes, checksum: fe398494b5ab4899a63848bef01c100a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008<br>Resumo: Pesquisas sobre biofilmes à base de polímeros surgiram devido ao impacto ambiental aliado à necessidade de reduzir os resíduos sólidos. Atualmente, vários estudos estão voltados ao desenvolvimento de tecnologia que controle o crescimento indesejável de microorganismos, através de embalagens ativas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter as melhores formulações para o desenvolvimento de biofilmes ativos e avaliar sua aplicação no acondicionamento de pães de forma. Filmes simples e compostos à base de gelatina, glúten e amido (mandioca, mandioca modificado, milho ceroso e milho ceroso modificado) foram desenvolvidos e caracterizados quanto à permeabilidade ao vapor de água (PVA), permeabilidade ao oxigênio (PO2), solubilidade em água (SOL) e propriedades mecânicas (resistência à tração - RT e porcentagem de elongação - ELO), variando a concentração da macromolécula e do plastificante (glicerol). Os filmes contendo 10 g de gelatina com 5% de glicerol (em relação à massa seca da proteína) e o filme com 5 g de glúten, 32,5 mL de etanol/100 mL de solução, pH 5 e 20% de glicerol (em relação à massa seca da proteína) foram selecionados para a elaboração dos filmes compostos. Filmes compostos de glúten/gelatina (GLU/GEL), amido de mandioca/gelatina (AM/GEL), amido de mandioca modificado/gelatina (AMM/GEL), amido de milho ceroso/gelatina (AMC/GEL), amido de milho ceroso modificado/gelatina (AMCM/GEL) em diversas proporções 1:1, 1:4 e 4:1 e amido/gelatina/glúten (AM/GLU/GEL; AMM/GLU/GEL, AMC/GLU/GEL e AMCM/GEL) na proporção 1:1:1, também foram confeccionados e caracterizados. Os filmes compostos apresentaram menor PVA e maior RT que os filmes simples de gelatina. Os filmes compostos AMM/GEL, GLU/GEL e AMM/GLU/GEL, nas proporções 4:1; 4:1 e 1:1:1, respectivamente, foram utilizados no desenvolvimento de filmes ativos. Os filmes compostos foram adicionados de sorbato de potássio (SP) na concentração de 2 e 4% (p/v). A adição de SP provocou aumento na PVA, na SOL e na ELO e redução na RT, em relação aos filmes sem sorbato. A superfície dos filmes compostos mostrou-se lisa e homogênea, com exceção do filme AMM/GLU/GEL com 4% de SP. Para os testes de difusão em halo, foram isolados 5 fungos: (i) Eurotium chevalieri; (ii) Eurotium amstelodami; (iii) Wallemia sebii; (iv) Penicillium raistrickii e (v) Cladosporium sp. Os filmes que apresentaram maior eficiência na redução do crescimento dos fungos e melhores propriedades de barreira e mecânicas foram: (i) AMM/GEL e (ii) GLU/GEL, ambos com 2% de SP. Os filmes ativos selecionados no teste de difusão em halo apresentaram duas tangentes de perda (tan ?), indicando a existência de duas Tg. Os filmes de GLU/GEL, sem e com 2% SP, foram utilizados no acondicionamento de pão de forma, sendo que as fatias de pães justapostas foram intercaladas com os filmes ativos e colocadas em sacos de polietileno de baixa densidade. O uso de filmes entre as fatias provocou aumento da firmeza, diminuição da umidade e da atividade de água. A análise microbiológica não indicou diferença significativa entre a estocagem com filmes ativos e o controle. No 7° dia, os pães continham a quantidade máxima de SP permitida no produto pela legislação brasileira<br>Abstract: In recent years the research on polymer-based biofilms has seen considerable increase due to concern over environmental impact and the need to reduce solid residue generation. There are several studies concerning the control of microbial activity in prepared food using active packaging. The objective of this work was to develop the best formulation of active biofilms and to evaluate their performance in sliced bread packaging. Simple and composite films were developed, based on gelatin, gluten and diferent types of starch (cassava, modified cassava, waxy maize and modified waxy maize starches). Films were characterized for their permeability to water vapor (WVP), permeability to oxygen (PO2), solubility in water (SOL) and mechanical properties (tensile strengh -TS and elongation -ELO), using different concentrations of the macromolecules and plasticizer (glycerol). Films containing 10g of gelatin and 5% of glycerol (based on protein dry mass) and films with 5g of gluten, 32.5 mL of ethanol/mL of solution, at pH of 5 and 20% glycerol (based on protein dry mass) were selected for the manufacture of composite films. Composite films of gluten/gelatin (GLU/GEL), cassava starch/gelatin (CS/GEL), modified cassava starch/gelatin (MCS/GEL), waxy maize starch/gelatin (WMS/GEL), modified waxy maize starch/gelatin (MWMS/GEL), at 1:1, 1:4 and 4:1 ratios and starch/gelatin/gluten (S/GLU/GEL) at 1:1:1 ratio were manufactured and characterized. Composite films presented lower WVP and larger RT than simple gelatin film. Composite films based on MCS/GEL, GLU/GEL and MCS/GLU/GEL at 4:1, 4:1 and 1:1:1 ratios, respectively, were used for the development of active films usine, potassium sorbate (PS) at 2 and 4%, in volume concentrations. Addition of PS promoted increase in WVP, SOL and ELO as well as a decrease in TS, when compared to films with no added anti-microbial agent. Surface of the composite films were smooth and homogeneous except for the MCS/GLU/GEL with 4% PS. Five microorganisms were selected, for the diffusion halo assay: (i) Eurotium chevalieri; (ii) Eurotium amstelodami; (iii) Wallemia sebii; (iv) Penicillium raIstrickiI e (v) Cladosporium sp. Films that presented the best efficiency on reduction of microbial growth as well as best permeability and mechanical properties were: (i) MCS/GEL and (ii) GLU/GEL, both with 2% of added PS. The active films selected for the diffusion halo assay presented two loss tangent (tan?) values, an indication of two Tgs. GLU/GEL films, with no sorbate and with 2% sorbate, were used in sliced bread packaging. Each slice was placed between two sheets of active film and the whole bread was stored inside a low density polyethylene bag. The active films promoted an increase in firmness and a decrease in both moisture content and water activity of the slices. The microbial analysis, storage with active films showed no significant difference from the control sample. By the seventh day of storage the accumulated amout of, potassium sorbate liberated by the film achieved the limit set by Brazilian legislation<br>Doutorado<br>Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Un sorbet est un dessert congelé et aéré, fabriqué à partir d’un mix constitué de jus de fruit concentré, de sucres et de stabilisants. L’étape la plus critique du procédé de fabrication des sorbets est l’étape de congélation-foisonnement qui a lieu dans un échangeur de chaleur à surface raclée (ECSR) ; c’est lors de cette étape que se forment les cristaux de glace et que l’air est introduit tandis que la solution résiduelle non congelée se concentre en sucres et en stabilisants. La qualité du produit final est fortement liée à la quantité initiale et à la taille des cristaux de glace formés dans l’ECSR ; ils doivent être les plus nombreux et les plus petits possibles. L’objectif scientifique de cette thèse est une meilleure compréhension de l’influence des stabilisants sur la microstructure (taille et nombre de cristaux et de bulles d’air) formée pendant la congélation d’un sorbet.Les propriétés rhéologiques du mix de sorbet avant sa congélation et de la solution résiduelle non congelée ont été explorées et quantifiées en fonction du type de stabilisant utilisé (CMC, HPMC, LBG). Des études de leurs propriétés tensioactives et de la diffusion des molécules d’eau ont été menées et les propriétés thermiques d’équilibre du mix ont été analysées. La microstructure de ces sorbets a été étudiée in situ au cours du procédé de congélation et ex situ en fin de congélation à l’aide d’outils de caractérisation performants (FBRM, Microtomographie à rayons-X et Cryo-MEB).L’ensemble des études réalisées a permis une meilleure compréhension de l’influence des molécules stabilisantes sur la mise en place de la microstructure d’un sorbet et notamment sur la taille et le nombre des cristaux de glace et des bulles d’air. Seul l’HPMC influence significativement la quantité d’air incorporée d’une part, et le nombre et la taille des cristaux de glace d’autre part. Il semblerait que ce stabilisant, en augmentant la fraction d’air, diminue la croissance des cristaux de glace. Les bulles d’air agiraient comme des barrières physiques lors de la congélation. La viscosité des mixes ou solution résiduelles, et la diffusion de l’eau dans ces systèmes ne sont pas des facteurs qui contrôleraient la cristallisation<br>A sorbet is a frozen and aerated dessert made from a mix of concentrated fruit juice, sugars and stabilizers. The most critical step in the manufacturing process of sorbets is the freezing-foaming step that takes place in a scraped surface heat exchanger (SSHE). During this step, ice crystals are generated and air bubbles are introduced while the unfrozen residual solution concentrates in sugars and stabilizers. The quality of the final product is strongly related to the quantity and size of ice crystals formed in the SSHE; they must be numerous and as small as possible. The scientific objective of this thesis is a better understanding of the influence of stabilizers on the microstructure (number and size of ice crystals and air bubbles) formed during the freezing process of a sorbet.The rheological properties of the sorbet mix before freezing and of the unfrozen residual solution were explored and quantified according to the stabilizer added (CMC, HPMC, or LBG). Studies of their surfactant properties and of the diffusion of water molecules were carried out and the thermal equilibrium properties of the mix were analyzed. The microstructure of sorbets was characterized in situ during the freezing process and ex situ at the end of freezing using high-performance characterization tools (FBRM, X-ray micro-computed tomography and Cryo-SEM).This study provides a better understanding of the influence of stabilizers on the establishment of the microstructure of a sorbet and in particular on the size and number of ice crystals and air bubbles. HPMC is the only stabilizer that influences the amount of air incorporated, and also the number and size of ice crystals. It appears that this stabilizer, by increasing the amount of air, decreases the growth of ice crystals. The air bubbles would act as physical barriers during freezing. The viscosities of the mix or the unfrozen residual solution, and water diffusion do not influence the crystallization in these systems

Sorbus L. gentis yra plačiai paplitusi pasaulyje. Šermukšnio genties augalų augalinės žaliavos fitocheminė sudėtis tiriama pasaulio mokslininkų, tačiau duomenys apie galimą fenolinių junginių įvairavimą yra nepakankami. Siekiant ištirti Lietuvoje natūraliai augančių ir auginamų kolekcijose šermukšnių (Sorbus L.) rūšių ir veislių lapų, žiedų ir vaisių flavonoidų ir fenolinių rūgščių kokybinės ir kiekinės sudėties įvairavimą, optimizuota efektyviosios skysčių chromatografijos (ESC) metodika. Ištirta paprastųjų šermukšnių (S. aucuparia L.) lapų, žiedų ir vaisių ėminių flavonoidų ir fenolinių rūgščių kokybinė ir kiekinė sudėtis bei nustatyti įvairavimo ypatumai augalo vegetacijos periodo metu. Ištirta Lietuvoje natūraliose augavietėse augančių S. aucuparia L. lapų ėminių flavonoidų ir fenolinių rūgščių kokybinė ir kiekinė sudėtis. Nustatyta kolekcijose auginamų Sorbus L. genties rūšių ir veislių augalų flavonoidų ir fenolinių rūgščių kokybinė ir kiekinė sudėtis bei jų kaupimosi dėsningumai. Atlikti Sorbus L. genties rūšių ir veislių vaisių fenolinių junginių antioksidacinio aktyvumo tyrimai taikant pokolonėlinės reakcijos metodą, nustatytas ryšys tarp fenolinių junginių kiekio šermukšnių vaisiuose ir antioksidacinio aktyvumo.<br>Sorbus L. genus is widespread in the world. In the course of research carried out in various countries, analysis of the phytochemical composition of Sorbus L. species has been performed, however, information about possible variation of phenolic compounds is insufficient. In order to investigate qualitative and quantitative composition of phenolic acids and flavonoids in leaves, inflorescences and fruits of Sorbus L. growing in natural habitats and grown in collection in Lithuania HPLC method was developed. Variation patterns of the contents of phenolic compounds flavonoids in leaves, inflorescences and fruits of S. aucuparia L. during the growth season were determined. Qualitative and quantitative composition of phenolic acids and flavonoids in leaves of S. aucuparia L. growing in natural habitats in Lithuania was investigated. Qualitative and quantitative composition of phenolic acids and flavonoids of species and varieties of genus Sorbus L. plants, grown in collections, was investigated. Antioxidant activity of fruits of species and varieties of genus Sorbus L. was investigated applying postcolumn HPLC method and relationship between the amount of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity was revealed.

La presente tesis es una investigación que tiene por objetivo evaluar las diferencias significativas en la comprensión del Lenguaje de Señas entre los niños sordos de padres sordos y los niños sordos de padres oyentes. Los datos se obtuvieron de: Niños sordos, cuyos padres son oyentes, educados en escuelas donde se usa la Comunicación Total. Niños sordos hijos de sordos que asisten a escuelas donde se va la Comunicación Total. Las fuentes bibliográficas provienen de años de investigación en especial de libros obtenidos en el viaje a la Universidad de Gallaudet, la única Universidad para sordos, la cual funciona en la ciudad de Washington - Estados Unidos en el mundo. La bibliografía fue contrastada con la realidad de nuestro país en cuanto a la problemática que atraviesa la persona sorda en el Perú. Este trabajo presenta los siguientes capítulos: En el capítulo I se presenta el planteamiento de la investigación, el problema, los objetivos, la justificación, los alcances y limitaciones de la misma, además del marco teórico. También los objetivos y relevancia de la investigación. Se abordan los aspectos metodológicos. En el Capítulo II se abordan los aspectos teóricos relacionados a la discusión de la aparición del Lenguaje de Señas, sus características y puntos en común con las lenguas naturales. Se tratan aspectos como Universales del Lenguaje, análisis de los Componentes de la Gramática en el Lenguaje de Señas. Se describe también qué es el Lenguaje de Señas Peruanas y cómo son las señas que se utilizan en este Lenguaje. Se fundamenta por qué el Lenguaje de Señas es un Lenguaje y no mímica ni gestos. También se da un marco histórico del Lenguaje de Señas. En el Capítulo III se aborda los aspectos interdisciplinarios que pueden ser orientados hacia la educación de los discapacitados sordos. En especial se plantea una propuesta de Educación Bilingüe Bicultural para la persona sorda. En el Capítulo IV se ofrece la discusión e interpretación de los resultados. En el Capítulo V se presentan las conclusiones y recomendaciones de esta Tesis.<br>Tesis

Orientador: Jose de Assis Fonseca Faria<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T10:39:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_ElienePenhaRodrigues_M.pdf: 2626940 bytes, checksum: 872960c1af9cf987688832b45e82d078 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010<br>Mestrado<br>Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

This study is in two parts. The first part is concerned with the study of dormancy, after-ripening and germination in <i>Sorbus acuparia</i> L.(rowan) seeds. The second part deals with the development of a suitable micropropagation system from juvenile parts of the same species. Seeds of rowan possess both testa-imposed and embryo dormancy at maturity. They have a wide range of in the depth of dormancy and germinated in the cold (4<SUP>o</SUP>C) after different periods of after-ripening. After-ripening of intact seeds at 1<SUP>o</SUP>C was found to be superior to that at 4<SUP>o</SUP>C by having an earlier Intensive Germination Period (IGP) and of shorter IGP duration. However, Total Germination % (TG%) was not significantly different. Freshly collected seeds were found to be the best in their TG% (90%), with shortest duration and time arriving at IGP. Alternating warm (20<SUP>o</SUP>C) period (2 weeks) with a cold (4<SUP>o</SUP>C) period (26 weeks) improved its TG% and IGP duration greatly but lengthened the time to IGP. TG and IGP duration of stored seeds could be improved alternating warm and cold stratification. The stratification medium can modify dormancy breaking during the cold stratification of seeds. The highest percentage of germination after 10 weeks of stratification (4<SUP>o</SUP>C) was obtained in the order of sand> vermiculite> peat> polythene bag. A mixture of sand and peat was the best medium for stratification and post dormancy development of seedlings. Cytokinins in the testa, mesocarp and embryos were extracted at various stratification periods using TLC techniques. At least four cytokinins were identified and are the first reported in this species. Both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> application of 0.1 and 2 mg/1 of BAP respectively, were able to release embryo dormancy more rapidly. For these treated embryos the rate of cotyledon greening, growth of hypocotyl, roots, shoots and its germination percentage were determined after incubation at 20<SUP>o</SUP>C in continuous light for one month. A micropropagation system for rowan was successfully developed. This study demonstrated that BAP alone or in combination with IBA were successful in inducing shoot proliferation from nodal segments and shoot tips of 2 and 8-month old aseptically produced seedlings. The shoots produced could be further recycled, proliferating more shoots. The best levels of BAP that stimulated multiple shoots production were BAP 0.2 mg/1 in combination with either 0.01, or 0.02 mg/1 of IBA. Good rooting of these shoots were obtained by cutting individual explants measuring &60 1 cm and transferring them to a rooting medium supplemented with either 0.01, 0.05 or 0.10 mg/1 of IBA or IAA. However, <i>in vitro</i> produced shoots of rowan were found to be easier to root <i>in vivo</i> and produced a higher rooting percentage by using a commercial rooting powder; Seradix 3. It has several advantages as aseptic techniques are not required and more shoots could be rooted in the covered propagator trays in the green house making sure the atmosphere inside the propagators were humid enough to avoid dessication. Two weeks were needed for hardening.

In theory, populations of agamospermous plants are genetically invariant and consequently hold little evolutionary potential. To test this hypothesis, molecular markers were used to examine evolutionary processes in the <i>Sorbus</i> microspecies <i>S. pseudofennica </i>and <i>S. arranensis</i>, which are endemic to the Isle of Arran, Scotland. The proposed hybrid origin of these microspecies was investigated using a variety of molecular markers. Two isozyme systems (AAT and 6PGD), a nuclear DNA marker and a chloroplast DNA marker all provided markers that were specific to the putative parental species, <i>S. aucuparia</i> and <i>S. rupicola. </i>These markers could not separate <i>S. rupicola</i> from <i>S. aria </i>(a potential parent), or fully distinguish between <i>S. arranensis</i> and <i>S. pseudofennica. </i>Individuals of both <i>S. arranensis</i> and <i>S. pseudofennica </i>were screened and results were compatible with these microspecies being derived from a cross between <i>S. aucuparia</i> and <i>S. rupicola/S. aria. </i>DNA sequences of the chloroplast trnL intron and trnL-trnF intergenic spacer for the Arran <i>Sorbus</i> microspecies were identical to those of <i>S. aucuparia. </i> In contrast, nucleotide substitutions were evident between the <i>Sorbus</i> microspecies and <i>S. rupicola</i> at three bases. Nuclear DNA markers (five microsatellites and a Rubisco intron primer pair) revealed variation among individuals within <i>S. arranensis </i>and <i>S. pseudofennica </i>microspecies. Only three <i>S. arranensis </i>clones were detected from a total of 179 individuals. In contrast eight clones were detected from a total of 140 <i>S. pseudofennica</i> individuals. Six families of <i>S. arranensis </i>and <i>S. pseudofennica</i> were screened with three nuclear DNA markers. No variation in banding pattern was found among any of the <i>S. arranensis </i>families. In contrast, segregation of molecular makes was found in three out of the six <i>S. pseudofennica</i> families.

Tyrimo objektas ir metodai: šermukšnių (Sorbus L.) rūšių ir veislių lapų fenolinių junginių kiekybinės sudėties ir antioksidantinio aktyvumo tyrimas. Antioksidantinis aktyvumas nustatytas ABTS ir FRAP spektrofotometriniais bei efektyviosios skysčių chromatografijos pokolonėliniais metodais (ESC-ABTS ir ESC-FRAP). Darbo tikslas: ištirti šermukšnio (Sorbus L.) genties augalų lapų bendrą fenolinių junginių kiekį ir jo įvairavimą atskirose rūšyse ir veislėse bei įvertinti ekstraktų antioksidantinį aktyvumą spektrofotometriniais ir ESC pokolonėliniais metodais. Darbo uždaviniai: Nustatyti bendrą fenolinių junginių kiekį šermukšnių augalinėse žaliavose Folin-Ciocalteau metodu. Atlikti šermukšnio genties rūšių lapų kokybinę ir kiekybinę fenolinių junginių analizę ESC metodu. Įvertinti ekstraktų antiradikalinį aktyvumą ABTS spektrofotometriniu metodu. Atlikti ekstraktų redukcinių savybių tyrimą FRAP spektrofotometriniu metodu. Įvertinti atskirų junginių indėlį į bendrą ekstrakto antioksidantinį aktyvumą ESC-ABTS ir ESC-FRAP pokolonėliniais metodais. Įvertinti koreliacinį ryšį tarp bendro fenolinių junginių kiekio ir ekstraktų antioksidantinio aktyvumo. Išvados: Spektrofotometrinės analizės metu didžiausi fenolinių junginių kiekiai nustatyti S. caucasica Zinserl. rūšies (82,52±0,94 mg/g) ir ‘Alaya krupnaya’ veislės (131,76±7,04 mg/g) lapų pavyzdžiuose. Didžiausias redukcinis aktyvumas FRAP metodu (TE, µmol/g) nustatytas S. caucasica Zinserl. rūšies ir ‘Alaya krupnaya’ veislės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>Object and methods: quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds in rowan (Sorbus L.) species and hybrids and evaluation of antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity was assessed by ABTS and FRAP spectrophotometric methods and by high performance liquid chromatography post-column reaction. Aim: to investigate quantitative composition of phenolic compounds and its variance in different rowan (Sorbus L.) species and hybrids and assess antioxidant activity of extracts by spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods. Objective: Evaluate quantitative composition of phenolic compounds in Sorbus L. species and hybrids leaves by Folin-Ciocalteau assay. Evaluate qualitative and quantitative composition of phenolic compounds in rowan species by high performance liquid chromatography. Assess free radical scavenging activity and determine reduction power of rowan leaves extracts by ABTS and FRAP spectrophotometric assay. Estimate correlation between quantity of phenolics and antioxidant activity in Sorbus L. leaves extracts. Assess input of individual compounds in overall antioxidant activity of extracts evaluated by HPLC-ABTS and HPLC-FRAP post-column methods. Results: In spectrophotometric analysis, the highest amount of phenolic compounds were determined in S.caucasica Zinserl. (82,52±0,94 mg/g) and ‘Alaya krupnaya’ (131,76±7,04 mg/g) leaves extracts. The highest antioxidant activity (TE, µmol/g) was observed in S.caucasica Zinserl. and ‘Alaya krupnaya’ ethanolic extracts using FRAP... [to full text]

Die vorliegende Arbeit konnte im Rahmen des vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) geförderten Verbundprojektes „Zukunftsorientierte Waldwirtschaft (1998-2003)“ erstellt werden. Dieses Vorhaben hat die bundesweiten Forderungen und Zielvorstellungen der Landesforstverwaltungen aufgegriffen, die nicht standortsgemäßen, naturfernen und instabilen Nadelbaumreinbestände umzubauen und den Anteil an Mischbeständen in den Forstbetrieben deutlich zu erhöhen. Neben ökonomischen Zielen sollte der Waldumbau vor allem auch ökologische Belange berücksichtigen. Dies wurde durch entsprechende Forschungsschwerpunkte vom BMBF wissenschaftlich begleitet. Die Vogelbeere (Gemeine Eberesche, Sorbus aucuparia L.) ist aufgrund ihrer hohen klimatischen und standörtlichen Anpassungsfähigkeit in den Mittelgebirgslagen Europas eine der häufigsten Nebenbaumarten in Fichtenwaldgesellschaften und künstlichen Fichtenforsten. Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte geprüft werden, wie einzelbaumweise eingemischte Vogelbeeren, welche sich natürlich angesamt haben, frühzeitig in die Behandlung von Fichtenjungbeständen einbezogen werden können. Die Vogelbeere wird somit für eine erhebliche Dauer des Bestandeslebens – mindestens aber bis zum Zeitpunkt ihrer möglichen natürlichen Verjüngung – als ein vitales Bestandesglied im Sinne eines ökologischen Waldumbauverfahrens angesehen. Ziel war dabei die optimale Einzelbaumentwicklung der Vogelbeere hinsichtlich ihrer Dimension und Qualität, vor allem aber ihrer Vitalität. Grundlegend ist durch eine Abfrage in der Forsteinrichtungsdatenbank (FESA) für den Landeswald Sachsens das Flächenpotential an Fichtenjungbeständen bis zum Alter 50 Jahre in den mittleren Lagen erfasst worden, in denen natürlich angesamte und einzelbaumweise eingemischte Vogelbeeren vorkommen. Mit Hilfe einer terrestrischen Inventur wurden die ausgewählten Bestände stichprobenartig aufgesucht und dabei die vorkommenden Vogelbeeren hinsichtlich Dimension, Qualität, Vitalität und Schäden untersucht. Für ein waldbauliches Experiment sind weiterhin Fichtenjungbestände im Alter 16, 19, 26 und 32 Jahre auf Standorten mäßiger Trophie in den mittleren Lagen des sächsischen Forstbezirkes Bärenfels ausgewählt worden. In diesen Beständen wurden einzelbaumweise eingemischte Vogelbeeren unterschiedlicher soziologischer Stellung in den drei Varianten „keine“, „mäßige“ und „starke“ Freistellung gefördert. Die Zuwachsreaktionen verschiedener Baumkompartimente der untersuchten Vogelbeeren wurden in Abhängigkeit der Faktoren Alter, Freistellungsvariante und Konkurrenzsituation analysiert. Für einige Messungen war es notwendig dem Versuchsdesign auch Bäume destruktiv zu entnehmen. Insgesamt wurden ca. 700 ha Fichtenjungbestände erfasst, in denen die Vogelbeere einzelbaumweise in den Oberstand eingemischt war oder als weitere Baumart erwähnt wurde. Das durchschnittliche Mischprozent der Vogelbeere im Oberstand betrug ca. 16%. Die terrestrische Inventur zeigte, dass in den sehr jungen und kleinflächigen Beständen (mit bis zu 4 ha Größe) das Vorkommen der der Vogelbeeren am höchsten ist. Die Bäume sind dort zwar vor allem durch Mehrstämmigkeit (Garbenwuchs) gekennzeichnet, dennoch konnte bei den untersuchten Bäumen überwiegend eine gerade Stammform angesprochen werden. In den älteren Beständen stieg dann der Anteil der einschnürigen Stämme und Gabelungszwiesel, und zunehmend wurde die soziologische Stellung als „beherrscht“ und „unterdrückt“ für die Vogelbeeren angesprochen. Die erfassten Schälschäden fielen entgegen den Erwartungen vergleichsweise gering aus. Merkliche Schälschäden wurden erst in den beiden ältesten Fichtenaltersklassen angesprochen und diese nur als gering eingestuft. Die Einschätzung der Vitalität der Vogelbeeren mit Hilfe des baumartenunabhängigen Kronenanspracheschlüssels nach ROLOFF (2001) ergab in allen betrachteten Fichtenaltersklassen überwiegend eine geschwächte bis merklich geschwächte Vitalität. Die Ergebnisse des waldbaulichen Experimentes zeigten, dass die Wachstumsreaktionen der Vogelbeeren je nach betrachteter Fichtenaltersstufe unterschiedlich sind. Je früher eine Förderung erfolgt, umso stärker sind die Reaktionen des Einzelbaumes. Die freigestellten Bäume reagierten deutlich mit gesteigertem relativem BHD-Zuwachs, wobei die Kategorie „mäßige Freistellung“ am Ende der Beobachtungsperiode tendenziell die höchsten Werte besaß und dieser Zuwachs mit zunehmender Fichtenaltersstufe abnahm. Jahrringanalysen an Stammscheiben von entnommenen Probebäumen zeigten, dass die gesteigerte Zuwachsrate des Dickenwachstums nach 3 Vegetationsperioden wieder nachlässt. Das Höhenwachstum wurde in jeder beobachteten Fichtenaltersstufe und Konkurrenzsituation nicht signifikant durch die angewendeten Maßnahmen beeinflusst. Insgesamt zeichneten sich alle Probebäume durch hohe HD-Werte (im Mittel 138) aus, nur die Vogelbeeren der Fichtenaltersstufe 19 besaßen vergleichsweise stabile Werte unter 100. Die freigestellten Vogelbeeren entwickelten in allen betrachteten Altersstufen deutlich erweiterte Kronenschirmflächen und einen signifikanten Kronenradiuszuwachs. Die Ergebnisse der Gesamtblattmasseschätzungen zeigten für Vogelbeeren der Fichtenaltersstufe 26 deutliche Tendenzen, die belegen, dass geförderte Bäume mehr Blattmasse pro Baum ausgebildet haben als nicht geförderte Bäume. Die Anzahl der fruktifizierenden Bäume stieg von 41 % im Jahr 2001 auf 81 % im Jahr 2003, wobei die Stichprobe im Jahr 2003 um 17 Bäume durch destruktive Beprobungen reduziert gewesen ist. Es zeichnete sich ein Trend zum Anstieg der Fruchttrockenmasse je Vogelbeere in Abhängigkeit von der Freistellungsvariante ab, wobei stärker freigestellte Bäume mehr Fruchtmasse produzierten, als mäßig freigestellte Bäume (p = 0,029). Für einen mittleren Probebaum von ca. 5 cm BHD wurde eine Gesamtfeinwurzelmasse von ca. 202 g (R² = 0,30) und eine maximale horizontale Feinwurzelausbreitung von etwa 8 m ermittelt. Die höchsten mittleren Biomasseanteile an der gesamten oberirdischen Biomasse der Bäume hatte jeweils das Kompartiment „Stamm“, mit Anteilen zwischen 67 und 86 % über alle betrachteten Versuchsvarianten. Darauf folgen bei fast allen Versuchsvarianten die Biomasseanteile der Äste aus der Lichtkrone (ca. 5,5 bis 15,5 %). Die Blattbiomasse nimmt am Gesamtbaum einen verhältnismäßig geringen Anteil ein (zwischen 3,1 und 12,4 % über alle Varianten). Die jüngeren Bäume der Fichtenaltersstufe 16 hatten über alle Versuchsvarianten verhältnismäßig hohe Blattmasseanteile im Vergleich zu den Bäumen der Fichtenaltersstufe 26. Insgesamt hat die starke Freistellung tendenziell das Allokationsverhältnis zugunsten der Astbiomasse verschoben. Die älteren Bäume bildeten weniger Blattbiomasse im Vergleich zur Stammbiomasse. Einzelbaumweise eingemischte Vogelbeeren können als ideale Mischbaumart für einen ökologischen Waldumbau, speziell in jungen Fichtenreinbeständen, angesehen werden. Die Vogelbeere findet sich auf natürlichem Wege in diesen Beständen ein, wenn eine ausreichende Präsenz an fruktifizierenden Altbäumen gewährleistet ist. Um sie als wertvolle Zeitmischung zu erhalten, muss sie aber als eigenständiger Z-Baum Eingang in die Waldbaustrategien der Fichtenjungbestände finden, indem sie frühzeitig und regelmäßig gefördert wird. Ein passendes Wildmanagement sollte dabei Schäden an den Bäumen weitestgehend vermeiden, welche die Qualität und Vitalität, und somit den Erhalt der Vogelbeeren, nachweislich gefährden. Aus ökologischem Blickwinkel erfahren Standort, Fauna und Flora der Fichtenreinbestände durch die Präsenz geförderter und somit vitaler Vogelbeeren eine Aufwertung. Die freigestellten Bäume produzieren höhere Blattbiomassen, die nachweislich zu einer Verbesserung der Humusauflage führen, und von gesteigerten Fruktifikationsraten können Insekten und Säugetiere profitieren. Eine erhöhte unterirdische Wurzelaktivität und entsprechende Bodenmelioration wird zudem angenommen. Wenn geeignete Verjüngungsnischen in näherer Umgebung der Einzelbäume existieren, kann mit einer konsequent und regelmäßig geförderten Vogelbeere auch dem Nachhaltsumbau für die Gestaltung von zukünftigen Bestandesgenerationen gedient werden. Weiterhin kann sie als eine geeignete Baumart hinsichtlich der Gestaltung eines Risikomanagements nach Störungen und Katastrophen angesehen werden, da sie aufgrund ihrer Eigenschaften für eine rasche Wiederbewaldung sorgt. Vor dem Hintergrund eines prognostizierten Klimawandels stellt sie zudem mit ihrer standörtlichen Anspruchslosigkeit eine geeignete Mischbaumart für zukünftige Bestockungen dar. Die vorliegende Arbeit konnte zeigen, dass das Wuchspotential der Vogelbeere in bisherigen Untersuchungen und daraus resultierenden Erkenntnissen unterschätzt wurde. Konsequent gepflegte Vogelbeeren ohne Wildschäden existieren kaum und konnten somit kaum untersucht werden. An dieser Stelle besteht weiterer Forschungsbedarf, welcher auf längerfristigen Versuchsaufbauten basieren sollte<br>The present work is part of the joint research program „Zukunftsorientierte Waldwirtschaft (1998-2003)“ which was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). The program acted on nationwide requests and formulated goals of federal forest administrations to convert artificial and instable conifer stands unsuited to the site and to significantly increase the portion of mixed populations. Besides economic goals the conversion measures primarily were to consider ecological needs. These were assured by scientific super-vision by the BMBF in respective focal programs. Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L.) exhibits high climatic and habitational adoptability. Therefore, it is a major secondary tree species in Europe’s average mountain ranges both in natural and artificial spruce forests. This work aimed to investigate how naturally seeded single tree admixtures of rowan can precociously be integrated into the management of young spruce stands. By rowan is viewed as a vital member of stand for a considerable part of the stand`s lifecycle in the sense of natural forest conversion, at least until its potential natural rejuvenation. The major goal in this approach was an ideal single tree development of rowan with respect to dimension, quality and, above all, its vitality. As a basis, the areal potential of young spruce stands aged up to 50 years in the mid altitudinal ranges containing naturally seeded single tree admixtures of rowan was determined by querying the forest inventory system database of the Federal Forest of Saxony (FESA). Selected stands were visited at random in the frame of a terrestrial inventory and found rowans were examined with respect to dimension, quality, vitality and damage. Furthermore, young spruce stands in the age of 16, 19, 26 and 32 years at sites of moderate trophic level at midaltitude of the Saxon forestry district Bärenfels were selected for a silvicultural experiment. In these stands single tree admixtures of rowans differing in sociological situation were supported by either no, moderate or strong thinning. Growth responses of different tree compartments of the examined rowans were analyzed in relation to the factors age, thinning variant and competition. For some measurements destructive removal of trees from the experimental design became necessary. In total, approx.700 ha of young spruce stands containing rowan as single tree admixtures in the overstorey or as additional tree species records were registered. The average percentage of mountain as in the overstorey was approx. 16 %. The terrestrial inventory demonstrated that very young stands with small plot sizes (up to 4 ha) exhibit the highest occurrence of rowan. Even though trees are mainly characterized by several secondary trunks here, straightshaped stems could be found in the majority of examined individuals. In older stands the percentage of constricted and bifurcated stems raised and sociological position of the rowan trees was increasingly determined as “dominated” and “repressed”. Recorded stripping damage was low in contrast to expectations. Notable stripping damage was only found in the two oldest age classes of spruce and was determined as low. The vitality assessment of the rowans using the tree species independent crown assessment method according to ROLOFF (2001) resulted predominantly in a weakened to substantially weakened vitality. Results of the silvicultural experiment demonstrated the growth reactions of rowan differ depending on the age class of spruces under investigation. The earlier crown release is initiated the stronger are the reactions of a single tree. Released trees considerably reacted by enhanced increment of relative diameter at breast height with the category of “moderate thinning” in direction showed highest values at the end of the observation period while this increment decreased with increasing age class of the spruces. Treering analysis of stem disks from removed individuals revealed that the enhanced rate of diameter growth decreased again after 3 vegetation periods. Vertical growth was not significantly influenced by the taken measures in any of the spruce age classes or competitive situations under investigation. Overall, all trees under investigation were characterized by high height to diameter ratios (mean of 138) with only rowans of age category 19 exhibiting relatively stable values below 100. Released rowans developed markedly expanded crown areas in all investigated ageclasses and a significantly elevated increment in crown diameter. Results of the total leaf biomass estimations revealed clear tendencies for rowans in the spruce age category 26. These prove the supported trees having developed more leaf biomass per individual as nonsupported. The number of fructifying trees rose from 41 % in 2001 to 81 % in 2003 whereas the sample size was reduced by 17 in 2003 by destructive sampling. A tendency of increased dry fruit mass per rowan berry depending on the release variant could be seen with stronger released trees producing more fruit mass than moderately released ones (p=0.029). For an average sample tree of approx. 5 cm breast height diameter a total hair root mass of approx. 202 g (R² = 0.30) and a maximum horizontal hair root distribution of approx. 8 m was determined. Highest mean portions of overall aboveground biomass of the trees were assigned to the stem compartment with percentages ranging from 67 to 86 % throughout all experimental variants. These were followed by the biomass portions of branches from the light crown (approx. 5.5 to 15.5 %). The leaf biomass accounts for a comparatively low proportion of the tree (between 3.1 und 12.4 % throughout all variants). The younger trees of spruce age category 16 had relatively high portions of leaf biomass as compared to trees of spruce age category 26. Altogether the strong release shifted the allocation pattern in favor of the branches biomass. Older trees developed less leaf biomass compared to stem biomass. Single tree admixtures of rowan can be considered ideal for ecological forest conversion, especially in young spruce stands. Rowan naturally adapts to these stands if a sufficient presence of fructifying, old trees is ensured. To preserve it as valuable temporal mixture, it has to make its way into forestry planting strategies for young spruce stands as an autonomous future tree by being receiving early and regular support. Associated wildlife management should as far as possible avoid damage of the trees endangering quality and vitality and by that preservation of rowans. From an ecological perspective the site, fauna and flora of pure spruce stands experience a revaluation through the presence of supported and therefore vital rowans. The released trees produce higher amounts of leaf biomass demonstrably leading to an amelioration of the humus layer and insects and mammals can profit from enhanced fructification rates. Furthermore, an increased underground root activity and related soil melioration is assumed. If suitable regeneration niches exist nearby the single trees, consequently and regularly supported rowans can as well serve sustainable conversion for the design of future generations of tree populations. Furthermore it can be considered a suitable tree species in view of the creation of a risk management plan following disturbances and catastrophes as its characteristics ensure fast reforestation. Against the background of a predicted climate change the rowan with its habitational modesty constitutes a suitable species for future stockings. The present work could demonstrate a clear underestimation of the growth potential of rowan in studies to date and their resulting conclusions. Consequently maintained rowans without damage caused by game do rarely exist and could therefore rarely be examined. Here, additional research is needed which should be based on longerterm experimental setups

El trabajo de tesis doctoral Análisis de conversaciones matemáticas con estudiantes sordos en entornos de clase contribuye a la investigación en Didáctica de la Matemática dentro del ámbito del aprendizaje de las matemáticas de personas en situación de diversidad lingüística. Este estudio se emprendió para dar respuesta a la pregunta ¿Cómo se produce y comunica la actividad matemática en entornos de aula con estudiantes sordos y oyentes durante la resolución de tareas aritméticas? Se utiliza una secuencia didáctica con tres tareas para la recolección de datos en tres clases de matemáticas de séptimo grado en Bogotá, Colombia, dos con estudiantes sordos y una con sordos y oyentes. Se formulan dos objetivos de investigación, el primero es examinar recursos comunicativos usados por estudiantes sordos y oyentes durante la resolución de tareas aritméticas. El segundo objetivo consiste en examinar aspectos de la actividad matemática de estudiantes sordos y oyentes. El marco teórico se organiza en dos secciones. La primera aborda aspectos del aprendizaje de la matemática en contextos de diversidad lingüística. La segunda se enfoca en el aprendizaje de las matemáticas por estudiantes sordos, presentando una conceptualización del estudiante sordo como aprendiz de matemática y un acercamiento a la comprensión de su desempeño en tareas matemáticas. Se entiende el aprendizaje matemático como producto de oportunidades sociales de participación y comunicación, y reflejo de la construcción de prácticas culturales inclusivas. Se sitúa al estudiante sordo como parte de una comunidad lingüística minoritaria. La consideración del componente cultural en el aula busca superar obstáculos en la participación al reconocer otras formas de comunicación matemática. La presente tesis es un estudio relacional y explicativo. Las tareas diseñadas son aritméticas, de relaciones y cambios, presentadas mediante un enunciado multimodal, con uso de contexto extra-matemático, y pensadas para ser resueltas en grupos con discusión final de clase. Los datos fueron recolectados por medio de vídeos y las hojas de trabajo de los estudiantes durante tres sesiones, una por cada tarea. El análisis se realizó de forma inductiva, haciendo uso del método de comparación constante alrededor de las conversaciones de los estudiantes. A partir de este análisis se generan temas emergentes que permiten la presentación de resultados.   Los recursos comunicativos identificados son la multimodalidad, la simultaneidad y la cooperación indagativa. La multimodalidad implica la comunicación por medio de la lengua verbal, la lengua gestual y corporal, y la lengua visual. Se destaca el uso de la boya como un elemento de la lengua gestual y corporal propio de estudiantes sordos. La simultaneidad implica el uso de dos o más modos semióticos para comunicar un significado completo. La multimodalidad no implica simultaneidad, sin embargo, no es posible la simultaneidad sin el repertorio multimodal. La cooperación indagativa viene dada por ocho actos dialógicos (Alrø y Skovsmose, 2003) con mayor presencia de actos como entrar en contacto y localizar sobre actos como identificar y evaluar. En la caracterización de la actividad matemática se indica la importancia del uso del contexto extra-matemático del enunciado y la identificación de ambigüedades en la interacción. Se identifican tres usos del contexto extra-matemático; proximidad, adaptación y funcionabilidad. Las ambigüedades se relacionan con la dificultad de comprender y comunicar significados matemáticos. Se identifican dos ambigüedades, conceptual y léxica. Se concluye que los enunciados multimodales de tareas con contexto extra-matemático permiten avanzar en la actividad y la comunicación matemática. En la actividad matemática se identifican diversidad de lenguas con elementos recurrentes como la boya, construcción de paráfrasis, y ambigüedades conceptuales y léxicas. Se detecta la participación diferenciada por la asignación de roles en un trabajo determinado por interacciones entre parejas y por el papel de figuras adultas.<br>The doctoral thesis Analysis of Mathematical conversations with deaf students in class environments contributes to research in Didactics of Mathematics within the scope of mathematical learning of people with linguistic diversity. This study was undertaken to broaden the knowledge about the development of mathematical activity and to answer the question How is mathematical activity produced and communicated in classroom environments with deaf and hearing students during the resolution of arithmetic tasks? A didactic sequence consisting of three tasks for data collection is used in three classes of seventh grade mathematics in Bogotá, Colombia, two with deaf students and one with deaf and hearing students. Two research objectives are formulated, the first is to examine communicative resources used by deaf and hearing students during the resolution of arithmetic tasks. The second objective is to examine aspects of the mathematical activity of deaf and hearing students. The theoretical framework is organized into two sections. The first deals with aspects of mathematics learning in contexts of linguistic diversity. The second focuses on the mathematics learning of deaf students, presenting a conceptualization of the deaf student as a learner of mathematics, and an approach to understanding their performance in mathematical tasks. Mathematical learning is understood as the product of social opportunities of participation and communication, and reflects the construction of inclusive cultural practices in the classroom. The deaf student of mathematics is placed as part of a linguistic minority community. Consideration of the cultural component in the mathematics classroom seeks to overcome obstacles in participation by recognizing other forms of mathematical communication. This dissertation is a relational, and explanatory study. The tasks designed are arithmetic, of relations and changes, presented through a multimodal statement, using extra-mathematical context, and designed to be solved in groups with a final class discussion. The data were collected by means of videos and the worksheets of the students during three sessions, one for each task. The analysis was conducted inductively, making use of the method of constant comparison around the students’ conversations. From this analysis, emerging issues are generated that allow the presentation of results. The communicative resources identified are multimodality, simultaneity and inquiry co-operation. Multimodality involves communication through the verbal language, the gestural and corporal language, and the visual language. The use of the buoy stands out as an element of the gestural and body language of deaf students. Simultaneity implies the use of two or more semiotic modes to communicate a complete meaning. Multimodality does not imply simultaneity; however, simultaneity is not possible without the multimodal repertoire. Inquiry co-operation is given by eight dialogic acts (Alrø and Skovsmose, 2003) with higher presence of acts such as coming into contact and locating over acts such as identifying and evaluating. In the characterization of the mathematical activity, the importance of the use of the extra-mathematical context of the statement and the identification of ambiguities in the interaction is shown. Three uses of the extra-mathematical context are identified; proximity, adaptation and functionability. Ambiguities are related to the difficulty of understanding and communicating mathematical meanings. Two ambiguities are identified, conceptual and lexical. It is concluded that the multimodal tasks statements with extra mathematical context allow to advance in the mathematical activity and the communication. In mathematical activity, a diversity of languages with recurrent elements such as buoy, paraphrase construction, and conceptual and lexical ambiguities are identified. Differentiated participation is detected by the allocation of roles in a work determined by interactions between pairs and by the role of adult figures.

Orientador: Robin Michael Wright<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-26T09:20:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CaveroCarrasco_JuanRanulfo_D.pdf: 16942822 bytes, checksum: 0ecb3cb0d5366a2750069043b43516d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1999<br>Resumo: Não informado<br>Abstract: Not informed<br>Doutorado<br>Doutor em Antropologia

El presente trabajo propone indagar en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de los niños sordos e hipoacúsicos, en particular en el área de la lengua extranjera inglés, ámbito que carece de investigaciones formales. En este trabajo se describe el estado actual dela enseñanza del inglés como lengua extranjera a los niños sordos e hipoacúsicos incluidos en la educación común en la ciudad de San Juan, se intenta determinar el nivel de logro de los objetivos propuestos en el espacio curricular inglés por parte de los niños sordos e hipoacúsicos incluidos, y finalmente se realiza un análisis y valoración de las estrategias usadas por los profesores de inglés como lengua extranjera y por los niños sordos e hipoacúsicos incluidos en sus clases.<br>Fil: Muñoz, Patricia Alejandra. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras.

Die in der Lausitz lebenden westslawischen Sorben (Wenden) sind als nationale Minderheit in Deutschland anerkannt. Daraus resultiert auch die Verpflichtung, sie im Unterricht zu thematisieren und Kenntnisse über ihre Geschichte, Kultur und Sprachen zu vermitteln. In der vorliegenden Publikation werden die im Schuljahr 2007/2008 gültigen Brandenburger Rahmenlehrpläne analysiert und Fundstellen zu sorbischen (wendischen) Inhalten aufgezeigt bzw. Hinweise gegeben, an welchen Stellen sich Anknüpfungspunkte zur Integration sorbischer (wendischer) Themen in den Unterricht bieten.

Tyrimo objektas ir metodai: Sorbus L. genties augalo S. aucuparia L. lapų ir žiedų tyrimas. Bendras fenolinių junginių kiekis paprastojo šermukšnio augalinėse žaliavose nustatytas UV spektrofotometriniu metodu, fenolinės rūgštys ir flavonoidai nustatyti ESC metodu. Darbo tikslas: nustatyti S. aucuparia L. lapuose ir žieduose esančius fenolinius junginius, jų kiekinės sudėties įvairavimą augalo vegetacijos metu ir augalinių žaliavų (lapų ir žiedų) laikymo metu. Darbo uždaviniai: Surinkti ir susisteminti literatūros duomenis apie Sorbus aucuparia L., paprastojo šermukšnio augalinių žaliavų cheminę sudėtį, fenolinių junginių analizės metodus, poveikį ir panaudojimą medicinos praktikoje; Ištirti S. aucuparia L. lapų ir žiedų kiekybinę fenolinių junginių sudėtį ir nustatyti bendro fenolinių junginių kiekio įvairavimą augalo vegetacijos metu; Ištirti S. aucuparia L. lapų ir žiedų kokybinę ir kiekybinę fenolinių rūgščių ir flavonoidų sudėtį ir nustatyti jų kiekinės sudėties kitimą augalų vegetacijos periodo metu; Nustatyti S. aucuparia L. lapuose ir žieduose esančių fenolinių junginių kiekybinės sudėties kitimus augalinių žaliavų laikymo metu. Išvados: S. aucuparia L. augalinės žaliavos gali būti kaip šaltinis išskiriant biologiškai aktyvius junginius, kurie gali būti naudojami medicinos praktikoje. S. aucuparia L. lapuose ir žieduose esančių junginių kiekis kinta augalo vegetacijos metu; lapuose daugiausia fenolinių junginių sukaupiama gegužės - birželio mėn., žieduose – žydėjimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>Object and methods: Sorbus aucuparia L. leaves and flowers study. Total amaunt of phenolic compounds in mountain ash leaves and flowers were evaluated using UV spectrophotometry, phenolic acids and flavonoids were identified and evaluated using HPLC. Aim: to identify and evaluate the content of phenolic compounds in rowan leaves and flowers during mountain ash vegetation and during plant materials (leaves and flowers) storage. Objective: to collect and organise the information about the use of Sorbus aucuparia L., S. aucuparia L. leaves and flowers acumulated compounds, phenolic compounds analysis methods and the impact of the use in medical practice; to perform quantitative analysis of S. aucuparia L. leaves and flowers phenolic compounds and to determine the total phenolics content during rowan growing season; to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis of S. aucuparia L. leaves and flowers phenolic acids and flavonoids and to determine the variation of the phenolics content during rowan growing season; to determine phenolic compounds content changes in Sorbus aucuparia L. plant materials (flowers and leaves) during them storage. Conclusions: S. aucuparia L. leaves and flower is a source of biological active substances which can be used in medicinal practice. Phenolic compounds content in S. aucuparia L. leaves and flowers change during vegetation; mainly phenolic compounds in leaves was accumulated in May - June, in flowers - in the beginning of flowering and massive... [to full text]

Un ensemble de méthodes complémentaires, macroscopiques (réacteur à flux continu, observation in situ) et microscopique (dynamique moléculaire) sont mises en oeuvre pour étudier les principaux mécanismes de l'inhibition de la dissolution de l'hydroxylapatite (Ca5(PO4)3OH) par des cations adsorbés tels que le Zinc. A l'échelle microscopique, nous avons étudié l'organisation de molécules d'eau et des ions zinc proches de la surface de l'apatite (001). Les ions zinc sont initialement présents dans la couche diffuse de l'interface eau/apatite. Une mise en commun de la sphère d'hydratation du zinc en solution et du calcium appartenant à la surface de l' apatite est observée qui pourrait être l'amorce d'un échange cationique. Les ions zinc sont principalement proches des sites phosphate. Les atomes d'oxygène de phosphate peuvent se substituer aux molécules d'hydratation du zinc d'où formation d'un complexe de sphère interne. Ces résultats portant sur les premières étapes de la sorption ont été confirmés par l'étude cinétique macroscopique au laboratoire. Les échanges cationiques entre le calcium et le zinc ne sont visibles qu'au début des expériences (premières 2 heures) menées avec de fortes concentrations en zinc (0.2 mmol Zn -1 d'apatite). Le site phosphate est le groupe fonctionnel principal de complexation du zinc (log K = 1.25). Ces résultats obtenus à l' aide d'un modèle de complexation de surface, confrontés aux cinétiques de dissolution, permettent de montrer que la sorption du zinc bloque les sites de dissolution. Comme application à ce travail, nous avons étudié Ia préservation de l'apatite (qui est le composé minéral principal des os) sur une échelle de temps de 5000 ans dans un site archéologique lacustre. Cette conservation est due à différents phénomènes diminuant la solubilité ou bloquant la dissolution: une recristallisation de l'apatite augmentant la taille des cristaux, un enrichissement d'ions et un milieu sédimentaire anoxique favorable, formé de calcite.

Desde el Congreso de Milán y su resolución que prevaleció el enfoque oral y la perspectiva médica en Europa y el resto del mundo; las personas sordas fueron conceptualizados bajo el término de “discapacitados” y “anormales” debido a qué según los estándares sociales, ellos eran distintos a las personas oyentes. Sin embargo, cuando la perspectiva socio-antropológica conceptualiza a los Sordos como personas que pertenecen a una comunidad lingüística minoritaria con un sistema propio de comunicación, que comparten valores, costumbres y cultura; los países empezaron a modificar sus leyes y políticas de estado con la finalidad de reconocer a los Sordos como individuos en pleno derecho de gozar de todas sus libertades constitucionales. El estudio permitió identificar el cambio histórico de paradigma y de la realidad de las personas Sordas en Latinoamérica y el Perú; asimismo en el contexto peruano se analizó la importancia del enfoque bilingüe/bicultural y cómo éste puede ser asumido dentro de la Educación Intercultural Bilingüe para garantizar la educación de los estudiantes Sordos peruanos en sus principios de equidad, inclusión e interculturalidad.

Cette etude montre que l'on a interet a favoriser l'alisier plus tot ce qui abaissera son age d'exploitabilite et limitera le risque de cur rouge. Cette espece a pores diffus ne presente qu'une faible augmentation de densite liee a une augmentation de la vitesse de croissance, ce qui n'a pas de consequence genante. Son retrait total est important mais une bonne technique de sechage permet d'apprecier ensuite la bonne stabilite dimensionnelle de ce bois. Les arbres issus de la conversion des taillis-sous-futaie ont un retrait plus important mais leur bois est plus clair, ce qui est apprecie des trancheurs. Ces arbres sont tous issus des pelosols ou les conditions hydriques sont tres differentes au cours de l'annee. C'est pourquoi ils poussent lentement. Les arbres provenant des sols luvimorphes presentent des caracteristiques technologiques semblables mais ils sont plus colores et leurs caracteristiques dendrometriques sont superieures. Les arbres situes sur les sols calcimagnesiques sont surtout des arbres de taillis-sous-futaie. Ils ont un retrait et une densite plus importants. Ce sont les arbres les plus colores. Le traitement ne joue pas sur l'infradensite mais sur la couleur (les arbres de futaie sont plus rouges) et le retrait (les arbres issus de conversion ont des retraits importants mais leur stabilite dimensionnelle est plus satisfaisante que celle des arbres de taillis-sous-futaie). Les arbres de decouvert ont de bonnes qualites technologiques mais leurs billes sont tres courtes

El presente estudio de investigación explora las expectativas laborales y educativas a futuro de las personas sordas en Lima, Perú. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa que consistió en entrevistar a dieciséis personas sordas entre 18 y 30 años con la ayuda de una intérprete de lengua de señas. Con el fin de comprender sus experiencias, se contactó a los participantes mediante la Asociación de sordos Región Lima (ASSORELI) y la Asociación de Intérpretes y Guías Intérpretes de Lengua de Señas del Perú (ASISEP). Tras analizar los resultados, se puede concluir que las personas sordas entrevistadas tienen metas y objetivos por cumplir; sin embargo, ellas no se sienten respaldadas por el Estado, ya que sus derechos aún se ven vulnerados. Como resultado de la presente investigación, se encontró que el principal problema, tanto en el ámbito educativo y laboral como en la vida cotidiana, es la falta de intérpretes de lengua de señas en establecimientos públicos y privados, así como en centros educativos, lo que limita a las personas sordas y les impide desarrollarse plenamente en la sociedad. En el ámbito educativo las condiciones no siempre fueron adecuadas para las personas sordas entrevistadas, ya que no existen muchos colegios exclusivamente para ellos y no hay una debida capacitación de los intérpretes y profesores. En lo laboral, se determinó que las personas entrevistadas que han tenido experiencias laborales previas tienen una perspectiva un tanto más positiva que los que todavía no han tenido algún trabajo.<br>This article explores the future work and educational expectations of deaf people in Lima, Peru, through a qualitative research that consisted of interviewing sixteen Deaf people between 18 and 30 years old with the help of a sign language interpreter. In order to understand their experiences, the researchers contacted the participants through ASSORELI, Asociación de Sordos Región Lima (Deaf Association of Lima) and ASISEP, Asociación de Intérpretes y Guías Intérpretes de Lengua de Señas del Perú (Peruvian Association of Interpreters and Sign Language Guide Interpreters). After analyzing the results, the findings reveal that the deaf people interviewed have goals and objectives in life; however, they do not feel supported by the Peruvian State, since their rights are still being violated. The main problem, in education, work and in their daily life, is the lack of sign language interpreters in public and private establishments, as well as in learning centers, which limits them and does not allow them to fully develop in society. In the educational field, the conditions were not always adequate for the deaf people interviewed, since there are not many schools exclusively for them and there is not adequate training for sign language interpreters and teachers. Regarding the work field, it was determined that the interviewees who have had previous work experiences have a somewhat more positive outlook than those who have not yet had a work experience.<br>Tesis

Mestrado em Engenharia Alimentar - Instituto Superior de Agronomia<br>The aim of the present dissertation was study the fruits that are used to make sorbets and implication of these in sorbets quality as well as their evolution during storage. For this, the fruits chosen were orange, lemon, mandarin, strawberry, melon and mango, each represented by two different cultivar or origin, which were characterized according to physical, chemical and sensorial parameters in order to determine which variety/origin produce the best quality sorbets. The sorbets obtained from each of the raw materials were stored for 21 days at three different temperatures (-18, -15 and -12 ºC), proceeding to evaluation of their physical, chemical and sensory characteristics on days 1, 7, 14 and 21 of storage. It was concluded that was not the temperature, but the time of storage that causes further changes. Besides that, there was a loss of phenolic compounds of fruit when processing fruit into sorbets. It was also noticed that during the storage the content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity significantly decreased while pH and colour showed no significant variations. Also, the fruits varieties chosen produced different sorbets and different sensory assessments.

La tesis tiene como objetivo estudiar las consecuencias de la aplicación de tecnologías de la información en el proceso de instrucción de la comprensión lectora sobre adultos con sorderas profundas prelocutivas, con diversidad en sus modalidades lingüísticas (algunas de ellas dominan con mayor o menor destreza la lengua oral, otras se comunican preferentemente con lengua de signos).En la primera parte se analizan los procesos implicados en la lectura para, a continuación, concretar qué ocurre con tales procesos en población con sordera. Posteriormente se revisan los métodos y sistemas de uso más común en nuestro entorno para la instrucción de la comprensión lectora. Dado nuestro interés por el uso de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación en procesos de enseñanza/aprendizaje, se incorpora el estudio de la evolución de su aplicación en relación con tales procesos, destacando las bases subyacentes de carácter psicoeducativo; a la vez que se incluye la revisión de utilidades de índole informático relacionadas con el aprendizaje de la lectura.En la segunda parte se presenta un modelo de instrucción aplicable al uso de tecnología de la información y su concreción para el caso de la comprensión en personas con sordera, en un desarrollo informático propio denominado SIMICOLE (Sistema Multimedia de Instrucción de la Comprensión Lectora). Este consta de: a) 57 textos relativos a 10 temas diferentes que incorporan diversas características que pretenden favorecer su comprensión: título, imagen, introducción y apoyo de vocabulario tanto en lengua oral como en lengua de signos española; b) un conjunto de ejercicios de entrenamiento y práctica al finalizar la lectura de cada texto; c) dos ejercicios de producción escrita: un resumen y una inferencia que, mediante Internet son enviados vía telemática a un tutor. A ello se añade, a manejar por el tutor, un sistema de consulta y gestión de los datos del programa, entendiendo como tales su contenido (textos con sus diferentes componentes y ejercicios) y los resultados del trabajo del alumno con el programa: datos que tienen que ver no sólo con su ejecución sino que pueden ayudar a entender la mayoría de incidencias producidas en su interacción con el programa.Con el programa se pretende incidir sobre cuatro de las lagunas más evidentes que dificultan la comprensión lectora en personas con sordera: la falta de conocimientos generales sobre la lengua oral, los escasos conocimientos enciclopédicos relacionados con la temática del texto en particular, la ausencia de conocimientos sobre la organización (estructura) del texto y el débil conocimiento de estrategias para reducir la información semántica, conectarla y relacionarla con la base de conocimientos previos.Para finalizar, se aportan los resultados de la aplicación experimental de este programa en un grupo de estudio conformado por personas adultas sordas y estudiantes sordos de secundaria, sobre el que se demuestra su bondad al lograr mejoras significativas en el desempeño lector de acuerdo con la evaluación previa y posterior a su aplicación. Las conclusiones finales aportan datos de relevancia acerca de componentes adicionales al sistema de instrucción que podrían mejorar la eficacia, incluyendo la enseñanza explícita de estrategias para la selección y reducción de la información contenida en los textos; así como sugerencias de cambio relativas al sistema informático que pretenden contribuir a un incremento en la auto-regulación del aprendizaje por parte del aprendiz.<br>The goal of the thesis is to study the consequences of applying information technologies to the instructional process of reading comprehension in profoundly and prelingually deaf adult people with different linguistic modalities (oral or sign language).The first section analyzes reading processes, and then the specific characteristics of these processes in deaf people are described. Later, the most common methods and systems applied in our context to improve reading comprehension are presented. Following our interest in computer assisted instruction a chapter has been added on the use of information technologies in learning processes, including a revision of existing software for the training of reading.The second section presents an instructional model based on information technology to improve reading comprehension in deaf adults which includes a software tool named SIMICOLE. This software consists of: a) 57 texts about ten different topics with some features addressed to facilitate reading: title, image, introduction and vocabulary support in written and Spanish Sign Language; b) a set of drill and practice exercises for each text to do after the reading and which are automatically evaluated by the computer; c) two production exercises for each text with a summary and an inference question, whose results sent through Internet to a tutor; d) a database system which is available to the tutor for consulting information permanently updated about learners' results and learner-program interaction.The instructional system works in four areas which are especially difficult for deaf people in reading comprehension: lack of oral language knowledge, scarce encyclopaedic knowledge, absence of knowledge on the structure of the texts and weak knowledge of strategies to reduce the semantic information.Finally, results of an experimental application in a group of seven deaf people are presented. The comparison between pre and post test scores shows better performance for all the learners. Although improvement level is different according to previous characteristics: better results are obtained in learners with better previous oral language domain as already expected.Some conclusions about new features and components to add to the training program are also presented at the end. These include explicit teaching of strategies for selection and reduction of the information contained in the texts, as well as suggestions of changes in the computer system SIMICOLE that may contribute to an increase in the learner's self-regulation of the learning process.

The genus Sorbus is an example of a taxonomically complex group (TCG) with diversity derived from hybridisation, polyploidy and apomixis. The focus of this study was to elucidate the evolutionary relationships among nine Sorbus species including endemics of the Devon and north Somerset region of the south west UK, determine main routes of polyploid formation and investigate reproductive sustainability in order to make recommendations for Sorbus conservation. Molecular analysis showed that genetic structure patterns and genotypic diversity support the hypothesis that the study polyploids are a product of rare interspecific hybridisation, of single origins and are maintained through apomictic reproduction. PCoA, Neighbour Joining analysis and parental simulations reveal a reticulated relationship, with diversification the result of hybridisations between sexual diploid Sorbus torminalis and both tetraploid and triploid species. Hybridisation between S. torminalis and tetraploid Sorbus margaretae (subgenus Aria) have likely given rise to the study members of subgenus Tormaria through production of a triploid which has subsequently backcrossed to Sorbus torminalis to form further tetraploids. The discovery of a cryptic hybrid in subgenus Aria also suggests occasional hybridisation events among tetraploids are a possible route for further tetraploid formation These events illustrate key routes of polyploid formation, both illustrating the role of triploids in tetraploid formation via the triploid bridge and the key role in sexual diploids in diversification in Sorbus. Hand pollination experiments showed that self-incompatibility in the triploid species (Sorbus subcuneata) means reliance on congeneric pollen from sympatric tetraploid species for seed production. Reproductive sustainability in this species is severely compromised through spatial isolation from compatible congeners. Our findings are strong support for the development of conservation strategies that aim to safeguard current diversity through actions that increase reproductive sustainability and recruitment opportunities, and promote opportunities for on-going hybridisation for future diversification of Sorbus in this region.

Ce travail a pour objectif de faire le point sur les connaissances concernant Robert de Sorbon. Le cursus scolaire du personnage peut admettre de nouvelles filières par le constat d'une fréquente présence de l'ordre de Prémontré autour du village de Sorbon. La seule date qui soit vraiment assurée est l'année de sa mort en 1274, la tradition de fixer sa naissance en 1201 remontant au XVIIe siècle. La plus grande partie de sa vie reste dans l'ombre jusqu'en 1249. Robert de Sorbon n'est pas d'origine paysanne malgré la remarque de Joinville. L'étude des actes du cartulaire permet de comprendre les méthodes et les personnes soutenant la fondation de la Sorbonne. Celle-ci n'est pas, dans les premiers documents (actes et statuts), décrite comme une institution charitable, mais comme une maison de formation pour Séculiers, répondant aux attentes des chanoines des chapitres du nord du royaume, concurrencés alors par les succès des ordres mendiants au sortir de la polémique universitaire. Les écrits pénitentiels de Robert sont connus depuis plusieurs siècles et un regain d'intérêt récent a multiplié les éditions et surtout des sermons : un premier inventaire de ses écrits était donc nécessaire. On étudie ensuite quelques textes des manuscrits de la collection de l'auteur et une version inédite de son traité le plus connu, le De Conscientia pour repérer les techniques utilisées par Robert de Sorbon, sa langue, ses idées, les exempla utilisés et les liens entre les différentes œuvres. Ainsi, sont mises en évidence les différentes facettes d'une même personnalité qui accompagne la croissance de l'Université parisienne<br>This work aims to gather knowledge concerning Robert de Sorbon. Thus the curriculum of character can admit new ways by finding frequent presence on the order of Premontre around the village of Sorbon. The only guaranteed date is the year of his death in 1274, while the habit of fixing his birth in 1201 did not appear until the seventeenth century. Much of his life is rather obscure until 1249. Robert de Sorbon is defenitly not of peasant origin whatever said Joinville. Studying acts of the cartulary helps to understand the methods used and also to know the people supporting the foundation of the Sorbonne. At the beginning, the domus is not described as a charitable institution but as a formation House for Secular and it links up the expectations of the canons of chapters from the northern kingdom of France, then competed for the success of the mendicant orders after the university polemic. The pentiential writings of Robert are knomn for centuries but a recent surge of interest has multiplied editions of texts and especially sermons : an initial inventory of his works was necessary. We study thereafter some texts of the personal collection of sermons and a manuscript known to contain a new version of its best-known treaty, De Conscientia to understand the techniques used by Robert de Sorbon, language, ideas, exempla used and the links between different works. So, are highlighted the different facets of the same personality during the growth of the parisian University

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2017-01-03T15:55:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 837087 bytes, checksum: 07da18555ecfdc64521a191954584e7e (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-03T15:55:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 837087 bytes, checksum: 07da18555ecfdc64521a191954584e7e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-29<br>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais<br>Visando atender à crescente demanda por bioenergia (bioeletricidade e bioetanol), o setor su- croenergético busca alternativas para ampliar a produção de biomassa por unidade de área. Nesta perspectiva o sorgo [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] é visto como matéria-prima promis- sora, pois trata-se de uma planta C4, de ciclo curto, com grande potencial de produção de bio- massa por unidade de área. Existem diversos tipos agronômicos com elevada produtividade de matéria seca por unidade de área e tempo, como o sorgo biomassa, o sacarino e o forrageiro. Entretanto, acredita-se que o real potencial de uso desta cultura ainda não tenha sido explorado adequadamente no setor bioenergético, devido à falta de conhecimento das características des- tes materiais. Deste modo, objetivou-se com este trabalho realizar uma caracterização do po- tencial produtivo e bioenergético de três grupos agronômicos de sorgo (sorgo biomassa, sorgo sacarino e sorgo forrageiro) em duas épocas de corte. Para isso, realizou-se um experimento inédito, discutido neste trabalho em dois capítulos. Capítulo 1: As cultivares de sorgo foram semeados no campo, sendo avaliados em duas safras consecutivas (safra principal e rebrota). Ao final do ciclo de cada variedade foram realizadas avaliações agronômicas (duração do ciclo, altura de plantas, produção de massa fresca e massa fresca /ha e participação das partes na biomassa total das plantas), estrutural (composição lignocelulósica) e bioenergética (poder ca- lorifico superior) da planta de sorgo, afim de caracterizar a produção de energia potencial (GJ) por unidade de área de cada cultivar e estudar o melhor uso destes matérias no setor bioenergé- tico. Verificou-se que o potencial de produção de massa fresca total é maior na safra para todas as cultivares, e as cultivares BD 7607 e BRS 716 (sorgo biomassa) apresentaram as maiores produções de biomassa, 110 e 108 t/ha respectivamente. A produtividade das cultivares na re- brota foi pouco significativa devido às condições climáticas desfavoráveis. Foi verificado tam- bém que o poder calorifico superior foi maior nas folhas para todas as cultivares em relação aos outros componentes das plantas e que as cultivares que apresentaram maior produção de massa seca/ha, pertencentes ao grupo do sorgo biomassa (BD 7607 e BRS 716), consequentemente também apresentaram maior produção de energia/ha. No segundo capítulo, foi avaliado a pro- dução quantitativa e qualitativa dos açúcares produzidos no colmo apenas das cultivares per- tencentes ao grupo do sorgo sacarino, em duas épocas de corte (safra principal e rebrota). Para isto foi realizada a extração do caldo e posteriormente foi determinado o teor de açúcares totais (sacarose, glicose e frutose) em cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC). Foi verificado que a quantidade de açúcares (açúcares totais) produzidos não varia em função dos ciclos, po- rém a taxa de extração diminui na rebrota o que pode resultar em menores rendimentos indus- triais por tonelada de matéria-prima processada. Também, observou-se que a qualidade dos açúcares varia de acordo com a cultivar e estádio de desenvolvimento da planta. Conclui-se que a quantidade de energia produzida por cada tipo de sorgo é diretamente influenciada pelo seu desempenho agronômico e pela composição estrutural. A composição quantitativa e qualitativa dos açúcares presentes no caldo das cultivares de sorgo sacarino variam em função da época de corte e da cultivar.<br>To meet the growing demand for bio-energy (bioelectricity and bioethanol), the sugarcane in- dustry seeks alternatives to expand production of biomass per unit area. In this perspective sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is seen as a promising raw material, because it is a C4 plant, short cycle, with great potential for biomass production per unit area. There are several types with high agronomic yield of dry matter per unit area and time such as sorghum biomass, saccharine and forage. However, it is believed that the actual potential use of this culture has not yet been properly exploited in bioenergy industry, due to lack of knowledge of the charac- teristics of these materials. Thus, the aim of this study was to perform a characterization of productive and bioenergetic potential of three agronomic groups of sorghum (sorghum biomass sorghum and forage sorghum) at two cutting times. For this, there was an unprecedented expe- riment discussed in this paper in two chapters. Chapter 1: The sorghum cultivars were planted in the field, being evaluated in two consecutive crops (main crop and regrowth). At the end of the cycle of each variety were carried out agronomic evaluations (cycle length, plant height, fresh pasta production and fresh weight / ha and participation of the parties in the total biomass of plants), structural (lignocellulosic composition) and bioenergetics (calorific top) of the sorghum plant, in order to characterize the potential energy (GJ) per unit area of each cultivar and study the best use of these materials in the bioenergy sector. It was found that the total fresh mass production potential is higher in yield for all cultivars, and cultivars BD 7607 and BRS 716 (sorghum biomass) had the highest biomass production, 110 and 108 t/ha respectively. The grain yields in regrowth was negligible due to unfavorable weather conditions. It was also found that the higher calorific value was higher in the leaves for all cultivars in relation to other com- ponents of plants and cultivars that showed higher dry matter yield/ha, belonging to the sorghum biomass group (BD 7607 and BRS 716) consequently also showed higher energy /ha. In the second chapter, it was assessed the quantitative and qualitative production of sugar pro- duced in the stem only from cultivars belonging to the sorghum group in two harvest periods (main crop and regrowth). To this was done extracting the broth and was subsequently given the total sugar content (sucrose, glucose and fructose) in high-performance liquid chromatogra- phy (HPLC). It was found that the amount of sugar (total sugars) produced does not vary as a function of cycles, but the extraction rate decreases the regrowth which may result in lower yields industrial per ton of feedstock processed. Also, it was observed that the quality of sugars varies with the cultivar and plant development stage. It follows that the amount of energy pro- duced by each type of sorghum is directly influenced by agronomic performance and structural composition. The quantitative and qualitative composition of sugars in the juice of sweet sorghum cultivars vary depending on cutting time and cultivar.

Micropropagation was investigated in order to develop protocols for rapid mass production of shoots ofSorbus aucuparia and Alnus glutinosa. Removal of apical dominance either physically by pruning the plantlets or chemically by using anti-auxins TIB A (2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid) and NPA (1-naphthylphthalamic acid) was investigated. There was a 6-fold increase in the number of rooting-ready shoots of S. aucuparia produced by the pruning of plantlets grown in vitro. A. glutinosa however, needed more drastic measures to remove apical dominance and block the endogenous auxin transport. Incorporation of TIBA (3 μm) in the medium produced an initial 8- fold increase in the number of shoots. However, repeated subculture of shoots of Alnus on TIBA containing medium proved detrimental to shoot multiplication. There was 100% rooting of shoots of S. aucuparia on agar solidified medium. The auxin: cytokinin ratio of the multiplication medium played an important role in the rooting ability of shoots. A. glutinosa also had 100% rooting on agar solidified medium. Plants were acclimatised in Baumgartner vessels before transferring to soil. There was 100% rooting and survival of the shoots of A. glutinosa both after transfer to Baumgartner vessels and subsequent transfer to soil. In S. aucuparia the survival rates in Baumgartner vessels was 70% and after transfer to soil was 65%. Direct somatic embryogenesis from zygotic tissue of both S. aucuparia and A. glutinosa was achieved. Embryos of S. aucuparia were produced on medium containing MS salts and vitamins supplemented with 1 μM BAP, 1 μM kinetin, 0.5 μM NAA, 250 mg/L L-glutamine and 500 mg/L casein hydrolysate. A. glutinosa embryos were obtained on medium containing salts and vitamins of Driver and Kuniyuki (1984) supplemented with 3 μM BAP. No auxin was required. Adventitous shoot regeneration from leaves of S.aucuparia was also achieved at a frequency of 40% on medium containing MS salts and vitamins supplemented with 10 μM TDZ and 1 μM NAA. A method for chromosome doubling of S. aucuparia using 15 uM pronamide to treat shoot tips immersed in a semi-solid medium was developed. After 14 days of treatment, 86.5% treated shoots survived and there was 44.5% chromosome doubling of the survivors. The tetraploid shoot had a higher rate of multiplication than the diploid shoots. The involvement of extracellular proteins in direct somatic embryogenesis of Prunus 'Colt' was studied. Changes in the expression of proteins were observed from the first day of transferring the tissue to embryo induction medium. Most changes were seen on the days 28 and 35 when the embryos became visible.

Um die Erhaltung und Nutzung der beiden gefährdeten, hochwertigen Baumarten Pyrus pyraster und Sorbus torminalis zu fördern, wurden Methoden der in vitro Kultur und der Kryokonservierung evaluiert und optimiert. Kryokonservierung von Sorbus torminalis wird erstmalig beschrieben. Als Explantatquellen dienten Winterknospen, überwiegend von selektierten Bäumen aus Nachkommenschaftsprüfungen. Von den geprüften Faktoren Nährmedienzusammensetzung, Kulturgefäß, Schneidetechnik, Temperatur, Pikiertermin und physiologischer Zustand der Explantate erwies sich letzterer als entscheidend. Die Reiser mit den Winterknospen wurden in zwei aufeinander folgenden Jahren im November, Dezember, Januar, Februar und März geerntet und sowohl direkt als auch nach 2-monatiger Lagerung bei +5°C bearbeitet. Bei Pyrus führte Ernte im März zu den besten Ergebnissen der in vitro Kultur. Die besten Ergebnisse der Kryokonservierung wurden von Ernten im November bis Januar erzielt. Bei Sorbus differierten die Ergebnisse der in vitro Kultur zwischen den Jahren so stark, dass keine Aussage möglich war. Bei der Kryokonservierung waren die Erntetermine Dezember und Januar erfolgreich. Zur Kryokonservierung von in vitro Material wurden die Alginat-Einkapselung und die Droplet-Technik geprüft. Mit Pyrus wurden mit der Droplet-Technik Vitalitätsraten zwischen 7 und 13% erzielt, wenn eine bisher unveröffentlichte Kombination von Vorbehandlungen und PVS2-Vitrifizierung eingesetzt wurden. Die Kryokonservierung wirkte sich im Vergleich weder positiv noch negativ auf Wachstum und Entwicklung aus. Die Diskrepanz zwischen der Nutzung der tiefen Dormanz der Knospen und des damit verbundenen natürlichen Frostschutzes für die Kryokonservierung einerseits und der Vermeidung von tiefer Dormanz bei Etablierung von in vitro Kulturen wegen der damit verbundenen Wachstumshemmung andererseits wird diskutiert.<br>To facilitate conservation and utilization of the endangered valuable tree species Pyrus pyraster and Sorbus torminalis methods of in vitro culture and cryopreservation were evaluated and optimized. Cryopreservation of Sorbus torminalis is described for the first time. The explant sources were dormant winter buds, mainly from selected trees from progeny trials. The evaluation of media composition, culture vessel, cutting technique, date of pricking and physiological state proved the latter to be crucial. Twigs with winter buds were harvested in two subsequent years in November, December, January, February and March and were processed immediately and after two months of storage at +5°C. With Pyrus, the best results in in vitro culture were obtained after harvest in March while for cryopreservation harvest in November to January proved to be best. With Sorbus, the results in in vitro culture differed between the years and no conclusion could be drawn. Cryopreservation was successful after harvest in December and January. Encapsulation in alginate and the droplet-technique were evaluated for the cryopreservation of in vitro material. Vitality rates of 7 to 13% were achieved with Pyrus using the droplet-technique with a combination of pre-treatments and PVS2-vitrification not published so far. In comparison, cryopreservation was of neither positive nor negative influence on growth and development. The discrepancy between deep dormancy of buds being useful for cryopreservation because of its natural frost protection and the need to avoid it because it impedes in vitro culture is discussed.

El presente estudio se centró en la necesidad de mejorar los resultados obtenidos en el Programa de Intervención Temprana del Colegio “Fernando Wiese Eslava” – CPAL, a nivel de los recursos comunicativos y lenguaje oral de niños menores de 3 años. A partir de esta idea, surge la necesidad del trabajo más activo y organizado con padres, desde la perspectiva de la terapia centrada en la familia que favorece la competencia comunicativa en este caso del niño con sordera. En tal sentido, el enfoque de asesoría a padres del Centro Hanen, plasmado en su obra “Usted Hace la Diferencia”, permitió estructurar los módulos de trabajo con padres en tres dimensiones: Aceptar la iniciativa de comunicación del niño, Adaptar el momento para compartir con su niño y Agregar lenguaje a la interacción para lograr potencializar las habilidades comunicativas de padres de niños sordos. En tal sentido, se elaboró un Cuestionario de Habilidades Comunicativas para Padres que fue sometido a criterio de jueces para la validez y confiabilidad estadística necesaria, ello permitió evaluar la efectividad del Programa “Aprendamos Juntos”. El análisis comparativo del pre – post test arrojó un índice de confiabilidad alto y se apreció el cambio significativo en las tres dimensiones trabajadas. Los padres manifestaron un mejor uso de las estrategias de interacción como: observar, esperar, escuchar, interpretar y aplicar la técnica de modelado – imitación. No obstante, los padres requieren de un mayor soporte en el manejo de estrategias de estimulación de lenguaje como: describir acciones, usar la imaginación, brindar explicaciones y hablar sobre el futuro.<br>This study focused on the need to improve the results of the Early Intervention Program of the School "Fernando Wiese Eslava" - CPAL, at the communication resources and level of spoken language the children under 3 years old. From this idea, the need of more active and organized work with parents, from the perspective of family-centered therapy that promotes communicative competence in this case the child with deafness. In this sense, the approach of the Hanen Parent Counseling Center, embodied in his " You Make the Difference" allowed structuring modules work with parents in three dimensions: Accept the child's communication initiative , Adapt the time to share with Add your child's language and interaction. Questionnaire for Communication Skills for Parents underwent criterion for judging the validity and reliability statistics needed to be applied before and after the implementation of "Learning Together" program for effectiveness was developed. Comparative analysis of pre - post test showed a high rate of reliability and significant change was observed in all three dimensions. Parents showed a better use of interaction strategies as: watch, wait, listen, interpret and modeling - imitation. However, parents require greater support in managing language stimulation strategies as describe actions, use your imagination, provide explanations and talk about the future.<br>Tesis