Artículos de revistas: "Solar cells manufacturing"

1

Bonnet, Dieter. "Manufacturing of CSS CdTe solar cells". Thin Solid Films 361-362 (febrero de 2000): 547–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6090(99)00831-7.

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2

Nijs, J. F., J. Szlufcik, J. Poortmans, S. Sivoththaman y R. P. Mertens. "Advanced manufacturing concepts for crystalline silicon solar cells". IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 46, n.º 10 (1999): 1948–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/16.791983.

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3

Winkless, Laurie. "Breakthrough in rapid manufacturing of perovskite solar cells". Materials Today 33 (marzo de 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2020.01.016.

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4

Song, Xiangbo, Xu Ji, Ming Li, Weidong Lin, Xi Luo y Hua Zhang. "A Review on Development Prospect of CZTS Based Thin Film Solar Cells". International Journal of Photoenergy 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/613173.

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Cu2ZnSnS4is considered as the ideal absorption layer material in next generation thin film solar cells due to the abundant component elements in the crust being nontoxic and environmentally friendly. This paper summerized the development situation of Cu2ZnSnS4thin film solar cells and the manufacturing technologies, as well as problems in the manufacturing process. The difficulties for the raw material’s preparation, the manufacturing process, and the manufacturing equipment were illustrated and discussed. At last, the development prospect of Cu2ZnSnS4thin film solar cells was commented.

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5

HASAN, Md Kamrul y Katsuhiko SASAKI. "301 Thermal Deformation Analysis of Solar Cells Considering Thermal Profiles of both Manufacturing and Working Processes". Proceedings of the Materials and processing conference 2013.21 (2013): _301–1_—_301–5_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemp.2013.21._301-1_.

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6

Watson, Brian L., Nicholas Rolston, Adam D. Printz y Reinhold H. Dauskardt. "Scaffold-reinforced perovskite compound solar cells". Energy & Environmental Science 10, n.º 12 (2017): 2500–2508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ee02185b.

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The relative insensitivity of the optoelectronic properties of organometal trihalide perovskites to crystallographic defects and impurities has enabled fabrication of highly-efficient perovskite solar cells by scalable solution-state deposition techniques well suited to low-cost manufacturing.

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7

Han, Ming Yu, Yu Dong Feng, Yi Wang, Zhi Min Wang, Hu Wang, Kai Zhao, Xiao Mei Su, Miao Yang y Xue Lei Li. "Development of Manufacturing CIGS Thin Film Solar Cells Deposited on Polyimide". Applied Mechanics and Materials 700 (diciembre de 2014): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.700.161.

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CIGS thin film solar cells on polyimide substrate was a significant developmental direction of solar cells and fabricating high quality CIGS thin film in low temperature was its pivotal technology. The development of manufacturing the CIGS thin film solar cells on polyimide substrate in low temperature was described. The specific principle, manufacturing technique and application prospect were also involved. The problem should be solved in the future progress of CIGS thin film on polyimide substrate was illustrated.

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8

Kim, Sangmo, Van Quy Hoang y Chung Wung Bark. "Silicon-Based Technologies for Flexible Photovoltaic (PV) Devices: From Basic Mechanism to Manufacturing Technologies". Nanomaterials 11, n.º 11 (3 de noviembre de 2021): 2944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11112944.

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Over the past few decades, silicon-based solar cells have been used in the photovoltaic (PV) industry because of the abundance of silicon material and the mature fabrication process. However, as more electrical devices with wearable and portable functions are required, silicon-based PV solar cells have been developed to create solar cells that are flexible, lightweight, and thin. Unlike flexible PV systems (inorganic and organic), the drawbacks of silicon-based solar cells are that they are difficult to fabricate as flexible solar cells. However, new technologies have emerged for flexible solar cells with silicon. In this paper, we describe the basic energy-conversion mechanism from light and introduce various silicon-based manufacturing technologies for flexible solar cells. In addition, for high energy-conversion efficiency, we deal with various technologies (process, structure, and materials).

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9

Kalowekamo, Joseph y Erin Baker. "Estimating the manufacturing cost of purely organic solar cells". Solar Energy 83, n.º 8 (agosto de 2009): 1224–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2009.02.003.

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10

Fath, P., H. Nussbaumer y R. Burkhardt. "Industrial manufacturing of semitransparent crystalline silicon POWER solar cells". Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 74, n.º 1-4 (octubre de 2002): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-0248(02)00056-9.

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Petzold, Sean, Chuan Wang, Abdullah Khazaal y Tim Osswald. "Conjugated Polymer Photovoltaic Solar Cells: Manufacturing and Increasing Performance". Plastics Engineering 66, n.º 6 (junio de 2010): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1941-9635.2010.tb00589.x.

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12

Friend, Richard H., Felix Deschler, Luis M. Pazos-Outón, Mojtaba Abdi-Jalebi y Mejd Alsari. "Back-Contact Perovskite Solar Cells". Scientific Video Protocols 1, n.º 1 (12 de marzo de 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32386/scivpro.000005.

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Interdigitated back-contact (IBC) architectures are the best performing technology in crystalline Si (c-Si) photovoltaics (PV). Although single junction perovskite solar cells have now surpassed 23% efficiency, most of the research has mainly focussed on planar and mesostructured architectures. The number of studies involving IBC devices is still limited and the proposed architectures are unfeasible for large scale manufacturing. Here we discuss the importance of IBC solar cells as a powerful tool for investigating the fundamental working mechanisms of perovskite materials. We show a detailed fabrication protocol for IBC perovskite devices that does not involve photolithography and metal evaporation. The interview is available at https://youtu.be/nvuNC29TvOY.

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13

Karuppusamy, P. "An Overview of the Solar Cell Technology and its Future Challenges". Journal of Electrical Engineering and Automation 4, n.º 2 (1 de julio de 2022): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jeea.2022.2.002.

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Despite the fact that the electronics of the solar cell are progressing, the material and manufacturing aspects of the solar cells are seeing a significant increase. Maximum power point tracking methods based on artificial intelligence are the future of solar-based circuits. First- and second-generation solar cells are reviewed in this article by looking at the materials on which these technologies are built. Solar panel technologies are also examined from the manufacturing perspective. Furthermore, this article describes the efficiencies and limits of several newer solar cell technologies in the current and future. There has been much advancement in solar cell technology over the last several decades. Incredibly, they are more efficient than conventional solar cells. Moreover, this study analyses the performance and problems of various kinds and generations of solar cells.

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14

Basu, Amiyo K. "The Solar Explosion". Mechanical Engineering 142, n.º 10 (1 de octubre de 2020): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2020-oct3.

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Abstract There were two breakthroughs that led to a veritable revolution in photovoltaic prices. The commonly told story is that China started manufacturing lower-quality panels and dumped them on the world market at prices near (or even below) the cost of production. The truth is more complicated. Chinese manufacturing at scale played a part, but so did German industrial policy and a focus on improving the complete power system, not just the PV cells.

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15

Zhu, Rui, Zhongwei Zhang y Yulong Li. "Advanced materials for flexible solar cell applications". Nanotechnology Reviews 8, n.º 1 (18 de diciembre de 2019): 452–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2019-0040.

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Abstract The solar power is one of the most promising renewable energy resources, but the high cost and complicated preparation technology of solar cells become the bottleneck of the wide application in many fields. The most important parameter for solar cells is the conversion efficiency, while at the same time more efficient preparation technologies and flexible structures should also be taken under significant consideration [1]. Especially with the rapid development of wearable devices, people are looking forward to the applications of solar cell technology in various areas of life. In this article the flexible solar cells, which have gained increasing attention in the field of flexibility in recent years, are introduced. The latest progress in flexible solar cells materials and manufacturing technologies is overviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of different manufacturing processes are systematically discussed.

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16

Gupta, N., G. F. Alapatt, R. Podila, R. Singh y K. F. Poole. "Prospects of Nanostructure-Based Solar Cells for Manufacturing Future Generations of Photovoltaic Modules". International Journal of Photoenergy 2009 (2009): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/154059.

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We present a comprehensive review on prospects for one-, two-, or three-dimensional nanostructure-based solar cells for manufacturing the future generation of photovoltaic (PV) modules. Reducing heat dissipation and utilizing the unabsorbed part of the solar spectrum are the key driving forces for the development of nanostructure-based solar cells. Unrealistic assumptions involved in theoretical work and the tendency of stretching observed experimental results are the primary reasons why quantum phenomena-based nanostructures solar cells are unlikely to play a significant role in the manufacturing of future generations of PV modules. Similar to the invention of phase shift masks (to beat the conventional diffraction limit of optical lithography) clever design concepts need to be invented to take advantage of quantum-based nanostructures. Silicon-based PV manufacturing will continue to provide sustained growth of the PV industry.

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17

Green, Martin A. "Silicon solar cells: state of the art". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 371, n.º 1996 (13 de agosto de 2013): 20110413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0413.

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The vast majority of photovoltaic (PV) solar cells produced to date have been based on silicon wafers, with this dominance likely to continue well into the future. The surge in manufacturing volume over the last decade has resulted in greatly decreased costs. Multiple companies are now well below the US$1 W −1 module manufacturing cost benchmark that was once regarded as the lowest possible with this technology. Despite these huge cost reductions, there is obvious scope for much more, as the polysilicon source material becomes more competitively priced, the new ‘quasi-mono’ and related controlled crystallization directional solidification processes are brought fully online, the sizes of ingot produced this way increase, wafer slicing switches to much quicker diamond impregnated approaches and cell conversion efficiencies increase towards the 25 per cent level. This makes the US Government's ‘SunShot’ target of US$1 W −1 installed system cost by 2020 very achievable with silicon PVs. Paths to lower cost beyond this point are also explored.

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Mehta, Vishal R., Bhushan L. Sopori y Nuggehalli M. Ravindra. "Screen printed contacts for crystalline silicon solar cells -an overview". Emerging Materials Research 11, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jemmr.22.00021.

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Over the years, the photovoltaic market, worldwide, has been witnessing double digit growth rate. The silicon solar cell manufacturing technology has evolved to optimally utilize raw materials to address this growth. One of the ways in which manufacturers are addressing the challenge is by increasing the cell size and making thinner wafers. With this change in parameters, understanding the metal contact formation in solar cells becomes paramount to improve their efficiency. Screen printing is a widely used method to form metal contacts on solar cells and is ideally suited for large volume manufacturing. This paper presents a review of the: (i) role of screen printing in various solar cell architectures, and (ii) existing models for current conduction and contact formation mechanisms. An alternate approach to current conduction and contact formation mechanism in silicon solar cells is proposed.

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19

Tripathi, S. K., Sheenam Sachdeva, Kriti Sharma y Jagdish Kaur. "Progress in Plasmonic Enhanced Bulk Heterojunction Organic/Polymer Solar Cells". Solid State Phenomena 222 (noviembre de 2014): 117–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.222.117.

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To reduce the cost of solar electricity, there is an enormous potential of thin-film photovoltaic technologies. An approach for lowering the manufacturing costs of solar cells is to use organic (polymer) materials that can be processed under less demanding conditions. Organic/polymer solar cells have many intrinsic advantages, such as their light weight, flexibility, and low material and manufacturing costs. But reduced thickness comes at the expense of performance. However, thin photoactive layers are widely used, but light-trapping strategies, due to the embedding of plasmonic metallic nanoparticles have been shown to be beneficial for a better optical absorption in polymer solar cells. This article reviews the different plasmonic effects occurring due to the incorporation of metallic nanoparticles in the polymer solar cell. It is shown that a careful choice of size, concentration and location of plasmonic metallic nanoparticles in the device result in an enhancement of the power conversion efficiencies, when compared to standard organic solar cell devices.Contents of Paper

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20

Rendon, Sabine. "Solar Cells Based on Light-absorbing Dyes and Perovskites". Lumat: International Journal of Math, Science and Technology Education 2, n.º 2 (30 de octubre de 2014): 131–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31129/lumat.v2i2.1062.

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The first solar cell was invented nearly two centuries ago, but during the recent years the progress has been rapid. In addition to the well known silicon soler cells, there is now a large number of other solar cells. These solar cells have many interesting properties, such as the the color, design and manufacturing processes. This paper discusses the solar cells based on light-absorbing dyes and perovskites.

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21

Roy, Arnab Nilanjan y Amruth V S. "Review on Implementation of Dye-sensitised Solar Cells (DSSC)". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, n.º 6 (30 de junio de 2022): 4147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.44870.

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Abstract: Solar cells give better power conversion efficiency (PCE) compared to conventional solar cells made of Silicon in terms of low materials and manufacturing costs. Materials required for the manufacturing of DSSCs such as titanium oxide are inexpensive, abundant and environmentally friendly. DSSC materials are contamination resistant and processable at room temperature, a roll-to-roll process can be used to print DSSCs in a mass production facility. DSSCs have been found to perform better under low light conditions and so they are a great choice for indoor applications, especially in powering of low powered objects such as IoT devices. A lot of work has also been done to make coloured and semi-transparent thin film DSSCs to use indoors and in window modules and enhance their aesthetic values. This review is a report about some selected works done in manufacturing of DSSCs, especially the transparent cells and their integration in buildings, both outdoors and indoor [1].

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22

Saitov, E. B. "Technology of manufacturing solar cells with clusters of Ni atoms". Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research (AJMR) 8, n.º 3 (2019): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2278-4853.2019.00125.3.

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23

Mufti, Nandang, Tahta Amrillah, Ahmad Taufiq, Sunaryono, Aripriharta, Markus Diantoro, Zulhadjri y Hadi Nur. "Review of CIGS-based solar cells manufacturing by structural engineering". Solar Energy 207 (septiembre de 2020): 1146–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.07.065.

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24

Cacciato, Antonio, Filip Duerinckx, Kasper Baert, Matthieu Moors, Tom Caremans, Guido Leys, Koen De Keersmaecker y Jozef Szlufcik. "Investigating manufacturing options for industrial PERL-type Si solar cells". Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 113 (junio de 2013): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2013.02.012.

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25

Schmidt, W., B. Woesten y J. P. Kalejs. "Manufacturing technology for ribbon silicon (EFG) wafers and solar cells". Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 10, n.º 2 (2002): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pip.411.

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26

Sun, Chongyi. "Recent Progress and state-of art applications of Perovskite Solar Cells". Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 5 (7 de julio de 2022): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v5i.735.

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Contemporarily, perovskite solar cells have become one of the hot topics among new energy. Currently, the highest photovoltaic conversion efficiency of perovskite tandem cells has reached 29.8%. Compared with silicon-based solar cells, which currently occupy most of the market share, they have a wider absorption band gap, and lower manufacturing cost and simpler manufacturing process, making them a strong candidate to replace silicon-based cells in the future. However, the commercialization of it is still hampered by its poor stability. This paper reviewed the state-of-art results from literatures, including the selection of materials for transport layers and the performance of different types, and summarize the limitations from the perspective of the working principle the cells. Finally, the current status of perovskite solar cells is summarized and the outlooks are put forward. These results offer suggestions for further studies focusing on perovskite solar cells.

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Dutta, P., M. Rathi, D. Khatiwada, S. Sun, Y. Yao, B. Yu, S. Reed et al. "Flexible GaAs solar cells on roll-to-roll processed epitaxial Ge films on metal foils: a route towards low-cost and high-performance III–V photovoltaics". Energy & Environmental Science 12, n.º 2 (2019): 756–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ee02553c.

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28

Lu, Sihan, Jihui Xie, Xielin Yang y Guanlin Zeng. "Development status of inverted perovskite solar cells". Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 27 (27 de diciembre de 2022): 470–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v27i.3803.

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While the population has exploded, the world's energy demand has also risen exponentially. Energy pollution is also very severe. Therefore, it is urgent to increase the utilization of renewable new energy. Solar power has the greatest potential in the new energy sources. One kind of solar cell is the inverted perovskite solar cell (I-PSC). It has the advantages of simple device structure, high absorption coefficient, small hysteresis effect, and good defect tolerance. In this paper, the effects of electron transfer, hole transportation and manufacturing technology on the appearance of inverted perovskite-type solar cells are discussed, also the foreground of their commercialization is presented. It is believed these processes are a small step for ameliorating the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of these devices.

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29

Islam, Md Shafiqul, Md Rakibul Hasan, Fariba Mohammadi, Antara Majumdar y Ali Ahmad. "MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES OF LOW-COST SI-BASED CRYSTALLINE TYPE SOLAR CELL IN BANGLADESH". Journal of Mechanical Engineering 42, n.º 1 (29 de julio de 2013): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jme.v42i1.15934.

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In todays world with the increasing population, the world's energy needs are growing steadily andthe crisis for power is also increasing. All the conventional sources of energy like gas, coal, oil etc are limited.In this situation, the need for establishing a renewable energy source as an alternative energy generation systemhas become very important for sustainable energy security of the country. Among various renewable energysources, solar energy comprises a large portion. The solar energy captivated by Earths atmosphere, oceansand land is about 385000 EJ[1]. But only less than 1% of useful energy comes from solar power [2]. Thisstatistics shows that, the sun shine produces 35000 times more power on earth than the daily power productionusing solar energy. Thus the earth receives more energy from the sun in just one hour than the world uses in awhole year.[3] The conversion of sunlight into electricity using solar cells system (10-14%) is worthwhile way ofproducing this alternative energy. Bangladesh receives strong sunshine throughout the whole year (3.8-6.42Kw-hr/m2) and it has been found that the average sunshine hours are 6.69, 6.16 and 4.81in winter, summer andmonsoon, respectively.[4] Bangladesh is also adopting means to use solar energy day by day. Many privateCompanies in Bangladesh import solar panels from abroad and sell them into the country. The approximatecost for importing readymade panels varies from 90-98 BDT per Wp. There are some companies which importsolar cells from foreign countries and assemble them into panels. The average cost for importing cells isapproximately 41-57 BDT per Wp. The cost of assembled panels from imported cells is approximately 78-84BDT per Wp. From the analysis it is found that, the cost of a locally produced PV panel is 10 percent lower thanimported ones [5] because of 60% cost incurs for producing cells from raw materials. Although solar panels arebeing produced in Bangladesh, till now solar cells have not been fabricated yet. In Bangladesh for the first timeBangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC) is going to set up a laboratory to fabricate crystalline solarcells. It is anticipated that producing cells from raw materials locally and then assembling them into PV panelswill reduce the cost almost 30%. This paper explores how fabricating crystalline solar cells locally isanticipated to reduce cost of solar panels. If the cost effective technology could be made familiar in Bangladeshthen it would help in solving our power crisis in a great deal.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jme.v42i1.15934

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Bonnet, Dieter y Peter Meyers. "Cadmium-telluride—Material for thin film solar cells". Journal of Materials Research 13, n.º 10 (octubre de 1998): 2740–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1998.0376.

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Due to its basic optical, electronic, and chemical properties, CdTe can become the base material for high-efficiency, low-cost thin film solar cells using robust, high-throughput manufacturing techniques. CdTe films suited for photovoltaic energy conversion have been produced by nine different processes. Using n-type CdS as a window-partner, solar cells of up to 16% efficiency have been made in the laboratory. Presently five industrial enterprises are striving to master low cost production processes and integrated modules have been delivered in sizes up to 60 × 120 cm2, showing efficiencies up to 9%. Stability, health, and environmental issues will not limit the commercial potential of the final product. The technology shows high promise for achieving cost levels of $0.5/Wp at 15% efficiency. In order to achieve this goal, scientists will have to develop a more detailed understanding of defect chemistry and device operation of cells, and engineers will have to develop methods for high-throughput manufacturing.

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31

Collares-Pereira, M. y J. M. Gordon. "Amorphous Silicon Photovoltaic Solar Cells—Inexpensive, High-Yield Optical Designs". Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 111, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 1989): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268295.

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We propose a new method for manufacturing and deploying amorphous silicon solar cells which is based on creating an effectively “bifacial” photovoltaic device by utilizing part of the glazing of a CPC-type nonimaging concentrator as active absorber. This solar collector could enhance the yearly energy delivery of amorphous silicon solar cells by about 100 percent if the cells are manufactured so as to exploit illumination on both cells sides.

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32

Bourdoucen, Hadj, Joseph A. Jervase, Abdullah Al-Badi, Adel Gastli y Arif Malik. "Photovoltaic Cells and Systems: Current State and Future Trends". Sultan Qaboos University Journal for Science [SQUJS] 5 (1 de diciembre de 2000): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/squjs.vol5iss0pp185-207.

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Photovoltaics is the process of converting solar energy into electrical energy. Any photovoltaic system invariably consists of solar cell arrays and electric power conditioners. Photovoltaic systems are reliable, quiet, safe and both environmentally benign and self-sustaining. In addition, they are cost-effective for applications in remote areas. This paper presents a review of solar system components and integration, manufacturing, applications, and basic research related to photovoltaics. Photovoltaic applications in Oman are also presented. Finally, the existing and the future trends in technologies and materials used for the fabrication of solar cells are summarized.

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33

Alapatt, G. F., R. Singh y K. F. Poole. "Fundamental Issues in Manufacturing Photovoltaic Modules Beyond the Current Generation of Materials". Advances in OptoElectronics 2012 (12 de enero de 2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/782150.

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Many methods to improve the solar cell’s efficiency beyond current generation of bulk and thin film of photovoltaic (PV) devices have been reported during the last five decades. Concepts such as multiple exciton generations (MEG), carrier multiplication (CM), hot carrier extraction, and intermediate band solar cells have fundamental flaws, and there is no experimental evidence of fabricating practical higher efficiency solar cells based on the proposed concepts. To take advantages of quantum features of nanostructures for higher performance PV devices, self-assembly-based bottom-up processing techniques are not suitable for manufacturing due to inherent problems of variability, defects, reliability, and yield. For processing nanostructures, new techniques need to be invented with the features of critical dimensional control, structural homogeneity, and lower cost of ownership as compared to the processing tools used in current generations of bulk and thin-film solar cells.

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Kalyuzhnyy, N. A., V. V. Evstropov, V. M. Lantratov, S. A. Mintairov, M. A. Mintairov, A. S. Gudovskikh, A. Luque y V. M. Andreev. "Characterization of the Manufacturing Processes to Grow Triple-Junction Solar Cells". International Journal of Photoenergy 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/836284.

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A number of important but little-investigated problems connected with III-V/Ge heterostructure in the GaInP/GaInAs/Ge multijunction solar cells grown by MOVPE are considered in the paper. The opportunity for successfully applying the combination of reflectance and reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy in situ methods for investigating III-V structure growth on a Ge substrate has been demonstrated. Photovoltaic properties of the III-V/Ge narrow-band subcell of the triple-junction solar cells have been investigated. It has been shown that there are excess currents in the Ge photovoltaic p-n junctions, and they have the tunneling or thermotunneling character. The values of the diode parameters for these current flow mechanisms have been determined. The potential barrier at the III-V/Ge interface was determined and the origin of this barrier formation during MOVPE heterogrowth was suggested.

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35

Mehmood, Umer, Saleem-ur Rahman, Khalil Harrabi, Ibnelwaleed A. Hussein y B. V. S. Reddy. "Recent Advances in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells". Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/974782.

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Solar energy is an abundant and accessible source of renewable energy available on earth, and many types of photovoltaic (PV) devices like organic, inorganic, and hybrid cells have been developed to harness the energy. PV cells directly convert solar radiation into electricity without affecting the environment. Although silicon based solar cells (inorganic cells) are widely used because of their high efficiency, they are rigid and manufacturing costs are high. Researchers have focused on organic solar cells to overcome these disadvantages. DSSCs comprise a sensitized semiconductor (photoelectrode) and a catalytic electrode (counter electrode) with an electrolyte sandwiched between them and their efficiency depends on many factors. The maximum electrical conversion efficiency of DSSCs attained so far is 11.1%, which is still low for commercial applications. This review examines the working principle, factors affecting the efficiency, and key challenges facing DSSCs.

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36

Wrobel, Edyta, Piotr Kowalik y Janusz Mazurkiewicz. "Selective metallization of solar cells". Microelectronics International 32, n.º 1 (5 de enero de 2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mi-05-2014-0020.

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Purpose – This paper aims to present the possibility of the technology of chemical metallization for the production of contact of photovoltaic cells. The developed technology allows you to perform low-cost contacts in any form. Design/methodology/approach – The study used a multi- and monocrystalline silicon plates. On the surface of the plates, the contact by the electroless metallization was made. After metallization stage, annealing process in a temperature range of 100-700°C was conducted to obtain ohmic contact in a semiconductor material. Subsequently, the electrical parameters of obtained structures were measured. Therefore, trial soldering was made, which demonstrated that the layer is fully soldered. Findings – Optimal parameters of the metallization bath was specified. The equations RS = f (metallization time), RS = f (temperature of annealing) and C-V characteristics were determined. As a result of conducted research, it has been stated that the most appropriate way leading to the production of soldered metal layers with good adhesion to the portion of selectively activated silicon plate is technology presented below in the following steps: masking, selective activation and nickel-plating of activated plate. Such obtained metal layers have great variety in application and, in particular, can be used for the preparation of electric terminals in silicon solar cell. Originality/value – The paper presents a new, unpublished method of manufacturing contacts in the structure of the photovoltaic cell.

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Mehmood, Rashid, Muhammad Adnan, Muhammad Waseem Imtiaz, Muhammad Shahid, Muddassar Mehboob, Anam Shareef, Atifa Irshad, Shahid Iqbal y Zain Ul Abideen. "Mechanism and Role of Nanotechnology in Photovoltaic Cells and Applications in Different Industrial Sectors". Scholars Bulletin 8, n.º 10 (20 de noviembre de 2022): 288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sb.2022.v08i10.001.

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Nanotechnology is widely used for the manufacturing of photovoltaic (PV) solar cells. Applications of solar technology are based in two forms; lithium-ion and lead-acid. These cells and batteries have the capacity to store a large amount of energy longer than other ordinary batteries. The mechanism for manufacturing solar cells usually arises from the combinations of layers of single-molecule thick sheets of graphene and molybdenum diselenide. In this fact, one of common example is the fine coating of graphene with zinc oxide nanowires. Solar based cells are incorporated into the modified forms for increasing their synthetic applications. These modified forms are copper indium selenide sulfide quantum dots. Perovskite solar cells are dominating in the scientific community due to their advantages and cheap sources of solar energy. These perovskite solar cells are also composed of different metals and other combinations in order to make them functional for different purposes. The most widely implemented metals are germanium, antimony, titanium and barium. Tin (Sn)-based perovskites allow the movement of ions and electrons and significantly in the surrounding environment. There is also need in the future for valuable and mechanical designing for nanotechnolgy and their usage in industrial and commercial applications.

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38

Roy, Priyanka, Aritra Ghosh, Fraser Barclay, Ayush Khare y Erdem Cuce. "Perovskite Solar Cells: A Review of the Recent Advances". Coatings 12, n.º 8 (31 de julio de 2022): 1089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12081089.

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Perovskite solar cells (PSC) have been identified as a game-changer in the world of photovoltaics. This is owing to their rapid development in performance efficiency, increasing from 3.5% to 25.8% in a decade. Further advantages of PSCs include low fabrication costs and high tunability compared to conventional silicon-based solar cells. This paper reviews existing literature to discuss the structural and fundamental features of PSCs that have resulted in significant performance gains. Key electronic and optical properties include high electron mobility (800 cm2/Vs), long diffusion wavelength (>1 μm), and high absorption coefficient (105 cm−1). Synthesis methods of PSCs are considered, with solution-based manufacturing being the most cost-effective and common industrial method. Furthermore, this review identifies the issues impeding PSCs from large-scale commercialisation and the actions needed to resolve them. The main issue is stability as PSCs are particularly vulnerable to moisture, caused by the inherently weak bonds in the perovskite structure. Scalability of manufacturing is also a big issue as the spin-coating technique used for most laboratory-scale tests is not appropriate for large-scale production. This highlights the need for a transition to manufacturing techniques that are compatible with roll-to-roll processing to achieve high throughput. Finally, this review discusses future innovations, with the development of more environmentally friendly lead-free PSCs and high-efficiency multi-junction cells. Overall, this review provides a critical evaluation of the advances, opportunities and challenges of PSCs.

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39

Sun, Shi Yang, Jian Ping Long y Bo Zhang. "The Investigation of Plating Technologies for Front Fingers of c-Si Solar Cells". Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (mayo de 2012): 198–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.198.

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Besides silicon wafers, the metallization of solar cells is the most expensive process in the mass production of solar cells nowadays. Therefore, the development of cost-effective metallization technologies is very important for the reduction of manufacturing cost. In this article, we will introduce two novel approaches for the metallization of c-Si solar cells: (i) electroless plated Ni and electroplated Cu; (ii) photoplated Ni and Cu. It is believed that high efficiency and low cost solar cells can be fabricated taking advantages of the improved metallization methods.

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40

Almadhhachi, M., I. Seres y I. Farkas. "Comparison of the Efficiency of Polycrystalline and Thin-Film Photovoltaic Outdoors". European Journal of Energy Research 2, n.º 2 (11 de marzo de 2022): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejenergy.2022.2.2.43.

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In this paper, a comparison was made between two types of PV modules widely used in the market: polycrystalline and thin-film (both of them are silicon-based manufacturing) to identify the variables and parameters affecting the efficiency of solar cells. The efficiency of polycrystalline is higher than thin-film, although the open circuit voltage is more affected by solar radiation. The comparison was made in Gödöllő in Hungary, characterized by a moderate climate temperature and humidity on a partly cloudy day to study the effect of clouds and the change in the amount of solar radiation on solar cells. The flexible feature of thin-film cells can be used in many applications, especially those related to covering surfaces, as it is considered thin-layer and does not require an expensive metal structure to install. All these variables were calculated and discussed. The difference between the efficiency of polycrystalline and thin-film modules was a small percentage ranging between (-0.2% to 0.5%). This difference comes from the manufacturing technology method and the manufacturing quality itself.

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41

Kim, Ga Min y Hyo Sik Chang. "SiC Powder Manufacturing through Silicon Recovery from Waste Si Solar Cells". Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society 41, n.º 4 (1 de agosto de 2021): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7836/kses.2021.41.4.173.

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42

Huang, Walt K. W., Tien-Szu Chen, Ching-Tang Tsai, Ming-Chin Kuo, Kai-Sheng Chang, Hung-Ming Lin, Yan-Kai Chiou et al. "Updates on some technologies for c-Si based solar cells manufacturing". Energy Procedia 8 (2011): 435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.06.162.

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43

Kim, Young Yun, Tae‐Youl Yang, Riikka Suhonen, Marja Välimäki, Tiina Maaninen, Antti Kemppainen, Nam Joong Jeon y Jangwon Seo. "Gravure‐Printed Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells: Toward Roll‐to‐Roll Manufacturing". Advanced Science 6, n.º 7 (28 de enero de 2019): 1802094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/advs.201802094.

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44

Schieferdecker, Anja, Jens-Uwe Sachse, Torsten Mueller, Ulf Seidel, Lars Bartholomaeus, Sven Germershausen, Reinhold Perras et al. "Material effects in manufacturing of silicon based solar cells and modules". physica status solidi (c) 8, n.º 3 (22 de diciembre de 2010): 871–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssc.201000279.

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45

Ariza, M. J., F. Martín y D. Leinen. "XPS surface analysis of monocrystalline silicon solar cells for manufacturing control". Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing 73, n.º 5 (1 de noviembre de 2001): 579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003390100835.

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46

Dickson, C. R. "Safety procedures used during the manufacturing of amorphous silicon solar cells". Solar Cells 19, n.º 3-4 (enero de 1987): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6787(87)90074-3.

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47

Veinberg-Vidal, Elias, Cécilia Dupré, Pablo Garcia-Linares, Christophe Jany, Romain Thibon, Tiphaine Card, Thierry Salvetat et al. "Manufacturing and Characterization of III-V on Silicon Multijunction Solar Cells". Energy Procedia 92 (agosto de 2016): 242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.07.066.

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48

Algora, Carlos y Vicente Díaz. "Manufacturing tolerances of terrestrial concentrator p-on-n GaAs solar cells". Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 9, n.º 1 (enero de 2001): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pip.352.

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49

Goswami, Romyani. "Three Generations of Solar Cells". Advanced Materials Research 1165 (23 de julio de 2021): 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1165.113.

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In photovoltaic system the major challenge is the cost reduction of the solar cell module to compete with those of conventional energy sources. Evolution of solar photovoltaic comprises of several generations through the last sixty years. The first generation solar cells were based on single crystal silicon and bulk polycrystalline Si wafers. The single crystal silicon solar cell has high material cost and the fabrication also requires very high energy. The second generation solar cells were based on thin film fabrication technology. Due to low temperature manufacturing process and less material requirement, remarkable cost reduction was achieved in these solar cells. Among all the thin film technologies amorphous silicon thin film solar cell is in most advanced stage of development and is commercially available. However, an inherent problem of light induced degradation in amorphous silicon hinders the higher efficiency in this kind of cell. The third generation silicon solar cells are based on nano-crystalline and nano-porous materials. Hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si:H) is becoming a promising material as an absorber layer of solar cell due to its high stability with high Voc. It is also suggested that the cause of high stability and less degradation of certain nc-Si:H films may be due to the improvement of medium range order (MRO) of the films. During the last ten years, organic, polymer, dye sensitized and perovskites materials are also attract much attention of the photovoltaic researchers as the low budget next generation PV material worldwide. Although most important challenge for those organic solar cells in practical applications is the stability issue. In this work nc-Si:H films are successfully deposited at a high deposition rate using a high pressure and a high power by Radio Frequency Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (RF PECVD) technique. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies show the formations of distinct nano-sized grains in the amorphous tissue with sharp crystalline orientations. Light induced degradation of photoconductivity of nc-Si:H materials have been studied. Single junction solar cells and solar module were successfully fabricated using nanocrystalline silicon as absorber layer. The optimum cell is 7.1 % efficient initially. Improvement in efficiency can be achieved by optimizing the doped layer/interface and using Ag back contact.

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50

Raghunathan, Digvijay. "Black Silicon for Higher Efficiency in Solar Cells". Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (agosto de 2015): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.92.

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The very low efficiency of solar cells can be attributed to a plethora of reasons. The most important reason being, reflection of sunlight from the solar cell surface. Most of the sunlight incident on the solar cells gets reflected back due to the smooth surface of the silicon wafers. This paper presents a novel method to avoid this by using black silicon solar cells. Black silicon tends to make use of the concept of black body radiation to absorb all the rays incident on it and thereby reducing the reflectivity of the solar cell. The nano-fabrication technique involves usage of special wet-etch techniques to achieve nano-sized pores on the surface of silicon. In case of normal solar cells, usually layers of a suitable anti-reflective coating are given which tend to minimize the amount of reflection. This unfortunately increases the manufacturing cost. The unfavourable conditions of heat and dirt further tend to soil the layer of anti-reflective coating, reducing the gains of anti-reflective coating. Thus, black silicon solar cells provide better efficiency while simultaneously reducing the fabrication cost.

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