Artículos de revistas: "Soil protein"

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Liu, Yufei, Xiaoxu Fan, Tong Zhang, Xin Sui y Fuqiang Song. "Effects of atrazine application on soil aggregates, soil organic carbon and glomalin-related soil protein". Plant, Soil and Environment 67, No. 3 (1 de marzo de 2021): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/594/2020-pse.

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Atrazine is still widely used in China. Atrazine residue (1.86–1 100 mg/kg) in the soil has exceeded the allowable limit (1.0 mg/kg), affecting soil structure and soil aggregate composition. To understand the long-term application of atrazine on soil aggregates and the binding agent, four treatments were established in cornfield planted since 1998, including without atrazine applied (AT0), atrazine applied (28% atrazine, 1 200–1 350 mL/ha/year) once a year from 2012 to 2018 (AT6, 167 mg/kg), from 2008 to 2018 (AT10, 127.64 mg/kg) as well as from 2002 to 2018 (AT16, 102 mg/kg) with three replications. Along with the increase of atrazine application time, the mass fraction of soil aggregates > 5 mm and 2–5 mm decreased significantly while the mass fraction of soil aggregates 0.5–2 mm and < 0.5 mm increased gradually, and the change of aggregate binding agents contents were the same as that of aggregates. The contents of soil organic carbon (SOC) and glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) in the aggregates > 5 mm and 2–5 mm were significantly negatively correlated with the years of atrazine application. Our results show that although atrazine residue in the soil does not increase with the increased yearly application, its concentration is still markedly higher than the permitted limit value and seriously affected the content of SOC and GRSP of aggregates > 2 mm, which can lead to a decrease of soil aggregate stability and soil quality.

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Noll, Lisa, Shasha Zhang, Qing Zheng, Yuntao Hu, Florian Hofhansl y Wolfgang Wanek. "Climate and geology overwrite land use effects on soil organic nitrogen cycling on a continental scale". Biogeosciences 19, n.º 23 (5 de diciembre de 2022): 5419–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5419-2022.

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Abstract. Soil fertility and plant productivity are globally constrained by N availability. Proteins are the largest N reservoir in soils, and the cleavage of proteins into small peptides and amino acids has been shown to be the rate-limiting step in the terrestrial N cycle. However, we are still lacking a profound understanding of the environmental controls of this process. Here we show that integrated effects of climate and soil geochemistry drive protein cleavage across large scales. We measured gross protein depolymerization rates in mineral and organic soils sampled across a 4000 km long European transect covering a wide range of climates, geologies and land uses. Based on structural equation models we identified that soil organic N cycling was strongly controlled by substrate availability, e.g., by soil protein content. Soil geochemistry was a secondary predictor, by controlling protein stabilization mechanisms and protein availability. Precipitation was identified as the main climatic control on protein depolymerization, by affecting soil weathering and soil organic matter accumulation. In contrast, land use was a poor predictor of protein depolymerization. Our results highlight the need to consider geology and precipitation effects on soil geochemistry when estimating and predicting soil N cycling at large scales.

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Zhang, Xi, Feng Li, Tingting Liu, Chen Xu, Dechao Duan, Cheng Peng, Shenhai Zhu y Jiyan Shi. "The Variations in the Soil Enzyme Activity, Protein Expression, Microbial Biomass, and Community Structure of Soil Contaminated by Heavy Metals". ISRN Soil Science 2013 (26 de diciembre de 2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/803150.

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Heavy metals have adverse effects on soil ecology. Given the toxicity of heavy metals, there is an urgent need to select an appropriate indicator that will aid in monitoring their biological effects on soil ecosystems. By combining different monitoring techniques for various aspects of microbiology, the effects of heavy metals on soil microorganisms near a smelter were studied. Our goal was to determine whether proteins could be a proper indicator for soil pollution. This study demonstrated that the activities of acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase, as well as the levels of microbial biomass carbon and proteins, were negatively affected by heavy metals. In addition, significantly negative correlations were observed between these microbial indicators and heavy metals. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis was used in this study to demonstrate that heavy metals also have a significantly negative effect on soil microbial diversity and community structure. The soil protein expression was similar across different soils, but a large quantity of presumably low molecular weight protein was observed only in contaminated soil. Based on this research, we determined that the soil protein concentration was more sensitive to heavy metals than acid phosphatase, dehydrogenase, or microbial biomass carbon because it was more dramatically decreased in the contaminated soils. Therefore, we concluded that the soil protein level has great potential to be a sensitive indicator of soil contamination. Further research is essential, particularly to identify the low molecular weight protein that only appears in contaminated soil, so that further insight can be gained into the responses of microbes to heavy metals.

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Kaur, Manpreet, Meena Bakshi y Renu Bhardwaj. "Changes in photosynthetic pigments in relation to soils contaminated with industrial activities in Cassia occidentalis L." Indian Journal of Forestry 39, n.º 3 (9 de enero de 2016): 231–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2016-sm0yz6.

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Rapid industrialization in Bhagwanpur industrial area (Uttarakhand) severely affected soil. Various industries such as cement industry, electroplating industries, small scale steel industries are contaminating environment in several ways. Efforts were made to study the biochemical changes in response to three different soils in Cassia occidentalis L. CRD pot culture experiment was laid out via using three different soil types viz. industrial area soil, control soil and mixed soil (50% control soil: 50% industrial area soil). Biochemical constituents like proteins and photosynthetic pigments viz. chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’, total chlorophylls and carotenoids were analysed on 30th day of culture. Significant differences (0.05%) were observed among different soils used. Contaminated soils drastically reduced pigments as well as protein content. Maximum protein, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a/b ratio were observed in plants raised in control soil. In contrast, the carotenoid content was maximum in plants grown in mixed soil.

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Meng, Lu-Lu, Jia-Dong He, Ying-Ning Zou, Qiang-Sheng Wu y Kamil Kuča. "Mycorrhiza-released glomalin-related soil protein fractions contribute to soil total nitrogen in trifoliate orange". Plant, Soil and Environment 66, No. 4 (30 de abril de 2020): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/100/2020-pse.

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Glomalin released from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) has important roles in soil nutrient cycles, whereas contributing to glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) fractions to soil nitrogen (N) is unknown. In this study, a two-chambered root-box that was divided into root chamber (root and mycorrhizal fungi hypha) and hypha chamber (free of the root) was used, and three AMF species including Diversispora epigaea, Paraglomus occultum, and Rhizoglomus intraradices were separately inoculated into the root chamber. Plant growth, soil total N, N content of purified GRSP fractions, and its contribution to soil total N, and leaf and root N contents were analysed. After four months, total biomass and root total length, surface area, and volume were improved by all AMF inoculations. AMF inoculations dramatically increased soil total N content in two chambers. The N content of purified easily extractable GRSP (EE-GRSP) and difficultly extractable GRSP (DE-GRSP) was 0.10 ± 0.01 mg/g and 0.16 ± 0.02 mg/g, respectively, accounted for 15.6 ± 1.6% and 18.1 ± 1.8% of soil total N, respectively. AMF inoculations stimulated the N accumulation in EE-GRSP and DE-GRSP, especially in the hypha chamber. It concluded that GRSP, especially DE-GRSP, acts as a soil N pool accounting for 33.8 ± 1.9% of soil total N in orchards.

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Vlček, Vítězslav y Miroslav Pohanka. "Glomalin – an interesting protein part of the soil organic matter". Soil and Water Research 15, No. 2 (11 de marzo de 2020): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/29/2019-swr.

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The negative effects of the current agricultural practices include erosion, acidification, loss of soil organic matter (dehumification), loss of soil structure, soil contamination by risky elements, reduction of biological diversity and land use for non-agricultural purposes. All these effects are a huge risk to the further development of soil quality from an agronomic point of view and its resilience to projected climate change. Organic matter has a crucial role in it. Relatively significant correlations with the quality or the health of soil parameters and the soil organic matter or some fraction of the soil organic matter have been found. In particular, Ctot, Cox, humic and fulvic acids, the C/N ratio, and glomalin. Our work was focused on glomalin, a glycoprotein produced by the hyphae and spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which we classify as Glomeromycota. Arbuscular mycorrhiza, and its molecular pathways, is not a well understood phenomenon. It appears that many proteins are involved in the arbuscular mycorrhiza from which glomalin is probably one of the most significant. This protein is also responsible for the unique chemical and physical properties of soils and has an ecological and economical relevance in this sense and it is a real product of the mycorrhiza. Glomalin is very resistant to destruction (recalcitrant) and difficult to dissolve in water. Its extraction requires specific conditions: high temperature (121°C) and a citrate buffer with a neutral or alkaline pH. Due to these properties, glomalin (or its fractions) are very stable compounds that protect the soil aggregate surface. In this review, the actual literature has been researched and the importance of glomalin is discussed.

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Wang, S., Wu Q-S y He X-H. "Exogenous easily extractable glomalin-related soil protein promotes soil aggregation, relevant soil enzyme activities and plant growth in trifoliate orange". Plant, Soil and Environment 61, No. 2 (6 de junio de 2016): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/833/2014-pse.

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Zhang, Xi, Feng Li, Tingting Liu, Cheng Peng, Dechao Duan, Chen Xu, Shenhai Zhu y Jiyan Shi. "The Influence of Polychlorinated Biphenyls Contamination on Soil Protein Expression". ISRN Soil Science 2013 (4 de diciembre de 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/126391.

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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are typical representative of chlorinated organic pollutants. Given the toxicity of PCBs, there is an urgent need to select an appropriate indicator to monitor their biological effects on soil ecosystems. For this purpose, we investigated the impacts of PCBs on soil protein and the potential of using protein as a biological indicator to assess soil contamination due to PCBs. This study demonstrated that soil protein concentration and expression were negatively affected by PCBs. In addition, significantly (P<0.01) negative correlation was observed between protein concentration and PCBs. Subsequently, protein size distribution separated by SDS-PAGE revealed that with the increase in PCBs concentration there are less large molecular weight proteins and more low molecular weight proteins (<40 kD). Consequently, soil protein level has the potential to be an indicator of soil contamination, and these low molecular weight proteins have significant meaning for getting insight into the ecological effects of PCBs on the soil environment.

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Chen, Shaoning, Matthias C. Rillig y Wei Wang. "Improving soil protein extraction for metaproteome analysis and glomalin-related soil protein detection". PROTEOMICS 9, n.º 21 (noviembre de 2009): 4970–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200900251.

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Gajic-Umiljendic, Jelena, Marija Saric-Krsmanovic, Ljiljana Santric y Ljiljana Radivojevic. "The effect of soil type on imazamox phytotoxicity to tomato". Pesticidi i fitomedicina 30, n.º 4 (2015): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1504217g.

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A bioassay was performed to evaluate the susceptibility of tomato to imazamox residues in loamy and sandy soils. The effects of three different levels of soil moisture (20, 50 and 70% FWC) were also examined. Imazamox was applied at rates ranging from 6.25 to 800 ?g a.i./ kg soil. Shoot and root fresh weight and root length were the parameters measured 21 days after treatment, as well as the content of water soluble proteins. Imazamox caused growth delay and lower protein contents in both types of soil at all levels of soil moisture, and the degree of change depended on application rates. Inhibition was higher in plants grown in the sandy soil. The root parameters were more reliable as indicators of plant sensitivity to imazamox in soil. Soluble protein contents were lower in all trial variants but the changes did not depend on herbicide concentrations.

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Tartaglia, Maria, Felipe Bastida, Rosaria Sciarrillo y Carmine Guarino. "Soil Metaproteomics for the Study of the Relationships Between Microorganisms and Plants: A Review of Extraction Protocols and Ecological Insights". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, n.º 22 (11 de noviembre de 2020): 8455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228455.

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Soil is a complex matrix where biotic and abiotic components establish a still unclear network involving bacteria, fungi, archaea, protists, protozoa, and roots that are in constant communication with each other. Understanding these interactions has recently focused on metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and less on metaproteomics studies. Metaproteomic allows total extraction of intracellular and extracellular proteins from soil samples, providing a complete picture of the physiological and functional state of the “soil community”. The advancement of high-performance mass spectrometry technologies was more rapid than the development of ad hoc extraction techniques for soil proteins. The protein extraction from environmental samples is biased due to interfering substances and the lower amount of proteins in comparison to cell cultures. Soil sample preparation and extraction methodology are crucial steps to obtain high-quality resolution and yields of proteins. This review focuses on the several soil protein extraction protocols to date to highlight the methodological challenges and critical issues for the application of proteomics to soil samples. This review concludes that improvements in soil protein extraction, together with the employment of ad hoc metagenome database, may enhance the identification of proteins with low abundance or from non-dominant populations and increase our capacity to predict functional changes in soil.

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Carr, P. M., J. S. Jacobsen, G. R. Carlson y G. A. Nielsen. "Influence of soil and N fertilizer on performance of barley and spring wheat cultivars". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 72, n.º 3 (1 de julio de 1992): 651–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps92-081.

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Fields often include several different soils with contrasting chemical and/or physical characteristics which may influence crop performance. Field experiments were conducted (i) to quantify differences in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield, test weight, and protein on contrasting soils within single fields, and (ii) to determine interactions between N fertilizer and spring wheat cultivar performance on several different soils. Twelve barley and twelve wheat cultivars were established in a randomized complete block design on three different soils in a field during 1987. Soils affected grain yield, test weight, and protein of the barley cultivars by as much as 485 kg ha−1, 38 kg m−3, and 16 g kg−1, respectively. Corresponding differences for spring wheat were 456 kg ha−1, 50 kg m−3, and 16 g kg−1. Grain yield of one barley cultivar differed by as much as 966 kg ha−1 across three soils, while wheat grain yield differed by as much as 1271 kg ha−1. Significant soil × cultivar interactions were measured for at least one grain parameter with both crops (P < 0.10). In another experiment conducted nearby in 1987 and 1988, grain yield, test weight, and protein differed by as much as 2217 kg ha−1, 16 kg m−3, and 15 g kg−1, respectively, among soils where different spring wheat cultivars and several rates of N fertilizer were evaluated. Cultivar and N rate significantly influenced grain yield and test weight during both years and protein during 1987. Soil × N rate interactions were highly significant for both yield and protein during 1988, but not for test weight; nor were the soil × N rate interactions significant for any grain parameter during 1987. Soil × cultivar interactions were significant for both test weight and protein during both years, whereas cultivar × N rate interactions were not significant. These data suggest that in some instances soil conditions should influence cultivar recommendations.Key words: Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, N fertilizer, soil variability

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Pinto Vilar, Rayla y Kaoru Ikuma. "Effects of Soil Surface Chemistry on Adsorption and Activity of Urease from a Crude Protein Extract: Implications for Biocementation Applications". Catalysts 12, n.º 2 (18 de febrero de 2022): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12020230.

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In the bacterial enzyme-induced calcite precipitation (BEICP) technique for biocementation, the spatial distribution of adsorbed and catalytically active urease dictates the location where calcium carbonate precipitation and resulting cementation will occur. This study investigated the relationships between the amount of urease and total bacterial proteins adsorbed, the retained enzymatic activity of adsorbed urease, and the overall loss of activity upon adsorption, and how these relationships are influenced by changes in soil surface chemistry. In soils with hydrophobic contents higher than 20% (w/w) ratio, urease was preferentially adsorbed compared to the total amount of proteins present in the crude bacterial protein extract. Conversely, adsorption of urease onto silica sand and soil mixtures, including iron-coated sand, was much lower compared to the total proteins. Higher levels of urease activity were retained in hydrophobic-containing samples, with urease activity decreasing with lower hydrophobic content. These observations suggest that the surface manipulation of soils, such as treatments to add hydrophobicity to soil surfaces, can potentially be used to increase the activity of adsorbed urease to improve biocementation outcomes.

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Rineau, Francois, Jelle Stas, Nhu H. Nguyen, Thomas W. Kuyper, Robert Carleer, Jaco Vangronsveld, Jan V. Colpaert y Peter G. Kennedy. "Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Protein Degradation Ability Predicted by Soil Organic Nitrogen Availability". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, n.º 5 (18 de diciembre de 2015): 1391–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03191-15.

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ABSTRACTIn temperate and boreal forest ecosystems, nitrogen (N) limitation of tree metabolism is alleviated by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. As forest soils age, the primary source of N in soil switches from inorganic (NH4+and NO3−) to organic (mostly proteins). It has been hypothesized that ECM fungi adapt to the most common N source in their environment, which implies that fungi growing in older forests would have greater protein degradation abilities. Moreover, recent results for a model ECM fungal species suggest that organic N uptake requires a glucose supply. To test the generality of these hypotheses, we screened 55 strains of 13Suillusspecies with different ecological preferences for theirin vitroprotein degradation abilities.Suillusspecies preferentially occurring in mature forests, where soil contains more organic matter, had significantly higher protease activity than those from young forests with low-organic-matter soils or species indifferent to forest age. Within species, the protease activities of ecotypes from soils with high or low soil organic N content did not differ significantly, suggesting resource partitioning between mineral and organic soil layers. The secreted protease mixtures were strongly dominated by aspartic peptidases. Glucose addition had variable effects on secreted protease activity; in some species, it triggered activity, but in others, activity was repressed at high concentrations. Collectively, our results indicate that protease activity, a key ectomycorrhizal functional trait, is positively related to environmental N source availability but is also influenced by additional factors, such as carbon availability.

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MIDDLEMISS, NORA E., CHRISTOPHER A. NUNES, JOHN E. SORENSEN y GAETAN PAQUETTE. "Effect of a Water Rinse and a Detergent Wash on Milkfat and Milk Protein Soils". Journal of Food Protection 48, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 1985): 257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-48.3.257.

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The effect of rinsing and washing with chlorinated alkaline detergents on the protein and fat present in milk soils was studied as a function of temperature, time and length of milk contact before cleaning. Milk containing either I131-labelled protein or I131-labelled fat was recirculated through a test chamber for varying times, after which the chamber was rinsed with water then washed with a detergent solution. Soil removal was monitored by measuring radiation in the test cell during the cleaning procedures. Fat and protein studies yielded similar results showing rapid soil removal at the beginning of water rinses and hot detergent washes tapering off after 1 to 2 min to very little additional soil removal. The rinse water temperature does not greatly affect soil removal, but conventional chlorinated alkaline detergents perform very poorly at 20°C and show a much more linear rate of soil removal at this temperature. Soil deposition increases with milk contact time as does the fat portion of the soil which is always at least four times greater than the protein. Results are consistent with the soil immediately adjacent to the contact surface being primarily milk protein and the outer soil being mostly milk fat.

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Karamanos, R. E., J. T. Harapiak y N. A. Flore. "Sulphur application does not improve wheat yield and protein concentration". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 93, n.º 2 (mayo de 2013): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss2012-068.

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Karamanos, R. E., Harapiak, J. T. and Flore N. A. 2013. Sulphur application does not improve wheat yield and protein concentration. Can. J. Soil Sci. 93: 223–228. Grain protein plays an important role in the milling and baking quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum). The question is whether application of sulphur, an important constituent of proteins and amino acids, impacts wheat grain protein concentration. A 3-yr 10-site experiment was set up to determine if of sulphur (S) fertilization (0 and 25 kg S ha−1) affects Canada west red spring (CWRS) and Durum grain yield and protein levels, when combined with various rates of nitrogen (N) fertilizer (0, 40, 60, 80 and 100 kg N ha−1). Soils at the 10 sites varied from S deficient to S sufficient, based on criteria in western Canada. Application of 25 kg S ha−1 resulted in no yield or grain protein concentration increases, regardless of the level of N fertilizer applied or the level of soil “available” S (0–30 cm). However, high N fertilizer rates (80 and 100 kg N ha−1) plus S fertilization improved yield and protein concentration when growing season (May, June, July) precipitation was favourable for CWRS and Durum wheat. In conclusion, we suggest that indiscriminate application of S fertilizer will not increase protein concentration for CWRS and Durum wheat grain.

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Sharma, Anket, Vinod Kumar, Ashwani Kumar Thukral y Renu Bhardwaj. "24-Epibrassinolide Restores the Synthesis of Proteins and Amino Acids in Brassica juncea L. Leaves Under Imidacloprid Stress". Journal of Horticultural Research 25, n.º 2 (1 de diciembre de 2017): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johr-2017-0024.

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Abstract Pesticides are applied to protect crops from a variety of insect pests but their application cause toxicity to plants that results, among others, in reduction of protein as well as amino acid contents. The present study is aimed at observing the effect of seed pre-soaking with 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) on the protein and amino acid content in the leaves of Brassica juncea L. grown in soil that is amended with pesticide im-idacloprid (IMI). Soil amendment with IMI resulted in a decrease in the contents in leaves of total proteins and 21 amino acids studied. Seed soaking with 100 nM of EBL resulted in the recovery of total protein as well as amino acid contents in leaves, when compared with plants grown in only IMI amended soils.

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Wu, Yun, Chuan-Hai Li, Juan Zhao, Yong-Liang Xiao y Hui Cao. "Metaproteome of the microbial community in paddy soil after long-term treatment with mineral and organic fertilizers". Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 61, n.º 3-4 (5 de mayo de 2015): 146–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15659801.2015.1137438.

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The soil microbial community research conducted in the field has focused on the genetic diversity of these organisms. In this study, we assessed the proteins expressed in soil microbial communities following the long-term application of mineral fertilizer (NPK) and organic manure (M) to paddy soil, indirect extraction method and separated via two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis and identified using a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) approach. We found that the number of cells in the primary soil in the M treatment was significantly greater than in the NPK and CK treatments. The numbers of cells extracted were consistent with the total cell numbers and the concentration of extracted proteins (CK < NPK < M). 303 and 306 protein spots being detected in the CK map and NPK map, respectively. Eleven spots of interest were identified in the 2D gels, including 8 different protein spots and 3 unique protein spots. Three common proteins involved in protein hydrolysis and glutamate synthesis and metabolism. Eight differentially expressed proteins involved in DNA replication, transcription, protein folding and energy metabolism, the processes of cofactor and vitamin metabolism, transcriptional regulation, recombination and xenobiotic compound biodegradation and metabolism. The long-term application of fertilization resulted in significant changes in the microbial community structure and function, and the long-term application of pig manure significantly increased the microbial biomass and the functional and structural diversity in the soil. It is very interesting to address the MS identification of intracellular proteins from microbial communities under different fertilizer treatments in a paddy soil.

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Maček, Irena, Damijana Kastelec y Dominik Vodnik. "Root colonization with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) concentration in hypoxic soils in natural CO2 springs". Agricultural and Food Science 21, n.º 1 (12 de marzo de 2012): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5006.

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Changed ratios of soil gases that lead to hypoxia are most often present in waterlogged soils, but can also appear in soils not saturated with water. In natural CO2 springs (mofettes), gases in soil air differ from those in typical soils. In this study, plant roots from the mofette area Stavešinci (Slovenia) were sampled in a spatial scale and investigated for AM fungal colonization. AM fungi were found in roots from areas with high geological CO2 concentration, however mycorrhizal intensity was relatively low and no correlation between AM fungal colonization and soil pattern of CO2/O2 concentrations (up to 37% CO2) was found. The relatively high abundance of arbuscules in root cortex indicated existence of functional symbiosis at much higher CO2 concentrations than normally found in soils. In addition, concentration of two different glomalin-related soil protein fractions – EE-GRSP and TG-GRSP – was measured. No significant correlation between any of the fractions and soil gases was found, however the concentration of both fractions was significantly higher in the upper 0–5 cm, compared to the 5–10 cm layer of the soil.

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A.A., Shetti y Kaliwal B.B.*. "Influence of imidacloprid treatment on Protein Profiling of soil isolate Bacillus weihenstephanensis". International Journal of Bioassays 6, n.º 7 (24 de julio de 2017): 5437. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/ijbio.2017.07.002.

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Imidacloprid has gained great attention as a synthetic insecticide that acts in a similar manner as nicotine and is now widely used for the control of pests. Bacteria react to environmental or chemical stress by synthesizing specific sets of proteins and these can be analyzed by protein profiling using SDS PAGE. The present investigation was undertaken to reveal protein profile changes and differentially expressed proteins in soil isolate Bacillus weihenstephanensis on dose and durational exposure to imidacloprid. Protein profiling of Bacillus weihenstephanensis treated with different (10-7 to 10-3 M) concentrations of imidacloprid observed regularly at the duration of 24 hrs for a period of 96 hours, showed the over expressions of certain protein, expression of stress proteins and novel proteins. The proteins expressed were observed to be dose and durational dependent. The present investigation proves that imidacloprid exposure induces the expression of stress and novel proteins in soil isolate Bacillus weihenstephanensis. The expression of these proteins may be necessary for the protection of the Bacillus weihenstephanensis from toxic effects of imidacloprid. The specific protein profiles that are expressed in response to the stress induced by imidacloprid can be used to monitor the environmental samples for the presence of similar pollutants.

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Aneta, Tomczak, Zielińska-Dawidziak Magdalena, Piasecka-Kwiatkowska Dorota y Lart-Szczapa Eleonora. "Blue lupine seeds protein content and amino acids composition". Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 4 (20 de abril de 2018): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/690/2017-pse.

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Lupine seeds are promising soy replacement in food products and feeds. Eighteen cultivars of blue lupine seeds were examined to indicate the one most favourable in protein content and quality. Two parameters were studied, i.e. total protein content (with the Kjeldahl method) and amino acids composition (with the ultra performance liquid chromatography technique). Both parameters studied were variable and depended both on the cultivar and on the place of cultivation. Protein content was in the range of 28–41% and the worst cultivar, regardless of cultivation place, was cv. Kalif (average total protein content 29.37 ± 1.14%), while the best cultivar was Boruta (average total protein content 37.43 ± 0.98%). The blue lupine seeds were rich especially in leucine (5.3 ± 0.5–9.7 ± 0.5 g/16 g N), threonine (2.4 ± 0.7–4.9 ± 0.1 g/16 g N) and lysine (2.7 ± 0.4–5.6 ± 0.1 g/16 g N). The richest among all amino acids studied were the cv. Bojar seeds from Wiatrowo and cv. Oskar from Przebędowo. It was not possible to choose one cultivar preferable from the nutritional point of view, because a strong influence of cultivation place on protein content and quality was observed, especially as to the precipitation sum.

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Rillig, Matthias C. "Arbuscular mycorrhizae, glomalin, and soil aggregation". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 84, n.º 4 (1 de noviembre de 2004): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s04-003.

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Arbuscular mycorrhizae are important factors of soil quality through their effects on host plant physiology, soil ecological interactions, and their contributions to maintaining soil structure. The symbiosis is faced with numerous challenges in agroecosystems; in order to inform sustainable management strategies it is hence a high priority to work towards mechanistic understanding of arbuscular mycorrhizae contributions to soil quality. This review focuses on glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP), operationally defined soil C pools that have been linked to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). In discussing this protein pool, we propose a new terminology used to describe fractions of soil proteins and glomalin. GRSP concentrations in soil are positively correlated with aggregate water stability. GRSP has relatively slow turnover in soil, contributing to lasting effects on aggregation. Controls on production of GRSP at the phenomenological and mechanistic level are evaluated. While there are significant gaps in our knowledge about GRSP and glomalin (particularly at the biochemical level), it is concluded that research on GRSP holds great promise for furthering our knowledge of soil structure and quality, for informing suitable management, and as a foundation for novel biotechnological applications in agriculture and beyond. Key words: Glomalin, GRSP, soil structure, land use, restoration, soil protein, sustainability, arbuscular mycorrhizae

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Hidayat, Purnama y Djoko Prijono. "Aktivitas residu protein Cry1Ac Pada lahan yang ditanami kapas transgenik-Bt di Bajeng dan Soppeng, Sulawesi Selatan". Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia 3, n.º 1 (23 de febrero de 2017): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5994/jei.3.1.50.

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Soil samples were collected from each plot at the two field sites at 0, 1, 3, and 5 months after planting, and at one-month intervals after harvest for three months. Soil suspension from each sample was mixed with agar based diet (1 g soil/20 ml soil-diet mixture) then was presented to neonate larvae of H. armigera. Two reference standards were used, i.e. pure Cry1Ac protein (0.165 x 104 to 1.436 x 105 ng per ml of the proteindiet mixture) and non-Bt-soil spiked with Cry1Ac protein (0.11 x 104 to 9.573 x 104 ng per ml of the soil-diet-mixture). Larval mortality was recorded at 7 days of treatment. In both reference standards, mortality of H. armigera larvae occurred in a concentrationdependent fashion, i.e. larval mortality increased with the increase in Cry1Ac protein concentration, with LC50 of 0.95 x 104 and 1.65 x 104 ng/ml, respectively, for the pure protein and spiked non-Bt-soil standards. Result of the bioassay of soil samples from the field sites showed the residues from both transgenic cotton soils did not cause any mortality (0%) in the test insects. This indicates that the concentrations of Cry1Ac residue in soil at the study sites were very low (in the second standard, Cry1Ac at a concentration of 0.33 x 104 ng/ml caused about 10% larval mortality).

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24

Schulze, W. X. "Protein analysis in dissolved organic matter: What proteins from organic debris, soil leachate and surface water can tell us - a perspective". Biogeosciences 2, n.º 1 (4 de marzo de 2005): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-2-75-2005.

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Abstract. Mass spectrometry based analysis of proteins is widely used to study cellular processes in model organisms. However, it has not yet routinely been applied in environmental research. Based on observations that protein can readily be detected as a component of dissolved organic matter (DOM), this article gives an example about the possible use of protein analysis in ecology and environmental sciences focusing on different terrestrial ecosystems. At this stage, there are two areas of interest: (1) the identification of phylogenetic groups contributing to the environmental protein pool, and (2) identification of the organismic origin of specific enzymes that are important for ecosystem processes. In this paper, mass spectrometric protein analysis was applied to identify proteins from decomposing plant material and DOM of soil leachates and surface water samples derived from different environments. It is concluded, that mass spectrometric protein analysis is capable of distinguishing phylogenetic origin of proteins from litter protein extracts, leachates of different soil horizons, and from various sources of terrestrial surface water. Current limitation is imposed by the limited knowledge of complete genomes of soil organisms. The protein analysis allows to relate protein presence to biogeochemical processes, and to identify the source organisms for specific active enzymes. Further applications, such as in pollution research are conceivable. In summary, the analysis of proteins opens a new area of research between the fields of microbiology and biogeochemistry.

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Keiblinger, Katharina M., Dong Liu, Axel Mentler, Franz Zehetner y Sophie Zechmeister-Boltenstern. "Biochar application reduces protein sorption in soil". Organic Geochemistry 87 (octubre de 2015): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2015.06.005.

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26

Murase, Akifumi, Masaki Yoneda, Risa Ueno y Koyo Yonebayashi. "Isolation of extracellular protein from greenhouse soil". Soil Biology and Biochemistry 35, n.º 5 (mayo de 2003): 733–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-0717(03)00087-7.

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27

Singh, Pradeep Kumar, Meenakshi Singh y Bhumi Nath Tripathi. "Glomalin: an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal soil protein". Protoplasma 250, n.º 3 (19 de septiembre de 2012): 663–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00709-012-0453-z.

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28

Holford, I. C. R., J. F. Holland, A. J. Good y C. Leckie. "Yield and protein responses to nitrogen, and nitrogen fertiliser requirements of grain sorghum, in relation to soil nitrate levels". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, n.º 8 (1997): 1187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a97003.

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Sorghum fertiliser experiments at 40 sites on the north-western slopes andplains of New South Wales demonstrated that many soils are severely deficientin nitrogen (N), but most yield responses to fertiliser N occurred on sites inthe southern part of the region. Grain yields responded to fertiliser in fewerthan half of the experiments but protein concentrations responded in about75%.There were 4 distinct types of protein response curve, and the type of curvewas related to the degree of N deficiency. In the most deficient experiments(mean protein 6·1% or less), response curves were convex to thex -axis or linear; at intermediate deficiency (mean protein7·2%), response curves were sigmoid; and at low deficiency (meanprotein 9·7%), response curves were Mitscherlich. Yield responsenever occurred where grain protein was >10%.Maximum grain yield responses and amounts of fertiliser N for maximum profit,estimated by fitting the Mitscherlich equation to response curves, weresignificantly correlated with soil nitrate N levels at various depths in thesouthern experiments, but not in the northern experiments. This difference inN responses appeared to be caused by lower rainfall and higher soil N in mostof the northern experiments. Nitrate-N levels in soils sampled to 15 or 30 cmdepth were better correlated with yield response ( r> 0·81) and fertiliser requirement (r >0·72) than N levels to deeper depths.There was little or no fertiliser N recovery in the grain in the northern experiments but substantial recovery in the south where it was generallygreater than recovery by wheat in earlier experiments in the same region.Fertiliser requirement in relation to soil nitrate-N levels was lower thanthat of these wheat experiments. This was attributed to mid-spring soilsampling for sorghum which underestimates the soil N available to the sorghum

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Jabbar Saheb, Entsar, Rasha Hussain Kuba y Israa Salim Musa. "The Role of C-Reactive Protein in the Infections Caused by Parasites(Review)". Diyala Journal of Medicine 19, n.º 2 (15 de diciembre de 2020): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26505/djm.19025550828.

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Background: Inflammation causes a rise in the levels of certain proteins; these proteins are identified as acute stage proteins and one of these proteins is C-reactive protein (CRP). CRP composed of 206-amino acid of the short pentraxin family. Objective: This review assessed CRP as an inflammatory indicator that has an important role in the host's defense against infection and also it is documented the pivotal role of this protein during infections with different parasites. Conclusion: This review is hypothesizing that CRP levels rise during infections caused by parasites. Other studies revealed that there is no association of soil-transmitted helminths infections with the increasing levels of CRP. Keywords: C-reactive protein; protozoan parasites; soil-transmitted helminths

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30

Geisseler, Daniel, Kenneth Miller, Michelle Leinfelder‐Miles y Rob Wilson. "Use of Soil Protein Pools as Indicators of Soil Nitrogen Mineralization Potential". Soil Science Society of America Journal 83, n.º 4 (julio de 2019): 1236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2019.01.0012.

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Rai, Aparna. "Proteomic study of salt tolerant cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. BHUAR002 isolated from Usar soil". Annals of Plant Sciences 7, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 2018): 2154. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/aps.2018.7.3.11.

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Salt stress leads to an alteration in protein profile and induction of stress-specific proteins. The SDS – PAGE analysis of total soluble proteins of Anabaena sp. BHUAR002 (Accession no. bankit1353506 HM235817) exposed to 500 mM NaCl for 24 h revealed inhibition of host proteins, induction of selected proteins and appearance of some new proteins. In view of the appreciable alteration in total soluble protein profile after 500 mM salt treatment for 24 h, this dose was selected for further physiological, biochemical and proteomic analysis of the response of Anabaena sp. BHUAR002 to salinity and to examine the relationship between these responses. Further, 2DE of the total soluble protein of Anabaena sp. BHUAR002 showed 73 spots present only in control, 43 spots present only in stress and 15 differentially expressed spots present in both control and stress but show different levels of expression. This may be due to disturbance of cellular homeostasis by salt stress. Out of fifteen, Six spots were identified after MALDI-TOF MS analysis were identified as Manganese and iron Superoxide dismutase [Anabaenavariabilis ATCC 29413], Cytidine deaminase [Porphyromonas venonis 60-3], Phycobilisome Protein [Nodularia Spumigena CCY9414], DNA replication and repair protein recF [Yersinia aldovae ATCC35236], IS1112 transposase [Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae PXO99A] and TP901 family phage tail tape measure protein [Xanthobacter autotrophicus Py2].

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Chu, Jiunn-Nan, Chiu-Chung Young, Chen-Chung Tan, Szu-Pei Wu y Li-Sen Young. "Improvement of productivity and polysaccharide-protein complex in Agaricus blazei". Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 47, n.º 1 (enero de 2012): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2012000100013.

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The objective of this work was to assess the productivity and polysaccharide-protein complex content of Agaricus blazei on rice straw medium, in comparison to conventional sawdust, using four casing soils. The A. blazei strain used was BCRC36814T, purchased from the Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan. The two media were evaluated as to A. blazei productivity, harvesting time, and production costs. The experimental design used was a randomized complete block, with four replicates. Three local casing soils - Typic Paleudult (CCe), Typic Udorthent (Tq) and Oxyaquic Paleudult (TSp) - were compared to imported peat soil (PS, Saprists, Histosols), used as the control. The productivity of A. blazei using Tq and TSp soil was significantly higher. The TSp casing treatment resulted in earlier harvest by at least 14 to 27 days, when compared to the other treatments. The polysaccharide content in CCe (13.2%) and Tq soils (13.2%) did not differ significantly from the PS (13.4%) and TSp (10.6%) treatments. Local casing soils decreased the production costs of A. blazei cultivation. Composted rice straw can substitute sawdust as the culture medium for A. blazei production with increased yield.

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Taylor, Anne E., Lydia H. Zeglin, Sandra Dooley, David D. Myrold y Peter J. Bottomley. "Evidence for Different Contributions of Archaea and Bacteria to the Ammonia-Oxidizing Potential of Diverse Oregon Soils". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, n.º 23 (1 de octubre de 2010): 7691–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01324-10.

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ABSTRACT A method was developed to determine the contributions of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) to the nitrification potentials (NPs) of soils taken from forest, pasture, cropped, and fallowed (19 years) lands. Soil slurries were exposed to acetylene to irreversibly inactivate ammonia monooxygenase, and upon the removal of acetylene, the recovery of nitrification potential (RNP) was monitored in the presence and absence of bacterial or eukaryotic protein synthesis inhibitors. For unknown reasons, and despite measureable NPs, RNP did not occur consistently in forest soil samples; however, pasture, cropped, and fallowed soil RNPs commenced after lags that ranged from 12 to 30 h after acetylene removal. Cropped soil RNP was completely prevented by the bacterial protein synthesis inhibitor kanamycin (800 μg/ml), whereas a combination of kanamycin plus gentamicin (800 μg/ml each) only partially prevented the RNP (60%) of fallowed soils. Pasture soil RNP was completely insensitive to either kanamycin, gentamicin, or a combination of the two. Unlike cropped soil, pasture and fallowed soil RNPs occurred at both 30Ã¯Â¿Â½C and 40Ã¯Â¿Â½C and without supplemental NH4 + (≤10 μM NH4 + in solution), and pasture soil RNP demonstrated ∼50% insensitivity to 100 μM allyl thiourea (ATU). In addition, fallowed and pasture soil RNPs were insensitive to the fungal inhibitors nystatin and azoxystrobin. This combination of properties suggests that neither fungi nor AOB contributed to pasture soil RNP and that AOA were responsible for the RNP of the pasture soils. Both AOA and AOB may contribute to RNP in fallowed soil, while RNP in cropped soils was dominated by AOB.

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Bhadha, Jehangir H., Nan Xu, Abul Rabbany, Naba R. Amgain, Jay Capasso, Kevin Korus y Stewart Swanson. "On-farm Soil Health Assessment of Cover-cropping in Florida". Sustainable Agriculture Research 10, n.º 2 (29 de enero de 2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v10n2p17.

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Conventional cropping systems on sandy soils require continuous application of large amounts of external nutrients and irrigation water yet remain vulnerable to loses of these inputs. Within the state of Florida, need exists to provide farmers with economically viable alternatives that harness ecological processes and improve soil health and biodiversity. Cover crops are proving to be vital in the development of soil health. As part of this study we conducted a comprehensive on-farm assessment involving nine collaborative growers (ten farms) across the state; with each individual farm following its unique cover-cropping practice. Our goal was to shadow their practice and determine its effect on soil health indicators such as soil pH, bulk density (BD), maximum water holding capacity (MWHC), organic matter (OM), active carbon, cation exchange capacity, soil protein, Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorus (TP), Mehlich-3 P (M3P) and potassium (M3K). Compared to fallow, soil OM, MWHC, and soil protein showed increases in cover crop fields for most farms, which presented a positive change towards building up soil health. Although soil TKN level was significantly decreased due to cover crops, soil protein level building up over time was the most positive change for soil health. M3K decreased in cover-crop fields, which indicated that supplementary K would be necessary prior to planting subsequent cash crops.

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35

Azough, Ali, Seyed Keyvan Marashi y Seyed Moeinoddin Marashi. "Impact of Zeolite on Protein, Mg and Zn Content of Triticum aestivum L. Wheat in Contaminated Soils of War Zones". Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research 10, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2022): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jaehr.10.2.1223.

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Background: Nowadays, the use of unconventional weapons has made a serious damage to the environment. The use of zeolite is one of the solutions in soil pollution management. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of natural zeolite on grain protein, Mg and Zn uptake in the wheat in contaminated soils by war weapons. Methods: The experiment was carried out in factorial arrangement in a randomized complete design with three replications in a pot. The studied treatments were four levels of zeolite as zero, 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5% based on weight of soil and two types of soils including non-contaminated and contaminated soil by mines and war explosives. Contaminated and non-contaminated soil samples were taken from the southern region of Dehloran city. Results: The results showed that the amount of grain protein and Mg in contaminated soils were significantly higher than non-contaminated soils. The use of zeolite in both soils caused a significant increase in either of them. In this study, the Zn concentration of grain in contaminated soils was higher than non-contaminated. In addition, the concentration of Zn was significantly decreased when zeolite consumption was increased. Conclusion: The results showed that the use of zeolite in contaminated and non-contaminated soils had a positive effect in terms of grain protein and Mg. In addition, the use of zeolite can prevent the excessive increase in Zn due to war weapons and can be effective in plant and community health.

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36

McConkey, B. G., D. Curtin, C. A. Campbell, S. A. Brandt y F. Selles. "Crop and soil nitrogen status of tilled and no-tillage systems in semiarid regions of Saskatchewan". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 82, n.º 4 (1 de noviembre de 2002): 489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s01-036.

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We examined 1990-1996 crop and soil N data for no-tillage (NT), minimum tillage (MT) and conventional tillage (CT) systems from four long-term tillage studies in semiarid regions of Saskatchewan for evidence that the N status was affected by tillage system. On a silt loam and clay soil in the Brown soil zone, spring what (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield and protein concentration were lower for NT compared with tilled (CT or MT) systems for a fallow-wheat (F-WM) rotation. Grain protein concentration for continuous wheat (Cont W) was also lower for NT than for MT. For a sandy loam soil in the Brown soil zone, durum (Triticum durum L.) grain protein concentration was similar for MT and NT for both Cont W and F-W, but NT had higher grain yield than MT (P < 0.05 for F-W only). For a loam soil in the Dark Brown soil zone, wheat grain yield for NT was increased by about 7% for fallow-oilseed-wheat (F-O-W) and wheat-oilseed-wheat (W-O-W) rotations. The higher grain yields for NT reduced grain protein concentration by dilution effect as indicated by similar grain N yield. However, at this site, about 23 kg ha-1 more fertilizer N was required for NT than for CT. Elimination of tillage increased total organic N in the upper 7.5 cm of soil and N in surface residues. Our results suggest that a contributing factor to decreased availability of soil N in medium- and fine-textured soils under NT was a slower rate of net N mineralization from organic matter. Soil nitrates to 2.4 m depth did not indicate that nitrate leaching was affected by tillage system. Current fertilizer N recommendations developed for tilled systems may be inadequate for optimum production of wheat with acceptable grain protein under NT is semiarid regions of Saskatchewan. Key words: Tillage intensity, N availability, soil N fractions, N mineralization, crop residue decomposition, grain protein

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37

Stevens, C., V. A. Khan, A. Y. Tang y R. M. Cody. "THE EFFECT OF SOIL SOLARIZATION ON THE MICROFLORA ASPECTS OF SOIL FERTILITY". HortScience 25, n.º 8 (agosto de 1990): 857e—857. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.8.857e.

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Field plots on Norfolk sandy loam soil at Tuskegee and Eufaula, AL were treated by soil solarization (SS). Samples rhizsosphere (R) and nonrhizosphere soil from cole crop and strawberry plots were collected and assayed with selective media for population densities of microbes involved in organic decomposition and mineralization. Microflora population densities of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi increased 2-7 folds in the solarized compared to the bare soil (BS). Microflora population densities in the soils involved in cellulose and protein decomposition, ammonification, nitrification, phosphate mineralization were greater in solarized soil compared to BS. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in R soil 7 months after SS was higher when compared to BS at Tuskegee, but was reduced 50 folds 18 months after SS.

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38

Kuznetsova, Alsu, Debbie McKenzie, Bjørnar Ytrehus, Kjersti Selstad Utaaker y Judd M. Aiken. "Movement of Chronic Wasting Disease Prions in Prairie, Boreal and Alpine Soils". Pathogens 12, n.º 2 (7 de febrero de 2023): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12020269.

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Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy negatively impacting cervids on three continents. Soil can serve as a reservoir for horizontal transmission of CWD by interaction with the infectious prion protein (PrPCWD) shed by diseased individuals and from infected carcasses. We investigated the pathways for PrPCWD migration in soil profiles using lab-scale soil columns, comparing PrPCWD migration through pure soil minerals (quartz, illite and montmorillonite), and diverse soils from boreal (Luvisol, Brunisol) and prairie (Chernozem) regions. We analyzed the leachate of the soil columns by immunoblot and protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) and detected PrP in the leachates of columns composed of quartz, illite, Luvisol and Brunisol. Animal bioassay confirmed the presence of CWD infectivity in the leachates from quartz, illite and Luvisol columns. Leachates from columns with montmorillonite and prairie Chernozems did not contain PrP detectable by immunoblotting or PMCA; bioassay confirmed that the Chernozemic leachate was not infectious. Analysis of the solid phase of the columns confirmed the migration of PrP to lower layers in the illite column, while the strongest signal in the montmorillonite column remained close to the surface. Montmorillonite, the prevalent clay mineral in prairie soils, has the strongest prion binding ability; by contrast, illite, the main clay mineral in northern boreal and tundra soils, does not bind prions significantly. This suggests that in soils of North American CWD-endemic regions (Chernozems), PrPCWD would remain on the soil surface due to avid binding to montmorillonite. In boreal Luvisols and mountain Brunisols, prions that pass through the leaf litter will continue to move through the soil mineral horizon, becoming less bioavailable. In light-textured soils where quartz is a dominant mineral, the majority of the infectious prions will move through the soil profile. Local soil properties may consequently determine the efficiency of environmental transmission of CWD.

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Reavy, Brian, Maud M. Swanson, Peter J. A. Cock, Lorna Dawson, Thomas E. Freitag, Brajesh K. Singh, Lesley Torrance, Arcady R. Mushegian y Michael Taliansky. "Distinct Circular Single-Stranded DNA Viruses Exist in Different Soil Types". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, n.º 12 (3 de abril de 2015): 3934–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03878-14.

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ABSTRACTThe potential dependence of virus populations on soil types was examined by electron microscopy, and the total abundance of virus particles in four soil types was similar to that previously observed in soil samples. The four soil types examined differed in the relative abundances of four morphological groups of viruses. Machair, a unique type of coastal soil in western Scotland and Ireland, differed from the others tested in having a higher proportion of tailed bacteriophages. The other soils examined contained predominantly spherical and thin filamentous virus particles, but the Machair soil had a more even distribution of the virus types. As the first step in looking at differences in populations in detail, virus sequences from Machair and brown earth (agricultural pasture) soils were examined by metagenomic sequencing after enriching for circular Rep-encoding single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) (CRESS-DNA) virus genomes. Sequences from the familyMicroviridae(icosahedral viruses mainly infecting bacteria) of CRESS-DNA viruses were predominant in both soils. Phylogenetic analysis ofMicroviridaemajor coat protein sequences from the Machair viruses showed that they spanned most of the diversity of the subfamilyGokushovirinae, whose members mainly infect obligate intracellular parasites. The brown earth soil had a higher proportion of sequences that matched the morphologically similar familyCircoviridaein BLAST searches. However, analysis of putative replicase proteins that were similar to those of viruses in theCircoviridaeshowed that they are a novel clade ofCircoviridae-related CRESS-DNA viruses distinct from knownCircoviridaegenera. Different soils have substantially different taxonomic biodiversities even within ssDNA viruses, which may be driven by physicochemical factors.

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40

Manning, G., L. G. Fuller, D. N. Flaten y R. G. Eilers. "Wheat yield and grain protein variation within an undulating soil landscape". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 81, n.º 4 (1 de agosto de 2001): 459–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s00-059.

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The objective of this study was to compare landform element complexes (LEC) and soil series as discrete management units for variable rate N fertilizer application. Crop response attributes including grain yield, and grain protein concentration were studied in ten intensively sampled transects in an undulating glacial till soil-landscape near Miniota, Manitoba. In 1997, a year with growing season precipitation 37% below average, median grain yield tended to increase with both N fertilizer and with convergent character in the landscape (upper < mid < lower). Varcoe soils, located predominantly within the lower LEC, were generally more productive than Newdale soils. Grain protein concentration increased with N fertilizer, but tended to decrease with convergent character in the landscape (upper > mid > lower), and was lowest in the Varcoe series. In 1998, growing season precipitation was 62% above average. Grain yield responses to N fertilizer were greater, due in part to declining N fertility in the check and 45 kg ha–1 treatments. Trends among LEC were opposite to those in 1997, as median grain yield estimates tended to decrease with convergent character in the landscape (upper > mid > lower). Grain yield was modeled as a function of estimated plant-available N supply within each LEC and soil series. Modeled 1997 grain yield maxima were 2077, 2261 and 2485 kg ha–1 in the upper, mid and lower LEC. Estimated plant-available N supply at the yield maxima were 89, 130 and 130 kg N ha–1, respectively. In 1998, the relative order of modeled maxima among LEC was reversed. Grain yield of 2501, 2355 and 2227 kg ha–1 were predicted in the upper, mid and lower LEC. Estimated plant-available N supply at the yield maxima were 146, 142 and 154 kg N ha–1, correspondingly. In 1997, plateau yields were 2379, 2495 and 2325 kg ha–1 for Newdale, Varcoe and Angusville series, respectively, where the Varcoe series responded most strongly to estimated plant-available N supply. The corresponding estimated plant-available N supply values at the modeled maxima were 195, 139 and 110 kg ha–1. In 1998, plateau yields were 2343, 2253 and 2285 kg ha–1 for Newdale, Varcoe and Angusville series, respectively. The corresponding estimated plant-available N supply values at the modeled maxima were 136, 148 and 155 kg ha–1. Successful variable-rate fertilization by LEC or soil series will require long-term empirical study to establish risk-based grain yield-N relationships, and to determine if an economic advantage over conventional fertilization practices exists. Key words: Variable-rate fertilization, nitrogen, wheat yield, grain protein concentration, soil-landscape

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Wang, Qiang, Haoliang Lu, Jingyan Chen, Yongcan Jiang, Mark A. Williams, Shengjie Wu, Junwei Li, Jingchun Liu, Guangsong Yang y Chongling Yan. "Interactions of soil metals with glomalin-related soil protein as soil pollution bioindicators in mangrove wetland ecosystems". Science of The Total Environment 709 (marzo de 2020): 136051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136051.

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Hurisso, Tunsisa T., Dan J. Moebius‐Clune, Steve W. Culman, Bianca N. Moebius‐Clune, Janice E. Thies y Harold M. Es. "Soil Protein as a Rapid Soil Health Indicator of Potentially Available Organic Nitrogen". Agricultural & Environmental Letters 3, n.º 1 (enero de 2018): 180006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/ael2018.02.0006.

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Gao, Yanzheng, Ziyan Zhou, Wanting Ling, Xiaojie Hu y Shuang Chen. "Glomalin-related soil protein enhances the availability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil". Soil Biology and Biochemistry 107 (abril de 2017): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.01.002.

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Cissé, G., M. Essi, M. Nicolas y S. Staunton. "Bradford quantification of Glomalin-Related Soil Protein in coloured extracts of forest soils". Geoderma 372 (agosto de 2020): 114394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114394.

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Silva, Cillas Pollicarto, Paulo Furtado Mende Filho, Vânia Felipe Freire Gomes, Claudia Miranda Martins, Cleyton Saialy Medeiros Cunha y Márcio Godofrêdo Rocha Lobato. "Glomalin-Related Soil Protein Content in Areas of Degraded and Revegetated Caatinga in the Municipality of Irauçuba". Journal of Agricultural Science 10, n.º 1 (13 de diciembre de 2017): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n1p302.

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Anthropic activities, combined with the natural ones, may trigger soil degradation, which has increased day by day and contributed to accentuating the desertification processes, resulting in losses of biodiversity and fertility of the soils. Because of that, the utilization of tools that indicate the stages of such degradation and recovery becomes necessary, in order to make viable and adequate management of these areas. Thus, the study on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), as a perspective to facilitate the recovery of degraded areas has increased, especially for the production of glomalin-related soil protein, which is of great importance for aggregate stability, besides showing a great potential of utilization as soil quality indicator. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the contents of glomalin-related soil protein, correlating with chemical, physical and biological attributes in areas of the municipality of Irauçuba-CE: area degraded by overgrazing, area under process of natural revegetation managed with the exclusion of domestic animals and area of native forest, characterized by tree-shrub Caatinga vegetation. Disturbed soil samples were collected in the layer of 0-10 cm in each area and evaluated for AMF attributes, soil chemical attributes and physical attributes. The results obtained with the tests of means prove that, among the three areas, only the native forest showed significant differences with respect to both fractions of the protein. However, in regard to spore density and aggregate stability, the areas of native forest and exclusion showed the best mean values. The content glomalin-related soil protein (GRPS), associated with other edaphic attributes, contributes to discriminating the quality and to the monitoring of areas with different levels of soil degradation. The highest correlation values were observed among the contents of calcium, nitrogen and organic carbon and both GRSP fractions (easily extractable: GRSPEE,which represents the recently deposited frsction that has not yet suffered biochemical alterations in the soil; total: GRSPT, which is strongly adhered to the clays), indicating that the protein directly influences the contents of these elements in the soil.

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Wang, Qiong, Yan Wu, Wenjie Wang, Zhaoliang Zhong, Zhongxue Pei, Jie Ren, Huimei Wang y Yuangang Zu. "Spatial Variations in Concentration, Compositions of Glomalin Related Soil Protein in Poplar Plantations in Northeastern China, and Possible Relations with Soil Physicochemical Properties". Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/160403.

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Concentration of Glomalin Related Soil Protein is reportedly close related to soil functions, but few data is available for GRSP compositional variations and function related to soil properties. In this paper, soils from 0–20 cm, 20–40 cm, 40–60 cm, 60–80 cm, and 80–100 cm layers were collected in 72 poplar shelterbelts in Songnen Plain (6 regions) for implementing this data shortage. GRSP mainly consists of stretching of O–H, N–H, C–H, C=O, COO–, C–O, and Si–O–Si and bending of C–H and O–H. It has seven fluorescent substances of tyrosine-like protein, tryptophan-like protein, fulvic acid-like, humic acid-like, soluble microbial byproduct-like, nitrobenzoxadiazole-like, and calcofluor white-like, with characteristic X-ray diffraction peak at 2θ= 19.8° and 129.3 nm grain size as well as 1.08% low crystallinity. Large spatial variations (intersite and intrasite down profile) were found in either GRSP concentration or these compositional traits. Regression analysis clearly manifested that soil pH should be responsible for these variations. However, negative relations between soil bulk density and GRSP quantity were observed, but not its compositional traits. These basic data in poplar shelterbelt forests are good for understanding the underlying mechanism of GRSP in soil functional maintenance.

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Gutsol, G. "Evaluanion of intensity of radionuclides increases in wheat production of body for growth succession". 145, n.º 2 (27 de diciembre de 2018): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9289-2018-145-2-72-77.

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The influence of liming of soils of honey fields with high pH on the intensity of the transition of cesium-137 and strontium-90 to protein production of beekeeping, in particular, flower pollen and pergo, was studied. This protein product contains about 250 substances and mineral elements: proteins and non-protein nitrogenous compounds – 20-25 %, sugars (sucrose, glucose, fructose, etc.) – 13-35 %, starch – 1-25 %, fiber – 3 -20 %, polovin – 6-20 %, crude fat – 2-14 %, ash – 1-6 %, water – 20-30 %. Pollen contains arytenoids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, higher alcohols, growth and other substances. In ashes of pollen, a lot of mineral elements, % of total ash: potassium 20-45, magnesium – 1-12, calcium – 1-15, silicon – 2-10, phosphorus – 1-20, iron – 0,1, sulfur – 1, manganese – 1.4. Other elements that affect the vital activity of the organism are also revealed. Beetroot obnizhya is used in the food industry, has antimicrobial effect, stimulates the immune system of the body, is used in cardiovascular diseases of the stomach and kidneys. The high efficiency of use of bee antlers in the treatment of diseases of the nervous system, lungs, liver, kidneys, glands of the internal secretion, vascular diseases of the brain, gastrointestinal tract, rheumatoid arthritis is established. Bee ankles increase appetite and overall body condition. Due to the high content of biologically active substances, it is widely used to increase the immunity of the body during the period of illness and surgical operations. Anesthetics also affect the process of hematopoietic, and increases hemoglobin and red blood cells. Agricultural honey plants are a powerful source of nectar and pollen, which are raw materials for the production of bee products. The main representatives are winter and spring rape, sunflower, buckwheat, turbot. Winter rice was grown in areas with soil pH of 4.7 with specific activity of cesium-137 – 31.0 and strontium-90 – 2.7 Bq / kg. Liming of soil under winter rape was carried out at the rate of 9 t / ha of brushwood along the surface of the soil with subsequent flooding. Limestone acidic soils with a pH of 4.7 reduced the acidity of the aqueous medium to 6.8. Reducing the acidity of the soil from pH 4.7 to 6.8 contributed to a decrease in the specific activity of cesium-137 in beer overgrowth by 40.0 %, in a perace – by 42.9 %, and by strontium-90, respectively, by 43.3 % and 42, 89 %. Specific activity of cesium-137 and strontium-90 in protein beekeepers did not exceed DR-2006. The coefficient of accumulation of cesium-137 and strontium-90 in beer overwork, produced from winter wheat rape, decreased by 31.8 % and 35.7 %, respectively – by 29.6 % and 31.6 % respectively. The greatest radiological efficacy was achieved with respect to cesium-137 in beer overwork, its accumulation decreased by 66.7 %, strontium-90 – in a proxy by 3.4 times. Comparing the intensity of the accumulation of radionuclides in protein production of beekeeping for liming soil with a pH of 4.7, it is necessary to note the higher efficiency of reduction of strontium-90 compared to cesium-137. This tendency is observed due to an increase in calcium soils, the presence of which depends on the intensity of the assimilation of plants by strontium-90. Thus, the intensity of the reduction of strontium-90 in the bee-wormhole was 2.5 times lower; the recipe was 14.4 times compared to the cesium-137 for liming the soils. Bee families who harvested pollen from winter rape, which was grown on soils without liming, produced a smaller amount of protein products. Families that harvested pollen from winter rape for liming soil produced more bee-wormwood by 18.2 % and perg, by 6.0 %, compared with a soil pH of 6.8. Along with this, it was found that the specific activity of cesium-137 and strontium-90 in the perogus was higher in 2.8 and 7.0 times compared to bee-wormholes, respectively. Key words: bee apple, perg, soil, radionuclides, honey fields, cesium-137, strontium-90.

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Chen, Shuang, Ziyan Zhou, Daniel C. W. Tsang, Jian Wang, Emmanuel Stephen Odinga y Yanzheng Gao. "Glomalin-related soil protein reduces the sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by soils". Chemosphere 260 (diciembre de 2020): 127603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127603.

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Keiblinger, Katharina M., Inés C. Wilhartitz, Thomas Schneider, Bernd Roschitzki, Emanuel Schmid, Leo Eberl, Kathrin Riedel y Sophie Zechmeister-Boltenstern. "Soil metaproteomics – Comparative evaluation of protein extraction protocols". Soil Biology and Biochemistry 54 (noviembre de 2012): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.05.014.

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Nagaoka, Kazunari, Miyako Yoshioka, Noriko Shimozaki, Tomoaki Yamamura, Yuichi Murayama, Takashi Yokoyama y Shirou Mohri. "Sensitive detection of scrapie prion protein in soil". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 397, n.º 3 (julio de 2010): 626–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.06.013.

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