Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Soil fungi"
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Tyszkiewicz, Zofia. "The soil fungi communities of peat soils in the Narew National Park". Acta Agrobotanica 58, n.º 2 (2012): 475–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2005.071.
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The study was conducted in the years 2003-2004 on four low peatland peat soil profiles located in the Narew National Park. All studied soils were sedge peat soils sampled from various habitats. The recognition of the soil fungi communities and their stratification in the studied profiles were the aim of the study. The 214 isolates were made, which were represented by 45 species. The reason for little differentiation of quantitative-qualitative structures of soil fungi communities in peat soils is their high moisture. The distinct differentiation among the soil fungi communities was observed. These results suggest that not only the soil-forming process affects the soil fungi communities development but also the soil properties, which were under influence in the past and have been still affected by the habitat conditions, are very important to the development process of soil fungi communities.
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Donerian, Larisa G., M. A. Vodianova y Zh E. Tarasova. "Microscopic soil fungi - bioindicators organisms contaminated soil". Hygiene and sanitation 95, n.º 9 (28 de octubre de 2019): 891–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2016-95-9-891-894.
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In the paper there are considered methodological issues for the evaluation of soil biota in terms of oil pollution. Experimental studies have shown that under the exposure of a various levels of oil pollution meeting certain gradations of the state and optimal alteration in microbocenosis in sod-podzolic soils, there is occurred a transformation of structure of the complex of micromycetes and the accumulation of toxic species, hardly typical for podzolic soils - primarily represantatives of the genus Aspergillus (A.niger and A. versicolor), Paecilomyces (P.variotii Bainer), Trichoderma (T.hamatum), the genus of phytopathogens Fusarium (F.oxysporum), dermatophytes of genus Sporothrix (S. schenckii) and dark-colored melanin containing fungi of Dematiaceae family. Besides that there are presented data on the study of microbiocenosis of the urban soil, the urban soil differed from the zone soil, but shaped in similar landscape and climatic conditions, and therefore having a tendency to a similar response from the side of microorganisms inhabiting the soil. Isolated complex of soil microscopic fungi is described by many authors as a complex, characteristic for soils of megalopolises. This allowed authors of this work to suggest that in urban soils the gain in the occurrence of pathogenic species micromycetes also increases against a background of chronic, continuously renewed inflow of petroleum hydrocarbons from various sources of pollution. Because changes in the species composition of micromycetes occurred in accordance with the increasing load of oil, so far as microscopic soil fungi can be recommended as a bioindicator organisms for oil. In the article there is also provided information about the distinctive features of modern DNA identification method of soil microscopic fungi and accepted in our country methodology of isolation of micromycetes with the use of a nutrient Czapek medium.
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S Naji, Noor, Yazi Abdullah Jassim y Shaemaa Muhi Hasson AL-Amery. "Review Algae and Fungi on Soil Ecosystem". International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies 4, n.º 1 (10 de febrero de 2024): 1037–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.62225/2583049x.2024.4.1.2337.
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Many types of microorganisms spread in the soil, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, and protozoa. The soil contains many types of algae, which differ in their growth requirements, such as temperature and acidity. Soil fungi are microscopic plant-like cells. Soil fungi, along with soil bacteria, form the beginning of the soil food web, which improves soil functions and supports the survival of other organisms. Soil fungi are abundant in soils with low acidity, perennial plants, and organic residues that need a long time to decompose Algae and fungi are important and beneficial to the soil, and some of them are affected and benefit from the soil environment in a way that contributes to the formation of an integrated ecosystem that contributes to biological and life diversity. Green algae and diatoms usually dominate over other algae in the soils.
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Zhang, Qishui y John C. Zak. "Potential role of fungi and bacteria in Chinese fir replant soil". Canadian Journal of Botany 72, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1994): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-010.
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The role of soil fungi and Bacillus in the Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) replant problem was investigated. Several pathogenic fungi isolated were more abundant in replant than in non-replant woodland soil, but the species composition of soil bacteria showed no significant differences. Fumigation of replant soils with methyl bromide significantly increased the growth of Chinese fir compared with nonfumigated soils. Inoculation of steam-sterilized soil with the pathogenic fungi caused significant reduction of growth of Chinese fir seedlings, while amendment with bacteria from the soil had no effect on seedling growth. However, the combination of pathogenic fungi and bacteria greatly reduced plant growth and increased root rot compared with pathogenic fungi or bacteria alone. It is suggested that fungi alone or in combination with bacteria may be important biotic factors in the Chinese fir replant problem. Key words: fungi, bacteria, Chinese fir, replanted soil, seedling growth.
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Jamiołkowska, Agnieszka, Andrzej Księżniak, Anna Gałązka, Beata Hetman, Marek Kopacki y Barbara Skwaryło-Bednarz. "Impact of abiotic factors on development of the community of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the soil: a Review". International Agrophysics 32, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2018): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/intag-2016-0090.
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AbstractArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inhabiting soil play an important role for vascular plants. Interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, plants and soil microorganisms leads to many mutual advantages. However, the effectiveness of mycorrhizal fungi depends not only on biotic, but also abiotic factors such as physico-chemical properties of the soil, availability of water and biogenic elements, agricultural practices, and climatic conditions. First of all, it is important to adapt the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species to changing environmental conditions. The compactness of the soil and its structure have a huge impact on its biological activity. Soil pH reaction has a substantial impact on the mobility of ions in soil dilutions and their uptake by plants and soil microflora. Water excess can be a factor negatively affecting arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi because these microorganisms are sensitive to a lower availability of oxygen. Mechanical cultivation of the soil has a marginal impact on the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spores. However, soil translocation can cause changes to the population of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi abundance in the soil profile. The geographical location and topographic differentiation of cultivated soils, as well as the variability of climatic factors affect the population of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the soils and their symbiotic activity.
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Tyszkiewicz, Zofia. "Quantitative-qualitative structures of the soil fungi communities in three profiles of peat-muck soils". Acta Agrobotanica 55, n.º 1 (2013): 335–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2002.032.
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The mycological investigations were performed on three soil profiles, which represent the slightly, moderately and strongly mucked peat-muck soils located in the Biebrza Valley. The aim of the study was the comparison of quantitative-qualitative structures of the fungi communities in the chosen peat-muck soils. The results indicate that soil fungi communities from compared soils reveal only small degree of similarity. The variety in quantitative and in qualitative structure increase with increasing mucking of organic deposits. These results may suggest that decreasing moisture of habitat stimulates the development of soil fungi. The most numerous soil fungi communities were observed in the turf layer and subturf layer of all soils.
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Rosling, A. y N. Rosenstock. "Ectomycorrhizal fungi in mineral soil". Mineralogical Magazine 72, n.º 1 (febrero de 2008): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2008.072.1.127.
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AbstractEctomycorrhizal fungi are mutualistic symbionts of many forest trees and play a major role in nutrient uptake. They form diverse communities in boreal forest soils but functional differences within this group of fungi remain largely unknown. We study ectomycorrhzal fungi in mineral soil to determine how abiotic preferences influence their spatial distribution in stratified soil profiles. This is achieved by correlative field studies of species distribution and soil characteristics at a spatial resolution relevant to soil heterogeneity and mycelial size. Field sampling strategies are being evaluated to establish a protocol for simultaneous small-sample analysis of ectomycorrhizal community and soil chemical variables. Species-specific substrate preferences are examined by studies of regulation of enzymatic and biogeochemical activity in response to relevant organic and inorganic sources of phosphorus. Studies of four species in the genus Piloderma have demonstrated that different strategies to obtain phosphorus are reflected by their spatial distribution in a podzol soil profile.
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Djukic, Dragutin, Leka Mandic, Vesna Sumanov y Svetlana Raketic. "Anthropogenic effects on soil micromycetes". Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, n.º 113 (2007): 179–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn0713179d.
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This paper is a synthesis of long-term investigations based on the effect of different authropogenic pollutants (mineral and organic fertilizers, heavy metals, contaminated irrigation water, nitrification inhibitor and detergents) on the dynamics of soil fungi number. The investigations were performed at the Microbiology Department and trial fields of the Faculty of Agronomy in Cacak on smonitza and alluvium soils in field and under greenhouse conditions. Maize, wheat, barley and red clover were used as test plants in these studies. The quantitative composition of the fungi in the soils investigated was determined by the Capek selective agar dilution method. The study results show that the number of soil fungi was dependent on the type and rate of agrochemicals used, on the growing season, and the soil zone the samples were taken from for the analysis. Lower nitrogen fertiliser rates (80 and 120 kg x ha-1) and organic fertilizers stimulated the development of soil fungi, unlike the rate of 150 kg x ha-1. Heavy metals, mercury and cadmium in particular, as well as high rates of the N-serve nitrification inhibitor, inhibited the development of this group of soil microorganisms. Generally, the adverse effect of contaminated irrigation water on the soil fungi was recorded in both soil types, and particularly in the smonitza under red clover. Low detergent (Meril) concentrations did not have any significant effect on this group of microorganisms. In this respect, it can be concluded that the soil fungi number dynamics can be used in monitoring soils polluted by different toxinogenic substances.
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Zhong, Zhiming, Guangyu Zhang y Gang Fu. "Effect of Experiment Warming on Soil Fungi Community of Medicago sativa, Elymus nutans and Hordeum vulgare in Tibet". Journal of Fungi 9, n.º 9 (29 de agosto de 2023): 885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9090885.
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The uncertainty response of soil fungi community to climate warming in alpine agroecosystems will limit our ability to fully exploit and utilize soil fungi resources, especially in alpine regions. In this study, a warming experiment was conducted in one perennial leguminous agroecosystem [i.e., alfalfa (Medicago sativa)], perennial gramineous agroecosystem (i.e., Elymus nutans) and annual gramineous agroecosystem [i.e., highland barley (Hordeum vulgare L)] in Tibet since 2016 to investigate the response of soil fungi community to climate warming. Soils at two layers (i.e., 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm) were collected in August 2017 to estimate soil fungi community based on the ITS method. The α-diversity, community composition and functional group abundance of soil fungi in the leguminous agroecosystem were more sensitive to climate warming. The α-diversity of soil fungi in the perennial gramineous agroecosystem were more sensitive to climate warming, but topology parameters of soil fungi species cooccurrence network in the annual gramineous agroecosystem were more sensitive to climate warming. Compared with 0–10 cm, soil fungal α-diversity, community composition and functional group abundance at 10–20 cm were more sensitive to climate warming. The topological parameters of soil fungi species cooccurrence network at 0–10 cm in the gramineous agroecosystem were more sensitive to climate warming, but those at 10–20 cm in the leguminous agroecosystem were more sensitive to climate warming. Warming increased the differences of soil fungi α-diversity and functional composition. For the Medicago sativa agroecosystem, warming increased the abundance of soil pathogenic fungi but decreased the abundance of soil symbiotic and saprophytic fungi at 10–20 cm. Therefore, responses of the soil fungi community to climate warming varied with agroecosystem types and soil depth. Climate warming can alter the differences of the soil fungi community among agroecosystems. Changes in soil fungi community caused by climate warming may be detrimental to the growth of alpine crops, at least for perennial Medicago sativa in Tibet.
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SCHRADER, Stefan, Friederike WOLFARTH y Elisabeth OLDENBURG. "Biological Control of Soil-borne Phytopathogenic Fungi and their Mycotoxins by Soil Fauna". Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture 70, n.º 2 (25 de noviembre de 2013): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:9743.
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Yield loss through harmful fungi is a serious problem in crop production worldwide. Cereal residues like straw are frequently infected by Fusarium fungi, which produce mycotoxins like deoxynivalenol (DON). Mycotoxins lead to quality losses in cereal-based food and feed which endangers human and animal health. Especially under conservation tillage, when mulching techniques are applied to protect soil from erosion, run-off etc., residues should be efficiently degraded to protect the currently cultivated crop from fungal infection and mycotoxin contamination. The objective of this review is to give an overview on which role decomposing soil fauna plays in the fate of Fusarium fungi and there main mycotoxin DON in the soil system. Generally, soil fauna benefits from conservation tillage compared to conventional tillage. Results from experiments in the laboratory and field revealed that earthworms as primary and secondary decomposers as well as fungivorous collembolans and soil nematodes contribute to the ecosystem services of pathogen depression and toxin degradation with respect to Fusarium and DON. Fusarium seems to be an attractive food source. Furthermore, the mycotoxin DON does not cause any harm to the soil fauna tested. Key factors for the control of Fusarium development by antagonistic soil fauna are: (1) interaction with soil microorganisms; (2) interaction of soil fauna species; (3) soil texture; (4) residue exposure. Ecosystem services of antagonistic soil fauna are vital to crop production and the functioning of agroecosystems. They will be discussed in a broader context of soil health and conservation tillage.
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Li, Chaonan, Haijun Liao, Dehui Li y Yanli Jing. "The Fungal Functional Guilds at the Early-Stage Restoration of Subalpine Forest Soils Disrupted by Highway Construction in Southwest China". Forests 15, n.º 4 (30 de marzo de 2024): 636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15040636.
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Soil fungi often operate through diverse functional guilds, and play critical roles in driving soil nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition and the health of above-ground vegetation. However, fungal functional guilds at the early-stage restoration of disrupted subalpine forest soils remain elusive. In the present study, we collected 36 soil samples along an altitudinal gradient (2900 m a.s.l., 3102 m a.s.l., and 3194 m a.s.l.) from cut slopes (CS) (from Wenma highway) and natural soils (NS) at the Miyaluo of Lixian County, Southwest China. By applying nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing, this study revealed the ecological characteristics of fungal functional guild in the early-stage restoration of cut slope soils. The results showed that the predicted prevalence of ectomycorrhizal fungi decreased, while plant pathogens and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increased in CS. In the high-altitude regions (3102 m a.s.l. and 3194 m a.s.l.), the differences in communities between natural and cut slope soils were more pronounced for total soil fungi, soil saprotroph, litter saprotroph, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and ectomycorrhizal fungi, in contrast to the low altitude communities (2900 m a.s.l.). An opposite pattern was evident for plant pathogens. Variations in the differences of both soil properties (mainly soil pH) and community assembling processes (e.g., heterogeneous selection, dispersal limitation and drift) between natural and cut slope soils across the altitudinal gradient likely shaped the shifting patterns of community difference. This study provides valuable insights for devising restoration approaches for cut slopes in subalpine forest ecosystems, emphasizing the importance of taking soil fungal functional guilds into account in evaluating the restoration of cut slopes, and underscoring the necessity for increased attention to the restoration of soil fungi in cut slopes at the high-altitude ecosystems.
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Looby, Caitlin I., Emily C. Hollenbeck y Kathleen K. Treseder. "Fungi in the Canopy: How Soil Fungi and Extracellular Enzymes Differ Between Canopy and Ground Soils". Ecosystems 23, n.º 4 (16 de septiembre de 2019): 768–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-019-00439-w.
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Abstract Tropical montane cloud forests contain a large abundance and diversity of canopy epiphytes, which depend on canopy soil to retain water and nutrients. We lack an in depth understanding of how these soils contribute to ecosystem processes and soil diversity and how sensitive they may be to projected climate change. We compared canopy and ground soils in Monteverde, Costa Rica, to determine how these two soil types differ in their extracellular enzyme activity (EEA) and fungal communities. Samples were also collected along two elevation gradients to reveal if canopy soils differed in how EEA and fungal communities responded to elevation compared to ground soils. We found that canopy soils had higher EEA than ground soils. Fungal communities were less diverse and differed significantly between the two soil types. These differences were associated with higher relative abundances of yeasts and endophytes in canopy soils. The relative abundances of free-living filamentous fungi and yeasts shifted more dramatically with elevation in canopy soils compared to ground soils. Our study suggests that canopy soils may be a reservoir for endophytes. Epiphytes may invest in symbionts that promote stress tolerance over mycorrhizal fungi whose high resource demands are costly and less beneficial. Overall, soils harbor distinct fungal communities that may be altered under projected climate change.
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Gladish, Sandra, Jonathan Frank y Darlene Southworth. "The serpentine syndrome below ground: ectomycorrhizas and hypogeous fungi associated with conifers". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, n.º 8 (agosto de 2010): 1671–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-092.
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Serpentine soils select for unique plant communities, often with sparse vegetation. Mycorrhizal fungi mediate the interaction between plants and soils, yet little is known about the mycorrhizal fungi of serpentine-tolerant plants. Ectomycorrhizas and hypogeous fungal sporocarps were sampled on paired serpentine and nonserpentine soils in southwestern Oregon. We hypothesized that conifers on serpentine soils would have fewer species of mycorrhizal fungi, a distinct assemblage of ectomycorrhizal fungi, and fewer hypogeous sporocarps with less species richness. Sporocarps were sampled and soil cores collected around pines on serpentine and nonserpentine soils. Conifers on serpentine and nonserpentine soils hosted overlapping communities of ectomycorrhizal fungi, as characterized by nonmetric multidimensional scaling. From soil cores, we categorized 27 species by morphotype, of which 18 were identified by DNA. Fewer hypogeous sporocarps with less taxonomic richness were collected on serpentine soils. The lack of indicator species of mycorrhizal fungi and the greater variability among samples on serpentine soils suggest that soil composition does not determine the mycorrhizal community. The sparseness of host vegetation may limit the ability of fungi to grow from tree to tree and may increase the reliance on spore dispersal, thus creating a more varied pattern of mycorrhizal communities.
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Jørgensen, Helene Bracht, Tomas Johansson, Björn Canbäck, Katarina Hedlund y Anders Tunlid. "Selective foraging of fungi by collembolans in soil". Biology Letters 1, n.º 2 (26 de abril de 2005): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2004.0286.
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Soils contain highly diverse communities of microorganisms and invertebrates. The trophic interactions between these species are largely unknown. Collembolans form an abundant part of the invertebrate community in soils. A prevailing view is that soil collembolans are generalist feeders on fungi, lichens, fragmented litter and bacteria. However, in laboratory food choice experiments, it has been shown that collembolans preferentially select certain taxa of fungi. To examine this apparent contradiction, we developed a molecular technique based on the analysis of 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences to explore the diversity of fungi in soils and in the guts of collembolans. We report that the diversity of fungi found in the natural soil was 33 times higher than that in the guts of the collembolan Protaphorura armata . The data support the view that collembolan species can be highly selective when foraging on fungi in soils.
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Zhang, X. J., Y. S. Jiang, X. D. Fan y X. Yu. "Mitigation of soil frost heave with fungi". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1337, n.º 1 (1 de mayo de 2024): 012056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1337/1/012056.
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Abstract Frost heave and thaw weakening can impose engineering issues on cold region infrastructures, including pavements, slopes, pipes, foundations, and buildings. This study investigated the potential of fungi treatment to mitigate the frost susceptibility of soils. Fungi were grown with organic waste to develop fungal mycelium. Subsequently, it is introduced into the soil. A sensitivity study was conducted on the influence of fungi centration on soil behaviors. The volume change behaviors when subjected to freezing or thawing were monitored. The results indicated that both soil frost heave and thaw weakening were reduced significantly with fungi treatment. The mechanisms are investigated with the measurement of the soil water characteristic curves. The introduction of fungi treatment affected the SWCC and soil water affinity. These affect the moisture transport when soil is subjected to freezing/thawing. Subsequently, the volume changes were suppressed.
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Klingeman, W. E., R. M. Augé y P. C. Flanagan. "Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Assessment of Ornamental Trees Grown in Tennessee Field Soils". HortScience 37, n.º 5 (agosto de 2002): 778–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.37.5.778.
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Mycorrhizal symbiosis, a natural association between roots and certain soil fungi, can improve growth and increase stress resistance of many nursery crops. Field soils of four middle Tennessee and two eastern Tennessee nurseries were surveyed for their mycorrhizal inoculum potential (MIP), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) concentrations, and soil pH. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, which colonized seedlings of a Sorghum bicolor trap-crop, were recovered from all soils. Tissue samples were taken from young roots of three economically important tree species grown in nursery field soils: red maple (Acer rubrum L. `October Glory'), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L. `Cherokee Princess'), and Kwanzan cherry (Prunus serrulata Lindl. `Kwanzan'). AM fungi, regardless of soil type, soil pH, or P or K concentration, had colonized young roots of all three species. Unless interested in establishing exotic mycorrhizae, ornamental nursery producers in Tennessee do not need to supplement field soils with these beneficial fungi.
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Ellouze, Walid, Ahmad Esmaeili Taheri, Luke D. Bainard, Chao Yang, Navid Bazghaleh, Adriana Navarro-Borrell, Keith Hanson y Chantal Hamel. "Soil Fungal Resources in Annual Cropping Systems and Their Potential for Management". BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/531824.
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Soil fungi are a critical component of agroecosystems and provide ecological services that impact the production of food and bioproducts. Effective management of fungal resources is essential to optimize the productivity and sustainability of agricultural ecosystems. In this review, we (i) highlight the functional groups of fungi that play key roles in agricultural ecosystems, (ii) examine the influence of agronomic practices on these fungi, and (iii) propose ways to improve the management and contribution of soil fungi to annual cropping systems. Many of these key soil fungal organisms (i.e., arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and fungal root endophytes) interact directly with plants and are determinants of the efficiency of agroecosystems. In turn, plants largely control rhizosphere fungi through the production of carbon and energy rich compounds and of bioactive phytochemicals, making them a powerful tool for the management of soil fungal diversity in agriculture. The use of crop rotations and selection of optimal plant genotypes can be used to improve soil biodiversity and promote beneficial soil fungi. In addition, other agronomic practices (e.g., no-till, microbial inoculants, and biochemical amendments) can be used to enhance the effect of beneficial fungi and increase the health and productivity of cultivated soils.
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Ma, Wei Jian, Yue Chun Zhao y Jun Qin Wu. "Biodegradation of DDT in Soil under Different Conditions by White Rot Fungi and Laccase Extract from White Rot Fungi". Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (mayo de 2011): 549–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.549.
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Biodegradation of 2, 2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) -1, 1, 1-trichloroethane (DDT) in soil by white rot fungi and laccase under different experimental conditions was investigated. DDTs stands for the sum of p, p′-DDE, o, p′-DDT, p, p′-DDD and p, p′-DDT in soil. The results shown that the residues of DDTs in soils with different pH levels decreased by 79%, 76%, 73%, 70% and 67% after 28 days of incubation with white rot fungi and laccase, respectively. The residues of DDTs in different pH soils decreasing order was: pH4.5>pH3.5>pH5.5>pH2.5>pH6.5. The residues of DDTs in soils incubated with white rot fungi and laccase decreased with the increase of pollution levels of DDT, the residues of DDTs decrease by 47%, 56% and 70% after 28 days of incubation with white rot fungi and laccase, respectively. The white rot fungi and the laccase extract from white rot fungi can rapidly and efficiently degrade DDT in soil.
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Tirranen, L. S. y J. I. Gitelson. "Chemiluminescence from soil fungi". Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics 458, n.º 1 (septiembre de 2014): 170–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1607672914050032.
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Gams, Walter. "Soil and Seed Fungi". Mycological Research 106, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2002): 1375–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953756202216925.
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Malewski, Tadeusz, Piotr Borowik, Ireneusz Olejarski, Artur Rutkiewicz, Adam Okorski y Tomasz Oszako. "Addition of Organic Matter to Pine Plantations on Agricultural Land Positively Alters the Mycobiome of Agricultural Soils". Applied Sciences 13, n.º 9 (8 de mayo de 2023): 5800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13095800.
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Afforestation of former agricultural land poses a real challenge for foresters because soil life is often severely limited by the loss of natural soil fungal diversity. In addition, former agricultural soils have low levels of fungal species typical of forest soils, which have a unique microbiome that plays a protective role (antagonists, plant growth promoters, mycorrhizal fungi, etc.). This study aimed to determine the effect of using organic material in the form of bark compost, wood waste, and sawdust to improve the soil mycobiome of soils that have been damaged by their agricultural use. This study used experimental plots established 20 years ago, and we compared the biodiversity of the treated soils with that of the control soils by analysing soil samples with powerful molecular methods. Next-generation sequencing analysis of DNA extracted from soil samples and subsequent analysis of their species composition and biodiversity showed that the mycobiome of soil fungi has been altered by the addition of various forms of organic material. The proportion of fungi belonging to the Ascomycota decreased in favour of species from the Basidiomycota and Mucoromycota. The dominant fungal groups in the soil of the control area were Sagenomella, Wilcoxina, Oidiodendron, Meliniomyces, and Penicillium. Enrichment with organic matter by adding bark compost under the roots led to an increase in Penicillium, Inocybe, and Amphinema. The application of bark compost on the surface led to an increase in the dominance of Inocybe fungi in the soil. The mycobiome of the plant to which woody debris was applied was characterised by a marked dominance of fungi of the genera Russula, Oidiodendron, and Penicillium. Similar ratios were found in the plant to which sawdust was applied, where the fungi Meliniomyces, Penicillium, Oidiodendron, and Russula dominated. A comparative analysis of fungal diversity with the Shannon diversity index showed that the most diverse fungal communities were found in the sawdust plant (6.56), while the control sample (a soil sample from an agricultural area where no organic material was applied) had an index of 5.71. After the treatments, more potential antagonists against pine pathogens and mycorrhizal fungi were found to form beneficial symbiotic relationships with them. In our opinion, the results of this study show that it is worthwhile to introduce different forms of organic matter to post-agricultural land to improve soil biodiversity and mycorrhizal associations of pine roots with fungi to ensure the sustainability of the first generation of forests created.
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Soti, P. G., Bulent Toprak, Nina De La Rosa y Krish Jayachandran. "Influence of Land Use Intensity and Management on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi-Avocado Symbiosis". Journal of Agricultural Science 13, n.º 3 (15 de febrero de 2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v13n3p10.
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This study was done to assess the effect of soil disturbance on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spore abundance and root colonization in avocado (Persea americana Mill.). Rhizosphere soil and root samples of avocado were collected from different farms in south Florida and analyzed for degree of mycorrhizal colonization in roots, spore density and diversity in soil along with soil characteristics. There was significant difference in the soil characteristics among the different farms. Similarly, there was a significant difference in the degree of mycorrhizal colonization in the roots and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spore morphotypes among different land use and management practices. However, there was no significant difference in the total number of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spores among these sites. There was no correlation between the number of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spores and soil characteristics. However, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization in roots were strongly influenced by soil characteristics such as soil moisture, carbon, nitrogen, and organic matter. Further research is necessary to identify these AMF species and determine the role of in avocado growth tolerance to anthropogenic disturbance in highly disturbed urban soils.
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Yao, Luhua, Dangjun Wang, Lin Kang, Dengke Wang, Yong Zhang, Xiangyang Hou y Yanjun Guo. "Effects of fertilizations on soil bacteria and fungi communities in a degraded arid steppe revealed by high through-put sequencing". PeerJ 6 (16 de abril de 2018): e4623. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4623.
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Background Fertilization as one of the measures in restoring degraded soil qualities has been introduced on arid steppes in recent decades. However, the fertilization use efficiency on arid steppes varies greatly between steppe types and years, enhancing uncertainties and risks in introducing fertilizations on such natural system to restore degraded steppes. Methods The experiment was a completely randomized design with five fertilization treatments, 0 (Control), 60 kg P ha−1 (P), 100 kg N ha−1 (N), 100 kg N ha−1 plus 60 kg P ha−1 (NP), and 4,000 kg sheep manure ha−1 (M, equaling 16.4 kg P ha−1 and 81.2 kg N ha−1). Soils were sampled from a degraded arid steppe which was consecutively applied with organic and inorganic fertilizers for three years. We analyzed the diversity and abundance of soil bacteria and fungi using high-throughput sequencing technique, measured the aboveground biomass, the soil chemical properties (organic carbon, available and total phosphorus, available and total nitrogen, and pH), and the microbial biomass nitrogen and microbial biomass carbon. Results In total 3,927 OTU (operational taxonomic units) for bacteria and 453 OTU for fungi were identified from the tested soils. The Ace and Chao of bacteria were all larger than 2,400, which were almost 10 times of those of fungi. Fertilizations had no significant influence on the richness and diversity of the bacteria and fungi. However, the abundance of individual bacterial or fungi phylum or species was sensitive to fertilizations. Fertilization, particularly the phosphorus fertilizer, influenced more on the abundance of the AMF species and colonization. Among the soil properties, soil pH was one of the most important soil properties influencing the abundance of soil bacteria and fungi. Discussion Positive relationships between the abundance of bacteria and fungi and the soil chemical properties suggested that soil bacteria and fungi communities in degraded steppes could be altered by improving the soil chemical properties through fertilizations. However, it is still not clear whether the alteration of the soil microbe community is detrimental or beneficial to the degraded arid steppes.
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Bohacz, Justyna, Michał Możejko, Teresa Korniłłowicz-Kowalska y Grzegorz Siebielec. "Impact of Ecological Factors on the Occurrence and Spatial-Taxonomic Structure of Keratinophilic Fungi and Their Co-Occurrence in Arable Soils". Agriculture 12, n.º 2 (31 de enero de 2022): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12020194.
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Fungi that decompose keratinized animal remains are an important component of the arable soil microbiome. The aim of the study is to characterize the communities of keratinophilic and co-inhabiting (non-keratinophilic) fungi in four cultivated soils that differ in physico-chemical properties, with particular emphasis on granulometric fractions, which have so far been omitted from studies concerning the ecology of these micromycetes. Fungi were isolated using the keratin-baiting method. Fungal species identification was carried out on the basis of their macro- and micromorphological features. The Simpson diversity index and Marczewski–Steinhaus similarity index were calculated for precise determination of the relationships between fungal communities. In the studied soils, Trichophyton ajelloi and Ctenomyces serratus dominated among keratinophilic fungi, while Purpureocillium lilacinum and Metacordyceps chlamydosporia, from the orders Eurotiales and Hypocreales, were dominant among non-keratinophilic fungi. The frequency of keratinophilic fungi was significantly positively correlated with pH and the content of two granulometric fractions, as opposed to non-keratinophilic fungi. This was reflected in the higher growth rates of keratinomycetes in loamy soil, chernozem, and rendzina, i.e., soils with a higher content of silt and clay fractions compared to sandy soil characterized by a high content of sand fractions. The species composition of both groups of fungi was most similar between loamy soil and chernozem, whereas the greatest differences were found for sandy soil and rendzina. Chernozem was characterized by the highest diversity of fungal species from both groups of fungi. The study, in addition to providing information about ecological factors, provided a collection of keratinomycete strains that can be used as a starting material for subsequent research stages regarding keratinolytic activity of these fungi and their potential use in agricultural practices.
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Johnson, Nancy Collins, Gail W. T. Wilson, Matthew A. Bowker, Jacqueline A. Wilson y R. Michael Miller. "Resource limitation is a driver of local adaptation in mycorrhizal symbioses". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, n.º 5 (19 de enero de 2010): 2093–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0906710107.
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Symbioses may be important mechanisms of plant adaptation to their environment. We conducted a reciprocal inoculation experiment to test the hypothesis that soil fertility is a key driver of local adaptation in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses. Ecotypes ofAndropogon gerardiifrom phosphorus-limited and nitrogen-limited grasslands were grown with all possible “home and away” combinations of soils and AM fungal communities. Our results indicate thatAndropogonecotypes adapt to their local soil and indigenous AM fungal communities such that mycorrhizal exchange of the most limiting resource is maximized. Grasses grown in home soil and inoculated with home AM fungi produced more arbuscules (symbiotic exchange structures) in their roots than those grown in away combinations. Also, regardless of the host ecotype, AM fungi produced more extraradical hyphae in their home soil, and locally adapted AM fungi were, therefore, able to sequester more carbon compared with nonlocal fungi. Locally adapted mycorrhizal associations were more mutualistic in the two phosphorus-limited sites and less parasitic at the nitrogen-limited site compared with novel combinations of plants, fungi, and soils. To our knowledge, these findings provide the strongest evidence to date that resource availability generates evolved geographic structure in symbioses among plants and soil organisms. Thus, edaphic origin of AM fungi should be considered when managing for their benefits in agriculture, ecosystem restoration, and soil-carbon sequestration.
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Bukharina, I. L., A. A. Isupova, V. I. Lyamzin y M. A. Lebedeva. "Use prospects for microorganisms consortiums and higher plants in oil-contaminated lands restoration". Forestry Bulletin 26, n.º 6 (diciembre de 2022): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/2542-1468-2022-6-14-23.
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The article presents the research results on the use of microscopic endotrophic fungi cultures in oil-contaminated soils bioremediation. The resistance limits of microscopic fungi Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc and Cylindrocarpon magnusianum Wollenw isolates (cultures), isolated from urban soils with a high level of pollution, were studied to various oil concentrations. Wide limits of microscopic fungi tolerance to oil content were revealed. Also, the cleaning efficiency and restoring the biological activity of oil-contaminated soils was studied using a ameliorants consortium: the biological product «Mikrozim Petro Treat», containing a number of oil degrading bacteria, the plant ameliorant Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and microscopic fungi. A laboratory experiment was carried out to simulate 5 and 10 % soil pollution (sandy loam and loamy soddy podzolic soils) with oil. The greatest efficiency was established when using the full ameliorants composition with microscopic fungi cultures Cylindrocarpon magnusianum Wollenw (the biological product + plant ameliorant + microscopic fungi): at the end of the experiment, in variants with 5 % oil content on both soil textures and 10 % oil pollution (loamy soil), the oil content was significantly lower than in the control (using only a biological product). On loamy soil at 5 and 10 % oil content, the invertase activity indicator of soils at the end of the experiment exceeded the control in the variant with the use of a combination of ameliorants plant ameliorant + fungi, and maximum — in the variant of the complete ameliorant consortium. These results were obtained using both cultures of microscopic fungi. On sandy loamy soils, a significant increase in the biological activity of soils compared to the control was established only at 5 % oil content and only in the variant using a complete consortium of ameliorants with the fungi Cylindrocarpon magnusianum Wollenw. The results obtained allow us to state the effeciency of the joint application of the biological product, higher plants and microscopic fungi in bioremediation of oil-contaminated soils.
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Mukasa Mugerwa, T. T. y P. A. McGee. "Potential effect of melanised endophytic fungi on levels of organic carbon within an Alfisol". Soil Research 55, n.º 3 (2017): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr16006.
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Levels of organic carbon within agricultural soils in Australia continue to decline predominantly due to intensive cultivation. Such practices place sustainable use of agricultural soils at risk. The aim of the present study was to test whether selected melanised endophytic fungi could enhance organic carbon in an experimental soil. In a compartmental pot study, 20 melanised endophytic fungi significantly increased carbon in an aggregated carbon-rich Alfisol over 14 weeks, with increases of up to 17% measured. Two of these fungi increased organic carbon within microaggregates. This study demonstrates that some melanised endophytic fungi have the potential to increase levels of organic carbon within an experimental soil. Melanin, a polyaromatic compound present within the cell walls of melanised endophytic fungi, may have contributed towards increases in organic carbon, particularly if protected within soil aggregates. Deposition of aromatic carbon within aggregates would leave this carbon less susceptible to oxidation and contribute towards long-term carbon storage in soils.
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SONI, RAKESH KUMAR y KAVITA SHARMA. "Isolation, Screening and Identification of Fungi From Soil". International Journal of Scientific Research 3, n.º 7 (1 de junio de 2012): 472–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/july2014/148.
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Deshmukh, Sunil Kumar y Shilpa Amit Verekar. "Prevalence of keratinophilic fungi in usar soils of Uttar Pradesh, India". Microbiology Research 2, n.º 1 (3 de octubre de 2011): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/mr.2011.e15.
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Alkaline soils commonly called as <em>Usar</em> soil having pH 7.5 to 11.0 is commonly found in regions having poor drainage and little percolation. These soils occupy vast tracts of barren lands in the northern parts of India. These areas are frequently visited by man and animals, however there are no reports on the occurrence of keratinophilic fungi from the <em>Usar</em> soils. The purpose of this research was to study the occurrence of keratinophilic fungi in the alkaline Usar soil. To investigate the occurrence of soil keratinophilic fungi from <em>Usar</em> soil, 120 samples were collected from five districts of Uttar Pradesh viz. Lucknow, Bareilly, Azamgarh, Balia and Pratapgarh. Keratinophilic fungi were isolated by the hair baiting techniques using human hair as keratin bait. The cultures were identified using macro- and micro morphological features. Eighty-tow strains of keratinophilic fungi were recovered from 120 (68.33%) soil samples. The isolated fungi were composed of ten species of five genera viz. <em>Chrysosporium indicum</em> (19.16%), <em>Microsporum gypseum</em> (12.5%), <em>Chrysosporium tropicum</em> (10.0%), <em>Chrysosporium pannicola</em> (7.5%), <em>Trichophyton terrestre</em> (5.83%), <em>Chrysosporium lucknowense</em> (4.16%), <em>Chrysosporium</em> state of <em>Ctenomyces serratus</em> (3.33%), <em>Gymnascella dankailensis</em> (3.33%), <em>Gymnoascus reessii</em> (1.66 %) and <em>Trichophyton mentagrophytes</em> (1.66 %). The presence of keratinophilic fungi in the <em>Usar</em> soils of Uttar Pradesh, India indicates that these fungi do occur at higher alkalinity.
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Kabir, Zahangir. "Tillage or no-tillage: Impact on mycorrhizae". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 85, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2005): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-160.
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are ubiquitous in agricultural soils. These fungi play important roles in plant nutrition and soil conservation. The persistence of AM fungi in ecosystems depends on the formation and survival of propagules (e.g., spore, hyphae and colonized roots). While spores are considered to be resistant structure that may be view as “long-term” propagules when viable host plants are not present, hyphae are considered to be the main source of inocula when host plants are present and the soil is not disturbed. Tillage is an integral part of modern agriculture that can modify the physical, chemical and biological properties of a soil. Consequently, tillage practices may also affect AM fungi. The various tillage practices used in the management of soil for maximum crop production may negatively impact the survival of AM fungal propagules. In tilled soil, certain AM species may survive while others may disappear. Because AM fungi are more abundant in the topsoil, deep plowing may dilute their propagules in a greater volume of soil, thereby reducing the level of infection of a plant root. Tillage is particularly detrimental to AM hyphae if the soil is tilled in the fall and the hyphae are detached from the host plant. Under no-till (NT), AM fungi survive better, particularly when they are close to the host crop on which they developed. There is speculation that in NT systems, plants may follow old root channels and potentially encounter more AM fungal propagules than plants growing in soil that has been tilled. Management of AM fungi in NT soil is essential to maximizing benefits to crops. This review reports how tillage practices affect AM fungi species richness, survivability and infectivity, and how conservation tillage can increase AM fungi survival, consequently improving plant phosphorus uptake and soil aggregate stability. Key words: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, conservation tillage, conventional tillage, P uptake, soil aggregate stability, cover crops, crop yield
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Pankhurst, CE, BG Hawke, HJ McDonald, CA Kirkby, JC Buckerfield, P. Michelsen, KA O'Brien, VVSR Gupta y BM Doube. "Evaluation of soil biological properties as potential bioindicators of soil health". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, n.º 7 (1995): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9951015.
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Two long-term field trials in South Australia were used to detect and characterise changes in soil biological properties that were a consequence of different agricultural management. The properties examined were total bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes; total pseudomonads; cellulolytic bacteria and fungi; mycorrhizal fungi; plant root pathogens (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium irregulare); bacterial-feeding protozoa; soil mesofauna (collembola and acari); earthworms; microbial biomass; C and N mineralisation; in situ CO2 respiration; cellulose decomposition; and soil enzyme activity (peptidase, phosphatase, sulfatase). The sensitivity of these biological properties was assessed to tillage (no-tillage v. conventional cultivation), stubble management (stubble retained v. stubble harvested), crop rotation (continuous wheat v. wheat-sown pasture), and N fertilisation (nil v. 80 kg N/ha applied during the crop phase). Tillage, stubble management, crop rotation, and N fertilisation significantly (P<0.01) affected C mineralisation and microbial biomass. Tillage with stubble management significantly affected root pathogenic fungi, protozoa, collembola, earthworms, and cellulose decomposition. Crop rotation affected mycorrhizal fungi, protozoa, and soil peptidase activity, and N fertiliser had a significant effect on mycorrhizal fungi, protozoa, and cellulose decomposition. As these biological properties are responsive to agricultural management, they may have potential as bioindicators. Total bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes, cellulosedecomposing bacteria and fungi, soil phosphatase and sulfatase activity, and N mineralisation were less affected by these treatments and may therefore have limited potential as bioindicators.
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Mandic, Leka, Dragutin Djukic y Snezana Djordjevic. "Soil fungi as indicators of pesticide soil pollution". Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, n.º 109 (2005): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn0519097l.
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Soil fungi, with their pronounced enzymic activity and high osmotic potential, represent a significant indicator of negative effects of different pesticides on the agroecosystem as a whole. In that respect, a trial was set up on the alluvium soil type with the aim to investigate the effect of different herbicides (Simazine, Napropamid, Paraquat), fungicides (Captan and Mancozeb) and insecticides (Fenitrothion and Dimethoate) on a number of soil fungi under apple trees. The number of soil fungi was determined during four growing seasons by an indirect method of dilution addition on the Czapek agar. The study results indicate that the fungi belong to the group of microorganisms that, after an initial sensible response to the presence of pesticides in the soil, very rapidly establish normal metabolism enabling them even to increase their number. The fungicides and insecticides applied were found to be particularly effective in that respect.
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Yu, Peiyi, Chen Ning, Jingzhen Chen, Fan Zhu, Yujing Sun, Airong Shen, Wenbin Zeng y Lijuan Jiang. "The Effects of Suillus luteus Inoculation on the Diversity of Fungal Communities and Their Structures in the Soil under Pinus massoniana Located in a Mining Area". Forests 13, n.º 12 (16 de diciembre de 2022): 2162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13122162.
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As important decomposers and plant symbionts, soil fungal communities play a major role in remediating heavy-metal-polluted soils. However, the diversity and structures of fungal communities generally remain unclear in mining areas. This study aimed to assess the rhizospheric fungal-community composition of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) in the lead-zinc mining area of Suxian District, Hunan Province, China. This experiment undertook the following three treatments: Masson pine inoculated with or not inoculated with Suillus luteus, and bulk soil without plants as a control. The results thereof showed that inoculation of ectomycorrhizal fungi could enlarge plants’ capability to absorb heavy metals and secrete soil enzymes. The richness and diversity of fungi in the rhizospheric soil were significantly higher than of those in the bulk soil (p < 0.05), but no significant difference was noted between the rhizospheric soils inoculated with and not inoculated with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi as the community structure changed. The rhizospheric fungi belonged to 6 phyla, 25 classes, 65 orders, 115 families, and 150 genera, and the dominant phyla were Chytridiomycota (50.49%), Ascomycota (38.54%), and Basidiomycota (9.02%). Through use of LEfSe and heatmapping, the relative abundances of Suillus, Paraglomus, Agaricus, and Tulasnella were found to be the highest in the soil with ECM fungus inoculation. RDA showed that the community structure nearly changed with ECM-fungus inoculation; this was significantly related to soil water content, the carbon–nitrogen ratio, bulk density, available potassium, and soil enzymes. Altogether, inoculation with ECM fungi may change the habitation environments of microorganisms and dominant fungi in soil, providing keystone screenings in heavy-metal-contaminated mining areas.
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Melnyk, Viktoriia. "QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION OF MYCOFLORA OF GRAY FOREST SOIL UNDER DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND USE". Agriculture and Forestry, n.º 1 (1 de mayo de 2023): 210–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2707-5826-2023-1-15.
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This article presents the results of research on the quantitative and species composition of soil fungi, including pathogenic, gray forest soils in the conditions of the Right Bank Forest Steppe. The mycoflora of the soil was considered for different directions of agricultural land use including soils under intensive apple orchards, intensive crop cultivation and fallow. The condition of soil micromycetes was studied based on the indicators of the abundance of the main ecological and trophic groups. In soils, fungi are determined to be critical players in the ecosystem and play a huge role in agriculture and soil microbiome. The results of research showed certain changes in the content and composition of mycobiota in soils, as a result of their fourteen-year use under fallow, garden and field crop rotations. The difference in the intensity of micromycete colonization of soils of different agricultural lands was revealed: fallow 125.7 thousand CFU/g, intensive gardening 130.5 thousand CFU/g, field crop rotation 191.2 thousand CFU/g. The negative influence of intensive horticulture on quantitative and qualitative indicators of soil mycoflora was established. It was investigated that the lowest percentage of saprotrophic fungi, the highest percentage of pathogenic fungi and toxin-producing species of fungi from the total number of isolated species were observed in the soils of the apple orchard under intensive horticulture, compared to the soils of fallow and field crop rotation. A common feature of all soils of various uses is the presence of representatives of genera Penicillium, Gliocladium and Trichoderma in the soil. Fallow soils were not represented by species from the genera Rhizopus, Arthrinium and Cladosporium, compared to the other soils. However, only they contained representatives of genera Mucor and Absidia. Common to all the three presented soils was the presence of representatives of the species Trichoderma viride Pers. and Gliocladium roseum Bainier.
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Brandon, N. J., H. M. Shelton y D. M. Peck. "Factors affecting the early growth of Leucaena leucocephala". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, n.º 1 (1997): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea96009.
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Summary. Slow seedling growth is a limitation to the more widespread adoption of the tree legume, leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala). Three glasshouse trials examined the role of arbuscular mycorrhiza and phosphorus (P) nutrition in determining early growth and nodulation of leucaena. Treatments included soil types, inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, P application, grass competition and fumigation with methyl bromide, an anti-fungal agent. Plant measurements included colonisation by AM fungi, nodule weight, tissue nitrogen (N) and P concentrations. Slower early growth of leucaena in a soil from Mt Cotton than in soils from Gayndah or Theodore was due to slow colonisation of roots by AM fungi. Sequential harvests of plants revealed that rate of colonisation in the Mt Cotton soil was only half that in the Theodore soil prior to 28 days after planting resulting in subcritical P concentrations 21 days after sowing and an approximate halving of top dry weight 41 days after sowing. However, following increased infection, tissue P concentration and final plant growth 98 days after sowing were similar in both soils. Early seedling growth in the Mt Cotton soil was increased by inoculating the soil with mulch containing AM fungi but not with soil collected from beneath established leucaena added at a lower rate. Phosphorus application significantly increased growth of leucaena seedlings, but only the highest rate of 1200 kg P/ha was able to prevent early P deficiency. Final growth was reduced by 50% in the presence of Panicum maximum as a result of increased competition for N and P and by 90% in fumigated soil as a result of P deficiency. The results of these experiments confirm the important role of AM fungi on early seedling growth of leucaena. However, the potential to increase early growth using a soil or mulch inoculum containing AM fungi or P fertiliser may be limited by the high rates of application needed. More work is needed to determine whether slow rate of infection is a significant limitation in soils other than the Mt Cotton soil in the field.
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Zeng, Jingyi, Shilin Ma, Jing Liu, Shenghua Qin, Xin Liu, Tao Li, Yi Liao, Yuxuan Shi y Jinchi Zhang. "Organic Materials and AMF Addition Promote Growth of Taxodium ‘zhongshanshan’ by Improving Soil Structure". Forests 14, n.º 4 (3 de abril de 2023): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14040731.
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Soil salinization is considered a type of global-scale soil degradation, whereby excessive salinity severely diminishes soil health, which is primarily manifested through disrupted soil structures and reduced fertility. Furthermore, plant growth capacity is inhibited, and productivity is diminished. Consequently, the improvement of saline soils is regarded as a particularly important aspect of enhancing land production. To elucidate the roles of organic amendments and mycorrhizal fungi in the improvement of saline soils, seven treatments were set up, including biochar alone (B), straw alone (S), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alone (A), biochar in combination with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (BA), straw in combination with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (SA), and a control (CK). The results revealed that the seedling height growth rate under the BA treatment was significantly higher than that of the CK by 31.66%. The capillary porosity of the soil under the addition of BA was significantly higher than the CK by 3.17% in the 0–20 cm soil layer. The BA treatment reduced the fractal dimension of soil aggregates considerably by 19.06% in the 0–20 cm soil layer, and 13.71% in the 40–60 cm soil layer in contrast to the CK, respectively. In addition, the positive effects of the BA treatment were significant in the 20–40 cm soil layer. Overall, the application of biochar alone promoted the water stability of soil aggregates. The combination of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and biochar promoted plant growth, improved soil pore structures, promoted agglomerate water stability, and led to improved microbial activities. The results showed that organic amendments applied in conjunction with AMF improved the environment of salinized soil, which is a key factor in the promotion of plant growth and the long-term stability of soil health. This study provides a key technical basis for remediation of salinized soil.
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Benu, Martha, A. S. J. Adutae y Lince Mukkun. "Dampak Residu Pestisida Terhadap Kepadatan Dan Keanekaragaman Jamur Tanah Pada Lahan Sayuran". Bumi Lestari Journal of Environment 19, n.º 2 (1 de agosto de 2019): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/blje.2019.v19.i02.p03.
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The use of pesticides in agricultural soils in addition to a positive impact because it has a phytoponic effect for plants, also cause negative impacts on the environment. Pesticide residues in agricultural soils may cause disruption to the growth and diversity of useful microorganisms in the soil such as soil fungi. Fungi play an important role in nutrient cycling, disease control, binding of soil particles and as a remodel in the soil web chain. This research was conducted in farmer's land of Noelbaki village, Kupang Tengah sub-district, Kupang regency. The purpose of this research is to know the residue content of pesticide, population density and soil fungi diversity on vegetable land applied by pesticide and without pesticide. The research method is survey and sampling of soil on vegetable land application of pesticide and without pesticide soil type Vertisol and Inceptisol. The pesticide used as reference for test of active ingredient profenofos 500 g / l, lamda-cilhalotrin 106 g / l, permethrin 20.04 g / l, carbosulfan 200,11 g / l, dimetoate 400 g / l, mankozeb 80% and propineb 70% from classes of pyrethroids, carbamates and organophosphates. Analysis of pesticide residues on soil samples of soil pesticides Vertisol and Inceptisol detected residues of Lamda-cihalotrin and Dimethoat with concentrations of 0.060 ppm and 0.042 ppm respectively. Pesticide residue in the soil is below the BMR of 0.10 ppm. Population density analysis of Vertisol and Inceptisol soil type soil samples respectively (NV-1) 71.6 cfu g-1 and (NI-1) 21.6 cfu g-1 and without pesticides respectively (NV-2) 16.6 cfu g-1 and (NI-2) 29.2 cfu g-1. The analysis of soil pesticide soil diversity of Vertisol and Inceptisol soils respectively (NV-1) 1,608 (NI-1) 1,579 and without pesticide respectively (NV-2) 1.584 and (NI-2) 1,595. Result of analysis of medium soil fungi diversity where H> 1. The types of fungi that are identified are Penicillium, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus candidus, Aspergilus flavus, Aspergilus nidulans, Fusarium, Trichoderma, and Mucor.
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Muneer, Muhammad Atif, Xiaoman Huang, Wei Hou, Yadong Zhang, Yuanyang Cai, Muhammad Zeeshan Munir, Liangquan Wu y Chaoyuan Zheng. "Response of Fungal Diversity, Community Composition, and Functions to Nutrients Management in Red Soil". Journal of Fungi 7, n.º 7 (12 de julio de 2021): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7070554.
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Soil fungi play a critical role in plant performance and soil nutrient cycling. However, the understanding of soil fungal community composition and functions in response to different nutrients management practices in red soils remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the responses of soil fungal communities and functions under conventional farmer fertilization practice (FFP) and different nutrient management practices, i.e., optimization of NPK fertilizer (O) with soil conditioner (O + C), with lime and mushroom residue (O + L + M), and with lime and magnesium fertilizer (O + L + Mg). Illumina high-throughput sequencing was used for fungal identification, while the functional groups were inferred with FUNGuild. Nutrient management practices significantly raised the soil pH to 4.79–5.31 compared with FFP (3.69), and soil pH had the most significant effect (0.989 ***) on fungal communities. Predominant phyla, including Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mortierellomycota were identified in all treatments and accounted for 94% of all fungal communities. The alpha diversity indices significantly increased under nutrients management practices compared with FFP. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed the keystone fungal species in the red soil, i.e., Ascomycota (54.04%), Basidiomycota (7.58%), Rozellomycota (4.55%), and Chytridiomycota (4.04%). FUNGuild showed that the relative abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and ectomycorrhizal fungi was higher, while pathogenic fungi were lower under nutrient management practices compared with FFP. Our findings have important implications for the understanding of improvement of acidic soils that could significantly improve the soil fungal diversity and functioning in acidic soils.
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Jasper, DA, AD Robson y LK Abbott. "The Effect of Surface Mining on the Infectivity of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi". Australian Journal of Botany 35, n.º 6 (1987): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9870641.
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We tested the hypothesis that soil disturbance associated with mining will reduce the infectivity of propagules of vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi to different extents, depending on the mining operation and the environment. At each of four mine sites, the infectivity of VA mycorrhizal fungi was estimated in soil from native vegetation, disturbed topsoil and revegetated soil. Infectivity was measured using subterranean clover and Acacia species as bioassay plants. In a second experiment the effects of soil disturbance and soil storage on infectivity of VA mycorrhizal fungi were measured separately. Topsoil disturbance decreased the number of spores or the number of spore types that could be isolated from the soil, and reduced or delayed formation of VA mycorrhizas. Glasshouse treatments indicated that both disturbance and a period of storage without plant growth contributed to the loss in infectivity of propagules of VA mycorrhizal fungi. After 4-5 years of revegetation, the number of infective propagules appears to be restored to a level equivalent to that of undisturbed soils. The possibility of improving revegetation by increasing the inoculum potential of disturbed soils needs to be investigated.
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Redman, Regina S., Anastassia Litvintseva, Kathy B. Sheehan, Joan M. Henson y Rusty J. Rodriguez. "Fungi from Geothermal Soils in Yellowstone National Park". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, n.º 12 (1 de diciembre de 1999): 5193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.12.5193-5197.1999.
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ABSTRACT Geothermal soils near Amphitheater Springs in Yellowstone National Park were characterized by high temperatures (up to 70°C), high heavy metal content, low pH values (down to pH 2.7), sparse vegetation, and limited organic carbon. From these soils we cultured 16 fungal species. Two of these species were thermophilic, and six were thermotolerant. We cultured only three of these species from nearby cool (0 to 22°C) soils. Transect studies revealed that higher numbers of CFUs occurred in and below the root zone of the perennial plant Dichanthelium lanuginosum (hot springs panic grass). The dynamics of fungal CFUs in geothermal soil and nearby nongeothermal soil were investigated for 12 months by examining soil cores and in situ mesocosms. For all of the fungal species studied, the temperature of the soil from which the organisms were cultured corresponded with their optimum axenic growth temperature.
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Chertkova, Ekaterina, Marsel R. Kabilov, Olga Yaroslavtseva, Olga Polenogova, Elena Kosman, Darya Sidorenko, Tatyana Alikina et al. "Links between Soil Bacteriobiomes and Fungistasis toward Fungi Infecting the Colorado Potato Beetle". Microorganisms 11, n.º 4 (4 de abril de 2023): 943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11040943.
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Entomopathogenic fungi can be inhibited by different soil microorganisms, but the effect of a soil microbiota on fungal growth, survival, and infectivity toward insects is insufficiently understood. We investigated the level of fungistasis toward Metarhizium robertsii and Beauveria bassiana in soils of conventional potato fields and kitchen potato gardens. Agar diffusion methods, 16S rDNA metabarcoding, bacterial DNA quantification, and assays of Leptinotarsa decemlineata survival in soils inoculated with fungal conidia were used. Soils of kitchen gardens showed stronger fungistasis toward M. robertsii and B. bassiana and at the same time the highest density of the fungi compared to soils of conventional fields. The fungistasis level depended on the quantity of bacterial DNA and relative abundance of Bacillus, Streptomyces, and some Proteobacteria, whose abundance levels were the highest in kitchen garden soils. Cultivable isolates of bacilli exhibited antagonism to both fungi in vitro. Assays involving inoculation of nonsterile soils with B. bassiana conidia showed trends toward elevated mortality of L. decemlineata in highly fungistatic soils compared to low-fungistasis ones. Introduction of antagonistic bacilli into sterile soil did not significantly change infectivity of B. bassiana toward the insect. The results support the idea that entomopathogenic fungi can infect insects within a hypogean habitat despite high abundance and diversity of soil antagonistic bacteria.
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Chen, Jian, Zuomin Shi, Shun Liu, Miaomiao Zhang, Xiangwen Cao, Miao Chen, Gexi Xu, Hongshuang Xing, Feifan Li y Qiuhong Feng. "Altitudinal Variation Influences Soil Fungal Community Composition and Diversity in Alpine–Gorge Region on the Eastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau". Journal of Fungi 8, n.º 8 (30 de julio de 2022): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8080807.
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Soil fungi play an integral and essential role in maintaining soil ecosystem functions. The understanding of altitude variations and their drivers of soil fungal community composition and diversity remains relatively unclear. Mountains provide an open, natural platform for studying how the soil fungal community responds to climatic variability at a short altitude distance. Using the Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technique, we examined soil fungal community composition and diversity among seven vegetation types (dry valley shrub, valley-mountain ecotone broadleaved mixed forest, subalpine broadleaved mixed forest, subalpine coniferous-broadleaved mixed forest, subalpine coniferous forest, alpine shrub meadow, alpine meadow) along a 2582 m altitude gradient in the alpine–gorge region on the eastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Ascomycota (47.72%), Basidiomycota (36.58%), and Mortierellomycota (12.14%) were the top three soil fungal dominant phyla in all samples. Soil fungal community composition differed significantly among the seven vegetation types along altitude gradients. The α-diversity of soil total fungi and symbiotic fungi had a distinct hollow pattern, while saprophytic fungi and pathogenic fungi showed no obvious pattern along altitude gradients. The β-diversity of soil total fungi, symbiotic fungi, saprophytic fungi, and pathogenic fungi was derived mainly from species turnover processes and exhibited a significant altitude distance-decay pattern. Soil properties explained 31.27−34.91% of variation in soil fungal (total and trophic modes) community composition along altitude gradients, and the effects of soil nutrients on fungal community composition varied by trophic modes. Soil pH was the main factor affecting α-diversity of soil fungi along altitude gradients. The β-diversity and turnover components of soil total fungi and saprophytic fungi were affected by soil properties and geographic distance, while those of symbiotic fungi and pathogenic fungi were affected only by soil properties. This study deepens our knowledge regarding altitude variations and their drivers of soil fungal community composition and diversity, and confirms that the effects of soil properties on soil fungal community composition and diversity vary by trophic modes along altitude gradients in the alpine–gorge region.
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Kowalski, Stefan, Hanna Stępniewska, Zbigniew Krzan y Kazimierz Januszek. "The effect of contamination of soil by heavy metals on qualitative and quantitative composition of fungi in the rhizosphere of some forest trees". Acta Mycologica 33, n.º 1 (20 de agosto de 2014): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1998.001.
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The effect of heavy metals in soils on the formation of fungal communities in the rhizosphere of different forest tree species was studied. Soil samples for heavy metal contamination tests and root samples for the determination of rhizospheric fungi were taken from the same root zone. The reduction of the quantitative as well as qualitative composition of fungi in the rhizosphere of individual tree species clearly correlated with the increase of soil contamination by Pb, Zn, end Cd. The following groups of fungi were distinguished: tolerant, very susceptible and relatively resistant to contamination of soil by heavy metals. Moreover a great influence of tree species on the qualitative and quantitative composition of fungi in the rhizosphere was demonstrated.
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Pakshir, Keyvan, Moosa Rahimi Ghiasi, Kamiar Zomorodian y Ali Reza Gharavi. "Isolation and Molecular Identification of Keratinophilic Fungi from Public Parks Soil in Shiraz, Iran". BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/619576.
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Introduction. Keratinophilic fungi are an important group of fungi that live in soil. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify keratinophilic fungi from the soil of different parks in Shiraz.Materials and Methods. A total of 196 soil samples from 43 parks were collected. Isolation of the fungi was performed by hair bait technique. The isolated colonies were identified by morphologic feature of macro- and microconidia and molecular method, using DNA sequence analysis. ITS region of ribosomal DNA was amplified and the PCR products were sequenced.Results. 411 isolates from 22 genera were identified.Fusarium(23.8%),Chrysosporium(13.13%),Acremonium(12.65%),Penicillium(12.39%),Microsporum gypseum(1.94%),Bionectria ochroleuca(1.21%),Bipolaris spicifera(1.21%),Scedosporium apiospermum(0.82%),Phialophora reptans(0.82%),Cephalosporium curtipes(0.49%),Scedosporium dehoogii(0.24%),Ochroconis constricta(0.24%),Nectria mauritiicola(0.49%),Chaetomium(0.49%),Scopulariopsis(0.24%),Malbranchea(0.24%), andTritirachium(0.24%) were the most important isolates. Most of the fungi were isolated from the soils with the PH range of 7 to 8.Conclusion. Our study results showed that many keratinophilic fungi isolated from the parks soil are important for public health and children are an important group at a high risk of being exposed to these fungi.
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Liu, A., C. Hamel, A. Elmi, C. Costa, B. Ma y D. L. Smith. "Concentrations of K, Ca and Mg in maize colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under field conditions". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 82, n.º 3 (1 de agosto de 2002): 272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s01-022.
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Little attention has been paid to the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on the uptake of nutrients that move mainly by mass flow. The objective of this study was to assess the possible contribution of indigenous AM fungi to the K, Ca and Mg nutrition of maize (Zea mays L.) as influenced by soil P levels and its impact on plant dry mass. The field experiment had a split plot design with four replicates. Treatments included soil fumigation status (fumigation and non-fumigation) and three levels of P fertilization (0, 60 and 120 kg P2O5 ha-1) in a loamy sand soil in 1997 and a fine sandy loam soil in 1998. Soil fumigati on with Basamid® was used to suppress indigenous AM fungi. Plants were sampled at four different growth stages (6-leaf stage, 10-leaf stage, tasseling and silking). Soil fumigation decreased shoot dry weight, but P fertilization increased shoot dry weight at most sampling times. When no P fertilizer was added, fumigation in the loamy sand soil reduced shoot K and Ca concentrations while, in contrast, in the fine sandy loam soil only Mg concentration was reduced by soil fumigation. The concentration of K in maize shoots was positively correlated (P < 0.05) with extraradicular hyphal length in both soils. The correlation between the abundance of extraradicular hyphae and the concentrations of Ca and Mg in maize shoots was significant only for soils where available Ca or Mg was relatively low. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi could increase corn biomass production and K, Ca and Mg uptake in soil low in these elements and low in P. These results indicate that the contribution of mycorrhizae to maize K, Ca and Mg nutrition can be significant in a field situation and that the extent of this contribution depends on the availability of these nutrients and of P in soils. Key words: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, soil fumigation, extraradicular hyphae, uptake of K, Ca, and Mg, soil P levels, maize
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Valdes, María. "Aspectos ecofisiológicos de las micorrizas". Botanical Sciences, n.º 49 (10 de abril de 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1363.
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Mycorrhiza is the part of the roots infected with particular soil fungi. This type of association is formed by most of the plants. There are several types of mycorrhizae; this short review is concerned only with Ectomycorrhiza (EM) and the Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM). These two types are the most common in nature. EM has a compact fungus mantle over the root surface and intercellular hypha in the cortex; the V AM has a loose network of hyphae in the soil surrounding the root and hyphal growth within the cortical cells. Mycorrhizas increase nutrient uptake and hence plant growth. Since mycorrhizas are surrounded by an extensive hyphal network than may extcnd into the soil, this network represents a greater surface area, in other words, mycorrhizas shorten the distance that nutrients must diffuse through the soil to the root and their hyphae increase the volume of soil available to the plant for nutrient uptake. Physiological responses to root colonization with mycorrhizal fungi by most of the plants are dependent on the level of soil fertility and on the degree of mycorrhizal dependency of the plant. Soils having a high fertility have mostly a poor colonization, hence, for plant growth to respond to inoculation, soils must have a low fertility. Mycorrhizal dependency can be very different among plant species; plants with short root hairs are more dependent on mycorrhizal fungi. Most soils contain mycorrhizal fungi and their distribution varies with climatic, edaphic environment and land use. There are differences in effectiveness in colonization and in enhanced nutrient uptake among the fungi.
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P. Jayaraman, R. Sanmathi. "Diversity of Soil Fungi from the Campus of Government Arts College, Nandanam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India". International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 11, n.º 1 (10 de enero de 2022): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2022.1101.014.
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Soil is a major natural resource in the biosphere in which the fungi are the important component which role play in controlling various physiochemical and nutrient parameters that reflects environment. Therefore, the present investigation was planned to find out the fungal diversity in soil samples collected from the college campus of Government Arts College, Nandanam, Chennai-35, Tamil Nadu, India. Totally, 18 samples were collected randomly from 18 different locations of the college campus, 3 -15 cm depth of surface soils removed and collected sample to analyze the moisture content and the presence of fungi. The moisture content of the soil samples was determined by standard hot-air oven drying method and the analysis of fungi was carried out by standard serial dilution technique with Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) as a nutrient medium. The results showed that the moisture content of soil samples varied from 10% to 28% with an average of 16%. Further, the analysis of fungi, it was observed that 20 species of fungi in which Aspergillus niger, A. terreus, A. flavus, A. glaucus, A. nidulans, A. fumigatus, Penicillium citrinum, Fusarium oxysporum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Curvularia lunata, Helminthosprium sp., Trichoderma sp., and nonsporulating fungi were significantly present. Among the species of fungi enumerated in the study, in point of quantitative view, Aspergillus niger showed highest percentage occurrence in soil samples followed by A. terreus, A. flavus, Penicillium sp. and Fusarium sp. and the details were discussed. Based on the present analysis, indicates that the soil is the potent source for various fungi which are responsible for the effect of soil parameters and influence the ecosystem.
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Redkina, Vera V., Regina R. Shalygina y Mariya V. Korneykova. "Microfungi, algae and cyanobacteria in soils polluted with fluorine (Kola Peninsula, Russia)". Czech Polar Reports 10, n.º 1 (7 de agosto de 2020): 94–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cpr2020-1-9.
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The analysis of algal-mycological complexes in Albic Podzolic soils affected by emissions of the Kandalaksha Aluminum Smelter (KAS) was carried out. The number and biomass of microscopic fungi in the maximum fluorine-polluted zone (fluorine-content >1000 mg/kg) more than 2 times lower than in distanced areas and amounted to 17.3 thousants colony-forming units/g and 1.33 mg/g respectively. Altogether, 31 species of soil fungi were isolated. The species Penicillium trzebinskii and P. miczynskii dominated the zone of maximum pollution. P. glabrum, P. spinulosum, and Memnoniella echinata prevailed in the zones of moderate pollution and background. The part of opportunistic fungi in contaminated soil increased in comparison with the background soil. The reduction of dark-colored fungi biomass in contaminated soil was noted. In total, 56 species of eukaryotic algae and 7 species of cyanobacteria were found. Among green algae, the species from families Chlorophyceae and Trebouxiophyceae dominated in all plots. In the zones of maximum and strong contamination, 53 algae species were found including xanthophytes, which were absent in unpolluted areas. The number of viable cells in the litter of the maximum contaminated soils varied from 100 thousand to 1.5 million in 1 g of absolutely dry soil. The species composition of algae and cyanobacteria in these soils showed the characteristic features of the Arctic biological soil crusts.
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Ahmad Azmi, Nur Sabrina y Asma Adiba Hisham. "ISOLATION AND MORPHOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION OF SOIL FUNGI FROM AGRICULTURAL SOIL IN KUANTAN". Journal CleanWAS 5, n.º 1 (31 de marzo de 2021): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/jcleanwas.01.2021.31.34.
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Soil fungi possess a great number of potential benefits that could be applied in various fields. They are well-known for acting as plant-growth promoter, biocontrol agent of plant diseases and involves in bioremediation. In this study, the fungi were isolated from used agricultural soil in Glasshouse and Nursery Complex (GNC), International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang using serial dilution and plating techniques. Around 10 isolates of soil fungi were successfully isolated and the identification of all isolates were based on their cultural and morphological characteristics. The fungi were discovered to be from genus Cladorrhinum, Penicillium, Paecilomyces and Aspergillus.
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Sivasithamparam, K., GC MacNish, CS Fang y CA Parker. "Microflora of soil and wheat rhizosphere in a field following fumigation". Soil Research 25, n.º 4 (1987): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9870491.
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Light sand and heavier sandy loam wheat-growing soils at Wongan Hills, W.A. were fumigated (2: 1 mixture of chloropicrin and methyl bromide) to study its effect on the soil microflora. In fumigated soil, numbers of bacteria and fungi, after an initial reduction, remained high and low, respectively, in comparison to untreated soil, throughout the period of study. In the fumigated soil Trichoderma species rapidly recolonized the soil, becoming the dominant fungus by 15 days and remaining so to the end of the experiment (145 days after fumigation). There was no difference in the total numbers of bacteria, actinomycetes or fungi in the rhizosphere of wheat grown in fumigated and non-fumigated soils. The numbers of some fungal species were lower in the rhizosphere of wheat grown in the fumigated soil, these included Aspergillus glaucus, A. fumigatus, Beauveria bassiana, Cladosporium cladosporoides, Embellisia tumida, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium patulum, P. tardum, Phialophora mutabilis and Trichoderma saturnisporurn. The only fungi found to be significantly higher in the rhizosphere of plants in fumigated soil were F. merismoides, T. koningii and T. viride.