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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Soil carbon"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 11 de marzo de 2023

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Soil carbon"

Zhang, Xiuwei y Feihai Yu. "Physical disturbance accelerates carbon loss through increasing labile carbon release". Plant, Soil and Environment 66, No. 11 (2 de noviembre de 2020): 584–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/257/2020-pse.

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Labile carbon (C) is a major source of C loss because of its high vulnerability to environmental change. Yet its potential role in regulating soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics remains unclear. In this study, we tested the effect of physical disturbance on SOC decomposition using soils from two abandoned farmlands free of management practice for more than 28 years. The soil respiration rate was measured in undisturbed and disturbed soil columns and was inversely modeled using the two-compartment model. We found that the C loss was 16.8~74.1% higher in disturbed than in undisturbed soil columns. Physical disturbance increased the total amount of labile C (C1) loss by 136~241%, while had no effect on the kinetic decomposition rate constants of both labile (k1) and stable (k2) SOC decomposition. Physical disturbance fragmented the large macroaggregates into small macroaggregates, microaggregates, and free silt and clay-sized fractions. This indicates that C loss was derived from the initially protected labile C, and there was no change of SOC fraction being decomposed. Our results give insights into the understanding of the extent of labile C loss to physical disruption and demonstrate the potential effect of physical disturbance on SOC dynamics.

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Liu, Yufei, Xiaoxu Fan, Tong Zhang, Xin Sui y Fuqiang Song. "Effects of atrazine application on soil aggregates, soil organic carbon and glomalin-related soil protein". Plant, Soil and Environment 67, No. 3 (1 de marzo de 2021): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/594/2020-pse.

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Atrazine is still widely used in China. Atrazine residue (1.86–1 100 mg/kg) in the soil has exceeded the allowable limit (1.0 mg/kg), affecting soil structure and soil aggregate composition. To understand the long-term application of atrazine on soil aggregates and the binding agent, four treatments were established in cornfield planted since 1998, including without atrazine applied (AT0), atrazine applied (28% atrazine, 1 200–1 350 mL/ha/year) once a year from 2012 to 2018 (AT6, 167 mg/kg), from 2008 to 2018 (AT10, 127.64 mg/kg) as well as from 2002 to 2018 (AT16, 102 mg/kg) with three replications. Along with the increase of atrazine application time, the mass fraction of soil aggregates > 5 mm and 2–5 mm decreased significantly while the mass fraction of soil aggregates 0.5–2 mm and < 0.5 mm increased gradually, and the change of aggregate binding agents contents were the same as that of aggregates. The contents of soil organic carbon (SOC) and glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) in the aggregates > 5 mm and 2–5 mm were significantly negatively correlated with the years of atrazine application. Our results show that although atrazine residue in the soil does not increase with the increased yearly application, its concentration is still markedly higher than the permitted limit value and seriously affected the content of SOC and GRSP of aggregates > 2 mm, which can lead to a decrease of soil aggregate stability and soil quality.

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Tobiašová, E., G. Barančíková, E. Gömöryová, J. Makovníková, R. Skalský, J. Halas, Š. Koco, Z. Tarasovičová, J. Takáč y M. Špaňo. "Labile forms of carbon and soil aggregates". Soil and Water Research 11, No. 4 (12 de octubre de 2016): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/182/2015-swr.

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Ma, Xuexi, Zhengzhong Jin, Yingju Wang y Jiaqiang Lei. "Effects of Shelter Forests on Soil Organic Carbon of Irrigated Soils in the Taklimakan Desert". Sustainability 13, n.º 8 (19 de abril de 2021): 4535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084535.

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An experiment was carried out to test the effects of artificial vegetation on soil organic carbon in sandy soil. The soils were collected from the Taklimakan desert highway shelter forests with different stand age (the stand ages are 5, 7, 10, 13, 16, respectively, and three shrubs named Calligonum mongolicunl, Tamarix chinensis and Haloxylon ammodendron were planted along the highway) in Xinjiang, northwest of China. The soil organic carbon stock in soil vertical layers were calculated. We measured four passive organic carbons (i.e., micro-aggregates organic carbon, humic organic carbon, acid-resistant organic carbon and antioxidant organic carbon). Furthermore, we analyzed the correlations and ratios among the different passive organic carbons. Finally, the chemical composition of humus was detected and the relative contents of C=O and CH groups were determined. The main results showed that, (1) the soil organic carbon and organic carbon stock were decreased with the increase of depth, mainly in 0–50 cm. (2) With the increase of stand age, only in Tamarix chinensis forest, the total soil organic carbon stock increased a little. (3) Total soil organic carbon had more closely correlation with contents of micro-aggregate organic carbon and humic organic carbon. (4) C=O/C-O-C increased a little after 10 years; CH/C-O-C had no obvious change with stand age; CH2/CH3 did not change obviously after 13 years. The Tamarix chinensis forest is the most helpful for carbon sequestration in sandy soil and stabilization in surface layer than Calligonum mongolicunl and Haloxylon ammodendron.

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Kadlec, V., O. Holubík, E. Procházková, J. Urbanová y M. Tippl. "Soil organic carbon dynamics and its influence on the soil erodibility factor". Soil and Water Research 7, No. 3 (10 de julio de 2012): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3/2012-swr.

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The effect of erosion and erosion control measures on changes in the amount of organic matter in soil was studied. We investigated the influence of organic matter inputs into the soil on surface runoff, soil erosion and soil erodibility (K-factor), including the monitoring of carbon dynamics, as a result of torrential rains. The research was conducted on experimental plots in Třebsín site. Erosion leads to soil carbon loss and subsequently to increasing concentrations of carbon in sediments (enrichment ratio). We can conclude from the results that the input of organic matter into the soil (especially farmyard manure) significantly contributes to a decrease in surface runoff and soil loss and also to a reduction of carbon leaching into sediments; so it contributes to carbon sequestration into the soil.

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Tobiašová, E., G. Barančíková, E. Gömöryová, B. Dębska y M. Banach-Szott. "Humus substances and soil aggregates in the soils with different texture". Soil and Water Research 13, No. 1 (24 de enero de 2018): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/31/2017-swr.

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Humus substances (HS) influence the incorporation of carbon into soil aggregates in many ways. In this study the influence of HS and their fractions in the soil on the proportions of carbon (total organic, labile, non-labile) in water-resistant macro-aggregates (WSA) and differences between the amount of carbon in WSA in coarse-grained (CGS) and fine-grained (FGS) soils with dependence on the proportions of HS in the soil were determined. The experiment included three soils (Haplic Chernozem, Haplic Luvisol, Eutric Cambisol), each of them with two different soil textures (CGS, FGS) from four ecosystems (forest, meadow, urban, and agro-ecosystem). In CGS, higher proportions (52 and 50%) of smaller (< 1 mm) dry-sieved macro-aggregates (DSA) and also WSA were determined, while in FGS, higher proportions (51 and 53%) of larger DSA (> 7 mm) and WSA (> 2 mm) were detected. A negative correlation was recorded between the content of organic carbon in the fractions of WSA and the amount of extracted humic acids (HA) in CGS, and fulvic acids (FA) in FGS. In CGS, the correlation between the carbon content in WSA and HA bound with Ca2+ and Mg2+, which forms humates (HA2), was negative. In FGS, a negative correlation was recorded between the carbon content in WSA and free aggressive FA (FA1a) and free FA and those, which are bound with monovalent cations and mobile R2O3 (FA1) in the soil. In the case of FA1a, a negative correlation was recorded in FGS and also in CGS, however this influence was more marked in CGS than in FGS (by about 21% higher correlation). In CGS, the influence of HA and FA in soil on the content of labile carbon in aggregates was stronger than in FGS. In CGS, a higher proportion of carbon in aggregates was detected in the case of lower stability of HS and HA and, on the contrary, in FGS, a higher content of carbon in aggregates was detected in the case of their higher stability.

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Cotching, W. E. "Carbon stocks in Tasmanian soils". Soil Research 50, n.º 2 (2012): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr11211.

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Soil carbon (C) stocks were calculated for Tasmanian soil orders to 0.3 and 1.0 m depth from existing datasets. Tasmanian soils have C stocks of 49–117 Mg C/ha in the upper 0.3 m, with Ferrosols having the largest soil C stocks. Mean soil C stocks in agricultural soils were significantly lower under intensive cropping than under irrigated pasture. The range in soil C within soil orders indicates that it is critical to determine initial soil C stocks at individual sites and farms for C accounting and trading purposes, because the initial soil C content will determine if current or changed management practices are likely to result in soil C sequestration or emission. The distribution of C within the profile was significantly different between agricultural and forested land, with agricultural soils having two-thirds of their soil C in the upper 0.3 m, compared with half for forested soils. The difference in this proportion between agricultural and forested land was largest in Dermosols (0.72 v. 0.47). The total amount of soil C in a soil to 1.0 m depth may not change with a change in land use, but the distribution can and any change in soil C deeper in the profile might affect how soil C can be managed for sequestration. Tasmanian soil C stocks are significantly greater than those in mainland states of Australia, reflecting the lower mean annual temperature and higher precipitation in Tasmania, which result in less oxidation of soil organic matter.

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Whalen, Joann K., Shamim Gul, Vincent Poirier, Sandra F. Yanni, Myrna J. Simpson, Joyce S. Clemente, Xiaojuan Feng et al. "Transforming plant carbon into soil carbon: Process-level controls on carbon sequestration". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 94, n.º 6 (agosto de 2014): 1065–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2013-145.

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Whalen, J. K., Gul, S., Poirier, V., Yanni, S. F., Simpson, M. J., Clemente, J. S., Feng, X., Grayston, S. J., Barker, J., Gregorich, E. G., Angers, D. A., Rochette, P. and Janzen, H. H. 2014. Transforming plant carbon into soil carbon: Process-level controls on carbon sequestration. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1065–1073. Plants figure prominently in efforts to promote C sequestration in agricultural soils, and to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The objective of the project was to measure the transformations of plant carbon in soil through controlled laboratory experiments, to further understand (1) root-associated CO2 and N2O production during a plant's life cycle, (2) decomposition of plant residues leading to CO2 production, and (3) stabilization and retention of undecomposed plant residues and microbial by-products in the resistant soil C fraction. Experimental plant materials included transgenic near isolines of Zea mays L. and cell wall mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana, selected for their diverse residue chemistry. Phenology, morphology and above-ground biomass affected soil respiration and N2O production in root-associated soils. Mineralization of C and N from incubated plant–soil mixtures was complemented with stable isotope tracing (13C, 15N) and 13C-phospholipid fatty acid analysis. Advanced chemical techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and physical separation (particle size and density separation) were used to track the transformations of plant C into stable soil C compounds. Conceptual models were proposed to explain how the plant residue chemistry×soil physico-chemical interaction affects C sequestration. Incorporating single gene mutations affecting lignin biosynthesis into agricultural and bioenergy crops has the potential to alter short- and long-term C cycling in agroecosystems.

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Zhengzhong, Jin, Wang Yingju y Lei Jiaqiang. "Influence of plantation of a shelter-belt on component of organic carbon in the Taklimakan desert over last decade". E3S Web of Conferences 53 (2018): 04041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185304041.

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The soils were collected from the Taklimakan Desert Highway shelter-belt with different planting years in Xinjiang, northwest of China. The soil organic carbon stork (SOCstork) in each layers. By chemical and physical pretreatment, we measured four carbon passive organic carbons, i.e., microaggregates organic carbon(OCMIA), humus organic carbon (OCHS), carbon resistance to oxidation (OCNaClO) and acid hydrolysis (OCHCl). The results showed that the OC and SOCstork was decreased with soil depth mainly in 0-50 cm. The artificial vegetation have more influence on TOC, OCMIA and OCHS than OCNaClO and OCHCl. The Tamarix chinensis shelter-belt is the most helpful for carbon sequestration in sandy soil and stabilization in surface layer than Calligonum mongolicunl and Haloxylon ammodendron.

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Kumar, Kewat Sanjay. "Sustainable Management of Soil for Carbon Sequestration". Science & Technology Journal 5, n.º 2 (1 de julio de 2017): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22232/stj.2017.05.02.10.

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Mechanisms governing carbon stabilization in soils have received a great deal of attention in recent years due to their relevance in the global carbon cycle. Two thirds of the global terrestrial organic C stocks in ecosystems are stored in below ground components as terrestrial carbon pools in soils. Furthermore, mean residence time of soil organic carbon pools have slowest turnover rates in terrestrial ecosystems and thus there is vast potential to sequester atmospheric CO2 in soil ecosystems. Depending upon soil management practices it can be served as source or sink for atmospheric CO2. Sustainable management systems and practices such as conservation agriculture, agroforestry and application of biochar are emerging and promising tools for soil carbon sequestration. Increasing soil carbon storage in a system simultaneously improves the soil health by increase in infiltration rate, soil biota and fertility, nutrient cycling and decrease in soil erosion process, soil compaction and C emissions. Henceforth, it is vital to scientifically explore the mechanisms governing C flux in soils which is poorly understood in different ecosystems under anthropogenic interventions making soil as a potential sink for atmospheric CO2 to mitigate climate change. Henceforth, present paper aims to review basic mechanism governing carbon stabilization in soils and new practices and technological developments in agricultural and forest sciences for C sequestration in terrestrial soil ecosystems.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Soil carbon"

Renforth, Phil. "Mineral carbonation in soils : engineering the soil carbon sink". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1216.

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Rapid anthropogenic climate change is one of the greatest challenges that human civilisation will face in the 21st century. A 25-180 % increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide content since the early 1800’s and a predicted increase of 2-3% each year will lead to a 2-6°C rise in tropospheric temperatures. The consequences of increased atmospheric temperatures are profound and would put unsustainable strain on human infrastructure, which was conservatively estimated in the Stern Review (2006) to cost approximately 20% of GDP. Given the political, technical, economic and social barriers preventing the transition to a low carbon economy, there is an unequivocal need to research ‘geoengineering’ technologies that can bridge the gap between carbon emission reduction targets and actual emissions. Soil mineral carbonation is one such technology. The atmosphere is one of the smallest carbon pools at the Earth’s Surface (depending on how each pool is demarcated). Soils turn over the quantity of carbon in the atmosphere in under a decade and collectively form one of the largest carbon pools (3-4 times the quantity of carbon in the atmosphere). Land use change since the agricultural revolution has released 256 GtC (40 % of anthropogenic emissions). Research investigating the potential for carbon accumulation in soils is primarily focused on restoring organic carbon concentration to pre-agricultural values through modification of farming practices. The research presented in this thesis is the first that explores the potential of increasing the inorganic carbon pool as an emissions mitigation technology. Inorganic carbon accumulation is promoted by introducing divalent cation rich (predominantly calcium and magnesium) silicate and hydroxide minerals into the soil, which weather and supersaturate the soil solution with respect to carbonate minerals (predominantly calcite, aragonite, magnesite and dolomite). The carbon in the resultant precipitate is derived from the atmosphere. This is analogous to mineral carbonation technologies which induce carbonate precipitation from silicate weathering in industrial scale reactors at elevated temperatures and pressures. However, carbonation in soil exploits natural weathering processes to the same effect with minimal energy and infrastructure input. The research presented in this thesis broadly investigates soil mineral carbonation by contributing work towards the fundamental issues associated with application of soil mineral carbonation technology. Research activity described herein covers a range of laboratory batch weathering experiments, field work, geochemical modelling, plant growth trials, soil microcosm experiments and literature reviews. While eclectic, all work packages contribute to the same goal of describing the efficacy, effectiveness and potential impacts of soil mineral carbonation. The efficacy of mineral carbonation technology is primarily limited by the availability of appropriate silicate bearing material. A literature search suggests that approximately 15-16 Gt a- 1 of silicate rich ‘waste’ materials are produced as a consequence of human activity. This has a carbon capture potential between 190 and 332 MtC a-1, which is equivalent to other emissions mitigation strategies. Quarrying silicate specifically for carbonation is a suggested strategy that may be able to store on the order of 102 GtC a-1 (based on two sites in the US). Therefore, mineral carbonation may form part of global mitigation strategies collectively equivalent to 14 GtC a-1 to stabilise the CO2 concentration of the atmosphere at 500 parts per million by volume. Considering that the potential capacity of soil mineral carbonation is sufficient to act as a substantial emissions mitigation strategy it was appropriate to investigate issues associated with the application of such a technology. In the first instance, sites known to contain silicates were investigated. These include soils developed on natural silicates (on the Whin Sill in Northumberland), construction and demolition waste (at a brownfield site and waste transfer stations) and slag (at a former steelworks). Interpretation of fieldwork results suggests that inorganic carbon accumulation is rapid (up to 38 gC kg-1(soil) a-1), and is orders of magnitude xxv greater than organic carbon accumulation in natural soils. The average concentration of inorganic carbon (20-30 Kg m-3) is equivalent to organic carbon in natural soils. The unusually light carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of the carbonate (-3.1 ‰ and -27.5 ‰ for δ13C and -3.9 ‰ and -20.9 ‰ for δ18O) were used to determine that up to 55% of the carbon was derived from the atmosphere. The rate of carbon capture, which is the same as the precipitation rate of carbonate, is a function of solution chemistry. The more supersaturated a solution is with respect to a carbonate mineral, the more rapid the precipitation rate. Saturation of a solution is a function of divalent cation and carbonate anion concentration. Therefore, the supply of each of these components was investigated in laboratory experiments. Batch weathering experiments were used to investigate the supply of calcium from artificial silicates (hydrated cement gel). Up to 70-80 % of the calcium contained in the mineral was removed, which is consistent with efficiencies reported for conventional mineral carbonation. The log rate of weathering was between -10.66 and -6.86 mol Ca cm-2 sec-1, which is several orders of magnitude greater than that usually reported for natural silicates. Microcosm experiments were conducted to investigate the rate of supply of carbonate from the organic carbon mineralisation in high pH solutions. The research clearly demonstrates that high pH solutions inhibit the breakdown of organic carbon as a function of nutrient supply. Where organic carbon was successfully mineralised the log rates (-3.4 mmol g-1(field moist soil) sec-1) were equivalent to that found in previous studies. While the influx of dissolved carbonate mineral components into the soil solution is the primary controlling step in the rate of carbon accumulation, there is a complex relationship between soil physical properties and geochemistry. This was highlighted in a numerical model that was constructed for this thesis, which suggests that soil pore volume and particle size distribution are important variables. An additional numerical model was constructed to investigate the transportation of silicate material to the application site. This model suggests that an economics of soil mineral carbonation is a function of transport costs, the value of the silicate material and the price of carbon. Field observations, growth trials, microcosm experiments and previous research suggest a complex interaction between biology, weathering and carbonate precipitation. Additional work is required to investigate carbonate precipitation mediated by plant and microorganism activity and the degree to which soil mixed with silicates impact on ecosystem functioning. This research has demonstrated that mineral carbonation in soils could form a substantial emissions mitigation strategy, but additional work is required in a number of areas to which this thesis provides a suitable foundation.

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Burgos, Hernández Tania D. "Investigating Soil Quality and Carbon Balance for Ohio State University Soils". The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1577141132704637.

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Gottschalk, Pia. "Modelling soil organic carbon dynamics under land use and climate change". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=186643.

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Soil organic matter (SOM) models simplify the complex turnover dynamics of organic matter in soils. Stabilization mechanisms are currently thought to play a dominant role in SOM turnover but they are not explicitly accounted for in most SOM models. One study addresses the implementation of an approach to account for the stabilization mechanism of physical protection in the SOC model RothC using 13C abundance measurements in conjunction with soil size fractionation data. SOM models are increasingly used to support policy decisions on carbon (C) mitigation and credibility of model predictions move into the focus of research. A site scale, Monte Carlo based model uncertainty analysis of a SOM model was carried out. One of the major results was that uncertainty and factor importance depend on the combination of external drivers. A different approach was used with the SOM ECOSSE model to estimate uncertainties in soil organic carbon (SOC) stock changes of mineral and organic soils in Scotland. The average statistical model error from site scale evaluation was transferred to regional scale uncertainty to give an indication of the uncertainty in national scale predictions. National scale simulations were carried out subsequently to quantify SOC stock changes differentiating between organic and mineral soils and land use change types. Organic soils turned out to be most vulnerable to SOC losses in the last decades. The final study of this thesis emplyed the RothC model to simulate possible futures of global SOC stock changes under land use change and ten different climate scenarios. Land use change turned out to be of minor importance. The regionally balance between soil C inputs and decomposition leads to a diverse map of regional C gains and losses with different degrees of certainty.

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Gmach, Maria Regina. "Sugarcane straw removal from the soil surface: effects on soil soluble products". Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-18012019-174951/.

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The interest in using sugarcane straw as a feedstock for bioenergy production has been increased considerably. However, indiscriminate straw removal may negatively affect soil functioning. Therefore, this work aimed to quantify and characterize soil solution translocating along the profile, under straw removal rates from the soil surface. Lysimeter systems were built with 1, 20, 50, and 100 cm soil columns, with a sandy clay loam texture, from a commercial sugarcane field in Piracicaba-SP, southeastern Brazil. The experiment was conducted in open area, where the lysimeters were subjected to rainfall and sun radiation. After the soil stabilization within the lysimeters, the treatments were added, consisting of four straw amounts (0, 3, 6, and 12 Mg ha-1), representing straw removal rates of 100 (bare soil), 75, 50, and 0%, respectively. After one year of the first straw addition, the same straw amounts were added again simulating the second harvest. Drained solution was collected and quantified by 17 months and soil moisture was determined over a period of two months using sensors. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration was measured in automatic analyzer. The soil solution and straw solution, made in water infusion, were characterized in High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to verify the presence of toxic compounds. After that, straw and soil solution were used in tests with soybean seed to evaluate the effects in plant germination and initial growth. At the end of the experiment, soil bulk density and soil organic carbon (SOC) analyses were performed. Remaining straw was weight before the new addition, and weight again at the end to determine the decomposition rates. The accumulated volume of solution drained was 30, 11 and 4% lower under 100, 75 and 50% removal rates compared to no removal. Bare soil stored less water, indicating susceptibility to lose water by evaporation. Simulation showed that 100% and 75% removal can induce longer periods of water restriction, which impair sugarcane growth. The DOC production on topsoil was higher in no straw removal; the retention was higher in 1 to 20 cm in no removal and higher in 20 to 50 cm in 50 and 75% removal rates. Bare soil released more DOC below 01 cm indicating a possible C loss. Below 100 cm DOC leachate was quite similar in all treatments, what shows a higher C retention and small C loss even in higher DOC production. Even with differences in DOC retention, increases in C stock below 5 cm were not noticed. We found many phenolic compounds in the straw solution, not found in the soil solution, indicating that in natural conditions straw does not release toxic compounds into soil solution. Plant growth was negatively affected by straw solution, but not by soil solution. Our findings suggest that the medium straw maintenance prevents variations and loss on soil water content. Higher straw amount increases DOC production, which likely alters its composition and subsequent retention in soil. Carbon stock did not increase in the soil subsurface, but probably will in the long-term. The higher straw removal, proportionally, the higher the C losses in the form of CO2 and DOC, consequently the lower soil C retention. More straw on soil surface release more C amounts to the soil, retained or translocated with soil water, may be stored in deeper soil layers. Higher water percolation in the soil profile does not mean higher C losses by leaching in deeper soil. This study has the practical objective of finding an amount of straw to be maintained in the field that ensures the C storage and the better soil functioning, and also supply feedstock for bioenergy production.
O interesse no uso da palha de cana-de-açúcar como matéria-prima para a produção de bioenergia vem crescendo consideravelmente. No entanto, a remoção excessiva da palha pode afetar negativamente o funcionamento do solo. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar e caracterizar a solução ao longo do perfil sob níveis de remoção de palha da superfície do solo. Para isso, foi construído um sistema de lisímetros com colunas de 1, 20, 50 e 100 cm de solo, de textura franco argilo arenosa, proveniente de área comercial de cana-de-açúcar em Piracicaba-SP, Brasil. O experimento foi conduzido em área aberta, sujeito a precipitação e luz natural. Depois da estabilização do solo dentro dos tubos, foram adicionados os seguintes tratamentos: 0, 3, 6 e 12 Mg ha-1 de massa seca, representando 100 (solo nu), 75, 50 e 0% de intensidade de remoção de palha, respectivamente, sendo adicionados novamente após um ano. A solução percolada foi coletada e quantificada por 17 meses, a umidade do solo foi determinada por dois meses usando sensores. A concentração de carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD) foi mensurada com analisador automático. A solução do solo e solução da palha, feita por infusão em água, foram caracterizadas em HPLC para verificar a presença de compostos tóxicos. Posteriormente, as soluções da palha e solo foram usadas em testes de sementes de soja para avaliar os efeitos na germinação e crescimento inicial. Ao final do experimento, foram realizadas análises de densidade do solo e carbono orgânica do solo (COS). A palha remanescente foi pesada após um ano, anterior a nova adição, e pesada novamente ao final do experimento, para determinar a taxa de decomposição. O volume de solução percolado foi 30, 11 e 4% menor em 100, 75 e 50% do que em 0% de remoção, respectivamente. O solo descoberto armazenou menos água, indicando susceptibilidade à perda de água por evaporação. A simulação mostrou que 100 e 75% de remoção induzem longos períodos de restrição hídrica, que pode prejudicar o crescimento da planta. A produção de COD na camada superficial foi maior no solo sem remoção; a retenção foi maior de 1 a 20 cm em solo sem remoção, e maior em 20 a 50 cm em 50 e 75% de remoção. O solo descoberto liberou mais COD em de 20 cm do que em superfície, indicando perda de C. Abaixo de 100 cm, o COD lixiviado foi similar nos tratamentos, indicando grande retenção de C e pequenas perdas por lixiviação, mesmo em alta produção de COD. Mesmo com diferenças na retenção de COD, não foi identificado aumento no estoque de C abaixo de 5 cm. Foram encontrados compostos fenólicos na solução da palha, não encontrados na solução do solo, indicando que em condições naturais a palha não libera quantidades significativas de compostos tóxicos na solução do solo. O crescimento de plantas foi negativamente afetado pela solução da palha, mas não pela solução do solo. Nossos resultados sugerem que a manutenção de quantidade média de palha previne perdas e variação no conteúdo de água do solo. Maior quantidade de palha aumenta a produção de COD, que provavelmente altera sua composição, alterando a retenção no solo. O estoque de C não aumentou consideravelmente em subsuperfície, mas muito provavelmente aumentará em escala de tempo maior. Quanto maior a remoção de palha, proporcionalmente maior as taxas de C liberadas na forma de CO2 e COD em subsuperfície, consequentemente, menor a retenção de C no solo. Maiores quantidades de palha na superfície liberam mais C para o solo, retido ou translocado com a água, podendo ser estocado em maiores profundidades do solo. Maior percolação de água no solo não significa maiores perdas de C por lixiviação em profundidade.

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Kuntz, Marianne. "Carbon : an important regulator of denitrification in arable soil". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2017. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=232081.

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Carbon (C) as a driver of soil denitrification was investigated in a series of four laboratory incubation experiments employing stable nitrogen (N) and C isotope approaches. The research addressed the lack of knowledge on mechanisms through which the quantity and quality of organic‐C containing substrates interact with denitrification. The amount of organic matter added to soil was manipulated to relate C respiration with process rates of denitrification. Respiration derived from dissolved organic matter C was linearly related to denitrification but the direction of the relationship was variable in time. This may be most likely an effect of changing quality of the C available and possibly microbial community structure. Nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from denitrification at the later stages of residue decomposition was driven by nitrate (NO3‐) accumulation in the soil rather than C provided by the residue. Denitrification across a vertical shallow soil profile formed in a laboratory microcosm was investigated. A surface hotspot formed immediately as a response to residue‐C addition and increased rates of N2O production. N2O reduction occurred at depth. The hotspot at depth was related to an indirect effect of residue‐C, which was depletion of O2. Further, to address the complexity of low molecular weight C substrate available to denitrifiers in the soil solution, denitrification rates in response to glucose, citric acid and glutamic acid supplied individually versus in mixture were characterised. Carbon substrate quality regulated N2O production rates via interactions within the soil microbial community and with the soil solid phase. Overall, the experiments showed that C stimulates strong N2O emission peaks and increase cumulative N2O emissions from arable soil along a gradient of varying C substrate complexity and quantity. Interaction in space and time play an important role when C containing inputs affected other proximal drivers of denitrification such as NO3‐ and O2.

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Chen, Yujuan. "The Influence of Urban Soil Rehabilitation on Soil Carbon Dynamics, Greenhouse Gas Emission, and Stormwater Mitigation". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/51240.

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Global urbanization has resulted in rapidly increased urban land. Soils are the foundation that supports plant growth and human activities in urban areas. Furthermore, urban soils have potential to provide a carbon sink to mitigate greenhouse gas emission and climate change. However, typical urban land development practices including vegetation clearing, topsoil removal, stockpiling, compaction, grading and building result in degraded soils. In this work, we evaluated an urban soil rehabilitation technique that includes compost incorporation to a 60-cm depth via deep tillage followed by more typical topsoil replacement. Our objectives were to assess the change in soil physical characteristics, soil carbon sequestration, greenhouse gas emissions, and stormwater mitigation after both typical urban land development practices and post-development rehabilitation. We found typical urban land development practices altered soil properties dramatically including increasing bulk density, decreasing aggregation and decreasing soil permeability. In the surface soils, construction activities broke macroaggregates into smaller fractions leading to carbon loss, even in the most stable mineral-bound carbon pool. We evaluated the effects of the soil rehabilitation technique under study, profile rebuilding, on soils exposed to these typical land development practices. Profile rebuilding incorporates compost amendment and deep tillage to address subsoil compaction. In the subsurface soils, profile rebuilding increased carbon storage in available and aggregate-protected carbon pools and microbial biomass which could partially offset soil carbon loss resulting from land development. Yet, urban soil rehabilitation increased greenhouse gas emissions while typical land development resulted in similar greenhouse gas emissions compared to undisturbed soils. Additionally, rehabilitated soils had higher saturated soil hydraulic conductivity in subsurface soils compared to other practices which could help mitigate stormwater runoff in urban areas. In our study, we found urban soil management practices can have a significant impact on urban ecosystem service provision. However, broader study integrating urban soil management practices with other ecosystem elements, such as vegetation, will help further develop effective strategies for sustainable cities.
Ph. D.

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Tifafi, Marwa. "Different soil study tools to better understand the dynamics of carbon in soils at different spatial scales, from a single soil profile to the global scale". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV021/document.

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Les sols sont la principale composantede l’écosystème terrestre et le plus grand réservoir de carbone organique sur Terre, étant très réactifs aux perturbations humaines et aux changements climatiques. Malgré leur importance dans les réservoirs de carbone, la dynamique du carbone des sols est une source importante d'incertitudes pour les prévisions climatiques futures. Le but de la thèse était d'explorer différents aspects d’études du carbone des sols (mesures expérimentales, modélisation et évaluation de bases de données) à différentes échelles spatiales (de l'échelle d'un profil à l'échelle globale). Nous avons souligné que l'estimation des stocks globaux de carbone du sol est encore assez incertaine.Par conséquent le rôle du carbone des sols dans la dynamique du climat devient l'une des principales incertitudes dans les modèles du système terrestre utilisés pour prédire les changements climatiques futurs. La deuxième partie de la thèse porte sur la présentation d'une nouvelle version du modèle IPSL-Land Surface appelé ORCHIDEE-SOM, intégrant la dynamique du 14C dans le sol. Plusieurs tests effectués supposent que les améliorations du modèle devraient se focaliser davantage sur une paramétrisation dépendante de la profondeur,principalement pour la diffusion, afin d'améliorer la représentation du cycle global du carbone dans les modèles de surface terrestre, contribuant ainsi à contraindre les prédictions futures du réchauffement climatique
Soils are the major components ofthe terrestrial ecosystems and the largest organiccarbon reservoir on Earth, being very reactive tohuman disturbance and climate change. Despiteits importance within the carbon reservoirs, soilcarbon dynamics is an important source ofuncertainties for future climate predictions. Theaim of the thesis was to explore different aspectsof soil carbon studies (Experimentalmeasurements, modeling, and databaseevaluation) at different spatial scales (from thescale of a profile to the global scale). Wehighlighted that the estimation of the global soilcarbon stocks is still quite uncertain.Consequently, the role of soil carbon in theclimate dynamics becomes one of the majoruncertainties in the Earth system models (ESMs)used to predict future climate change. Thesecond part of thesis deals with the presentationof a new version of the IPSL-Land SurfaceModel called ORCHIDEE-SOM, incorporatingthe 14C dynamics in the soil. Several tests doneassume that model improvements should focusmore on a depth dependent parameterization,mainly for the diffusion, in order to improve therepresentation of the global carbon cycle inLand Surface Models, thus helping to constrainthe predictions of the future soil organic carbonresponse to global warming

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Jenkins, Anthony Blaine. "Organic carbon and fertility of forest soils on the Allegheny Plateau of West Virginia". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2002. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2486.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2002.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 282 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

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Stewart, Laura. "Carbon storage in an artificial soil". Thesis, Durham University, 2012. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3420/.

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As we strive to find new technologies to dispose of our municipal solid waste, compost-like outputs (CLOs) are becoming more widely created. As a product of both aerobic and anaerobic digestion, they provide a potentially important carbon store and some have proven to enhance existing carbon stores when added to brownfield sites and agricultural land. However, the CO2 flux from this artificial soil is relatively high when compared to natural soils. The aerobic digestion process under which it is produced lasts only 9 days, producing a material which is still comparatively unstable and yet to mature. The CLO is laid in windrows where it is hoped that it will stabilise and mature; if the humification process at this stage can be optimised, would an even greater carbon store be achieved? This thesis seeks to answer this question, through the research into humification in both natural and artificial systems; through the measurement of CO2 flux to assess the stability of CLO over time; using adapted methodologies to gauge the maturity of this artificial soil by analysing the amount of humic acids present; by adding proposed catalysts to the material in fully factorial lysimeter studies; and by examining the affects of different physical environmental conditions under which CLO product humifies. The results of a series of experimental trials, undertaken over a three year period, are presented. Manganese-coated sand and char, both currently ‘waste’ products were both used as potential catalysts for the humification process of CLO. Temporal trends were seen in most samples using infra-red gas analysis, an alkali extraction technique, UV photospectrometry, fluorescence and a novel pseudo-thermogravimetric analysis. The waterlogging of the samples appeared to have an effect on the humification process and a great deal of concurrent data was seen upon the addition of Mn-coated sand and char to the CLO. Both appeared to have a stabilising effect on the CLO, reducing flux rate and increasing humification as compared to a control. An overriding theme present throughout this thesis is the heterogeneous and contaminated nature of the non-source-segregated CLO tested. It is therefore recommended that similar studies be undertaken on a purer, more homogenous CLO in order to assess whether promising results seen could be elucidated in order to gauge the efficacy of biochar and Mn in encouraging the production of humic substances. A field trial would allow the unified soil system to be considered, rather than the CLO alone.

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Pallasser, Robert Joseph. "Technique innovation in soil carbon measurement". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/10062.

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Increased global industrialisation and deforestation have placed enormous burden on our atmosphere and environment. For no other reason than future proofing soils against major climate variability – a possible side effect of growing atmospheric CO2, diverting more of this carbon (C) from our air to where it can do considerably more good seems very worthwhile. This has made soil carbon storage and its measurement such an important and intense area of current research activity. To know and fully understand the impacts of various land management practices on soil carbon building processes requires before anything further is said or done the ability to measure carbon stocks reliably. The enormous challenges are to do this for huge land areas with a sensitivity to see the real changes occurring with an awareness of the spatial, seasonal or other variations that may be as significant. This research study had set out to advance our understanding of soil carbon and its measurement. It has investigated what has gone before and is currently being done but also considers ideas on the horizon. From this base, several novel approaches have been taken to develop innovative methods of dealing with these immediate questions with an aim to easing the soil carbon data crisis. One of the major problems is the natural variability of carbon in soils over relatively small distances leading to uncertainties in carbon analyses which easily amplify in terms of carbon stocks. To capture this variability using conventional methods available today make on-the-ground measurement prohibitively costly. Specifically to deal with this problem a system named the Soil Carbon Bench (SCB) was developed at the centre of this research to cope with large amounts of soil and in fact to enable carbon analysis of whole cores by trusted combustion. This newly developed apparatus formed the core of the work and in its test-bed form has been tested on carbonaceous calibration materials and was then demonstrated on soil cores recovered from a trial field under lucerne rotation. Its accuracy has been equivalent or better than standard analytical methods and when evaluated in terms of its cost efficiencies and determining carbon stocks on the work to date it has done so with a smaller margin of error and at much lower cost. The relative costs of determining soil C stocks were estimated to be about 1/5 of conventional methods along with improved precision. Soil C data obtained with the SCB had a lower variance and C stocks could be replicated so that total C values per 50cm core were typically within 0.2g or 0.0003 kg/kg of the site mean. The research has succeeded at addressing the benefits of analysing whole cores and paved a way to more efficient carbon surveys that easily respond to any changing protocol requirements as may be recommended by bodies such as the IPCC. There are iv numerous other possibilities to test in conjunction with sampling designs and the support of emerging proximal techniques under experimentation. Another but related area was to elucidate reliable ways to differentiate and determine soil carbon forms which are of great importance when considering carbon pools and storage. Thermal analytical studies were not only an ideal complement to the development of the SCB but provided many insights into the thermal behaviour of soil carbon components relevant to these pools. While it provided useful information related to loss on ignition methods (an important alternative method for large scale soil determination) it has opened up further possibilities for productive investigation that encompass characterising soil components and organic matter (OM) stabilisation. In particular it has shown real potential for the determination of black carbon and bushfire residues not easily detected by other instruments, but important for calibrating rapid soil spectral techniques.

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Libros sobre el tema "Soil carbon"

Hartemink, Alfred E. y Kevin McSweeney, eds. Soil Carbon. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04084-4.

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Kutsch, Werner L., Michael Bahn y Andreas Heinemeyer, eds. Soil Carbon Dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511711794.

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Vercammen, James. Dynamic economic modeling of soil carbon. [Ottawa]: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2002.

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Jensen, Earl H. Soil survey of Carbon area, Utah. [Washington, D.C.?]: The Service, 1988.

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R, Lal, ed. Assessment methods for soil carbon. Boca Raton, Fla: Lewis Publishers, 2001.

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Cycles of soil: Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, micronutrients. New York: Wiley, 1986.

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Stevenson, F. J. Cycles of soil: Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, micronutrients. 2^a ed. New York: Wiley, 1999.

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Smith, W. Soil degradation risk indicator: Organic carbon component. Ottawa: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1997.

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R, Lal, ed. Management of carbon sequestration in soil. Boca Ration, Fla: CRC Press, 1998.

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1960-, Kutsch Werner, Bahn Michael y Heinemeyer Andreas, eds. Soil carbon dynamics: An integrated methodology. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Soil carbon"

Berryman, Erin, Jeffrey Hatten, Deborah S. Page-Dumroese, Katherine A. Heckman, David V. D’Amore, Jennifer Puttere, Michael SanClements, Stephanie J. Connolly, Charles H. Perry y Grant M. Domke. "Soil Carbon". En Forest and Rangeland Soils of the United States Under Changing Conditions, 9–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45216-2_2.

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Mesic, Milan, Márta Birkás, Zeljka Zgorelec, Ivica Kisic, Ivana Sestak, Aleksandra Jurisic y Stjepan Husnjak. "Soil Carbon Variability in Some Hungarian and Croatian Soils". En Soil Carbon, 419–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04084-4_41.

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Funakawa, Shinya, Kazumichi Fujii, Atsunobu Kadono, Tetsuhiro Watanabe y Takashi Kosaki. "Could Soil Acidity Enhance Sequestration of Organic Carbon in Soils?" En Soil Carbon, 209–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04084-4_22.

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McBratney, Alex B., Uta Stockmann, Denis A. Angers, Budiman Minasny y Damien J. Field. "Challenges for Soil Organic Carbon Research". En Soil Carbon, 3–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04084-4_1.

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Wills, Skye, Terrance Loecke, Cleiton Sequeira, George Teachman, Sabine Grunwald y Larry T. West. "Overview of the U.S. Rapid Carbon Assessment Project: Sampling Design, Initial Summary and Uncertainty Estimates". En Soil Carbon, 95–104. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04084-4_10.

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Tunega, Daniel, Adelia J. A. Aquino, Georg Haberhauer, Hans Lischka, Gabriele E. Schaumann y Martin H. Gerzabek. "Molecular Models of Cation and Water Molecule Bridges in Humic Substances". En Soil Carbon, 107–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04084-4_11.

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Askari, Mohammad Sadegh y Nicholas M. Holden. "Rapid Evaluation of Soil Quality Based on Soil Carbon Reflectance". En Soil Carbon, 117–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04084-4_12.

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Kiss, Klaudia, Zoltán Szalai, Gergely Jakab, Balázs Madarász y Nóra Zboray. "Characterization of Soil Organic Substances by UV-Vis Spectrophotometry in Some Soils of Hungary". En Soil Carbon, 127–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04084-4_13.

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Atanassova, Irena D., Stefan H. Doerr y Gary L. Mills. "Hot-Water-Soluble Organic Compounds Related to Hydrophobicity in Sandy Soils". En Soil Carbon, 137–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04084-4_14.

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Yost, Jenifer L., Corey E. Palmer y Louise M. Egerton-Warburton. "The Contribution of Soil Aggregates to Carbon Sequestration in Restored Urban Grasslands". En Soil Carbon, 147–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04084-4_15.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Soil carbon"

Al-Kaisi, Mahdi. "Soil Carbon Sequestration Potential". En Proceedings of the 10th Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-676.

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Al-Kaisi, Mahdi y Brent A. Brueland. "Managing Soil Carbon Sequestration". En Proceedings of the 13th Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-768.

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Tudor, Clara. "SOIL CARBON AND SEWAGE WATER". En 18th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2018. Stef92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2018/3.2/s13.062.

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BARTEL, PAUL y MIKE MCGAHUEY. "SOIL CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN AFRICA". En International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies 25th Session. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812797001_0073.

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Otero-Fariña, Alba, Helena Brown, Ke-Qing Xiao, Pippa Chapman, Joseph Holden, Steven Banwart y Caroline Peacock. "The role of soil organic carbon chemistry in soil aggregate formation and carbon preservation". En Goldschmidt2022. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2022.9955.

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Singh, Shikha, Sindhu Jagadamma, Junyi Liang, Gangsheng Wang y Melanie Mayes. "SENSITIVITY OF MICROBIAL PROCESSING OF SOIL CARBON TO SOIL MOISTURE IN DIFFERENTLY-TEXTURED SOILS". En 67th Annual Southeastern GSA Section Meeting - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018se-312541.

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Baumgartl, Thomas, J. Chan, F. Bucka y E. Pihlap. "Soil organic carbon in rehabilitated coal mine soils as an indicator for soil health". En 14th International Conference on Mine Closure. QMC Group, Ulaanbaatar, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_repo/2152_121.

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Karklina, Ilze, Andis Lazdins, Jelena Stola, Aldis Butlers, Zaiga Anna Zvaigzne y Dana Purvina. "Soil carbon stock in fertilized forest stands with mineral soils". En Research for Rural Development 2021 : annual 27th International scientific conference proceedings. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.27.2021.007.

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Forest mineral soil is one of the terrestrial carbon pools, and changes in forest management practices can affect the carbon stock in forest soil. The purpose of the study is to estimate temporal fertilization impact on mineral soil organic carbon stock, depending on fertilizers applied, forest stand type, different dominant tree species of the stands. Coniferous and birch forest stands with mineral soil in the central and eastern part of Latvia were selected for the experiment. The fertilizers used were wood ash and nitrogen containing mineral fertilizer. No significant differences in organic carbon stock in O horizon were detected 2–5 years after fertilization. A tendency of smaller organic carbon stock in upper mineral soil layers (0–10 cm, 10–20 cm) was found in most part of objects. Significantly smaller organic carbon stock was found in upper mineral soil layers (0–10 cm and 10–20 cm) in birch stands with wet mineral soil treated with ammonium nitrate if compared to the control plots, possibly due to a different soil moisture regime of forest stands. The positive and significant correlations between soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks were found in most part of the objects.

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Bārdulis, Andis, Ainārs Lupiķis y Jeļena Stola. "Carbon balance in forest mineral soils in Latvia modelled with Yasso07 soil carbon model". En Research for Rural Development, 2017. Latvia University of Agriculture, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.23.2017.004.

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Meador, T., J. Niedzwiecka, S. Jabinski, T. Picek, R. Angel y H. Šantrůčková. "Modes of Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration and Carbon Use Efficiency Determined by Soil Aeration Status". En 30th International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry (IMOG 2021). European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202134129.

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Informes sobre el tema "Soil carbon"

Wielopolski, Lucian, G. Hendrey, I. Orion, S. Prior, H. Rogers, B. Runion y A. Torbert. NON-DESTRUCTIVE SOIL CARBON ANALYZER. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), febrero de 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15007355.

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Andress, D. Soil carbon changes for bioenergy crops. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), abril de 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/834706.

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Sawyer, John E., Mahdi Al-Kaisi, Daniel W. Barker y Weston Dittmer. Soil Nitrogen and Carbon Management Project. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1507.

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Montz, A., V. R. Kotamarthi y H. Bellout. Soil carbon response to rising temperature. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), septiembre de 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1051236.

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Fultz-Waters, Sydney. Introduction to Carbon Sensing in Soil. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), mayo de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1869374.

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Fancher, J. D. Carbon tetrachloride ERA soil-gas baseline monitoring. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), julio de 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10167614.

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Zinke, P. J., A. G. Stangenberger, W. M. Post, W. R. Emanual y J. S. Olson. Worldwide organic soil carbon and nitrogen data. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), septiembre de 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/543663.

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Larson, Steven, Ryan Busby, W. Andy Martin, Victor Medina, Peter Seman, Christopher Hiemstra, Umakant Mishra y Tom Larson. Sustainable carbon dioxide sequestration as soil carbon to achieve carbon neutral status for DoD lands. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), noviembre de 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/25406.

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Al-Kaisi, Mahdi y David Kwaw-Mensah. Long-term Tillage and Crop Rotation Effects on Soil Carbon and Soil Productivity. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1191.

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Al-Kaisi, Mahdi y David Kwaw-Mensah. Long-term Tillage and Crop Rotation Effects on Soil Carbon and Soil Productivity. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1239.

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