Tesis sobre el tema "Socio-Economic network"

The upcoming expansion of electric vehicles (EV) will bring an increase in charging infrastructure as well as other challenges for the local network operators (LNO). Higher power peaks could overburden the electricity grid resulting in large investments from the LNO to meet the increased demand on the grid. Meanwhile, the investment costs related to charging stations are high for a very uncertain business case, with roughly 60 % of the annual costs to be paid to the LNO. The hypothesis of this research is to create a tariff targeting EV charging stations making it cheaper to operate the stations, both for the LNO and station owner. This is achieved by surrendering 100 % electricity supply when the electricity grid is overworked to help the increasing power demand on the grid. In order to identify the strength and weaknesses of the suggested tariff from the station owners’ point of view, 20 interviews were conducted with LNO, charge point operators (CPO), and other charging station owners (CSO). Five key factors were identified: customer satisfaction, technological barriers, administrative issues, branding, and compensation. The CSO want a price reduction of 20-50 % to use this tariff. It was also investigated to see what would happen if already existing customers to Nacka Energi AB (NEAB) would decide to opt for this tariff if they install charging station, in order to make it cheaper for them as well. Data was collected from over 36 000 charging sessions. This was used to find the charging behaviour, power consumption peaks, and the cost items. The cost items were then manipulated in order to find a fair price reduction over all fuse sizes that would result in an annual price reduction of 20-50 %. The final recommendation for the tariff is to reduce the fixed fee by 40 % in relation to the potential future power tariff of NEAB, the rebate to 2 SEK/kW, power fee 25 SEK/kW and to set the volumetric price to 0.05 SEK/kWh. The discussion identifies the conditions which must be fulfilled by the CSO and the LNO to use this tariff. These include: Separate meter and fuse at the charging station, fuse must not be greater than 63 A, the connection may not be turned off for more than 100 hours each year, not be turned off for more than 3 consecutive hours and more than once a day, the customer may change tariff once a year and the rebate and power fee are based of the highest power consumption peak of the month. Conditions for existing customer was also evaluated. The conclusion to make charging cheaper for them is to remove the fixed fee since they already pay for it in their existing connection. Otherwise it will be more expensive than before.
Den framtida expansionen av eldrivna fordon kommer leda till en ökad laddinfrastruktur samt skapa problem för lokala elnätsföretag. Högre effekttoppar skulle kunna leda till ett överbelastat elnät vilket skulle kräva stora investeringar för elnätsföretagen för att klara av den ökade efterfrågan av effekt. Idag är investeringskostnaderna för laddstationer höga för ett väldigt osäkert business case, där 60 % av de årliga kostnaderna går till elnätsföretaget. Målsättningen för denna undersökning är att utforma en tariff riktad mot kunder som är intresserade av att investera i elbilsladdare. Tariffen ska göra det billigare att driva laddstationen både för stationsägaren och elnätsföretaget. Detta uppnås genom att som stationsägare ge samtycke till att elnätsföretaget får bryta elektriciteten till laddstationerna då elnätet är överbelastat, detta för att underlätta ett överbelastat elnät. För att identifiera styrkor och svagheter för den föreslagna tariffen från stationsägarnas perspektiv utfördes 20 intervjuer med elnätsföretag, laddstationsoperatörer och laddstationsägare. Fem nyckelfaktorer identifierades: Kundlojalitet, teknologiska hinder, administrativa problem, varumärkesprofil och kompensation. Stationsägarna önskade en prissänkning på 20-50 % för att använda tariffen. En undersökning för existerande kunder utfördes även för att se hur de påverkades av den föreslagna tariffen när de installerade laddstationer. Detta i syfte för att göra driften av laddstationerna billigare för dem. Data från 36 000 laddsessioner samlades ihop och användes för att hitta laddbeteende, effekttoppar, och kostnadsposter. Kostnadsposterna ändrades för att hitta en jämn prissänkning över alla säkringsstorlekar som gav en årlig prissänkning av 20-50 %.  Den slutgiltliga rekommendationen till Nacka Energis AB’s potentiella framtida effekttariff, är att sänka den fasta avgiften med 40 %, behålla det rörliga priset på 0.05 SEK/kWh, behålla effektavgiften på 25 SEK/kWh och sätta rabatten till 2 SEK/kW. De villkor som måste uppfyllas av stationsägaren och elnätföretaget för att använda tariffen inkluderar: separat mätare och säkring för stationen, säkringen får ej överskrida 63 A, uppkopplingen får ej vara avstängd mer än 100 timmar per år, ej mer än 3 timmar i sträck och ej mer än en gång per dag, kunden får byta tariff en gång per år, och rabatten och effektavgiften baseras på den högsta effekttoppen i månaden. För att göra driften av laddstationer billigare för befintliga kunder utvärderades deras existerande villkor. Sammanfattningsvis sänktes den fasta avgiften med 100 % då de redan i sitt befintliga abonnemang betalar för de kostnader som motsvarar den fasta avgiften hos elnätsbolaget. Utan sänkningen av den fasta avgiften skulle det bli dyrare för dem att installera en laddstation.

Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) has been talked about since the introduction of fiberin the 1970s. It is nowadays shaping up to be the foundation of our newdigital society, bringing economic prosperity and a multitude of business,social, and entertainment opportunities to its users. The increased consumerdemand for high-speed network accessibility is being taken more and moreseriously and a fiber-based network is able to cope with these growing demandsdue to its wide bandwidth and reliability. Today there is a practical need forquantitative analysis regarding the socio-economic impacts of fiber-basedaccess networks. This analysis could be used as an indicator/reference for allthe stakeholder entities as they consider future investments anddevelopments. Sweden is a suitable target country for this analysis since ithas adopted fiber for some years and the benefits that FTTH has brought seemto already be tangible. The primary value of this thesis lies ininvestigation of its quantified evidence of the socio-economic impacts of FTTHdeployment in Sweden. This has been achieved based on data from the SwedishPost and Telecommunications Authority (PTS), Statistics Sweden (SCB), previousrelated studies, and information collected on-line from operators involved inthe fiber market, along with empirical analysis based on multivariateregression models. The results of the study show that fiber penetrationhas had a significant impact on the population’s evolution, specially the netamount of migration into a municipality, which indicates the attractiveness ofmunicipalities per se. It is therefore reasonable to suggest that localgovernment and local authorities take fiber deployment into consideration, ifthey want to attract people to stay for further local development. The studyalso analyzed the competition in fiber-based open networks and the prices ofsubscribing for 10/10 Mbps symmetrical Internet Service. Study findingsrevealed that networks with multiple competing service providers have a widerrange of services and a lower price: the more ISPs competing in a fibernetwork, the lower consumer prices. Specifically, for each new serviceprovider present in the network, there will be 5 SEK per month decrease of theaverage price of the Internet services, and an approximately 7 SEK per monthreduction in the lowest price. Nevertheless, a number of socio-economicimpacts remain unquantifiable as of the current time and due to the limitedavailable data. It is recommended to incorporate more socio-economic effectsin future research in order to draw a more complete picture for all theinterested sectors, and to supplement the data with recent figures for 2012and 2013.
Fiber till hemmet (Fiber-to-the-Home, FTTH) har talats om sedan fiberintroducerades på 1970-talet. Det håller numera på att bli grunden för vårtnya digitala samhälle, och bidra till ekonomiskt välstånd och medföra en mängdaffärsmässiga, sociala och underhållningsmässiga möjligheter tillslutanvändare. Den ökade efterfrågan på höghastighetsnät tas mer och mer påallvar och ett fiberbaserat nät kan hantera dessa ökade krav på grund av dessbreda bandbredd och tillförlitlighet. Idag finns ett praktiskt behov avkvantitativ analys av de socioekonomiska effekterna av fiberbaseradeaccessnät. Denna analys kan användas som en indikator och referens för allaintressenter när de överväger framtida investeringar. Sverige är ett lämpligtmålland för denna analys eftersom den har antagit fiber i några år och defördelar som FTTH har fört verkar redan vara synliga. Det huvudsakligavärdet av denna avhandling ligger i utredningen av kvantifierade bevis för desocioekonomiska effekterna av FTTH utbyggnad i Sverige. Detta har uppnåtts pågrundval av uppgifter från den Post- och telestyrelsen (PTS), Statistiskacentralbyrån (SCB), tidigare liknande studier och information som samlats inpå nätet från aktörer inom fiber, tillsammans med empirisk analys baserad påmultivariate regressionsmodeller. Resultatet visat att fiber har haft enbetydande inverkan på befolkningens utveckling, speciellt netto in- ochutflyttning till en kommun, vilket indikerar attraktionskraft kommunerna isig. Det är därför rimligt att föreslå att kommunerna och de lokalamyndigheterna överväger fiber driftsättning på allvar om de vill lockainvånare att stanna för ytterligare lokal utveckling. Studien analyserar ocksåkonkurrensen på fiberbaserade öppna nät och priserna på 10/10 Mbps symmetriskInternet-tjänst. Resultaten visar att nätverk med flera konkurrerandetjänsteleverantörer har ett bredare utbud av tjänster och ett lägre pris: jufler Internetleverantörer i ett fibernät, desto lägre konsumentpriser. Merspecifikt, för varje ny tjänsteleverantör som finns i nätverket, minskar detgenomsnittliga priset med 5 kronor per månad, och det lägsta priset med cirka7 kronor per månad. Ändå förblir ett antal socioekonomiska effekteromätbara på grund av begränsade tillgängliga data. Rekommendationen är attinförliva fler socioekonomiska effekter i framtida forskning för att dra enmer komplett bild för alla berörda sektorer, och att komplettera data medfärska siffror för 2012 och 2013.

Background Understanding the benefits from the environment of municipally-owned energy firms in Sweden, through the perspective of the network theory, the triple helix model and knowledge transfer. Aim To construct a model describing the resources flowing within the network of relationships within the specific context of operations. Methodology The study is centred on a case company where two specific departments are put in focus: the energy recovery department and the business development. The case study aims to be descriptive, according to the data collected from interviews of relevant respondents. Findings - The benefits derived from a collaboration with a knowledge centre is the legitimate creation of exploitable innovation for the firm, as well as the creation/improvement of hybrid platforms where mobility of personnel is seen as a central communication factor. - When it comes to the income generating activities the main benefits that arose within the collaboration was the creation of opportunities for growth and business networks as such.- Power on influencing the context generates policies and favourable network oriented circumstances.

To reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere and protect the environment, Swedish cities are heavily invested in sustainable development by developing pedestrian roads and intensifying public transport. Their goal is to make the population less dependent on cars by facilitating accessibility to transit transport. The urban area of ​​Umeå (Sweden), which is experiencing an annual increasing of it population due to urban development, includes 244 km of pedestrian or bike routes and an intensified bus network. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the walking accessibility of the population at bus stops and to analyze the socio-economic relationship. The use of GIS tools allowed to calculate the proportion of the population and the houses around the bus stop, the average distance accessibility. The use of 3D allowed the observation of access constraints related to the topography and to calculate the slope. The use of the multiple regression model has analyzed the relationship between the shortest accessibility distance and the socio-economic factors that are the income, gender and age. The results show that the average distance of access to the bus stop is 186m. 99.2% of the population lives within 800m from the bus stops. The results of the regression showed that income is the main factor that pushes people to take the bus and live in certain types of housing. The observation of the 3d map and the calculation of the slope made it possible to know the neighborhoods established in the hill and whose residents are susceptible to spend more energy than the other inhabitant living on flat ground. The results mean that most people living in the urban area of ​​Umeå have good access to the bus stop whatever the social group, the level of income and the type of housing.

The facilitation of irregular migration by organised criminal groups [OCGs] at EU-internal transit points represents a specific illegal market type. This PhD thesis uses a mixed methodology approach to study this market with a focus on Italy, one of the main entry and transit countries for irregular migrants aiming to reach Central and Northern Europe, as well as the pulsating heart of intense EU-public and political debate around issues of mismanaged, undocumented immigration. While the debate has concentrated on the organised smuggling of irregular migrants via sea routes, less attention has been paid to EU-inland routes. What is known about the latter is mainly restricted to sporadic cases in which smuggling journeys have ended tragically. This has led to the rather uninformed and sensationalist notion that the market for human smuggling is monopolised by highly structured and sophisticated transnational OCGs. However, existing empirical evidence rather suggests OCGs to be weakly-tied and fragmented in structure. Considering that these OCGs operate on a highly uncertain market, which lacks in institutional control and formal contracts, it becomes not only interesting, but vital to understand how these OCGs nevertheless execute their business successfully. The purpose of this thesis is to shed light on the organisational structure of OCGs operating on this illegal market type, to elucidate how its decentralised structure influences the market’s operation, and to analyse relational mechanisms that induce cooperative rather than opportunistic behaviour by illegal market actors. In doing so, the specificities and parallels of this distinct illegal market actor are compared to human smuggling organisations operating at EU-external borders. On the basis of these results, novel market reduction measures are pointed out, which are context-tailored, as well as more generally applicable to countering human smuggling into and within the EU. The study aims to achieve its purpose through a context-specific socio-economic analysis of organised human smuggling at transit points internally to the EU by means of: (i) a critical review of the literature on EU-related human smuggling; (ii) a thematic analysis of secondary sources as well as expert interviews on EU-internal organised human smuggling, and finally, (iii) a social network analysis of a selected, large-scale human smuggling organisation in Northern Italy. Together, these three different analyses lead to significant conclusions. OCGs involved in EU-internal human smuggling exhibit a decentralised organsational structure, which includes at most a two-tier level, including resourceful smugglers at the top and precarious individuals at the bottom. These OCGs are constituted not only by foreign- but also largely by European actors. Common ethnicity appears to facilitate cooperation between smugglers, as well as the criminal experience of a few. Compared to increasingly structured OCGs operating at the borders of Europe, the EU-internal human smuggling market appears still less organised and less violent and/or life-threatening for migrants. The latter is exhibited by a shift from physical transport to the progressive use of fraudulent documents on the EU-internal human smuggling market, which however might indicate increased involvement of resourcesful smugglers. It is argued that such a highly resilient illegal market structure can only be countered through (i) the improved targeting of high-tier smugglers but more importantly, necessitates (ii) recruitment prevention strategies that target the marginalisation and socio-economic precarity of smugglers, which are measures that notably overlap with the aim to reduce the demand of irregular migrants for smuggling services in the first place.

Social media today is a dominant communication tool, which structures not only our social interactions but also filter the information users are getting displayed. The big social media platforms use our interaction data to analyse our behaviour and sell the data for commercial interest. But not only the pure interaction data is valuable for these platforms. Also hidden information, which can be derived from our interactive networks, about our social structures, social classifications and social status are gathered and monetised. This research attempts on the one hand to uncover some of these methods used by social media platforms, and on the other hand, also wants to show how useful these new methods can be for research on social phenomena. Therefore, this study goes beyond the confining limits of traditional sociology, where either qualitative or quantitative methods are applied. Following the idea of Critical Realism, the positivist and constructivist methods are applied in combination in order to provide thick accounts of the studied material. In this study, varying socioeconomic classification systems (like the Sinus-Milieu models) are investigated and evaluated against the background of Bourdieu’s ideas on cultural and social forms of capital. The present study uses a mixed method approach (Social Network Analysis and Sentiment Analysis) to analyse quantitative data from Twitter conversations which were collected during the Austrian EU Election 2019. In conclusion, one could say that the overall purpose of this study is to demonstrate the usefulness of Critical Realism for social media research, since this approach can create a thicker account of the studied material than other, more traditional methods. This undertaking is demonstrated by the findings of the study. These findings are the building of specific sub-clusters of EU candidates which are not related to the same political background and traditional demographics but whose relation can be detected and described using Bourdieu’s concepts of social and cultural capital. As a mean for gathering empirical data, Twitter turned out to be a useful and accessible tool for this study.

A presente pesquisa debruçou o seu olhar sobre o problema da falta de continuidade em redes de ruas que, ao que parece, não tem recebido a devida atenção por parte das administrações públicas e equipes de planejamento urbano. Através de análises como integralidade, heterogeneidade das redes espaciais urbanas e análise de bloqueios viários a pesquisa buscou inverter o olhar para elementos (e condições) estruturais que potencialmente prejudicam o desempenho da morfologia urbana de cidades causando impactos de natureza sócio-econômica. Para tanto, lançou mão da construção de grafos e da aplicação de medidas de diferenciação espacial nas redes em estudo, a fim de avançar na compreensão de eventos que possivelmente provocam algum tipo de ruptura na morfologia de cidades, provocando problemas para suas populações. O resultado do estudo apontou para a possibilidade de criação de um conceito específico chamado de microruptura em redes de ruas.
The present research intended to look at/: the problem of lack of continuity in networks of streets that, it seems, has not received due attention by the government and urban planning teams. Through analysis as integrity, spatial heterogeneity of networks and analysis of urban road blockades research sought to reverse its look to elements (and conditions) that potentially affect the structural performance of the urban morphology of cities causing social economic impacts. To do so, it uses the construction of graphs and the application of measures of spatial differentiation in the networks under study in order to advance the understanding of events that possibly provoke some kind of rupture in morphology of cities, causing problems for their people. The result of the study pointed to the possibility of creating a specific concept called microruptures in street networks.

A l’heure où la coordination d’une diversité d’acteurs dans les territoires est identifiée comme nécessaire et indispensable à la transition agroécologique, un intérêt se porte aux modalités de coordination de ces acteurs, les facteurs qui les amènent à s’organiser collectivement et les ressources qu’ils créent et mobilisent. Alors que l’action collective des agriculteurs est régulièrement présentée comme un levier pour la transition agroécologique, nous nous intéressons dans le cadre de cette thèse aux modes de coordination que les agriculteurs mettent en œuvre lorsqu’ils s’organisent collectivement pour créer et développer des filières territorialisées en agriculture biologique. Nous nous appuyons sur le cadre théorique de l’économie de proximités, qui, à travers l’étude des interactions entre acteurs au sein d’un territoire, nous permet de traiter les thèmes de la gouvernance, de l’action collective et des ressources collectivement créées. A l’appui de la grille des proximités géographiques et organisées et des cadres et outils d’analyse des réseaux sociaux - particulièrement ceux se référant aux réseaux sociaux complets et aux chaines relationnelles - nous étudions les relations d’interdépendances, les rapports de force et les phénomènes d’encastrement à l’œuvre à différentes échelles : le système alimentaire territorialisée, la filière territorialisée, le groupe de pairs agriculteurs et l’exploitation agricole. Pour cela, nous avons mené un travail d’analyse empirique s’appuyant sur l’étude et la mise en regard de cinq collectifs d’agriculteurs porteurs de filières territorialisées en agriculture biologique dans le Puy-de-Dôme. Nous avons mené des enquêtes de terrain essentiellement basées sur des entretiens semi-directifs individuels et des questionnaires sociométriques. Nos résultats montrent que les modes de coordination sont caractérisés par une diversité d’interactions entre agriculteurs, entre acteurs économiques de la filière territorialisée et avec d’autres acteurs du système alimentaire territorialisé. Ces interactions s’appuient la plupart du temps sur des relations interpersonnelles et des partages de proximités géographiques et organisées entre les acteurs et se consolident grâce à divers outils et règles formels destinés à assurer un environnement de confiance propice à leur coordination. Ces interactions entraînent la création et la circulation de ressources nécessaires à la transition agroécologique. Ainsi, ces ressources participent à faciliter des changements de pratiques dans les fermes, à favoriser l’engagement et l’implication des agriculteurs dans leur groupe de pairs, à assurer la coconstruction d’une offre spécifique avec les acteurs économiques de la filière territorialisée et à contribuer à la diversification productive et territoriale
As the coordination of a diversity of stakeholders within a territory is identified as necessary and essential for the agroecological transition, interest is growing in the ways in which these stakeholders coordinate, the factors that lead them to organise collectively and the resources that they create and mobilise. While collective action among farmers is regularly presented as a lever for the agroecological transition, this thesis focuses on coordination modes that farmers use when they organise themselves collectively to create and develop organic farming territorialized supply chains. We use the economy of proximity as our theoretical framework, which, through the study of interactions between actors within a territory, enables us to address the themes of governance, collective action and collectively created resources. Using the grid of geographical and organised proximities and the tools of the social networks analysis - particularly those referring to complete social networks and relational chains - we study the interdependence and power relationships and the embeddedness phenomena at work at different scales: the territorialised food system, the territorialised supply chain, the group of peer farmers and the farm. To do this, we carried out an empirical analysis based on the study and comparison of five organic farmers' collectives involved in territorialised supply chains in the Puy-de-Dôme (France). We conducted field surveys based mainly on individual semi-structured interviews and sociometric questionnaires. Our results show that the modes of coordination are characterised by a diversity of interactions between farmers, between economic stakeholders within the territorialised supply chain and with other stakeholders in the territorialised food system. These interactions are based on interpersonal relationships and shared geographical and organisational proximity between stakeholders and are consolidated by various formal tools and rules designed to ensure an environment of trust favourable to their coordination. These interactions lead to the creation and circulation of a diversity of resources needed for the agroecological transition. These resources contribute to facilitating changes in practices on farms, to encouraging the commitment and involvement of farmers in their peer group, to ensuring the co-construction of a specific product and to contributing to territorial diversification

Матеріал присвячено актуальним питанням розвитку електричних мереж в світі.
Материал посвящен актуальным вопросам развития электрических сетей в мире.
The material is devoted to topical issues of electric networks development in the world.

The return of Māori land to a productive role in the New Economy entails the innovation and diffusion of technologies relevant to the sustainable development of this land. Sustainable development requires substantive changes to current land and resource use to mitigate environmental degradation and contribute to ecological and sociological resilience. Such innovation is emerging in 'New Economic Space' where concerns for cultural resilience have arisen as political-economic strategies of the New Economy converge within a global economic space. New Economic Space comprises policy, technology and institutional innovations that attempt to influence economic activity, thus directly engaging with local 'place-based' expressions of geohistorically unique knowledge and identity. This thesis approaches contemporary Māori development from three perspectives. First, by viewing the changing links between ecosystems and communities as examples of innovation diffusion, the evolution of relevant policies, technologies and institutions can be examined for their impact upon Māori resilience. Second, such innovation diffusion can be described as a form of regional development, acknowledging the integral role of traditional territories in Māori identity and culture as well as the distinct legislative and governance contexts by which this land is developed. Third, by incorporating the geohistorical uniqueness of Māori ideas, values and beliefs, standard concepts of political-economy can be reformulated to show an explicit cultural economy – Māori Traditional Economic Space – in which Māori horticulturalists participate in parallel with the New Economy. Two methods are used in the analysis of the participation by Māori horticulturalists in New Economic Space. Fuzzy set/Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fs/QCA) allows the rigorous investigation of small-N studies of limited diversity for their partial membership in nominated sets. This thesis uses fs/QCA to organise theoretical and substantive knowledge of each case study to score its membership in agri-food networks, Māori institutions and post-production strategies, allowing the identification of causal configurations that lead to greater resilience for Māori growers and their communities. The second method is Actor-Network Theory (ANT) that incorporates elements of nature and society, showing the extensive and dynamic entwinement that exists between the two. ANT describes the enrolment of diverse 'actants' by a range of eco-social institutions and the subsequent translation of the resulting assemblages into resilience strategies. The results of this research first show a 'System of Provision' (SOP) in which Māori development strategies converge with non-Māori attempts to expand research and marketing programmes. These programmes seek to implement added-value strategies in supplying novel horticultural products within New Economic Space; parallel 'cultural logics' ensure food is supplied to traditional Māori institutions according to the cultural logics of Māori. In addition to this finding, results also show that the participation of Māori growers in New Economic Space can paradoxically lead to an expansion of the Traditional Economic Space of Māori. This expansion is not simply contingent upon configurations of policy, technology, and institutional innovations that originate in New Economic Space but is directed by Māori cultural logics, located in Māori territories but seeking innovations from an amorphous universal 'core'. The interface between the global New Economy and the localities of a Māori cultural economy is defined by the 'interrogation' of these innovations, and innovators, through eco-cultural institutions in their diffusion to and from Māori land, Māori resources and Māori people. Within the boundaries of this interrogation border resides a malleable assemblage of actants, enrolled by Māori as components of resilience strategies, which can lead to the endurance of Māori culture.

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Com o escopo de fornecer subsídios para compreender como o processo de colaboração científica ocorre e se desenvolve em uma instituição de pesquisas, particularmente o IPEN, o trabalho utilizou duas abordagens metodológicas. A primeira utilizou a técnica de análise de redes sociais (ARS) para mapear as redes de colaboração científica em P&D do IPEN. Os dados utilizados na ARS foram extraídos da base de dados digitais de publicações técnico-científicas do IPEN, com o auxílio de um programa computacional, e basearam-se em coautoria compreendendo o período de 2001 a 2010. Esses dados foram agrupados em intervalos consecutivos de dois anos gerando cinco redes bienais. Essa primeira abordagem revelou várias características estruturais relacionadas às redes de colaboração, destacando-se os autores mais proeminentes, distribuição dos componentes, densidade, boundary spanners e aspectos relacionados à distância e agrupamento para definir um estado de redes mundo pequeno (small world). A segunda utilizou o método dos mínimos quadrados parciais, uma variante da técnica de modelagem por equações estruturais, para avaliar e testar um modelo conceitual, apoiado em fatores pessoais, sociais, culturais e circunstanciais, para identificar aqueles que melhor explicam a propensão de um autor do IPEN em estabelecer vínculos de colaboração em ambientes de P&D. A partir do modelo consolidado, avaliou-se o quanto ele explica a posição estrutural que um autor ocupa na rede com base em indicadores de ARS. Nesta segunda parte, os dados foram coletados por meio de uma pesquisa de levantamento com a utilização de um questionário. Os resultados mostraram que o modelo explica aproximadamente 41% da propensão de um autor do IPEN em colaborar com outros autores e em relação à posição estrutural de um autor na rede o poder de explicação variou entre 3% e 3,6%. Outros resultados mostraram que a colaboração entre autores do IPEN tem uma correlação positiva com intensidade moderada com a produtividade, da mesma forma que, os autores mais centrais na rede tendem a ampliar a sua visibilidade. Por fim, vários outros indicadores estatísticos bibliométricos referentes à rede de colaboração em P&D do IPEN foram determinados e revelados, como, a média de autores por publicação, média de publicações por autores do IPEN, total de publicações, total de autores e não autores do IPEN, entre outros. Com isso, esse trabalho fornece uma contribuição teórica e empírica aos estudos relacionados à colaboração científica e ao processo de transferência e preservação de conhecimento, assim como, vários subsídios que contribuem para o contexto de tomada de decisão em ambientes de P&D.
Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

The vision for smart sustainable cities is one whereby urban sensing is core to optimising city operation which in turn improves citizen contentment. Wireless Sensor Networks are envisioned to become pervasive form of data collection and analysis for smart cities but deployment of millions of inter-connected sensors in a city can be cost-prohibitive. Given the ubiquity and ever-increasing capabilities of sensor-rich mobile devices, Wireless Sensor Networks with Mobile Phones (WSN-MP) provide a highly flexible and ready-made wireless infrastructure for future smart cities. In a WSN-MP, mobile phones not only generate the sensing data but also relay the data using cellular communication or short range opportunistic communication. The largest challenge here is the efficient transmission of potentially huge volumes of sensor data over sometimes meagre or faulty communications networks in a cost-effective way. This thesis investigates distributed data forwarding schemes in three types of WSN-MP: WSN with mobile sinks (WSN-MS), WSN with mobile relays (WSN-HR) and Mobile Phone Sensing Systems (MPSS). For these dynamic WSN-MP, realistic models are established and distributed algorithms are developed for efficient network performance including data routing and forwarding, sensing rate control and and pricing. This thesis also considered realistic urban sensing issues such as economic incentivisation and demonstrates how social network and mobility awareness improves data transmission. Through simulations and real testbed experiments, it is shown that proposed algorithms perform better than state-of-the-art schemes.

Traffic Congestion is a critical problem in large urban areas. In this thesis, six different control strategies aiming to alleviate congestion are performed through TRANSIMS simulation in the city of Alexandria. Main objective of this thesis is to study and explore the impacts of these control strategy in terms of system performance. Macroscopic Fundamental Diagrams has been used during research to present traffic movement and evaluate traffic performance. This thesis also look at the outcome of each strategy at different household income group in the city. The attention are drawn to the importance of taking socio-economic impact in traffic management decisions. Some of the control strategies presented in this thesis have different impacts on different income groups in the city, while other control strategies have similar impacts (negative, or inconclusive) on different groups in Alexandria city. The thesis gives the conclusions on the impact of selecting different signal control strategies.
Master of Science

The main purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of how complex collective behaviors emerge in social and economic systems. To this end, we use a combination of mathematical analysis and computational simulations along the lines of the agent- or individual-based modeling paradigm. In particular, we focus on three main topics: opinion dynamics, herding behavior in financial markets, and language competition. Opinion dynamics models focus on the processes of opinion formation within a society consisting of an ensemble of interacting individuals with diverse opinions. One of the main problems addressed by these models is whether these processes of opinion formation will eventually lead to the emergence of a consensus within the society or to the fragmentation of its constituent individuals into different opinion groups. We are interested here in situations where the particular issue under consideration allows for opinions to vary continuously, and thus opinions are modeled as real variables. In particular, we focus on a model consisting of two mechanisms or rules for the evolution of the agents' opinions: a mechanism of social influence, by which two interacting agents reach a compromise at the midpoint opinion, and a mechanism of homophily, by which two agents do only interact if their opinion difference is less than a given threshold value. In this context, we study the influence of the initial distribution of opinions in the asymptotic solution of the model. Financial time series are characterized by a number of stylized facts or non-Gaussian statistical regularities found across a wide range of markets, assets and time periods, such as volatility clustering or fat-tailed distributions of returns. A growing number of contributions based on heterogeneous interacting agents have interpreted these stylized facts as the macroscopic outcome of the diversity among the economic actors, and the interplay and connections between them. In particular, we focus here on a stochastic model of information transmission in financial markets based on a competition between pairwise copying interactions between market agents (herding behavior) and random changes of state (idiosyncratic behavior). On the one hand, we develop a generalization of this herding model accounting for the arrival of information from external sources, and study the influence of this incoming information on the market. On the other hand, we study a network-embedded version of the herding model and focus on the influence of the underlying topology of interactions on the asymptotic behavior of the system. Language competition models address the dynamics of language use in multilingual social systems due to social interactions. The main goal of these models is to distinguish between the interaction mechanisms that lead to the coexistence of different languages and those leading to the extinction of all but one of them. While traditionally conceptualized as a property of the speaker, it has been recently proposed that the use of a language can be more clearly described as a feature of the relationship between two speakers ---a link state--- than as an attribute of the speakers themselves ---a node state---. Inspired by this link-state perspective, we first develop a coevolving model that couples a majority rule dynamics of link states with the evolution of the network topology due to random rewiring of links in a local minority. Finally, we develop a model where the coupled dynamics of language use, as a property of the links between speakers, and language preference, as a property of the speakers themselves, are considered in a fixed network topology.
El propósito principal de esta tesis es el de contribuir a la comprensión del modo en el que comportamientos colectivos complejos emergen en sistemas sociales y económicos. En particular, nos centramos en tres temas principales: dinámica de opiniones, comportamiento gregario en mercados financieros y competición lingüística. Los modelos de dinámica de opiniones se centran en los procesos de formación de opiniones en el seno de una sociedad compuesta por un conjunto de individuos en interacción y con opiniones diversas. Uno de los principales problemas abordados por estos modelos es el de determinar si estos procesos de formación de opiniones llevan a la emergencia de un consenso en la sociedad, o si llevan a la segregación de los individuos en diferentes grupos. Nos interesamos aquí por situaciones en las que el asunto que se discute permite la existencia de un contínuo de opiniones y por tanto las opiniones pueden ser modeladas como variables reales. En particular, nos centramos en un modelo consistente en dos mecanismos para la evolución de las opiniones: un mecanismo de influencia social, por el cual dos agentes interaccionantes llegan a un compromiso en el punto medio entre sus opiniones, y un mecanismo de homofilia, por el cual dos agentes interaccionan únicamente si la diferencia entre sus opiniones es inferior a un cierto umbral. En este contexto, estudiamos la influencia de la distribución inicial de opiniones. Las series temporales financieras están caracterizadas por una serie de hechos estilizados o regularidades estadísticas no gaussianas observadas en un amplio rango de mercados, activos y períodos temporales, como el agrupamiento de la volatilidad o las distribuciones de retornos con colas pesadas. Un número creciente de contribuciones basadas en agentes heterogéneos en interacción han venido a ofrecer una interpretación de estos hechos estilizados como el resultado emergente de la diversidad entre actores económicos y de las interacciones y conexiones entre ellos. En particular, nos centramos aquí en un modelo estocástico de transmisión de información en mercados financieros basado en una competición entre interacciones de copia a pares entre agentes de mercado (comportamiento gregario) y cambios de estado aleatorios (comportamiento idiosincrático). Por un lado, desarrollamos una generalización de este modelo de comportamiento gregario para tener en cuenta la llegada de información desde fuentes externas y estudiamos la influencia de esta información entrante en el mercado. Por otro lado, estudiamos una versión en red del modelo de comportamiento gregario y nos centramos en la influencia de la topología subyacente en el comportamiento asintótico del sistema. Los modelos de competición lingüística abordan la dinámica del uso de lenguas en sistemas sociales multilingües debida a interacciones sociales. El principal objetivo de estos modelos es el de diferenciar entre aquellos mecanismos de interacción que llevan a la coexistencia de diferentes lenguas y aquellos que llevan a la extinción de todas menos una. Aunque tradicionalmente se ha conceptualizado como una propiedad del hablante, recientemente se ha propuesto que el uso de una lengua puede ser más claramente descrito como una propiedad de la relación entre dos hablantes ---un estado del enlace--- que como una propiedad de los hablantes ---un estado del nodo---. Inspirados por esta perspectiva, desarrollamos primero un modelo de coevolución que acopla una dinámica de estados en los enlaces basada en una regla de mayoría con la evolución de la topología de la red debida al re-enlace aleatorio de enlaces en una minoría local. Finalmente, desarrollamos un modelo en el que las dinámicas acopladas de uso de la lengua, como propiedad de los enlaces entre hablantes, y preferencia lingüística, como propiedad de los hablantes mismos, son consideradas en una topología de red fija.

Contemporary urban life and functioning have become increasingly dependent on mobility. Having become an inherent constituent of urban dynamics, the role of urban moblity in influencing urban processes and morphology has increased dramat- ically. However, the relationship between urban mobility and spatial socio-economic structure has still not been thoroughly understood. This work will attempt to take a complex network theoretical approach to studying this intricate relationship through • the spatio-temporal evolution of ad-hoc developed network centralities based on the Google PageRank, • multilayer network regression with statistical random graphs respecting net- work structures for explaining urban mobility flows from urban socio-economic attributes, • and Graph Neural Networks for predicting mobility flows to or from a specific location in the city. Making both practical and theoretical contributions to urban science by offering methods for describing, monitoring, explaining, and predicting urban dynamics, this work will thus be aimed at providing a network theoretical framework for developing tools to facilitate better decision-making in urban planning and policy making.

This study considers the changing ideals of marriage during the 19th century as reflected in acollection of Swedish bourgeoisie love-letters from the 1870s. Through a combined quantitative andqualitative effort the goal is to establish how adherents to the relatively new ideal of marriage forthe sake of romantic love; thought, wrote and experienced the material aspects of marriage. It alsoaspires to shed light on how traditional family influence on the marital sphere survived the proposedshift in ideals.The study finds that family, economy and shared feelings were themes that dominated the letters.Individuals that adhered to the ideal of romantic love spent considerable time realizing the materialpre-requisites of marriage. This leads to a conclusion that marriage ideals and marriage practiceevolved at different paces. Family influence largely survived the change of ideals through paternalauthority, individual immersion in the family-dominated socio-economic network and aspirations ofthe young to retain the socio-economic status of their elders.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
Migration is an important topic, not only for researchers in South Africa, but also for policymakers and the media. It is an issue at the top of the national and international agenda. In the debate on migration and the literature, voices of migrants themselves remain mostly unheard. The public perceptions and policy-making are often based on fear, stereotypes and common myths rather than reality. In this study, the researcher aimed to examine the socio-economic integration challenges of highly-skilled Nigerian migrants and how they may help contribute their skills towards the socioeconomic development of South Africa to potentially inform the national migration policy, as well as future research. Methodologically, the researcher conducted a mixed-method study using an interpretive paradigm. Data were derived from 22 semi-structured interviews and six in-depth interviews. The study used a combination of purposive and snowballing sampling techniques, where semi-structured and in-depth interviews, as well as observations, were also carried out. Data gathered were analysed using thematic analysis.

Binge drinking as one of the alcohol consumption patterns, affects the quality of life of the drinker, significant others and the society in general. It contributes to negative social, economic and health effects on social support networks. This sub-study of the five year trans-disciplinary Alcohol study analysed the existing quantitative data of the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study. The broad aim of the Alcohol study is to gain a better understanding of the alcohol consumption patterns and the causes and consequences of binge drinking amongst South African. The overarching aim of this sub-study was to identify the socioeconomic effects of binge drinking on support networks with a view to contributing to a development of a relevant, integrated and coherent strategy to address alcohol abuse and misuse in the selected areas of the study. The study adopted a mixed methods approach by combining the qualitative and quantitative paradigms to understand the phenomenon of binge drinking and its effects on support networks more adequately. A literature study was undertaken to firstly understand the broader context of the social aspects of alcohol abuse in South Africa, and secondly, to understand social support, social support networks and social network analysis in relation to binge drinking from a conceptual and theoretical framework. Unpacking of the concepts social support, social support networks and social network analysis provided a base to argue that social support networks are affected by binge drinking because the drinker and networks such as family and service providers are interrelated and interdependent. Relevant theoretical frameworks that support this view that person and environment are related and cannot be separated because one affects the other as well, were used to substantiate the argument. Binge drinking was further cross tabulated with other relevant variables to further understand the alcohol consumption patterns. The profile of social problems from the PURE data provided a picture of the challenges in the demarcated areas. As such poverty, low educational level and income were used as markers of socio-economic position. Having identified binge drinking as one pattern of alcohol consumption used in the communities, the study further identified the socio-economic effects experienced by support networks through semi-structured interviews with a schedule and focus groups. The family members and service providers as key informants were identified as support networks. The identified family support network representatives were children, spouse, parents and a sibling and they explained their experiences with a binge drinker. Specific themes of social support were used to describe their experiences of support. These themes are: types of support provided; recipient perception, reciprocal support and behaviour of the provider. The results indicated that support networks are negatively affected by binge drinking because social support is not provided as expected. Performance of roles is compromised and binge drinkers socially constructed views of being justified to abuse of alcohol in that they themselves were exposed to the same situation as children, thus the children are expected to accept their drinking and the socio-economic situation. The community support networks were interviewed to obtain information on the alcohol abuse and socio-economic conditions in the selected communities and to identify the intervention strategies employed to combat the alcohol abuse problems. Suggestions to enhance intervention strategies are proposed focusing on assessment of risk and risk environment, targeted interventions, multi-level synergistic intervention and multi-disciplinary roles and partnerships.
Thesis (Ph.D. (Social Work))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

Currently, more than half of all Swedish single-family houses have an installed heat pump and more heat is supplied by heat pumps in Sweden than in any other nation. Despite the enormous impact of heat pumps on the Swedish energy system, the transition towards their use has gone relatively unnoticed. Hence the title of this thesis, ‘A silent revolution’. This thesis provides an in-depth study of the Swedish transition towards heat pumps and how Swedish industries contributed to it. It approaches the topic from the perspective of value networks and ‘coopetition’, combined with the concept of complementarities. This approach has been inspired by the work of Verna Allee (2009) and Erik Dahmén (1991). In this thesis, value networks are networks of actors surrounding a specific business model, coopetition is used to describe the relationships between actors (as both competitive and cooperative), and the concept of complementarities is used to analyze the dynamics between synergistic elements and value networks in Sweden’s heat pump sector and energy system. Based on this approach, the thesis explains how a durable web of relations and interdependencies between complementarities has developed within the heat pump sector and the energy system in Sweden, and between the two, during the country’s transition to widespread use of heat pumps. Interest in heat pumps arose in Sweden and other parts of Europe during the 1970s. The Swedish energy system had been caught between international oil crises and national political mobilisation against nuclear power expansion. In this period of negative transformation pressure, the heat pump appeared as a promising alternative that could mitigate the use of oil and electricity for heating. In the 1970s, an early Swedish heat pump industry formed together with a growing heat pump market. A large number of diverse actors became involved in the Swedish heat pump sector, and the intense coopetition dynamics relating to heat pumps following the 1970s oil crisis contributed to durable connections between complementarities during the early stages of the transition. The 1980s saw a rapid expansion of large heat pumps in Swedish district heating facilities. In the mid-1980s, however, oil prices dropped back to their previous low levels. This change, combined with other factors, such as lifted subsidies and higher interest rates, created a crisis for Swedish heat pump industry. The industry underwent a 10-year period of low sales of small heat pumps and the market for large heat pumps died out and never returned. Nevertheless, several connections between heat pump–related complementarities remained in Sweden after the mid-1980s. In conjunction with value network reconfigurations, changes in company ownerships and governmental industry support, these complementarities helped the Swedish heat pump sector to maintain both production and service capacity. Due to developments that took place largely outside the heat pump manufacturing sector, by the mid-1990s it became possible for the struggling Swedish industry to offer more reliable and standardised heat pumps to the Swedish home heating market. During the years after 1995, the Swedish heat pump market grew to become the biggest in Europe. The industry’s early development and growth gave Swedish companies a comparative advantage over its European competitors, with the result that the manufacturing of heat pumps remained concentrated to Swedish-based manufacturing facilities even after the Swedish heat pump industry became internationalised after 2005. As of 2015, Sweden had the greatest amount of heat production from heat pumps per capita of any European nation, and many heat pump markets in other European countries are 10 to 20 years behind the Swedish market in development. This thesis shows how the Swedish heat pump industry has co-evolved with the market and how developments in the industry contributed towards causing the transition to heat pumps to occur so early in Sweden relative to other European markets. It also shows that coopetition dynamics in a socio-technical transition change with the emergence and characteristics of structural tensions between complementarities, which has implications for the strategic management of external relations and partnerships during socio-technical transitions. It further argues that the combination of the value network, coopetition, and complementarity concepts can be conceptualised for descriptive and exploratory studies on the role of firms and industries in socio-technical transitions, thereby offering a complement to existing dominant frameworks in the area of transition studies.
För närvarande har mer än hälften av alla svenska husägare en installerad värmepump. Värmepumpar levererar mer värme per capita i Sverige än i något annat land. Men trots värmepumparnas stora genomslag i det svenska energisystemet har övergången från olja och el till värmepumpar gått relativt obemärkt förbi. Därav titeln på denna avhandling, ”en tyst revolution”. Denna avhandling ger en djupgående beskrivning av den svenska övergången från olja och el till värmepumpar och av hur den svenska industrin bidragit till utvecklingen inom det svenska värmepumps- området. Forskningsansatsen i denna avhandling bygger på ett värdenätverks- och ’coopetition’-perspektiv i kombination med användningen av det dynamiska analytiska begreppet komplementaritet. Denna ansats är inspirerad av Verna Allees (2009) och Erik Dahméns (1991) arbeten. Begreppet värdenätverk används i denna avhandling för att beskriva det nätverk av aktörer som omger en specifik affärsmodell, begreppet ’coopetition’ används för att beskriva relationerna mellan aktörer (som både konkurrerande och samarbetande) och begreppet komplementaritet används för att analysera dynamiken mellan synergistiska delar och värdenätverk i den svenska värmepumpsektorn och det svenska energisystemet. Genom detta tillvägagångssätt beskrivs hur ett hållbart nät av relationer och ömsesidiga beroenden mellan komplementariteter har utvecklats, dels inom själva värmepumps- sektorn, dels mellan värmepumpssektorn och energisystemet i Sverige, under den svenska övergången mot ökad användning av värmepumpar. Intresset för värmepumpar steg i både Europa och Sverige under 1970- talet. Det svenska energisystemet var under tryck från både internationella oljekriser och nationell politisk mobilisering mot svensk kärnkrafts-utbyggnad. Under denna period när det svenska energisystemet var under negativt omvandlingstryck framstod värmepumpen som ett lovande alternativ som skulle kunna minska användningen av både olja och el för uppvärmning i Sverige. På 1970- talet bildades en svensk värmepumpindustri i samband med en växande värmepumpsmarknad. Ett stort antal aktörer av olika typer engagerade sig i den växande svenska värmepumpsektorn under denna period. Den intensiva samarbetsdynamiken kring värmepumpar som följde oljekrisen från 1970-talet bidrog till bildandet av varaktiga kopplingar mellan komplementariteter under denna tidiga fas i värmepumpsövergången. Under tidigt 1980-tal steg den relativa försäljningen av villavärmepumpar kraftigt och under mitten av 1980- talet skedde en ännu kraftigare utveckling av stora värmepumpar i svenska fjärrvärmeanläggningar. Men i mitten av 1980-talet sjönk oljepriset tillbaka till sina tidigare låga nivåer. I kombination med andra faktorer, så som slopade subventioner och höjd ränta, uppstod en kris för värmepumpar i Sverige. Den följande 10-års perioden karakteriserades av låg försäljning av små värmepumpar. Marknaden för stora värmepumpar försvann helt och skulle aldrig återkomma. Men flera kopplingar mellan värmepumpsrelaterade komplementarier kvarstod i Sverige även efter mitten av 1980-talet. I kombination med värdenätverkskonfigurationer, förändringar i företagsägande och statligt stöd till industrin, bidrog dessa hållbara kopplingar mellan komplementarier till att upprätthålla både produktion och servicefunktioner inom den svenska värmepumpsektorn. På grund av den tekniska utvecklingen, som i stor utsträckning skedde utanför tillverkningssektorn, blev det i mitten av 1990-talet möjligt för den kämpande svenska värmepumpsindustrin att erbjuda mer pålitliga och standardiserade villavärmepumpar till den svenska hemmamarknaden. Under åren efter 1995 växte den svenska värmepumpmarknaden till att bli den största i Europa. Den svenska marknadens och industrins utveckling och tillväxt gav svenska företag en relativ fördel gentemot sina eftersläntrande europeiska konkurrenter, med följden att tillverkningen av värmepumpar förblev koncentrerad till svenska anläggningar även efter det att en stor del av svensk värmepumpsindustri blivit uppköpt av utländska företag efter 2005. År 2015 var Sverige fortfarande det land med mest värme från värmepumpar per capita i Europa och den svenska utvecklingen var 10- 20 år före andra europeiska värmepumpmarknader. Denna avhandling beskriver samutvecklingen mellan den svenska värmepumpssektorn och det svenska energisystemet och hur den industriella utvecklingen bidragit till att den svenska övergången till värmepumpar var relativt tidig i jämförelse med andra europeiska marknader. Avhandlingen visar också att aktörsdynamiken i en socio- teknisk övergång förändras med uppkomsten av strukturella spänningar mellan komplementariteter, vilket har betydelse för hur externa relationer och partnerskap hanteras av företag och organisationer som genomgår omfattande socio-tekniska övergångar. Vidare argumenteras för att begreppen värdenätverk, coopetition, och komplementariteter kan kombineras i ett konceptuellt ramverk för att beskriva och analysera företags och industriers roller i omfattande socio-tekniska övergångar och därigenom komplettera nuvarande dominerande konceptuella ramverk för studier av omfattande socio-tekniska övergångar.

QC 20171023

La culture Blicquy/Villeneuve-Saint-Germain marque la fin des traditions danubiennes (Néolithique ancien) dans le nord de la France et en Belgique. Les onze sites étudiés sont localisés en Belgique et correspondent au faciès blicquien de cette entité culturelle. Deux aires d’implantation, distantes d’une centaine de km sont distinguées (en Hainaut et en Hesbaye). La mise en œuvre d’une analyse techno-économique de l’industrie lithique blicquienne visait à répondre à un double objectif : restituer l’organisation socio-économique de la production lithique et les relations entretenues entre les différentes zones de peuplement de cette culture. Cette étude souligne la structure duale de la production lithique. Un groupe de tailleurs produit des éclats ou des outils facettés en contexte domestique. Un autre groupe de tailleurs, disposant de compétences spécifiques, débite des lames au sein de chaque maisonnée. Mais les arguments convergent pour envisager le déplacement de ces tailleurs d’une unité d’habitation à l’autre, voire d’un site à l’autre, suggérant alors une spécialisation intra- voire intercommunautaire de cette production laminaire. La diffusion du silex de Ghlin, originaire du bassin de Mons, atteste du déplacement de tailleurs depuis le Hainaut vers la Hesbaye. La diffusion du silex tertiaire bartonien, issu du Bassin parisien, est plus polymorphe. Le déplacement de tailleurs du Bassin parisien vers le Hainaut est envisagé mais n’est certainement pas exclusif. L’intensité des relations entre les villages transparaît à travers cette étude, témoignant de l’importance des échanges dans la vie socio-économique de ces communautés
In the North of France and Belgium, the Blicquy/Villeneuve-Saint-Germain culture marks the end of the Danube traditions (Early Neolithic Period). The eleven sites found in Belgium belong to the Blicquian features of this cultural entity. Two settlement areas, separated by 100 km, are highlighted (in Hainaut and in Hesbaye). An analysis of the technical and economical characteristics of the Blicquian lithic industry was performed in order to describe the socio-economic organization relating to the lithic production as well as the relationships between the different settlements areas of this culture. The study concluded that there were two distinct types of production. A group of knappers produced flakes and facetted tools in a domestic context. Another group of knappers, who had specific skills, produced blades which were found in each house. However, arguments converge to suggest that the latter moved from one house to the next and even from a site to another, suggesting some kind of specialization of the laminar production in the community or even among several communities. The circulation of Ghlin flint (probably originating from Hainaut) shows that some knappers moved between Hainaut and Hesbaye. The circulation of tertiary bartonian flint (originating from the Paris Basin) was following more diverse modalities. Some knappers may have moved from the Paris Basin to Hainaut, but it is certainly not the only way that Bartonian flint was introduced on the Blicquian sites. This study shows the intensity of the relations between villages, demonstrating the importance of exchanges for the socio-economical welfare of those agro-pastoral communities

Aquesta tesi vol respondre a dos preguntes fonamentals en l'àrea de recerca de la migració transnacional: s'impliquen els immigrants en el transnacionalisme polític? I, quins són els factors determinants del seu activisme polític transnacional ? Per respondre a la primera qüestió, comparo el nivell d'activisme polític transnacional d'una mostra d'associacions de diferents orígens immigrants a Barcelona. Per contestar a la segona, centro l'atenció en possibles factors determinants a dos nivells, meso i macro. La tesis demostra que l'activisme polític transnacional no està generalitzat entre totes les associacions a Barcelona, que presenta un nivell relativament baix de regularitat, i que generalment es desenvolupa al nivell nacional. També demostra que la necessitat d'examinar l'efecte del context de sortida i, més en concret, l'estructura d'oportunitats polítiques del país d'origen sobre el transnacionalisme polític de les associacions d'immigrants. Altres determinants a nivell meso, com les xarxes socials o les fonts de finançament semblen explicar la variació en l'activisme polític transnacional de les associacions d'immigrants.
This thesis addresses two fundamental questions in the transnational migration research field: whether or not all immigrants engage in political transnationalism? And which are the main determinants of their transnational political activism? To answer the first research question, I specifically compare different degrees of transnational political engagement of various national/ethnic origin immigrant associations in Barcelona. To answer the second research question, I focus on meso- and macro- levels determinants. The thesis demonstrates that transnational political engagement is not generalised among all immigrant associations in Barcelona, presents a relatively low level of regularity, and is generally nationally based. It also demonstrates the importance of studying the effect of the exit context and, in particular, of the political opportunity structure in home country on the political transnationalism of immigrant associations. Meso- level determinants like social networks and sources of funds also seem to explain the variance in immigrant associations' transnational political engagement.

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Against the backdrop of the denominational status of network Adventist education present in a remarkable way in the school space and the intense religious diversity students, this research analyzes the relationship of possible tensions between the denominational school status and religious diversity present. It takes into account the process of modernity causing significant change in education, in religion and in the form of the two institutes relate to each other. It took into account the socio-economic and religious profile of the students and how is the reception of religious education in Adventist school space, including students who declare themselves Adventists. The area chosen for this research was the Adventist schools located in the ABCD Paulista context, which offer high school. These school units are located in the cities of Diadema, Santo Andre and Sao Caetano do Sul, cities located in the same micro region, but with different socioeconomic realities.
Tendo como pano de fundo a confessionalidade da rede adventista de educação presente de maneira marcante no espaço escolar e a intensa diversidade religiosa discente, esta pesquisa analisa a relação de possíveis tensões entre a confessionalidade escolar e a diversidade religiosa presente neste espaço. Leva em consideração o processo de modernidade causadora de importantes transformações na educação, na religião e na forma dos dois institutos se relacionarem. Levou-se em consideração o perfil socioeconômico e religioso dos alunos e possíveis tensões na recepção do religioso no espaço escolar adventista por parte dos discentes, inclusive por aqueles que se declaram adventistas. O espaço escolhido para esta pesquisa foi o de colégios adventistas localizadas no contexto do ABCD Paulista, que ofertam o Ensino Médio. Estas unidades escolares estão situadas nas cidades de Diadema, Santo André e São Caetano do Sul, cidades localizadas na mesma microrregião, mas com distintas realidades socioeconômicas.

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies
Accessibility to different services in cities has been studied as form of analysing equity, especially in urban settings. Green spaces are one of these services; they have known benefits on the wellbeing of the urban residents. This work intends to determine if the variation in accessibility to urban green spaces is affected by the distribution of socio-economic variables such as income, and how these affect the green equity in a city. Green spaces have been categorised into different functional levels based on their size and accessibility and equity has been analysed, taking into consideration income, density, migrant populations and age-based variables. The analysis conducted involved a network-based service area analysis as well as spatial and statistical analysis using ArcGIS, GeoDa and R. The case study selected was the city of Barcelona (Spain). The results of the analysis reject the hypothesis of inequity in accessibility at functional levels based on the variables studied although some spatial associations exist.

碩士
嘉南藥理科技大學
環境工程與科學系暨研究所
100
Abstract The purpose of the construction of rapid transit system is to provide safe, comfortable, convenient and fast public transport service. Positive effect for the transfer with the use of private transport is to reduce traffic congestion, reduced air pollution, noise interference, thus improving the environmental quality of life. Will be able to promote the development of local economy and tourism industry. However, during the construction and operation may also be associated with many negative environmental impacts, should pay attention to the stretegies of prevention and management. In this study, the MRT construction case by reviewing the existed environmental impact assessment stetements， conducting its own on-site monitoring, collecting the latest data on environmental changes, trying computer simulation and verification, etc., to track properly assess the development of adaptive case. In addition, because of "a comprehensive assessment of technology" in the environmental impact assessment system, there are many functions, including: (1) provides a common basis for comparison, the feasibility of various options; (2) confirm the impact assessment process, plan the program relevant factors, whether the status of their environment inadequately described; (3) impact prediction and assessment of interactive applications for the technology to complement each other; (4) can assist in planning special study or research project is now in the background ... and so on. Therefore, in this study， "integrated assessment technology" is suggested by the integration of mathematical and socio-economic factors, and the EIA follow-up case study. In this study, through reviewing literature, EIA concepts, terminologies, methodologies and systems, as well as MRT construction and operation standards. Kaohsiung MRT Red and Orange line network respectively completed in March 2008, following by the processes of environmental impact factors screening, background investigation, verification of EIA prediction models， and comprehensive assessment . Kaohsiung MRT Red Line elevated stations along the route and surrounding roads as the scope of the study, the completion of traffic, air quality, noise and population and population density of the monitoring and investigation， to be completed and detailed first-hand survey, and to apply Delphi methods and procedures, a comprehensive weighting and analysis. In case study， to track the physical, socio-economic environmental factors, both scholars and local residents are concerned, and the baseline data collection along the elevated section of road， against road traffic, noise and air quality. In addition, the construction of MRT project should consider the key recommendations, including local urban planning, land use, public works, the qualty of life. In this study, develop recommendations to the environmental impact assessment process, both for environmental protection authority or transportation authority， during the reviewing for the development of relative cases.

This study examines the online career information seeking practices of Year 11 students within five New South Wales (NSW) state secondary schools of different socio-economic status (SES). The broader context of this study is the ongoing inequality within the Australian education system, particularly the continued underrepresentation of students from low SES backgrounds in tertiary education. With the large-scale adoption of information and communications technologies (ICTs) within Australian secondary schools, the study shows the powerful ways in which ICTs can inform and influence students' post-secondary school career transitions and opportunities. A growing body of literature over the last three decades indicates the interconnected nature of these phenomena, particularly among low-SES students; however, little research has been conducted from an Australian perspective. Indeed, an examination of the career information needs that motivate young people, how they resolve these needs online, the sources and channels they use and how these practices differ within this large heterogeneous group is lacking globally. This study adopts a mixed methods approach, drawing together insights from survey, interview and observational data from a range of participants: students, teachers, university admissions and marketing directors and a former NSW Department of Education (DoE) information technologies (IT) director. It develops Ignatow and Robinson’s (2017) concept of digital capital to highlight the relationships between young people’s digital practices and the structural constraints of their social environment which mediate them. It also builds on the work of Park, (2017a) which uses the notion of digital capital to examine new forms of digital inequalities across Australia. By further developing the notion of digital capital, this thesis progresses research on digital divides away from simplistic binary analyses of haves and have-nots, skilled and unskilled, to include potential real world outcomes from varied levels of digital capital and differential OISPs, thereby creating a more nuanced account of young people’s digital practices. It also highlights the connections between young people’s SES, digital capital and their position concerning on-going digital divides. The study proposes a typology of four distinct groups of students based on their differing online information seeking practices (OISPs) to illuminate how young people in Australia seek and use online information to inform their post-high school career choices. These are the Traditional Job Seekers, the Social Networkers, the Future Professionals and the Creative Dreamers. Each category represents students’ future career aspirations and digital practices, highlighting their differing stores of objectified and embodied digital capital and the opportunities and constraints of each. Except for the Social Networkers, this research shows that young people largely underinvest in online career information seeking, preferring traditional sources of information, particularly parents, older siblings and careers advisors, along with serendipitous factors such as accumulated self-knowledge to inform their post-school career and educational options. In a hyper-digitalised world, digital inequities have the potential to shape key life chances of young people in multiple ways, including their educational and career outcomes. This study suggests that the widespread proliferation and adoption of ICTs within secondary schools and the everyday lives of young people have done little to promote equal opportunities for all. It therefore suggests that teachers, parents, researchers and education policymakers need to move beyond the current one-size-fits-all approach to secondary school ICT initiatives, to instead develop flexible, school-based programs that more accurately reflect the highly differentiated digital contexts in which young people now find themselves.

This thesis ethnographically explores socio-economic change in Cambodia through the prism of the consumption and marketing of mobile networks. Just as Cambodia was embarking on a new era of political and economic change it etched its name in the history books as the first country where mobile network connections surpassed fixed line phones. Since then, mobile network infrastructure has emerged as a symbol of change and progress. When this research began the country was experiencing network subscription growth of nearly fifty percent per annum. Cambodia was thus an excellent location to explore the relationship between network connectivity and socio-economic change. By ethnographically exploring how Cambodians engage with mobile networks this thesis contributes to a new but rich collection of ethnographies on mobile communication from around the world. However, it also differs from these user-centred ethnographies by closely examining the marketing of mobile networks. In the new economy, responsibility for the provision of infrastructure has shifted to the private sector and mobile network providers have been promoted as symbols of how corporations can work in the interest of the world's poor. Therefore, this thesis also turns the ethnographic gaze onto these corporations in Cambodia and explores the inner workings of corporate marketing in order to examine the relationship between corporations and the Cambodian population. To examine the relationship between mobile networks and socio-economic change in Cambodia two questions are asked. The first question concerns how consumers transform mobile networks into infrastructures of social and economic life and the second focuses on how marketers imagine and define the market for mobile networks. The first question leads to an ethnography of how mobile networks are incorporated into everyday life and how Cambodians pursue a range of socio-cultural and livelihood projects through them. The second question leads to an ethnographic exploration of how the consumers of mobile networks are imagined and constructed through consumer research and marketing practice. The answer to the first question demonstrates how Cambodians have transformed mobile networks into infrastructures for configuring their own social and economic networks, and reimagining what they can do and where they can go. Mobile networks have become infrastructures of mobility through which Cambodians transverse geographical terrain to engage in courtship, manage kinship and social relations, and participate in markets at a distance. Through mobile networks Cambodians bridge urban-rural divides and alleviate the difficulties of social and economic remoteness. In contrast, the answer to the second question reveals how corporate market definitions are structured by class subjectivities and classificatory schemes that reinforce social divisions, particularly between rural and urban Cambodians, and accentuate social and economic exclusions. However, this thesis also demonstrates that markets are social and cultural creations as much as they are political and economic creations. As such, markets and consumer value can be redefined in more inclusionary forms that are supportive of everyday Cambodian aspirations.