Literatura académica sobre el tema "SOCIETÀ DEI TERRITORIALISTI"

El artículo se centra en el necesario proceso de traducción de los valores patrimoniales e identitarios del paisaje cultural a los sedimentos materiales que forman el patrimonio territorial para un proyecto de paisaje. Por medio de un análisis comparativo-descriptivo apoyado en las nociones del paisaje cultural y del patrimonio territorial se trata de descifrar el tipo de relación entre ambos conceptos. Se toma como referencia la conceptualización propuesta por los autores de la Società dei Territorialisti/e para el proyecto integrado de territorio, en la que el significado extensivo del patrimonio territorial recoge los valores patrimoniales e identitarios del paisaje. La alineación con los supuestos territorialistas persigue lograr una integración efectiva de los valores paisajísticos cuando operamos sobre el territorio mediante el proyecto de arquitectura y tener una repercusión sobre el paisaje, aun cuando no exista un marco normativo o regulatorio propenso a la innovación en esta materia.

Abstract. The historical concept of heritage, which mostly comprised physical architectural and archaeological evidences, has been extended to the surrounding landscape in the last decades. This tendency has been corroborated by a series of International Charters and the European Landscape Convention of 2000. Landscape, understood as the perceptible part of territory that supports the contingencies throughout history, is subject to protection, management and planning. However, some inherent aspects of territory have been disregarded because of the frantic enlargement of cities throughout the twentieth century at the expense of the rural areas. Territorial heritage, which is fundamental to cultural landscape formation, is currently considered a strategic resource able to guarantee self-sustaining development of peri-urban and rural zones. In many cases, urban investments and planning associated to the enlargement of the metropolitan areas have overlooked this fruitful territorial heritage, making cultural landscapes illegible. This is the case of the cultural landscapes in the buffer zones of the archaeological sites, which are part of a diffuse territorial heritage that requires to be assessed by means of some innovative approaches. Cultural itineraries are presented as a landscape architecture strategy for valorising territorial heritage. Well-targeted design of these itineraries can also contribute to restore the dynamics of cultural landscape formation and to regenerate peri-urban and rural areas by promoting its self-sustaining development. To that end, the conceptualisation and hypotheses posed by some authors of the Società dei Territorialisti/e are used as references. A work methodology to design cultural itineraries is suggested in line with the presumptions of an integrated plan for territory aimed to valorise the territorial heritage. This paper explores in which way a GIS-based analysis can be integrated into the design of a landscape architecture like the cultural itinerary.

In un mondo in cui l'attività economica si è globalizzata e la dimensione transfrontaliera del crimine di impresa è esponenzialmente cresciuta, il tema dell'estensione spaziale delle leggi penali nazionali assume rilievo centrale. La parcellizzazione della produzione in gruppi societari, joint venture e catene di approvvigionamento globali, oltre a fomentare reati e violazioni di diritti umani da parte delle imprese multinazionali o transnazionali, erode la capacità di enforcement degli Stati. Il saggio si concentra, così, sulle nuove forme di giurisdizione extraterritoriale - sia autentiche che "mimetizzate" sotto una nozione di territorialità dilatata all'estremo - da una duplice prospettiva: efficacia della risposta punitiva e tutela dei diritti fondamentali dei soggetti (individui e società) sottoposti a procedimento penale da parte di molteplici autorità nazionali, nell'ottica di un equilibrio ragionevole.

L'attuale tendenza della trasformazione urbana non interessa più solo l'espansione dei centri urbani, quanto piuttosto la riconversione del patrimonio esistente. Lo spazio urbano è discontinuo, composto di luoghi che il tempo ha posto vicino, spesso senza alcuna pianificazione, a dimostrazione che l'evoluzione della territorialità è più rapida di quella del territorio che ne conserva le rimanenze materiali. Vengono a formarsi, così, degli spazi interstiziali nella trama urbana che solo la creatività sociale può reinserire nella progettualità di un contesto abitato e vitale, risignificandoli di nuova funzione. Questa dovrebbe essere vista come un'urgenza perché, sia che la territorializzazione riguardi la conquista di spazi extraterritoriali, che quelli interni al proprio territorio, lo spazio urbano abbandonato rappresenta una sorta di minacciosa indeterminatezza che può arrivare ad essere de-strutturalizzante per il tessuto territoriale, così come per l'identità collettiva. La creatività risulta essere, quindi, una strategia territorializzante attraverso cui la società educa alla cittadinanza attiva reificando, significando e funzionalizzando gli spazi del suo vivere, autorappresentandosi.

Abstract. The protection of cultural and natural heritage has been extended to the surrounding landscape in the last decades. This tendency has been corroborated by a series of International Charters and the European Landscape Convention (ELC) of 2000. Despite protection, management and planning proposed by ELC some structural aspects of the territory have been disregarded because of the frantic enlargement of cities throughout the Twentieth Century. In many cases, urban investments and planning associated to the expansion of the metropolitan areas have overlooked a territorial heritage that is necessary to ensure the cultural landscape regeneration. Cultural itineraries are presented as a landscape architecture strategy for valorising the territorial heritage. Well-targeted design of these itineraries can also contribute to restore the dynamics of cultural landscape formation. Research is focused on the definition of a method for designing cultural itineraries able to restore the dynamics of cultural landscape formation. Particular attention is paid to the areas around the archaeological sites. Because of the territorial scale of the intervention, software based on Geographical Information Systems (GIS) turns out to be the most suitable for representing and analysing complex spatial phenomena. This paper explores the opportunities and precautions that must be taken into account to integrate a GIS-based analysis into the design of a landscape architecture like the cultural itinerary.A systematic review of the scientific literature indexed in those databases with a wider international impact is elaborated in order to analyse the range of opportunities offered by GIS-based software in the area of theoretical and practical research on cultural landscapes. This review allows us to determine the state of the art, as well as to discover those applications and strategies that are generally used for each research field or intended aim. Knowledge of the recent discussions on the matter can be useful in that it can be integrated into the different phases of a method for designing cultural itineraries in an attempt to increase its level of technological innovation.In first place, a sample must be extracted. To this end, a series of parameters must be determined beforehand. It is considered a valid sample that formed by more than one hundred entries, which is representative of the state of the art observed. The sample is examined afterwards in quantitative and qualitative terms. The systematic review is conducted according to the methodology proposed by Gough, Oliver and Thomas (2012, 2013). The databases used to elaborate the systematic review of the scientific literature are Web of Science and Scopus. The definite search is based on the combination in groups of three of four elements: GIS, the component archaeo*, the operation (route OR path) and the expression “cultural landscape”.The questions that are meant to be clarified by means of this systematic review are the following ones. First, to what discipline does the entries belong? Second, what is the research field? Third, what is the scope of application of GIS? And, fourth, what GIS-based functionalities are prevalent? Then the criteria for inclusion and exclusion are determined. The details of the flow of the review process can be observed in the diagram on the slide.The distribution of the results by discipline allows us to observe how most of the articles and papers mainly belongs to the disciplines of archaeology and history. The significative but scant collection of writings that could be identified as belonging to the disciplines of architecture or civil engineering, may be due to the fact that the number of specific journals indexed in those databases is smaller in comparison with other disciplines. Most of the entries that were ruled out, because of the thematic dispersion, belong to the discipline of natural sciences and fail in considering human activity as fundamental in cultural landscape formation. The reduced number of entries belonging to the disciplines of architecture and civil engineering is considered here to be indicative of an unexplored research field.Following a thorough review, it is concluded that the main research field in relation to architecture and civil engineering concerns the technological innovation. In this sense, scientific literature review allows us to conclude that the main field of application of GIS in relation to architecture and civil engineering, when referring to cultural landscapes, is the development of protection, management and planning actions and cataloguing. The qualitative review of these entries has been useful to outline a possible integration of GIS-based functionalities into a method for designing cultural itineraries, as well as to prevent us from following some apparently innovative paths that sometimes lack of a solid scientific basis or that are far from the intended aim.None of the articles and papers focused on the technological innovation in which the scope of application of GIS is the protection, management and planning of cultural landscapes, is centred on the design of cultural itineraries as a landscape architecture strategy. Neither were they focused on the definition of a conceptual framework to guide the design of the cultural itineraries. This allows us to verify the opportunity of a research in which GIS and, more concretely, their analysis tools assist the landscape architect when design is aimed to restore the dynamics of cultural landscape formation.Having detected the main analysis tools that can contribute to cultural itineraries design and having considered in which way they are distributed by field of knowledge, research field and scope of application of GIS, we can then suggest a hypothesis to integrate GIS into our three-step method for designing cultural itineraries. In order to guide the design actions towards the restoration of the dynamics of cultural landscape formation, the methodological approach to the ecological design of settlements set up by different authors of the Società dei Territorialisti/e is taken as a reference. The synthetical structural descriptions that constitute the first part of the method, can benefit from the use of GIS-based analysis tools as they can assist landscape architect in the elaboration and refinement of the narratives about the evolution of the territorial heritage. The use of advanced spatial analysis tools should not be encouraged, however, in the elaboration of the interpretations. GIS software is used, both in the identity interpretations and the strategic scenario (the second and third phases of the method), as a visualisation and graphic representation tool. Basic functionalities allow us to manipulate and simultaneously observe different georeferenced datasets that can support the architect’s interpretative work of synthesis. As so many qualitative and sensitive factors should be taken into account when interpreting the process of cultural landscape formation, landscape architect’s design cannot rely on the abstract result of a GIS-based advanced spatial analysis. Although the use of algorithms is defended to lead to more precise results based on quantitative indicators, under no circumstances may the design of a landscape architecture be constrained by them, as identity features that have determined cultural landscape formation can hardly be codified.After an in-depth review, it is concluded that the success and efficiency of the method depends on the careful balance between the designer’s interpretation and the scope of application of the information technologies. It is defended that the automated result of applying advanced spatial analysis tools cannot supply the required interpretative work of the architect who pursues to restore the dynamics of cultural landscape formation through the design of cultural itineraries. Like any other operation of restauro, this restitution is subjective as it entails a revision of the past that should be necessarily interpretative. Thus, the use of predictive models based on the application of algorithms are discouraged in the interpretative phases because of the structural and historical complexity associated to the construction of the territory and landscape. Also, reluctance to ground the method on the implementation of GIS-based analysis tools lies in the fact that the highest levels of efficiency are meant to be obtained by focusing on the methodological innovation rather than on the technological one. GIS-based analysis tools integration into the different phases of the method for designing cultural itineraries mainly follows to ease the visualisation and comprehension of complex spatial processes that take place on the territory and it is always subsumed to the designer’s interpretative work.

La presente tesi analizza il funzionamento della " società politica territoriale " in Friuli nella seconda metà del XV secolo, a partire dallo studio di due « centri minori »: Cividale e Gemona. In questo senso, la prima realtà può essere considerata una « città » mentre la seconda va ricondotta alla categoria delle « quasi-città ». L'obiettivo della ricerca è di analizzare il funzionamento delle relazioni politiche che si andarono definendo dopo la dedizione del Friuli a Venezia, prendendo in considerazione l'insieme degli attori politici implicati nei reciproci rapporti di legittimazione e nella gestione politica del territorio. La tesi si apre con la ricostruzione della discussione storiografica italiana, tra XIX e XX secolo, relativa al problema dello Stato per giungere ad una definizione più precisa dell'oggetto del lavoro: gli attori locali di uno stato regionale. All'interno di questa sezione è stata poi messa a fuoco la questione e l'evoluzione di tale problema in riferimento alla storiografia regionale veneziana e friulana, concludendo con un panorama delle fonti locali e veneziane. La tesi è stata poi organizzata in tre grosse parti. La prima, la più breve, presenta in un solo capitolo le grandi caratteristiche territoriali, demografiche, socio-economiche e politiche della Patria del Friuli. A seguire, il cuore del lavoro è costituito da due grosse parti consacrate ai due centri in questione - le comunità di Cividale e Gemona - analizzate attraverso la loro dimensione istituzionale, socio-politica e del controllo del territorio attraverso le quali si vanno indagando le forme specifiche di ciascuna società politica locale. Una quarta sezione mette in comparazione le comunità di Cividale e di Gemona con le altre comunità dello Stado da Terra veneziano mentre la conclusione presenta un bilancio della nuova società politica locale, rimarcandone la solida organizzazione ma anche le trasformazioni che la attraversarono in seguito all'entrata nel Dominio veneziano. The thesis analyzes the functioning of the "società politica territoriale" in Friuli, in the second half of the fifteenth century, through the study of two "centri minori": Cividale and Gemona. If the first one can be considered as a "città", the second one can be defined as "quasi-città". The objective of the thesis is to analyze how the political relationship - that has been built since the Friuli “deditio” to Venice, a frontier land and the dominant city - had concretely worked, taking into account all the political actors involved in this relationship and in the political management of the territory. The dissertation opens with a historiographical discussion analyzing the transformation of state approaches in Italian historiography in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, leading to a more precise definition of the subject of work: the local actors of a regional Italian state. Following/ On these subject, the introduction implements the same question and his evolution in the regional (Venetian) and local historiography (Friuli) to conclude with a panorama of the sources of the local and Venetian archives. The man core of the thesis is divided in four sections. The first presents, in a single chapter, the territorial, demographical, socio-economical, political characteristics of the Patria of the Friuli. Afterwards, the heart of the work deals with the communities of Cividale and Gemona in two strong sections, each one dedicated to one of the two sites in question. Cividale and Gemona are thus analyzed through their institutional, social-political and territorial control dimensions, in which it has been investigated the specific forms of each "local political society". A fourth section puts in comparison the communities of Cividale and Gemona with other similar communities of the Stado da Terra. A final conclusion presents an assessment of this new organization of the local political society, characterized by a solid structure and a significant transformation following the submission to Venice.

Le travail analyse le fonctionnement de la « società politica territoriale » dans le Frioul de la seconde moitié du XVe siècle, à partir de l’étude de deux « centri minori », Cividale et Gemona. Si la première peut être considérée comme une « città », la seconde peine à l’être et entre probablement dans la catégorie que Giorgio Chittolini a définie comme « quasi-città ». L’objectif du travail est d’analyser comment fonctionne concrètement la relation politique qui s’est construite depuis la dédition du Frioul à Venise entre cette terre de frontière et la ville dominante, en prenant en compte l’ensemble des acteurs politiques qui sont impliqués dans ce rapport et, plus largement, dans la gestion politique du territoire.La thèse s’ouvre par une discussion historiographique qui analyse les transformations des approches de l’Etat dans l’historiographie italienne aux XIXe et XXe siècles, pour aboutir à la définition plus précise du sujet du travail : les acteurs locaux d’un état régional italien. On précise ensuite les mises en œuvre de la question et son évolution dans l’historiographie régionale –celle de Venise et de son Etat– et locale –le Frioul pour conclure avec un panorama des sources des archives locaux et vénitiens.Le travail se déploie alors en trois grandes parties. La première, la plus brève, présente, en un seul chapitre, les grandes caractéristiques, territoriales, démographiques et socio-économiques, politiques enfin, de la Patria du Frioul. À suivre, le cœur du travail comporte deux fortes parties, consacrées chacune à l’un des deux sites en question – les communautés de Cividale et Gemona - analysés à travers leur dimension institutionnelle, sociale-politique et du contrôle du territoire dans lesquelles on va indaguer les formes spécifiques de chaque « société politique locale ». Une quatrième section met en comparaison les communautés de Cividale et Gemona avec les autres communautés de le Stado da Terra vénitien. Une conclusion finale qui présente un bilan de cette nouvelle organisation de la société politique locale, caractérisée à la fois par sa solide structuration et ses importantes transformations à la suite de la soumission à Venise
The thesis analyzes the functioning of the "società politica territoriale" in Friuli, in the second half of the fifteenth century, through the study of two "centri minori": Cividale and Gemona. If the first one can be considered as a "città", the second one can be defined as "quasi-città". The objective of the thesis is to analyze how the political relationship - that has been built since the Friuli “deditio” to Venice, a frontier land and the dominant city - had concretely worked, taking into account all the political actors involved in this relationship and in the political management of the territory.The dissertation opens with a historiographical discussion analyzing the transformation of state approaches in Italian historiography in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, leading to a more precise definition of the subject of work: the local actors of a regional Italian state. Following/ On these subject, the introduction implements the same question and his evolution in the regional (Venetian) and local historiography (Friuli) to conclude with a panorama of the sources of the local and Venetian archives.The man core of the thesis is divided in four sections. The first presents, in a single chapter, the territorial, demographical, socio-economical, political characteristics of the Patria of the Friuli. Afterwards, the heart of the work deals with the communities of Cividale and Gemona in two strong sections, each one dedicated to one of the two sites in question. Cividale and Gemona are thus analyzed through their institutional, social-political and territorial control dimensions, in which it has been investigated the specific forms of each "local political society". A fourth section puts in comparison the communities of Cividale and Gemona with other similar communities of the Stado da Terra. A final conclusion presents an assessment of this new organization of the local political society, characterized by a solid structure and a significant transformation following the submission to Venice

Cette thèse s'intéresse aux processus de patrimonialisation de la montagne observés dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre de la politique "Grand site" dans le massif du Canigou (Pyrénées-Orientales). Nous analysons le rapport entre les logiques de développement et les logiques de protection des politiques de la montagne et d'aménagement du territoire en France pour mettre à jour l'émergence d'un "ordre patrimonial ". Nous montrons ainsi que l'action publique se saisit du patrimonial à travers une multitude de procédures, de dispositifs et de projets de natures différentes qui sont mis en cohérence par la patrimonialisation. Ce raisonnement est réalisé dans le cadre d'une approche que nous avons qualifié d'ethnogéographique. celle-ci nous permet d'approfondir l'analyse des ressorts, des supports et des figures de la patrimonialisation du Grand site Canigo.

Cette thèse analyse les modes d’habiter périurbains au travers des projets de promoteurs immobiliers des années 1960-1970 au Québec et en France. En effet, les promoteurs de Bromont et l’Estérel au Québec et des Cottages-de-Cernay et de Port-Sud en France se sont emparés de l’idéologie de la société des loisirs pour concevoir des ensembles résidentiels périurbains. Le recul historique sur cette conception urbanistique d’un habiter périurbain offre la possibilité d’une comparaison à la fois synchronique et diachronique des modalités d’appropriation habitantes de ces ensembles résidentiels sur la période 1960-2010. L’analyse de cette appropriation habitante du périurbain est inspirée du cadre conceptuel et de la méthode régressive progressive d’Henri Lefebvre (1974). Selon ce cadre théorique, l’appropriation est définie comme un processus conflictuel entre l’idéologie de l’espace conçue par les promoteurs et les représentations des habitants mais aussi comme rapports conflictuels entre les différentes modalités d’habiter ces espaces par les habitants. Cette recherche s’appuie sur trois types de sources: des entretiens, des articles de journaux et des archives. Les résultats montrent que les promoteurs ont échoué à concevoir un mode d’habiter spécifique au niveau de leur projet urbanistique. Elle détaille le jeu complexe d’alliances et d’oppositions sociales et politiques en faveur d’adhésion, de rejet et/ ou de détournement habitant de conceptions des formes périurbaines des années 1960-1970. Elle apporte de ce fait, un regard novateur sur les processus de différenciation des espaces périurbains observés depuis les années 2010 en France et au Québec
This thesis analyzes peri-urban living patterns through real estate developer projects from the 1960-1970s in Quebec and France. In fact, developers of Bromont and Estérel in Quebec and Cottages-de-Cernay and Port-Sud in France seize on the ideology of the leisure society to design peri-urban residential complexes. The historical retreat on this urbanistic conception of a periurban inhabitant offers the possibility of a synchronic and diachronic comparison of the appropriation of these residential complexes over the period 1960-2010. The analysis of appropriation is inspired by the conceptual framework and the progressive regressive method of Henri Lefebvre (1974). According to this theoretical framework, the appropriation is defined as a conflictual process between the ideology of the space conceived by the developers and the representations of the inhabitants but also as conflicting relations between the different ways of living these spaces by the inhabitants.This research is based on three types of sources: interviews, newspaper articles and archives. This thesis shows that developers have failed to design a specific way of living that adequately represented their urban project. The research details the complex game of social and political alliances and oppositions in favor of commitment, rejection and / or diversion by the inhabitants in relation to the conception of peri-urban forms of the years 1960-1970. As a result, this thesis provides an innovative view of the different trajectories of peri-urban areas observed since 2010 in France and Quebec

L'estudi se centra en el nivell d'importància i el tipus de tractament que li van donar els governs departamentals i nacionals al desenvolupament de les polítiques del govern electrònic en l'Uruguai (2005 al 2015). Va estar basat en una metodologia d'investigació qualitativa i una anàlisi sistemàtica de documentació política pública. L'estudi va revelar que al nivell departamental no existeixen plans estratègics en govern electrònic, verificant la tendència de casos aïllats d'innovació en govern electrònic departamental. Trobem esforços cap a sistemes integrats i coordinats (ara el Sistema Único de Cobro de Ingresos Vehiculares, SUCIVE) que són liderats i centralitzats fortament des del govern nacional. Fins al moment les agències nacionals: Agencia de Gobierno electrónico y Sociedad de la Información y del Conocimiento (AGESIC) i Oficina de Planeamiento y Presupuesto de Presidencia (OPP) no van ser rellevants per facilitar la definició de plans en els governs departamentals tot i que les tendències indiquen que en els propers anys si tindran incidència. Les barreres que impedeixen la planificació estratègica en govern electrònic departamental van aparèixer com l'àrea de contingut més abordat pels entrevistats. La manca de voluntat política i enteniment per part de les autoritats departamentals, la manca de capacitat en gestió i modernització i de capital humà en general, i la manca de recursos financers van ser els impediments més freqüentment citats.
El estudio se centró en el nivel de importancia y el tipo de tratamiento que le dieron los gobiernos departamentales y nacionales al desarrollo de las políticas del gobierno electrónico en el Uruguay (2005 al 2015). Estuvo basado en una metodología de investigación cualitativa y un análisis sistemático de documentación política pública. El estudio reveló que al nivel departamental no existen planes estratégicos en gobierno electrónico, verificando la tendencia de casos aislados de innovación en gobierno electrónico departamental. Encontramos esfuerzos hacia sistemas integrados y coordinados (ejemplo el Sistema Único de Cobro de Ingresos Vehiculares, SUCIVE) que son liderados y centralizados fuertemente desde el gobierno nacional. Hasta el momento las agencias nacionales: Agencia de Gobierno electrónico y Sociedad de la Información y del Conocimiento (AGESIC) y Oficina de Planeamiento y Presupuesto de Presidencia (OPP) no fueron relevantes para facilitar la definición de planes en los gobiernos departamentales aunque las tendencias indican que en los próximos años sí tendrán incidencia. Las barreras que impiden la planificación estratégica en gobierno electrónico departamental aparecieron como el área de contenido más abordado por los entrevistados. La falta de voluntad política y entendimiento por parte de las autoridades departamentales, la falta de capacidad en gestión y modernización y de capital humano en general, y la falta de recursos financieros fueron los impedimentos más frecuentemente citados.
The investigation focused on the level of importance and type of treatment that the departmental (state) and national governments gave to electronic government in Uruguay between 2005 and 2015. It was based on a qualitative research methodology and a systematic analysis of public policy documentation. The study revealed that on a departmental level there are no strategic plans in electronic government. It also confirmed a trend of isolated cases of innovation in departmental electronic government. We did find efforts toward integrated and coordinated systems (i.e. the Sistema Único de Cobro de Ingresos Vehiculares, SUCIVE-a common system for collecting revenues from vehicle payments), which are led and centralized by the national government. Up until the present, the national level agencies: Agencia de Gobierno Electrónico y la Sociedad de la Información y el Conocimento (the national e-government agency) and the Oficina de Planeamiento y Presupuesto (the national budget and planning office) were not relevant in facilitating the definition of strategic plans in the departmental governments. However a clear tendency toward their being influential within the next few years did emerge in the research. The barriers that impede strategic planning in departmental electronic government was the content area discussed in the most depth by the informants. The lack of political will and understanding on the part of the departmental authorities, the lack of management and modernization capacity and of human capital in general, and the lack of financial resources were the most frequently cited impediments.

Un large courant de recherche en sciences sociales vise à l'identification de catégories d'analyse intermédiaires, entre individu et population, parmi lesquelles figure la notion d'espace de vie. Cette notion est initialement proposée en géographie, puis des démographes, le plus souvent intéressés par les migrations, s'en emparent : l'individu n'est plus rattaché uniquement à son lieu de résidence mais à l'ensemble des lieux avec lesquels il est en rapport.
La mise en œuvre empirique de la description d'espaces de vie en démographie nécessite deux étapes préalables : délimiter les contours de l'espace de vie étudié, selon les différentes dimensions qui le caractérisent, et trouver les corpus de données spécifiques nécessaires.
Plusieurs types d'espaces de vie sont ainsi explorés et des indicateurs à même de les synthétiser dans une approche quantitative sont proposés. Ces espaces sont tout d'abord définis à un moment donné. Néanmoins, l'espace et le temps se combinent. D'une part, les lieux qui constituent les espaces de vie changent. D'autre part, les espaces de vie évoluent au fil de la trajectoire des individus. La complexité de la succession de ces transformations amène à envisager des trajectoires, de manière globale, qui forment ce que l'on peut appeler l'espace de toute une vie. Leur analyse nécessite de recourir à des méthodes adaptées : des approches novatrices de construction de typologies de trajectoires.

Cette thèse met en évidence, à travers l'analyse historique de contextes états-uniens, brésiliens et sud-africains, l'ampleur considérable prise par la dimension habitante dans l'architecture territoriale contemporaine. Depuis le dix-neuvième siècle, nombre de riverains et propriétaires, parfois aidés d'acteurs du secteur immobilier, ont étendu de manière mutualisée leur contrôle et leurs pouvoirs au-delà du domicile et de la simple parcelle individuelle, l'objectif étant notamment d'assurer une qualité de vie, un prestige et la valeur des biens au sein de l'environnement résidentiel. Agissant ainsi, ils ont de fait constitué de véritables territoires habitants, qui ont marqué le fonctionnement des agglomérations tout aussi bien dans le champ spatial, étant donné l'établissement de domaine résidentiels, que sur le plan institutionnel, avec la multiplication d'organes de gestion et de gouvernance. La propagation relativement récente d'ensembles résidentiels fermés, généralement administrés par des associations de propriétaires ou de riverains, illustre de manière particulièrement explicite cette double dynamique. La thèse relate ainsi comment l'habiter s'est peu à peu territorialisé depuis le dix-neuvième siècle. En outre, il fut entrepris l'étude de ce phénomène parallèlement à un processus de démocratisation des sociétés. Dans les trois pays sélectionnés pour cette recherche, l'affirmation de l'échelon habitant s'est initiée dans un contexte post-abolitionniste. L'environnement résidentiel fut alors pensé, notamment chez les strates sociales supérieures, comme un cadre protecteur face aux profondes mutations et problèmes de l'urbain de l'époque, mais également comme le moyen de réintroduire au moyen de pratiques ségrégatives une hiérarchie sociale et raciale, alors que l'ancien ordre esclavagiste venait d'être démantelé. Cette recherche doctorale cherche à démontrer que cette racine historique, d'un habiter contemporain se territorialisant face à la ville et parfois même à un fonctionnement relativement plus démocratique de la société, continue à influencer les tendances résidentielles par certains aspects.

El concepto de patrimonio, que mayormente comprendía una limitada selección de estructuras y áreas de interés cultural o natural, se ha ampliado en las últimas décadas al paisaje circundante. Varias Cartas Internacionales y el Convenio Europeo del Paisaje del 2000 corroboran esta tendencia. A pesar de la actual tutela del paisaje, como consecuencia de su renovado régimen legal al amparo del Convenio, algunos aspectos inherentes del territorio claves para reconocer el paisaje cultural han sido ignorados e, incluso, destruidos debido al crecimiento descontrolado de los núcleos urbanos desde mediados del siglo XX. El patrimonio territorial, que condensa estos aspectos inherentes, se ha obviado de forma generalizada a causa de una planificación centrada en la expansión de las áreas metropolitanas y las inversiones en la urbanización. Ello se pone de manifiesto en las áreas de influencia de distintos sitios arqueológicos, que forman parte de un patrimonio territorial difuso, donde el paisaje cultural apenas es reconocible. El objetivo de la investigación es establecer los criterios que, de subyacer en el proceso de diseño, convierten el proyecto de paisaje en una estrategia de restauración de las dinámicas de formación del paisaje apoyada en el crecimiento del patrimonio territorial. Este establecimiento se orienta a la definición de un método para proyectar itinerarios culturales de aplicación en aquellos casos en los que no existe un marco normativo ni una planificación territorial que ponga el foco en el patrimonio territorial como vector para alcanzar un desarrollo local autosostenible. A tal fin, las hipótesis de los autores de la Società dei Territorialisti/e se toman como referencia para establecer un marco conceptual y una aproximación metodológica en dos fases. El marco conceptual se estructura en tres pilares: la interpretación de los valores patrimoniales e identitarios del paisaje cultural en el patrimonio territorial, la redefinición del paradigma territorial y la metodología analítica para el proyecto de paisaje. Más adelante, proponemos un método analítico asistido por los SIG para proyectar itinerarios culturales en el marco de un proyecto de paisaje en clave territorialista centrado en el crecimiento del patrimonio territorial como condición para lograr la restitución de las dinámicas de formación del paisaje. La metodología propuesta a nivel teórico se aplica al caso de estudio del área de influencia del sitio arqueológico de Itálica con la voluntad de ejemplificar su puesta en práctica y de evaluar su eficiencia.

The essay illustrates Quaini’s inputs to the construction and the theoretical/operational development of the territorialist school and, later on, of the Territorialist Society, of which he was one of the major founders and guarantors. In his explication of concepts like place, territory, landscape, place awareness, Quaini anticipates the need for a multidisciplinary territorialist lexicon. Taking from Herodote Italia the focus on the fundamental integration of historical and spatial knowledge, he recommends a confluence of geography into the territorialist multidisciplinary system, exemplifying it in relation to topics like territorial museums, local observatories of landscape, statute of places, foundational description, new relationships between city and countryside.

This contribution discusses the legacy of Massimo Quaini’s research in the field of postclassical rchaeology and, in particular, in the study of landscape and environment. Its active participation in the archaeological theoretical debate is highlighted through the analysis of his bibliography and experiences from the 70’s until his last works with the Territorialist Society and the Laboratory of Environmental Archaeology and History (LASA) of the University of Genoa.