Tesis: "Social sciences -> psychology -> developmental psychology"

1

Dixon, Wallace E. "Twenty Studies That Revolutionized Child Psychology". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. http://amzn.com/0205948030.

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Twenty Studies That Revolutionized Child Psychology gives students a systematic look at the process of child psychology research by examining the twenty most revolutionary scientific investigations in the field over the course of the last fifty years. For the second edition, author and child psychologist Wallace Dixon polled an expanded number of experts in the field to determine the most important studies to be included. The result is an updated collection of revolutionary studies that helps students to better understand the discipline of child psychology.
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2

Meyers, Kelly Stephen. "Video games, aggression, and the new ESRB ratings system". Scholarly Commons, 1997. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2631.

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The current study sought to accomplish three goals: (a) examine the short term effects of the current hi-tech aggressive video games on children who play them; (b) improve upon the methodology of previous studies by using a combination of self-report, physiological (heart rate), and behavioral observations (Bobo doll aggression) together in one study; and (c) examine how the new Entertainment Software Rating Board's (ESRB) ratings system relates to aggression in children who have played aggressive and non-aggressive video games. It was hypothesized that (a) playing video games which depict interpersonal aggression would lead to increased aggression in children, and that (b) the ESRB rating system is useful but incomplete as it relates to post-video game aggression differences. Specifically, games which involve very high levels of interpersonal aggression as their main theme are sometimes given the same classification (rating) as a game containing no or very little aggression. The current study expected to find that the game content rather than game classification predicts post-game aggression on the part of the player. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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3

Sorenson, Dianna Lee Spies. "Developmental aspects of pregnancy: Correlates of self-satisfaction". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185080.

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The purpose of this research was to explore and describe the relationships among four concepts within a proposed nursing theory. The research questions which directed the research focus on the relationships among the concepts self-satisfaction, affirmatory communication, pregnancy timing synchrony and physical symptoms in pregnancy; and the combination of variables that best explain self-satisfaction experienced among pregnant women. A descriptive-correlational design was used to address the research questions. Purposive sampling was used to obtain a sample of 210 women who attended prenatal education classes in a Southwestern urban area. The instruments used to measure self-satisfaction in this research were: Index of Well-Being, Self-Esteem Scale," Myself as Mother-SR. Affirmatory communication was measured by the Affirmatory Communication in Pregnancy Instrument and the Personal Resources Questionnaire. Pregnancy timing synchrony was measured by the Pregnancy Timing Instrument. Physical symptomotology was measured by the Physical Symptoms Checklist-SE. Acceptable levels of reliability and validity were obtained for the instruments. The relationships were explored using correlational analysis, canonical correlation, multiple regression, and residual analysis. Positive correlations were found between affirmatory communication (measured with two variables), pregnancy timing synchrony and self-satisfaction. Negative relationships were identified between physical symptoms and self-satisfaction. The canonical correlation between the combined self-satisfaction measures and the combined pregnancy-related experiences measures yielded an Rc of.71 (Rc2 =.50). The largest predictors of self-satisfaction were affirmatory communication and pregnancy timing. Similar, but not parallel results were found when each measure of self-satisfaction was individually utilized as a criterion measure in multiple regression equations. The results indicate that childbearing experiences can be assessed from a life-span developmental perspective which includes an emphasis on developmentally relevant psychological and physical aspects of the pregnancy experience. Although in its infancy, the mid-level theory used to guide this research demonstrates relevance for gaining an understanding about factors that enhance self-satisfaction during pregnancy.

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4

Formati, Mary Jean. "Grief resolution in the elderly". Scholarly Commons, 1995. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2775.

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Efforts to predict successful grief resolution in adults have suggested that older adults may experience grief differently than younger adults. In addition, age, coping style, perceived control, and a social support system have also been identified as possible mediating factors in grief resolution. This study explored the effect of age, coping style, and perceived control on grief resolution in 48 independent living residents (aged 65-86) of a Northern California community who had experienced the loss of a spouse. All were members of a widowed person's support organization. It was hypothesized that successful grief resolution would be positively related to perceived external control and to an avoidance coping style. Grief resolution was measured by the Grief Resolution Index (Remondet & Hansson, 1987) and the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck, 1978). Coping style was measured by the Coping Responses Inventory (Moos, 1993). Perceived control was measured by Rotter Locus of Control Scale (Rotter, 1966). The degree of grief resolution was analyzed using 2 x 2 x 2 (Age x Locus of Control x Coping Style) ANOVA on each measure of grief resolution. The hypotheses were not supported.

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5

Hughes, Jean R. "The effects of the Webster-Stratton Parent Program on the parenting skills of maltreating mothers and the autonomous self-regulation of their preschool/early school age children /". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0034/NQ64578.pdf.

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6

Schultz, Charleen L. "The effect of cognitive group therapy in the treatment of depression among residents of senior communities". Scholarly Commons, 1995. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2446.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of using cognitive group therapy to treat depression in certain groups of elderly, cognitively capable individuals living in senior communities. The differences in effectiveness between males and females were also examined. The theoretical foundation for this study was based on lifespan development theory and Beck's cognitive therapy as a guideline to promote change. The study consisted of three treatment and two control groups with a total sample size of 26 women and 5 men from five senior residential communities in Sacramento, San Joaquin and Stanislaus counties in California. Using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) the study determined therapy effectiveness by comparing the group scores on the GDS prior to and after the twelve week treatment period. It was found that for this specific sample there was no statistical significance when comparing treatment effect between the treatment and control groups. The sample size of males and females was too small to determine if a treatment effect existed between the genders. Although no statistical significance was found, there appeared to be positive treatment outcomes resulting from participation in the study. For some individual members there was a decrease in the symptoms of depression. In addition, participants in this study were given the opportunity to decrease stress by sharing information, and receiving support and validation from group members; group members going through medical crises were given support and emotional validation; other members were given the opportunity to be useful and feel needed; and some participants, who had little social interaction with other residents in the facility, became less isolated because membership in the group allowed for the opportunity to meet new people, share their concerns, and feel less alone. Recommendations for future research include: (1) further study of the lifespan development issues among people over the age of sixty-five; (2) qualitative study using an interview process as a means of collecting information about the presence of the symptoms of depression among this population; (3) study to include as variables, economic diversity and diversity of age within the classification of elderly persons; and (4) study to determine the effectiveness of cognitive group therapy across genders in decreasing the symptoms of depression. The appendices include guidelines that may help facilitate research in the field of geriatrics.

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7

Ross, Paddy. "Developmental trajectories of social signal processing". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2015. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6271/.

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Most of the social cognitive and affective neuroscience in the past 3 decades has focussed on the face. By contrast, the understanding of processing social cues from the body and voice have been somewhat neglected in the literature. One could argue that, from an evolutionary point of view, body recognition (and particularly emotional body perception) is more important than that of the face. It may be beneficial for survival to be able to predict another’s behaviour or emotional state from a distance, without having to rely on facial expressions. If there are relatively few cognitive and affective neuroscience studies of body and voice perception, there are even fewer on the development of these processes. In this thesis, we set out to explore the behavioural and functional developmental trajectories of body and voice processing in children, adolescents and adults using fMRI, behavioural measures, and a wide range of univariate and multivariate analytical techniques. We found, using simultaneously recorded point-light and full-light displays of affective body movements, an increase in emotion recognition ability until 8.5 years old, followed by a slower rate of accuracy improvement through adolescence into adulthood (Chapter 2). Using fMRI we show, for the first time, that the body-selective areas of the visual cortex are not yet ‘adult-like’ in children (Chapter 3). We go on to show in Chapter 4, that although the body- selective regions are still maturing in the second decade of life, there is no difference between children, adolescents and adults in the amount of emotion modulation that these regions exhibit when presented with happy or angry bodies. We also show a positive correlation between amygdala activation and amount of emotion modulation of the body-selective areas in all subjects except the adolescents. Finally, we turn our attention to the development of the voice- selective areas in the temporal cortex, finding that, contrary to face and body processing, these areas are already ‘adult-like’ in children in terms of strength and extent of activation (Chapter 5). These results are discussed in relation to current developmental literature, limitations are considered, direction for future research is given and the wider clinical application of this work is explored.

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8

Bartoszuk, Karin, Cecelia McIntosh y Brian Maxson. "Integration and Synergy of Research and Graduate Education in Science, Humanities, and Social Science". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6174.

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9

Dwyer, Laura A. "Enhancing UV photography among men with choice-promoting information". Thesis, The George Washington University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3607894.

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The present study examined the influence of UV photography (seeing an image of one's skin damage) and receiving choice-promoting sun protection information on college men's sun protection cognitions. In particular, the aim of this dissertation was to study whether promoting personal choice (by providing information on sun protection behaviors that emphasizes choices and options) enhanced the impact of UV photography on men's sun protection cognitions. The cognitions assessed in this study were informed by the Prototype Willingness Model: conditional perceived vulnerability to skin cancer and photoaging, attitudes toward sun protection, prototypes of the typical young adult male who does and does not protect his skin from the sun, willingness to engage in sun protection and risk behaviors, and intentions to engage in sun protection behaviors, sun-risk behaviors, and skin examinations. An additional goal of the study was to examine whether the promotion of choice in the context of UV photography would be particularly influential among men who report high levels of conformity to masculine norms. Therefore, masculinity was explored as a moderator of experimental effects on cognitions. Male young adults completed an initial online survey assessing background information, baseline cognitions, and masculinity, before participating in the experimental portion of the study. During the experiment, participants were randomly assigned to one of six conditions that varied on two variables: (1) whether or not they received their UV photograph (yes versus no), and (2) the type of sun protection information that they received (no information, information that framed sun protection behaviors as recommendations to follow, or information that framed these behaviors as individual choices to make). Following the experimental manipulations, participants completed a second computer-based survey assessing sun protection cognitions. Results showed several significant main effects of UV photography, thus partially supporting results of prior studies that have found this intervention approach to be effective. Perceptions of choice correlated with several cognitions. However, the information condition manipulation checks, main effects, and interactions with UV photography provided only limited evidence for the hypothesis that receiving choice-promoting information would enhance the impact of UV photography, and no evidence that choice information is an effective standalone intervention. A significant three-way interaction between masculinity, UV photography, and the information conditions revealed a pattern similar to one found in a prior study - that the conditional perceived vulnerability of high masculine men was more affected by the interventions than was the conditional perceived vulnerability of less masculine men. There was a similar UV photography effect among high masculine men on protective prototypes, although additional moderation analyses showed inconsistent patterns. Overall, the results involving the information condition and masculinity were inconsistent; however, they suggest future directions for research on sun protection and risk cognitions, as well as strategies for informing young men about sun protection.

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10

Magee, Cynthia A. "Age and gender-related differences among children's social support networks". Scholarly Commons, 1996. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2787.

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Research with adult populations suggests that individual differences in social support may begin in childhood. It has been suggested that the makeup of people in a child's social support network could be indicative of the child's social development. Until recently there was not a measure available that could be used to report social support across the life span, therefore the ability to compare childhood social support networks to adult social support networks has been limited. The present research used a measure that has historically been used with adults and recently used with children as young as age 7, and used it with younger children (age 4). The measure used is a hierarchical mapping technique in which the children were asked to place the members of their social support network into three concentric circles. Four, 7, and 10 year olds (N = 286) participated in individual 20 min interviews. The social development of the child from age 4 to age 10 can clearly be seen in this research. For example, the older children have relationships of varying closeness and can made distinctions on the basis of closeness. In contrast, the younger child places most network members in the inner circle, possibly because the child is unable to make finer distinctions in relationships or possibly because the child actually has mostly relationships that would be described by placing them in the inner circle. Other findings include that as the child gets older, the social support network grows larger and includes more family members in the inner circles and more friends in the outer circles. The research also indicates that the reports of 4 year olds were just as reliable as those of 7 and 10 year olds.

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11

Colona, Katherine A. "Fetal Alcohol and Adolescent Behavior: The Effects of Postnatal Binge Ethanol Exposure on the Behavioral Development of Adolescent Animals". W&M ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626426.

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12

Kunnavatana, Soraya Shanun. "A rapid treatment analysis for noncompliance in young children". Scholarly Commons, 2011. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/300.

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This study used an alternating-treatment design to determine the most effective treatment for noncompliance in five children (ages 2–5 years) and to train caregivers to implement the treatment during a 120-min outpatient meeting. Three treatments were assessed: high-probability instruction sequence, three-step guided compliance, and an eye contact procedure. The sessions took place in a university clinic and the parents acted as therapists during assessment and treatment. Generalization probes were conducted in the children's homes to further assess the effectiveness of the prescribed treatment and to evaluate the level of treatment integrity evidenced by the parents. An increase in compliance was observed during the generalization probe sessions for four of the five children. Four families implemented the prescribed treatment with at least 80% integrity after leaving the clinic, and all families reported being satisfied with the prescribed treatment.

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13

Hustyi, Kristin M. "The effect of outdoor activity context on physical activity in preschool children". Scholarly Commons, 2010. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/302.

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The purpose of the current study was to develop and test a methodology for assessing the effect of outdoor activity context on level of physical activity in preschool children. The Observational System for Recording Physical Activity in Children (OSRAC) was used to define the test conditions and various levels of physical activity within a multi-element experimental design. Consequences were not programmed. Pedometers were used as a convergent measure of physical activity. In general, all participants were fairly sedentary during the analysis. Fixed playground equipment produced the most moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, a finding that does not correspond to the descriptive assessment literature. Implications of the results and suggestions for future research are offered.

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14

McCauley, Marshall I. "Perspectives on successful aging". Scholarly Commons, 2010. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2681.

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Most humans aspire to live long, healthy lives. It has been assumed that one's length and quality of life were primarily determined by genetics; it is now believed that aging is influenced more by factors within an individual's control. This study sought to identify the factors consistently related to successful aging. Relationships between various participant demographic variables were examined in relation to a) a general quality of life index, b) a geriatric-specific quality of life index tailored to include items believed to more closely associate with successful aging, and c) participants' subjective ratings of aging "success". English-speaking individuals over the age of 60 were recruited as participants from community centers and senior housing communities. The hypothesis that the correlation between the QLI-G40 total score and the subjective rating of aging success ( r = .59) would be more strongly positive than the correlation between the QLI-GEN-III total score and the subjective rating of aging success ( r = .55), was not supported. A Fisher's r -to- z transformation, which resulted in a Fisher's z -score of .36 ( p = .719), showed that the difference between these two independent Pearson's correlations was not statistically significant. It was also found that the "Control" domain of the geriatric-specific QLI (items related to health, health-limitation perception and autonomy/independence) was most strongly correlated with subjective ratings of aging success. Future researchers should administer multiple questionnaires over several sessions to establish concurrent validity with existing measures in the continued development of a geriatric-specific QLI. Future research should continue to emphasize the use of subjective assessments, as there is a great deal of behavioral variation among those aging well into late life.

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15

Gouge, Natasha Benfield. "Temperament-Language Relationships during the First Formal Year of School". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1288.

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The purpose of the current study was to investigate temperament-language relationships among school-age children and across a wider variety of SES. Head Start, Pre-K, and Kindergarten classes of 10 elementary schools located in rural Appalachia were sent information about the study and 35 children were consented to participate. Parents completed a short demographic survey and the Child Behavior Questionnaire Very Short Form (CBQ-VSF). Children were administered the Preschool Language Scale-4 (PLS-4). Participants were split into low and high SES groups so associations between the CBQ and PLS-4 scores could be compared at each SES strata. Both reactivity and self-regulation were associated with language outcomes, consistent with prior research. Importantly, socioeconomic status was not found to moderate observed temperament-language relationships, so prior temperament-language research findings do not seem to be an artifact of high SES samples.

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16

Fries-Dias, Caroline Marie. "Picture book reading to enhance vocabulary acquisition". Scholarly Commons, 1993. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2778.

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Twenty-seven 4- and 5-year-old children from two daycare programs participated in a study designed to assess the effect of picture book reading on children's vocabulary acquisition. All children were pre- and post-tested on the Reading Recognition subtest of the Peabody Individual Achievement Test, the Expressive One Word Picture Vocabulary Test (EOWPVT), and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R). Following Whitehurst et al.'s (1988) approach, children in the experimental group were read picture books utilizing the hear-say method (asking children questions) for 4 weeks. Those in the control group were read picture-books without being questioned. Three 2 x 8 x 2 Split-Plot Hierarchical ANOVAs were conducted to evaluate group and squad effects and to control for reader effects. They revealed no significant differences between the experimental and control groups. Possible reasons for the absence of experimental effects were discussed.

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17

Des, Rosiers Sabrina E. "Evaluation of an alcohol expectancy typology : group differences in psychosocial functioning and developmental history in a treatment sample of adolescents". FIU Digital Commons, 2006. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2777.

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The goals of the present study were (a) to identify distinct and meaningful groups of adolescents on the basis of their self-reported alcohol expectancies and, (b) to document multivariate group differences between alcohol expectancy clusters and specific adjustment outcomes. Six distinct homogenous subgroups were identified via Cluster Analysis. Subsequent validation analyses involving between-cluster comparisons of psychosocial adjustment outcomes identified significant group differences. Clusters with stronger endorsement of positive alcohol expectancies were more likely to receive a lifetime diagnosis of conduct disorder, engage in negative social interactions, have higher ratings of perceived stress, and reckless behaviors. Between-cluster differences were also identified for age, school grade, family structure and ethnicity. The results of this study supported the merit of using a person-centered analytic strategy to describe heterogeneity in patterns of alcohol expectancies and their relations with specific adjustment outcomes among high-risk samples of adolescents.

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18

Weinstein, Emily. "Influences of Social Media Use on Adolescent Psychosocial Well-Being: ‘OMG’ or ‘NBD’?" Thesis, Harvard University, 2017. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33052850.

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Daily social media use is routine for most contemporary adolescents. However, as social technology use rises, we are still largely unclear about the nature of adolescents’ multifaceted experiences and the mechanisms that may disrupt well-being. In two studies, I use qualitative and quantitative methods to examine the relationship between adolescents’ social media use and their psychosocial well-being. I conducted a survey and social browsing experiment (n=588), followed by semi-structured interviews with a purposeful sub-sample of youth (n=28). In Study 1, I present an architecture of emotional life infused with social technologies. Adolescents’ survey self-reports portray social media use as a predominantly positive experience. Exploratory principal component analysis further indicates that positive and negative emotions form orthogonal response components. In interview narratives, youth describe affect influences across four functional dimensions: self-expression is an opportunity for both feeling validated and feeling judged; exploration facilitates inspiration but also distress; relational interactions contribute to closeness and to disconnection; and browsing leads to entertainment and boredom, as well as to admiration and envy. Together, these analyses suggest that the relationship between social technology usage and well-being – whether enhanced or degraded – is not confined to an ‘either/or’ framework, but that the emotional see-saw of social media use is weighted by both positive and negative influences. In Study 2, I use an experiment to assess the merit of a pervasive yet seemingly untested theory about browsing: that the “highlight reel” nature of social media is itself a cause of disruptions in well-being. Positive-only portrayals of others’ lives hypothetically disrupt well-being because they evoke negative social comparisons and contribute distorted perceptions of others’ happiness. I randomly assigned teens to a highlight reel browsing experience or to one of two interventions designed to reduce distorted impressions. Browsing conditions do not cause differences in comparison or post-browsing emotions. However, regardless of condition, negative comparisons predict immediate declines in affective well-being. The interventions moderate the relationship between social comparison and affect, thereby reducing the toll of negative comparison. I discuss implications of adolescents’ differential susceptibility to browsing highlight reels and to light-touch interventions.

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19

Mlinac, Michelle M. A. "Women's psychosocial development in later life: What changes, what remains the same?" Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1383575134.

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20

Kolby, Brock Thomas. "Wisdom from the perspective of the elderly". Scholarly Commons, 2003. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2431.

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For many years, research and clinical practice in gerontology has been influenced strongly by cultural concepts that lead to an overall negative perception of the elderly. Recently, psychologists have examined wisdom in order to provide an alternative viewpoint to the negative conceptions of old age. This study investigated how the elderly perceived wisdom and how the psychosocial conflict of “Integrity versus Despair” was experienced by the elderly. The elderly were approached as primary sources of knowledge for their views on wisdom. Using grounded theory methodology, twenty-one volunteer participants, 70 years of age or older, from the Sierra Nevada foothills of California, were each interviewed twice for an hour in order to form an inductive, data-driven theory concerning wisdom. The elderly described wisdom as a multi-faceted construct with a wide range of components. The resulting theory displayed a process by which the foundations of wisdom were formed during a person's lifetime, what developmental processes lead to wisdom, and the ways in which wisdom was demonstrated in a person's life. Of interest to psychotherapists and developmental psychologists, the integration of Erik Erikson's identity conflict of “Integrity versus Despair” may be facilitated through positive thinking techniques used by the elderly to overcome depression and to maintain a positive mood state. Thus, wisdom, as seen from the perspective of the elderly, may provide our society with an alternative conceptualizations of aging and a way to overcome despair in late life. Wisdom may be the pinnacle of human achievement across a lifespan of development.

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21

Nighbor, Tyler D. "Investigating infant preference for prosocial others: Replication and extension using repeated measures". Scholarly Commons, 2014. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/294.

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Recent research suggests that infants as young as 5 months old demonstrate an innate or unlearned ability to make judgments about others' prosocial and antisocial behavior. Data used to support this assertion suggest that, when given a single opportunity to choose a puppet after watching a puppet show, more infants (72-100% of infants) choose a helper puppet (the puppet that "helps" another puppet attain its goal) over a hinderer puppet (the puppet that "hinders" another puppet from attaining its goal). However, to date, no independent research teams have published a replication of these methods and results. The purpose of the current investigation was to replicate Hamlin and Wynn (2011) and extend their work by including within-subject repeated measures of choice. Twenty infants were shown a puppet show nearly identical to that used by Hamlin and Wynn (2011) and asked to make a choice between the two puppets afterwards (i.e., the helper or hinderer); infants were then asked to choose a puppet four more times, resulting in five choices per infant. Results of the current investigation failed to replicate those of Hamlin and Wynn (2011), as infants in the current investigation did not consistently choose the helper more often during subsequent choice trials. Implications and limitations of this study, as well as suggestions for future research are discussed.

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22

Oberst, Leah. "Facial and Body Emotion Recognition in Infancy". UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/psychology_etds/48.

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Adults are experts at assessing emotions, an ability essential for appropriate social interaction. The present study, investigated this ability’s development, examining infants’ matching of facial and body emotional information. In Experiment 1, 18 6.5-month-olds were familiarized to angry or happy bodies or faces. Those familiarized to bodies were tested with familiar and novel emotional faces. Those habituated to faces were tested with bodies. The 6.5-month-old infants exhibited a preference for the familiar emotion, matching between faces and bodies. In Experiment 2, 18 6.5-month-olds were tested with faces and bodies displaying anger and sadness. Infants familiarized to faces showed a familiarity preference; Infants familiarized to bodies failed to discriminate. Thus, infants generalized from faces to bodies, but failed in the reverse. A follow-up study increased the duration of familiarization: 12 additional 6.5-month-olds were exposed to two-30s familiarizations with bodies, and tested with faces. Additional exposure induced matching of emotions. In Experiment 3, 18 3.5-month-olds were tested using Experiment 1’s stimuli and methodology. The 3.5-month-old infants did not discriminate during test trials. These results suggest 6.5-month-old infants are capable of matching angry, sad and happy faces and bodies. However, 3.5-month-olds are not, suggesting a developmental change between 3.5- and 6.5-months.

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23

Matos, Paula Mena. "(Des)continuidades na vinculação aos pais e ao par amoroso em adolescentes". Phd thesis, Instituições portuguesas -- UP-Universidade do Porto -- -Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências de Educação, 2002. http://dited.bn.pt:80/29611.

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24

Nagle, Michelle. "Examining Effects of Parental Sexual Abuse on Female Juvenile Delinquency Using a Social Developmental Perspective". Diss., NSUWorks, 2019. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cps_stuetd/125.

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Delinquency has traditionally been viewed as a male phenomenon, often defined in androcentric terms, and neglecting females in studies regarding delinquent behavior. However, females are the fastest growing subpopulation of the correction population, which amplifies the importance of understanding the nature and etiology of their offending. Recent research has suggested that predictors of male juvenile delinquency do not adequately explain delinquency in females, because the androcentric research ignores the damaging impact of sexual childhood abuse and other prominent family factors on female juvenile delinquents. This study aimed to examine the impact of childhood parental sexual abuse on female juvenile delinquency from a social developmental perspective by testing a sub-model of the SDM using a longitudinal database of child abuse and neglect. Results from PLS-SEM indicated that there were multiple relationships between constructs that differed between females and males, further supporting the idea of gender-specific risk factors. The strongest effect of male gender was on the relationships between parental monitoring and parental bonding and family socialization, and sexual abuse and moderate delinquency and family socialization. The strongest effect of female gender was on the relationship between sexual abuse and serious delinquency, and neighborhood safety and antisocial beliefs. Results point towards new ideas regarding differences in male and female delinquency and the impact of sexual abuse and offer support in using the Social Development Model in the study of delinquency.

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25

Morgan, Kari. "Developmental Aspects of Diabetes knowledge". VCU Scholars Compass, 2008. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1612.

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The Test of Diabetes Knowledge (TDK) was studied to determine its appropriateness for children. Early onset diabetes was examined for residual effects on poorer adolescent understanding of diabetes and problem solving that could affect self-care behaviors. Participant groups were created as children (<12) and adolescents (≥12). A second division created a group of adolescents with early onset disease (EOD < 12 years) and with late onset disease (LOD >12 years). Participants were predominantly Caucasian and from middle class families. 51% were boys with an average age of 12.95 years, disease duration of 4.35 years and onset age of 8.58 years. Children scored significantly lower and responded “I don’t know” significantly more often for all levels of knowledge when compared to adolescents. EOD and LOD group differences in problem-solving knowledge were not found for adolescents, although duration accounted for a significant amount of variance in the model. Post-hoc regression indicated a significant negative relationship between duration and knowledge. EOD and LOD group differences were not found in self-care behaviors. The TDK does not appear to be developmentally appropriate for children. EOD adolescents do not differ from LOD adolescents on problem solving questions; mean scores indicate the lack of abstract knowledge seen in children may be resolved with the transition into adolescence. Results indicate the longer a child has diabetes the less knowledge they appear to retain.

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26

Knudsen, Emily. "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder empowerment program| A grant project". Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1527720.

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The purpose of this project was to write a grant to fund the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Empowerment Program, through Olive Crest, a mental health agency in Santa Ana, California. This program seeks to support adolescents with ADHD and their caregivers by educating them about this mental health disorder. The ADHD psycho-education support groups, offered in English and Spanish, will educate families on ADHD causes, symptoms, treatments, and behavioral interventions. Actual submission of this grant was not a requirement of this project.

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27

Frey, Cathy. "The Effect of Sex, Gender Identity, & Sex of Story Characters on the Assessment of Moral Development". TopSCHOLAR®, 1988. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2364.

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The present study investigated the three areas associated with sex bias in Kohlberg's theory of moral development --sex, gender identification, and sex of story characters. The Defining Issues Test (DIT: Rest,1986a), a measure of moral development derived from Kohlberg's theory, was used in its original form and two revised forms (Male and Female versions) to determine the effects of sex and sex of story characters on the assessment of moral development. The Bem Sex -Role Inventory (Bem, 1981) was used to classify subjects as either sex -typed or androgynous to determine whether sex -role identification affects the assessment moral development. No significant main effects were found relative to the proposed hypotheses. Masculine males and feminine females did not score significantly different on the original DIT. There were also no significant differences in the DIT P scores of the androgynous persons and sex -typed persons. Results also indicated that it made no difference in DIT scores whether masculine males were given dilemmas with female story characters or males story characters. Unexpectedly, there were overall sex differences. Hales scored significantly higher than females at Stage 4 while females scored significantly higher than males at Stage 5A. Furthermore, female raw P scores were significantly higher than males' indicating that females demonstrated a higher level of moral development.

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28

Morley, Allison J. "Descriptive and experimental analyses of variables maintaining moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in preschool children". Scholarly Commons, 2012. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/299.

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The purpose of the current study was to compare the results yielded from descriptive analyses of physical activity to those of functional analyses with the same preschool children. Descriptive analyses were conducted during repeated, 30-min naturally occurring outdoor times on an outdoor playground in a local daycare. Five minute functional analysis sessions were conducted on an outdoor playground within a multi-element experimental design. The Observational System for Recording Physical Activity in Children (McIver, Brown, Pfeiffer, Dowda, & Pate, 2009) was used to define the conditions and various levels of physical activity within both the descriptive and functional analyses. Overall, results for all participants suggested high correspondence between outcomes from the functional and descriptive analyses with respect to the context related to the highest level of MVPA, but correspondence varied across other contexts. Implications of the results and suggestions for future research are offered.

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29

Akibar, Alvin. "Sexual Identity and Social Anxiety in Emerging Adulthood". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc984158/.

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Elevated social anxiety (SA) is linked to issues with emotional distress, substance use, and social anxiety disorder (SAD). Notwithstanding concerns of how sexuality has been defined in the extant literature, emerging evidence suggests that the prevalence of SA and related challenges may be disproportionately present among sexual minorities, including lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals (LGBs). This trend may be especially relevant within the developmental context of emerging adulthood, an important period for development of sexual identity, and a time when individuals are already predisposed to heightened feelings of SA. The present study examined the relationship between sexual orientation (measured using sexual identity, sexual attraction, and past romantic and sexual behavior) and social anxiety (related to social interaction and social performance) among emerging adults. minority sexual identities [Welch's F(5,48.08) = 5.56, p = .002, ηp2 = .02.], same-sex attraction [Welch's F(4,108.06) = 11.27, p < .001, ηp2 = .04], and same-sex romantic [Welch's F(5,85.91) = 6.88, p < .001, ηp2 = .03] and sexual experiences[F(5,61.95) = 8.88, p < .001, ηp2 = .04], particularly among those who indicated attraction to multiple sexes. Findings support research that indicates that sexual minority adults experience higher levels of SA than majority (i.e., heterosexual, opposite-sex oriented) adults, and that assessment of sexuality may reflect number of sexual minorities identified. Future directions including intersections of race/ethnicity and gender are discussed.

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30

Feicht, Kimberly Jane. "Sexual abuse prevention for developmentally disabled women". Scholarly Commons, 1993. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2773.

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The purpose of the present study was to evaluate a program designed to teach developmentally disabled women the self-protective skills necessary to prevent sexual abuse. Twenty developmentally disabled women participated in the study and were randomly assigned to either the control or experimental group. Both groups were given a pretest to measure any preexisting self-protective skills. The experimental group participated in a seven session program. The training program used the following behavior modification techniques to teach the self-protective skills: modeling, role-playing, and verbal and physical prompts. To test the self-protective skills learned, both groups were given a posttest. The experimental group's role-play mean increased from pretest to posttest while the control group's role-play mean decreased. The predicted testing by treatment interaction effect was significant. To test the retention of the self-protective skills learned, a follow-up role-play test was given to the experimental group 3 weeks later. There was no significant difference between the group's pretest mean and their follow-up mean which shows that there was no retention of the skills learned.

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31

Molzhon, Andrea. "Predicting Arithmetic Performance from Age and Executive Function Skills". VCU Scholars Compass, 2010. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2314.

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The learning of mathematics can be a difficult process for many students. Understanding the cognitive components that contribute to arithmetic achievement may illuminate sources of difficulty and inform the development of better teaching and learning practices. Executive functions (EFs) have been implicated in the development of arithmetic skills in early childhood, but less is known about this relation across middle childhood and beyond. The current study included individuals ages 6-7, 9-10, 12-13, and 18+ years and examined the contributions of 3 components of EF, working memory (WM), inhibition, and set shifting (SS), to arithmetic skills in two domains. It was hypothesized that age, general cognitive ability, and EFs would have unique and combined influences on both domains of arithmetic: proficiency and fluency. Results from correlation, regression, and path analyses indicated that WM, inhibition, and SS differentially contributed to arithmetic proficiency and fluency. The implications for education and intervention are discussed.

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32

Waddell, Nicole Danielle. "Childhood Factors Affecting Aggressive Behaviors". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1409.

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In the past there have been numerous studies regarding how childhood factors can affect adult behavior and attitudes. In the present study 124 East Tennessee State University students were given surveys. The surveys included items measuring demographics, parenting styles, and aggression. This study examined the impact of parenting styles on aggressive tendencies and perceptions the subjects have as young adults as well as the effects of socioeconomic status on parenting styles and aggression. The findings suggest that mid-level income families demonstrated more affection and less aggression to the subjects surveyed.

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33

Zerger, Heather M. "A comparative analysis of physical activity interventions for young children". Scholarly Commons, 2014. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/297.

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Evidence suggests that physical inactivity is increasingly prevalent among young children. A common recommendation provided to parents suggests that they become actively involved in increasing their child's physical activity. However, this recommendation does not specify how a parent should become involved. Further, the evaluation of parental involvement in children's physical activity has yet to be conducted. The purpose of the current study was to conduct a functional analysis to identify a social, environmental variable that would engender a higher level of physical activity in young children. Once a social consequence was identified, reinforcement provided contingently on higher levels of physical activity and according to a fixed-time schedule was compared in an intervention analysis. The overall results of the study indicated that children were most active when receiving a form of social reinforcement contingent on higher levels of physical activity. These results suggest that parents of young children should become involved in increasing their child's physical activity by providing attention or physical engagement contingent on higher levels of physical activity.

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34

Matos, Paula Mena. "(Des)continuidades na vinculação aos pais e ao par amoroso em adolescentes". Doctoral thesis, Instituições portuguesas -- UP-Universidade do Porto -- -Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências de Educação, 2002. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/18607.

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35

Rinaldi, Roberto L. "A Developmental Intervention Science Outreach Research Approach to Promoting Positive Youth Development". FIU Digital Commons, 2011. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/342.

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Recent intervention efforts in promoting positive identity in troubled adolescents have begun to draw on the potential for an integration of the self-construction and self-discovery perspectives in conceptualizing identity processes, as well as the integration of quantitative and qualitative data analytic strategies. This study reports an investigation of the Changing Lives Program (CLP), using an Outcome Mediation (OM) evaluation model, an integrated model for evaluating targets of intervention, while theoretically including a Self-Transformative Model of Identity Development (STM), a proposed integration of self-discovery and self-construction identity processes. This study also used a Relational Data Analysis (RDA) integration of quantitative and qualitative analysis strategies and a structural equation modeling approach (SEM), to construct and evaluate the hypothesized OM/STM model. The CLP is a community supported positive youth development intervention, targeting multi-problem youth in alternative high schools in the Miami Dade County Public Schools (M-DCPS). The 259 participants for this study were drawn from the CLP’s archival data file. The model evaluated in this study utilized three indices of core identity processes (1) personal expressiveness, (2) identity conflict resolution, and (3) informational identity style that were conceptualized as mediators of the effects of participation in the CLP on change in two qualitative outcome indices of participants’ sense of self and identity. Findings indicated the model fit the data (χ2 (10) = 3.638, p = .96; RMSEA = .00; CFI = 1.00; WRMR = .299). The pattern of findings supported the utilization of the STM in conceptualizing identity processes and provided support for the OM design. The findings also suggested the need for methods capable of detecting and rendering unique sample specific free response data to increase the likelihood of identifying emergent core developmental research concepts and constructs in studies of intervention/developmental change over time in ways not possible using fixed response methods alone.

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36

Spencer, Sara. "A Delphi Study Regarding Assessment of Intelligence in the Presence of Autism". ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/934.

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Research has indicated children with autistic disorder often demonstrate below average intelligence. Others have suggested intelligence of the autistic population has been underestimated. A gap in the current literature reflects the need to examine the accuracy of assessment of intelligence of children with autistic disorder. The research questions underlying this study addressed tools professionals use to assess intelligence of children with autistic disorder, how tools are selected, the level of confidence in the accuracy of results, and what level of consensus exists among experts. This Delphi study used a panel of 20 autistic disorder experts and 3 rounds of surveys to establish expert consensus of practices for gaining an accurate measure of intelligence and to determine if an appropriate tool is available to measure intelligence of children with autistic disorder. This study was based on the Lockean inquiring systems philosophical perspective with a sequential, exploratory, mixed methods design and employed the constant comparative method for data analysis. Emergent themes included strategies used for assessing intelligence in this population, barriers to determining accurate results, and methods for mitigating the influence of barriers. With moderate to strong consensus among participants, the findings demonstrated lack of availability of an appropriate measure of intelligence for children with autistic disorder. This study has the potential to contribute to positive social change with findings justifying the development of an appropriate assessment tool which will enhance life opportunities of children with autistic disorder when more accurate measures lead to appropriate placement in academic, vocational, and social settings.

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37

Zimmerman, Adam. "Impact of Anonymity and Social Modeling: Online Aggression in Emerging Adults and Their Religious and Political Ideologies". FIU Digital Commons, 2017. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3564.

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This dissertation investigated online aggression in emerging adults to understand the contextual power of anonymity and social modeling. Emerging adults are characterized as undergoing a period of identity exploration, instability, self-focus, transition, and possibility (Arnett, 2004). Given the importance of identity development at this stage of the lifespan, this research explored religiosity/spirituality and political ideology; two pivotal belief systems that are introspectively evaluated and molded in emerging adults as they separate their identities from their world views (Barry & Nelson, 2004). Furthermore, this dissertation sought to apply religiosity/spirituality and political ideology to the previously established link of anonymity and social modeling and their joined impact on online aggression (Zimmerman & Ybarra, 2016). Behavioral temptation to aggress and participant responses following interaction on a mock blog was recorded and analyzed in situations of anonymity and positive or neutral social models. Aggressive social modeling influenced blog posts and behavioral temptation to aggress. Religiosity/spirituality and political attitudes moderated aggression in blog posts.

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38

Paris, Kristina Nicole. "Effective Coping Interventions for Victims of Rape and Sexual Coercion". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/354.

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Rape and non-consented sexual activities among women is increasing. Although very few perpetrators are a stranger to the victims, a large percentage of them are known. For example, relatives, family members, family friends, and neighbors. This study focuses on individuals who provide services to victims that were sexually assaulted. It also focuses on coping interventions that are found to be effective in the stabilization process. Sexual Assault Crisis Counselors and Marriage and Family Therapist Interns (MFTI’s) were interviewed in order to collect data for this study. An interview guide was given to assist with guiding the recorded interview. Completing the interviews allowed the researcher to analyze the data. The researcher and a supervising faculty adviser determined which interventions were most effective when helping women cope with sexual assault.

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39

Espiritu, Maya. "Early Childhood iPad Use and Effects on Visual Spatial Attention Span". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/771.

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Despite the rising prevalence of mobile media in young children’s lives, little research exists that examines the effects of mobile media use on early childhood cognitive development. This study will explore how mobile media use, specifically iPad use, in early childhood affects development of visual spatial attention span. Researchers will recruit 160 participants, ages 3 to 6, and categorize them into three groups: TV viewers only, interactive iPad users, and passive iPad users. Children will complete a computer task to measure the length of their visual spatial attention span. Parents will report on the average daily amount of media use, their child’s top three most viewed or used programs and apps, and the pervasiveness of media use, as well as complete a demographics survey. Research assistants will rate the level of exogenous stimuli children are exposed to in their top three programs and apps. Researchers predict that iPad use will be associated with shorter visual spatial attention spans in comparison to TV viewing, due to longer amounts of use, higher levels of exogenous stimuli, and higher levels of pervasiveness. In addition, researchers hypothesize that interactive iPad use will correlate with the shortest visual spatial attention spans due to highest levels of exogenous stimuli and longest amounts of use. The results will help parents and educators to more effectively monitor young children’s mobile media usage.

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40

Hemmeler, Megan Renee. "Social and Emotional Competency and Exclusionary Discipline". The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1301855137.

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41

Sears, Lonnie. "Development of the Parent - Child Situation Scale: A Measure of Parental Attributions Toward Handicapped Children's Behavior". TopSCHOLAR®, 1986. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2823.

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The Parent - Child Situation Scale (PCSS) was developed to measure parental attributions toward handicapped children's behavior. The PCSS was administered to mothers of handicapped children. The final version of the scale possessed good reliability. Coefficient alphas for the PCSS were .74 for the internal - external attribution subscale, .70 for the stable - unstable subscale, and .72 for the global - specific subscale. Factor analysis of the PCSS revealed three factors corresponding to the three attribution types. The internal - external subscale's validity was supported. The other two subscales, however, appeared to have only moderate validity. Responses of college students to the PCSS suggested that the scale was not as suitable for this population. Recommendations for further research concerning the scale's reliability and validity were made. The study concluded with a discussion of the PCSS' utility for research on stress in parents of handicapped children.

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42

Premo, Tracy Anne. "The effects of age, race, and question format on racial identification, attitudes, and preference". Scholarly Commons, 1997. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2663.

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The current study assessed racial identification, preference, and awareness using two methods: forced choice, and multiple choice. The participants consisted of 138, 4- and 12-year-old Black, White, and Biracial children. The Preschool Racial Attitude Measure II was used to assess the racial attitudes of children, and Racial Identification and Racial Preference questions were also used. The results show that Black and White children were all able to accurately self-identify. When using the forced choice format the majority of the Biracial children identified as Black, whereas when using the multiple choice format the majority of the Biracial children self identified as both Black and White. When using the multiple choice format to assess Racial Attitude the results revealed that across all racial groups there were more White preference choices by 4 year olds than by 12 year olds. For Racial Attitude, the results also revealed that Whites showed a higher mean White preference score than did Blacks, and Biracial children were intermediate between the other two groups. The results revealed that format did not significantly affect the Racial Preference response among the 4-year-old children, although the percentage of pro-White responses declined significantly when using the multiple choice format with the 12 year olds. For Racial Preference the results also indicate that regardless of format White children had significantly higher pro-White means than the Black children, and for the forced choice format only, Biracial children had a mean pro-White response intermediate between the other two groups. With the multiple choice format, the 4 year olds showed a higher pro-White mean than the 12 year olds. These results show that Biracial children tend to respond in a more race neutral manner when provided more choices than just Black and White. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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43

Jacobs, Julia. "The impact of adoption related language on the affective reactions of adopted Chinese girls". Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1394883548.

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44

Lane, Helen Morris. "The Influences of Caregiver-Child Interactions and Temperament on Cortisol Concentrations of Toddlers in Full-Day Childcare". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1501.

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The purpose of this study was to explore the influences of caregiver-child interaction and temperament on cortisol concentrations of toddlers in full-day childcare. Sensitive and responsive caregiving is critical to the quality of children's early experiences. Caregivers who are attuned to unique needs of young children can support and guide child growth and development. In the context of relationships the child grows, develops, and learns to biologically respond to events in his or her world that he or she may perceive as threatening, with the production of cortisol. Studies show that regulation of cortisol release later in life may be shaped by social experiences during early development. This exploratory study investigated the influences of caregiver-child interaction and temperament as measured by the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire (ECBQ) on cortisol concentrations in toddlers in full-day childcare. Seventy-three (31female, 42 male) toddlers, in 11 full-day childcare classrooms in communities in southern Appalachia participated. Classrooms were evaluated using the toddler Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS) and an adapted version of the Engagement Check II. Morning and afternoon cortisol concentration was measured in enzymeimmunoassays of saliva. Findings indicated that as years of teacher experience increased, cortisol concentrations decreased. Likewise, as the percentage of time toddlers were engaged in developmentally appropriate activities increased, cortisol concentration decreased. Mean cortisol concentrations decreased from mid-morning to mid-afternoon. Findings of individual cortisol concentrations were mixed. Temperament data showed a relationship between management of arousal or impulse control (surgency) and cortisol concentration. No statistically significant correlation was found between cortisol concentration and the dimensions of the toddler CLASS. Regression analysis of the 3 dimensions of temperament (negative affect, effortful control, surgency) showed surgency to be related to cortisol concentration. The study adds to the body of research on very young children in full-day childcare and elevated cortisol concentrations by including children in communities in southern Appalachia as well as measuring teacher-child interaction in childcare using the newly released toddler CLASS. Future research is needed to delineate the developmental outcomes and long-term impact of excess stress in this population.

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45

Faughn, Carley E. "Social and Physical Cognition in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes )| Preliminary Investigation of Domain-General versus Domain-Specific Intelligence". Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3622935.

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Comparative and evolutionary cognitive scientists disagree on whether human and nonhuman primate cognition is driven by a general intelligence or more specific, modular mechanisms. Comparative research with chimpanzees is extensive and provides the opportunity to better understand the evolution of human cognition. Little research has been dedicated to individual differences in chimpanzee social and physical cognition. The study of individual differences can be informative in better understanding the generality of primate intelligence. Results supporting a correlation between performances in the social and physical domains would suggest that a domain-general inference system may be responsible. If no relationship is revealed between performances then more compartmentalized, modular mechanisms may be responsible. As a preliminary investigation, I administered four studies focusing on social and physical cognition to a large number of captive chimpanzees. Performance on two tool-using tasks served as indicators of physical intelligence. I administered two social investigations regarding individual variation in social responsiveness and sociability. I did not find a correlation between the social and physical investigations; however strong individual differences in performances were observed. Demographic factors sometimes played a role in the results presented here (e.g. dominance rank and age). While this research does not demonstrate a relationship between sociability and physical intelligence, additional social measures should be utilized in order to measure social cognitive ability in chimpanzees. Focusing on individual differences with a battery of social and physical tasks will be informative regarding the structure of primate intelligence and the underlying cognitive mechanisms that are responsible.

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46

Yang, TienYu Owen. "The social environment of asthma management in early adolescence". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ee6e9881-f85a-4e57-b046-f56aa53a28b3.

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For adolescents with asthma, adhering to asthma regimes implies not only taking medications to relieve asthma attacks, but also adjusting their life styles in order to prevent asthma attacks. These life style modifications, such as avoiding allergens or having to limit physical activity, sometimes force adolescents to compromise their social life. On the other hand, the impact of such life style modifications on their social life may in turn force adolescents to give up adhering to asthma regimes. Indeed, adolescents are learning to be more independent while they enjoy a more complicated social life at home and at school than previously, and this rapid social development may thus be a great life challenge to adolescents with asthma. This thesis reports four studies which investigated the relationship between multi-dimensional asthma management (in medication and life style regimes) and the social life of young people with asthma at the transitional age from childhood to adolescence (or early adolescence, age 9-14), which also marks the transition from primary school to secondary school. In line with the literature on other adolescent chronic illnesses, study 1 demonstrated a downward trend of multi-dimensional asthma management in early adolescence. This developmental change was further investigated in study 2, 3 and 4, in which theories in behavioural psychology were followed to emphasise human behaviour influenced by the social activities and social relationships in the living environment, or the social environment. This was supplemented by theories in developmental psychology to identify relevant aspects of the social environment in early adolescence, especially the social relationships with parents, school staff and peers. Using quantitative and qualitative approaches, the studies not only supported the direct influence of asthma-specific social support, but also explored some mechanisms with which social relationships influenced asthma management in a more subtle and context-dependent way. By approaching asthma management behaviour with theories from behavioural and developmental psychology, it is also hoped that this thesis could be an example that shows the importance of recognising and to understanding the social life of young adolescents when adolescent behaviour is concerned.

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47

Howard, Scott. "The correlation of defensive responses between mothers and sons: An attachment perspective". Scholarly Commons, 2004. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2429.

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A child's internalized regulatory system and development of defenses is patterned after the parent-child attachment system. Therefore, measuring defenses can provide information about the quality of the internalized attachment relationship. This study examined the correlation of defenses in mother-son pairs. It examined defensive behaviors utilizing the Rorschach Test, as responses to the Rorschach are useful in describing a person's basic defensive functions. The study found that the defenses of regression, repression, avoidance, a personal defense stance and the quality of inner resources were positively correlated between mothers and sons. These correlations were .74, .53, .50, .48, and .44 respectively. This data indicates that, for this sample, a mother and son's defensive behaviors were correlated across several variables. These results suggest the Rorschach may be a useful instrument in studying the sequelae of the attachment relationship. This method may also offer the family therapist insights into what defenses are currently activated in the parent-child relationship.

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48

Arndorfer, Andrea. "Increasing the Elicitation of Truthful Information from Young Suspects: An Empirical Investigation of the Effects of Temporal Discounting". FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2989.

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The criminal justice system relies heavily on eliciting truthful information from suspects to solve crimes. A paramount problem with this approach involves the questioning of young suspects. Numerous studies support the conclusion that youth is a risk factor for providing false information during police questioning. The present study examined the influence of temporal discounting (the tendency for individual’s behavior to be influenced more strongly by proximal than distal factors; Berns, Laibson, & Loewenstein, 2007; Critchfield & Kollins, 2001) and other developmental factors (i.e., impulse control, future orientation, and sensation seeking) thought to underlie youths’ increased interrogative vulnerability. In line with previous research examining developmental differences in confession decisions, it was predicted that youth would be more likely than adults to provide false admissions to escape the immediate consequences of the situation. Furthermore, it was predicted that youth demonstrating lower impulse control, deficits in future orientation, and increased sensation seeking would be most likely to engage in this tendency. Using a randomized experimental design 205 adult and youth participants were questioned about their engagement in 20 criminal and unethical behaviors. Participants were told responding “yes” or “no” to these questions would have either immediate consequences (i.e., answering a series of repetitive questions) or future consequences (i.e., meeting with a police officer in a few weeks). Analyses revealed evidence of temporal discounting: Participants provided more admissions when denials, rather than admissions, were punished with immediate consequences. Contrary to hypotheses, age, impulse control, future orientation and sensation seeking did not moderate this relationship. Similarly, hypotheses regarding the relationship between age group, impulse control, and future orientation were unsupported. Compared to adults, adolescents did not exhibit less impulse control or future orientation. The current study was the first to experimentally examine factors thought to underlie youths’ increased proclivity to provide false information in interrogation. Justice system involved youth may differ from youth in the current study in key ways that help explain the lack of support for study hypotheses. Because of these differences, it is imperative that future research focuses on youth who are most at risk of encountering the justice system as suspects.

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49

Thomason, Lani. "Childhood Verbal Abuse and its Psychological Effects on Adults". ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5276.

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Researchers have documented an increase in child abuse in the past 50 years. Child abuse is associated with many adult physical, emotional, social, and cognitive impairments. To date, physical and sexual abuse have received more attention than verbal abuse. There is a gap in the literature on the effect of verbal abuse on mental health. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of verbal abuse in children on adult psychological functioning. A retrospective, casual-comparative design was used drawing a sample of adults (n = 224), ages 18 to 40, who reported verbal abuse as children as well as those not reporting verbal abuse, from local universities and colleges. Participants completed the Childhood Traumatic History Questionnaire and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-IV (MCMI- IV). Logistic regression was used to examine the relationships between verbal abuse in children within 4 research questions. The analysis of 4 research questions showed that verbal abuse significantly predicts the likelihood of anxiety, depression, and PTSD. Verbal abuse significantly predicted the likelihood of one personality disorder, but not others. Better understanding of effects of verbal abuse in children on adult psychological functioning could equip individuals and practitioners with prevention and treatment measures that could reduce the adverse effects verbal abuse on mental health.

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50

Childress, Lawrence. "The Loss-Processing Framework". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2021. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3896.

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The circumstances of responding to loss due to human death are among the most stressful experiences encountered in life. Although grief’s symptoms are typically considered essential to their gradual diminishment, possible negative impacts of complications related to grief are also well known, and have been associated with detriments to mental and physical health. Grief, however, can also generate transformative positive change. Thus, albeit ineludible, responding to loss is not uniformly experienced, expressed, or understood. It is also culturally-shaped, making attempts to define “normal” grief, as well as to label some grief “abnormal”—and to medicalize it—possibly problematic. Bereavement (the situation surrounding a death) and mourning (the publicly expressed response to loss due to death) are changing. Some of these changes (e.g., the increase in hospice care settings prior to deaths, and alterations in the ritual responses following all deaths—irrespective of their context) may have important implications for avoiding grief’s possible complications and for promoting its potential benefits. An improved alignment of grief theory, research, and practice is warranted; but theories of grief are diverse, and historically have not been empirically well-supported. This research articulates a new grief model, the loss-processing framework, featuring three dimensional components (perception, orientation, and direction). As a first step toward validation of the framework, also included is an empirical study examining retrospective descriptive reports of adult loss response relating to the first of these three dimensions (perception). As an interpretive, translational approach to understanding grief, the loss-processing framework may serve to positively impact grieving, health, and life quality.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Social sciences -> psychology -> developmental psychology"

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