Tesis: "Smoking statu"

1

Mercelina-Roumans, Patricia E. A. M. "Smoking during pregnancy the haematological status of smoking and non-smoking pregnant women and their offspring /". Maastricht : Maastricht : UPM, Universitaire Pers Maastricht ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1996. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=7388.

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2

Preston, Charles. "Analysing Risk Preferences and Time Preferences with respect to Smoking Status and Smoking Intensity". Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30954.

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Smoking is a leading cause of death worldwide, and thus the behavioural components need to be understood to mitigate the damage caused by the practice. The relationship between smoking and factors such as risk preferences and time preferences has been the subject of a growing body of literature. This paper evaluates experimental data from smokers and nonsmokers at the University of Cape Town collected in 2016 and 2017. Maximum likelihood estimation is used to estimate models of risk preferences and time preferences. The results highlight that smokers are less risk averse than non-smokers; that smokers discount more heavily than non-smokers; that greater smoking intensity is correlated with lower risk aversion; and that greater smoking intensity is not related to discounting behaviour. In some specifications the relationship between smoking intensity and risk aversion is parabolic, and as such moderate smokers are less risk averse than heavy smokers and light smokers. In conclusion, smokers tend to discount more heavily than non-smokers, and lower smoking intensity is associated with greater risk aversion than higher smoking intensity.

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3

Reisi, Ayddin Grandjean Peter W. "Short-term changes in health status after cigarette smoking and moderate-intensity exercise". Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Fall/Thesis/REISI_AYDDIN_16.pdf.

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4

Thompson, Jennifer W. "Insurance status, health care access, and adolescent smoking initiation". CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2007. http://dspace.wrlc.org/handle/1961/4144.

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5

Dimberio, Amy M. "Status of worksite smoking policies in Indiana manufacturing industries". Virtual Press, 1991. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/774760.

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The purpose of this study was to assess the status of worksite smoking policies in Indiana's manufacturing industries and to describe the relationship between policy, workforce size, and manufacturing type. Of the 493 questionnaires distributed, 181 (36.7%) were returned. Approximately 67% percent of the industries reported having some type of restrictive policy with the majority of those policies not allowing smoking at the worksite except in designated areas. Most policies were developed within the last five years and were implemented due to a concern for employee health. Workforce size was directly related to the prevalence of significant restrictions. Those companies employing greater then 100 employees were the most likely to have a policy whereas the employing less than 11 were the least likely to have a policy. Standard industrial classifications 34 (fabricated metal products) and 35 (machinery, except electrical) had less restrictive policies as compared to other S.I.C. classifications. A follow up on 10% (n=30) of the nonrespondents yielded similar results to those who did respond.
Department of Physiology and Health Science

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6

McIntire, Jean. "State anti-smoking legislation and the demand for cigarettes". Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1357151500.

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7

Butler, Kevin Allan. "Effects of smoking status on punishment sensitivity and cognitive control". Thesis, University of Brighton, 2013. https://research.brighton.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/70036943-151e-4e81-a084-35c84fd246f4.

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A hallmark feature of addiction, including nicotine dependence, is persistent drug use despite the adverse consequences of such behaviour. This implies that there may be deficient processing of punishment in dependent individuals. However, despite growing bodies of research investigating both altered reward sensitivity and error monitoring deficits there is a paucity of empirical work investigating sensitivity to punishment in nicotine dependence. The main aim of this thesis was therefore to investigate the effects of satiation level (abstinent/satiated) and smoking history (current/former/never) on behavioural measures of punishment sensitivity. Furthermore, the related phenomenon of loss aversion (the tendency for individuals to be more sensitive to losses compared to gains) was investigated in former smokers alongside a range of self-control indices.

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8

Conard, Mark Wayne Haddock C. Keith. "The effects of obesity and smoking status on the health status of congestive heart failure patients". Diss., UMK access, 2005.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Dept. of Psychology. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2005.
"A dissertation in psychology." Advisor: C. Keith Haddock. Typescript. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed June 20, 2006. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 91-113). Online version of the print edition.

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9

Gilbreath, Donna Arlene. "PROJECTING THE RESULTS OF STATE SMOKING BAN INITIATIVES USING CARTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS". UKnowledge, 2007. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/453.

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Because tobacco smoking causes 430,000 U.S. deaths annually, wide-reaching smoking bans are needed. Bans reduce cigarette consumption, encourage cessation, protect nonsmokers from second-hand smoke, and promote an attitude that smoking is undesirable. Therefore, bans may prevent future generations from suffering many smoking-related health problems. The federal government has not implemented widereaching smoking bans so it falls on individual states, counties, or communities to devise appropriate smoking policy. To date, smoking policy has been determined by legislators, who may have conflicts that prevent them from acting in the publics best interest. However, this method of implementing smoking policy may be changing. In 2005, Washington residents voted by ballot initiative to strengthen existing state smoking regulations. In 2006, Arizona, Nevada, and Ohio residents voted by ballot initiatives to implement strict statewide smoking bans. This research presents a way to predict how residents of other states might vote if given the opportunity. Two research hypotheses are tested and accepted: a positive relationship between favorable votes and urbanness, and a preference favoring smoking bans where smoking regulations already exist. Finally, a projection is made that a smoking ban vote in Kentucky would yield favorable results, and a map showing projected county votes is provided.

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10

Feng, Shengchuang. "Association between Reward Sensitivity and Smoking Status in Major Depressive Disorder". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/79954.

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Chronic nicotine use has been linked to increased sensitivity to nondrug rewards as well as improvement in mood among individuals with depression, and these effects have been hypothesized to be mediated through alternations in striatal dopamine activity. Similarly, chronic nicotine use is hypothesized to influence the mechanisms by which healthy and depressed individuals learn about rewards in their environment. However, the specific behavioral and neural mechanisms by which nicotine influences the learning process is poorly understood. Here, we use a probabilistic learning task, functional magnetic resonance imaging and neurocomputational analyses, to show that chronic smoking is associated with higher reward sensitivity, along with lower learning rate and striatal prediction error signal. Further, we show that these effects do not differ between individuals with and without major depressive disorder (MDD). In addition, a negative correlation between reward sensitivity and striatal prediction error signal was found among smokers, consistent with the suggestion that enhanced tonic dopamine associated with increased reward sensitivity leads to an attenuation of phasic dopamine activity necessary for updating of reward value during learning.
Master of Science

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11

Hansen, Robert N. "Relationship of specific cognitive factors to smoking status among nursing staff /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9812953.

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12

Mackalo, Muhammad L. "Recommendations for administering a smoking cessation program at a state university". [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2000. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-0131101-165154/restricted/MackaloM0122.pdf.

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13

Edoka, Ijeoma P. "Essays on parents' socioeconomic status, child health outcomes and smoking behaviours". Thesis, University of York, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4335/.

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This thesis comprises a collection of three distinct essays on the relationship between parents’ socioeconomic, child health outcomes and smoking behaviours. Chapter 2 investigates the extent to which misclassification errors in self-reported smoking affects estimates of the impact of parental income on smoking in adolescents aged 11-15 years old. Smoking participation is modelled using self-reported smoking and cotinine-validated smoking as binary dependent variables in two separate probit models. A comparison of the marginal effects estimated from both models suggest that self-reported smoking is misreported leading to biased estimates of the impact of parental income on adolescent smoking. Estimates from the cotinine-validated smoking model are robust to different specifications of the model that account for exposure to second-hand smoke. Income-related inequality in smoking (the concentration index) is also underestimated due to variations in the extent of misclassification errors across income quantiles. Chapter 3 uses three decomposition methods to decompose differences in the distribution of saliva cotinine between children/adolescents from high and low socioeconomic backgrounds. The decomposition methods applied are a mean-based (Oaxaca-Blinder) decomposition method and two decomposition methods that allow the decomposition of differences in quantiles (the quantile regression and recentered influence function regression decomposition methods). Group differences in the distribution of characteristics (composition effect) accounts for a larger proportion of the total difference in log cotinine compared to group differences in the impact of these characteristics on smoking (structural effect). The composition effect attributable to smoking within the home explains more of socioeconomic differences at lower quantiles, which are indicative of passive smoking compared to higher quantiles, which are indicative of active smoking. On the other hand, the composition effect of household income and parental smoking explains more of the socioeconomic differences in active smoking compared to passive smoking. Chapter 4 uses the Vietnam Young Lives Survey to investigate the impact of small-scale weather shocks on child nutritional status as well as the mechanism through which weather shocks affect child nutritional status. The results shows that small-scale weather shocks negatively affect child nutritional status and total household per capita consumption and expenditure (PCCE) but not food PCCE. Disaggregating total food PCCE into consumption of high-nutrient and energy-rich food shows that households protect food consumption by decreasing consumption of high-nutrient food and increasing consumption of affordable but low quality food. This suggests that the impact of small-scale weather shocks on child health is mediated through a reduction in the quality of dietary intake. Finally, chapter 4 shows evidence of a differential impact of weather shocks in children from different socioeconomic backgrounds. However, contrary to other studies, the impact of weather shocks is observed to be greater amongst children from wealthier households compared to children from poorer households.

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14

Mackalo, Muhammad L. "Recommendations for Administering a Smoking Cessation Program at a State University". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2001. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/627.

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According to the American Medical Association (AMA), smoking is the greatest cause of preventable illness and death in the United States. In 1997, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) stated that 29% of college students reported current cigarette use. The purpose of this study is to assess students' responses toward administering a smoking cessation program at a state university. This study was conducted at a state university where the researcher surveyed 319 students using a 27-item questionnaire. The survey questions include student demographics; age first smoked; frequency and amount of smoking; places they smoked the most; how soon they smoked after waking up; methods and attempts to quit; and perceptions regarding smoking and their health. Results from the study found statistically significant associations between smoking and the variables: academic classification and attempts to quit. However, there were no significant associations between smoking and age, gender, ethnicity, and residence. Other findings indicated that more than half of student smokers were female and more than half of student smokers were also in the first three years of college. Lack of time and cost were the main factors given as preventing smokers from receiving assistance from the university's smoking cessation program. In addition, student smokers reported shortness of breath, bad breath, stained teeth, decreased sense of smell and taste, increased heart rate, and loss of appetite. Recommendations include assessment, policy development, and assurance. Assessment helps to develop goals and objectives of the smoking cessation program. At the same time, it indicates the strengths and weaknesses of the program. The development of policies must be enforced to reduce or control the number of student smokers, especially in the dormitories. Finally, student smokers willing to receive assistance from the program must be assured that the services provided are free, safe, and efficient.

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15

Haste, Frances M. "The effects of smoking on the nutritional status of women in pregnancy". Thesis, University of London, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296844.

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16

Kailawadoko, Samuela Kannitha Chamroonsawasdi. "Smoking status among final year students at Ratchamonkon College, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand. /". Abstract, 2003. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2546/4537454.pdf.

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17

Wan, Li. "P50 Sensory Gating: Impact of High Vs Low Schizotypy Personality and Smoking Status". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35002.

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Sensory gating helps prevent incoming irrelevant sensory information from entering into the higher cortex and ensures normal information processing. Sensory gating is seen as the ability of the nervous system to modulate its sensitivity to incoming stimuli (Braff & Geyer, 1990; Adler, Olincy, Waldo, Harris & Griffith, et al., 1998). Smoking tobacco can facilitate early sensory gating in schizophrenics, and enhance prepulse inhibition asymmetry (right greater than left) in individuals with schizotypal personality.

The purpose of this study was to test the following hypotheses: 1) Individuals with schizotypal personalities have poorer sensory gating than those without them. 2) Among individuals with schizotypy (high schizotypy), those who smoke have better sensory gating than those who do not smoke; among those without schizotypy (low schizotypy), smokers will demonstrate better sensory gating. 3) After abstaining, schizotypal smokers will show increased sensory gating due to smoking. 4) Individuals with schizotypy will show greater P50 deficits in the left hemisphere, and smoking can enhance this asymmetry (left greater than right).

From 613 online-surveyed participants, 39 (18 men) right-handed undergraduates (Mean age = 18.87) were selected to represent four groups: High and Low Schizotypy, half of which were smokers, and half were non-smokers. Smokers were tested while abstaining and after smoking. Non-smokers were tested twice in the same manner without smoking. P50 sensory gating, P50 amplitude and P50 latency were analyzed separately at frontal (F3, F4, Fz), fronto-central (FC3, FC4, FCz), central (C3, C4, Cz), centro-parietal (CP3, CP4, Cpz) and parietal (P3, P4, Pz) regions.

With respect to the hypotheses of the study, it was found that: 1) Sensory gating, as assessed by S2 (P50-N40)/S1 (P50-N40), was greater at frontal-central and central regions in comparison to mid-frontal and parietal regions. 2) Furthermore, sensory gating was significantly greater at midline than left or right hemispheres. 3) Condition 1 showed better sensory gating than Condition 2. 4) The High Schizotypy group showed poorer sensory gating than the Low Schizotypy group among non-smokers. 5) Smokers showed poorer sensory gating than non-smokers in the Low Schizotypy group.

In terms of P50 amplitude, it was found that: 1) FCz and Cz showed the highest P50 amplitude, greater than all other sites. 2) S1 had higher P50 amplitude than S2. 3) The low schizotypy individuals had significantly greater P50 amplitude in the left than in the right fronto-central region, but the high schizotypy individuals showed more P50 amplitude in the right hemisphere than did the low schizotypy individuals. 4) Smokers showed a greater left than right P50 amplitude in centro-parietal region, whereas the non-smokers showed the opposite asymmetry with a greater right than left P50 amplitude in central, centro-parietal and parietal regions.

In terms of P50 latency, it was found that: 1) The P50 latency became significantly slower from posterior to anterior sites. 2) In HiS/S and LoS/NS groups, Condition1 was faster than Condition 2. In LoS/S and HiS/NS groups, Condition1 was slower than Condition 2. 3) Among smokers, left hemisphere latency was shorter than right hemisphere for S1, but for S2, left hemisphere was slower than right hemisphere. Among non-smokers, left and right hemisphere latencies were almost the same for S1 and S2.

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18

Kenemer, John B. "An Evaluation of the State Tobacco Activities Tracking and Evaluation (STATE) System: Cross-Promoting Healthy People 2020". Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/235.

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The State Tobacco Activities Tracking and Evaluation (STATE) System is an interactive web-based application and data tool providing up-to-date state-level information related to tobacco use. Indicators in STATE present data related to current and former tobacco use, smoking cessation, funding, tobacco-related health costs, and tobacco control policies. The STATE System also serves as a primary data source for many objectives in Healthy People 2020’s Tobacco Use chapter. Currently, there is no common thread between access to information pertaining to Healthy People 2020 objectives and STATE System data. For this reason, a comprehensive evaluation was conducted of the STATE System’s individual reports and static web-content as it relates to Healthy People 2020 objectives. Implications for research and evaluation are intended to educate the Office on Smoking and Health’s staff & colleagues in the states, networks, and territories on identifiable, cross-promotional opportunities that highlight both state and national data.

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19

Damron, Karen R. "An Examination of Maternal Stress and Secondhand Smoke Exposure on Perinatal Smoking Status". UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/nursing_etds/23.

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The median prevalence of smoking among women of childbearing age in the United States is 22.4%. Of women who identify themselves as smokers in the three months prior to conception, 55% quit during pregnancy; however, 40% of those who quit relapse and return to smoking within six months after delivery. Smoking has been identified as an important means of stress management among smokers in general, and though limited to the perinatal period, pregnancy-specific stress adds to a woman’s typical day-to-day stress burden. Little data exists as to the effect of SHS exposure on smoking status during pregnancy and the impact of SHS exposure on the maternal perception of stress is unknown. Due to limited evidence, a critical need exists to examine the relationships of perceived maternal stress, SHS exposure, and perinatal smoking status in order to better understand perinatal smoking behaviors. The purposes of this dissertation were to: 1) evaluate the literature examining the relationship between the variables of maternal stress, SHS exposure, and perinatal smoking status; 2) determine the reliability and validity of the Everyday Stressors Index (ESI) use in pregnant women; and 3) to investigate the impacts of maternal perception of everyday stress, and SHS exposure on perinatal smoking status. Evidence obtained from the critical review of the literature supported an association between psychosocial stress and smoking during pregnancy or postpartum. Little information regarding the role of SHS exposure on perinatal smoking status was discovered. Psychometric testing of the ESI demonstrated strong internal consistency reliability, and factor analysis yielded three factors capturing three important domains of everyday stress. SHS exposure emerged as the most significant predictor of smoking status. Persistent smokers/relapsers had the highest ESI scores, followed by quitters, and then nonsmokers. While ESI means decreased in all smoking status groups from the first to the third trimester, the magnitude of decrease was not predictive. A significant interaction effect of SHS exposure in the home and decrease in ESI score occurred in the quit group only with quitters 1.14 times more likely to experience a decrease in ESI score compared to smokers/relapsers.

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20

Colwell, Gregory. "Adolescent Smoking Status and Socioeconomic Dependence on the Tobacco Crop in Southeastern Kentucky". TopSCHOLAR®, 1988. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1912.

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The purpose of the study was to quantify the relationship between adolescent smoking and economic dependence on the tobacco crop. A survey of 1322 students from a random sample of all secondary schools in four counties in southeastern Kentucky was performed. The survey gathered information concerning smoking behavior and social variables. Chi-square analysis was performed to assess the relationships between these variables in students from families who worked with tobacco and families who did not. Chi square analysis of female adolescent smoking behavior revealed a significant association between the instances of adolescent smoking and age, friend smoking status and sibling smoking status in both families who grew or worked with tobacco and families who did not. The only difference noted between the groups was in females from non-tobacco growing families whose smoking behavior was also significantly associated with mother smoking behavior. Assessment of males demonstrated no differences between those from tobacco growing families and those from non-tobacco families. In both groups smoking was significantly associated with age, friend smoking status and sibling smoking status.

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21

Haukkala, Ari. "Depressive symptoms and hostility in relation to socioeconomic status, smoking cessation, and obesity". Helsinki : University of Helsinki, 2002. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/val/sosps/vk/haukkala/.

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22

Wang, Ke-Sheng, Liang Wang, Shimin Zheng y Long-Yang Wu. "Associations of Smoking Status and Serious Psychological Distress with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/39.

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Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been a major public health problem due to its high prevalence, morbidity, and mortality. Smoking is a major risk factor for COPD, while serious psychological distress (SPD) is prevalent among COPD patients. However, no study focusing on the effect of SPD on COPD has been so far conducted, while few studies have focused on the associations of SPD and behavioral factors with COPD by smoking status. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the associations of SPD and behavioral factors (such as smoking and physical activity) with COPD. Materials and Methods: Weighted logistic regression models were used for the analysis of 1,248 cases and 39,995 controls from the 2005 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS). Results: The prevalence of SPD was 10% in cases and 4% in controls, respectively. The percentages of past and current smoking were higher in cases than controls (50% vs. 24% and 27% vs. 15%, respectively). After adjusting for other factors, smoking (OR = 4.56, 95% CI = 3.41-6.11 and OR = 3.24, 95% CI = 2.57-4.08 for current and past smoking, respectively), physical activity (OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.55-0.87), obesity (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.03-1.52), older age (OR = 2.86, 95% CI = 2.15-3.82, and OR = 5.97, 95% CI = 4.42-8.08 for middle-aged and elder groups, respectively), SPD (OR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.47-3.04), employment (OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.51-0.76), race (OR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.23-0.54, OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.36-0.97, and OR = 0.47, 95% CI=0.29-0.75 for Latino, Asian, and African American, respectively) and lower federal poverty level (OR=1.89, 95% CI = 1.35-2.63, OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.27-2.14, and OR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.12-1.72 for 0-99% FPL, 100-199% FPL and 200-299% FPL, respectively) were all associated with COPD (P < 0.05). Age group, SPD, race, and employment showed significant interactions with smoking status. Stratified by smoking status, aging was the only risk factor for COPD in the never smoking group; whereas, lack of physical activity, older age, SPD, race, unemployment, and lower federal poverty level were associated with COPD in the smoking groups. Conclusions: Smoking and aging were major risk factors for COPD, while lack of physical activity and SPD were strongly associated with COPD in the smoking groups.

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23

Duong, Phuc Lam Nate Hongkrailert. "Smoking behavior and status among medical doctors in Cantho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam /". Abstract, 2005. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2548/cd375/4737967.pdf.

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24

Siddall, Andrew George. "Influence of habitual smoking on physiological status, physical performance adaptation and injury risk during initial military training". Thesis, University of Bath, 2013. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.575507.

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Cigarette smoking has been reported to be prevalent in military training populations, and associated with lower cardiorespiratory fitness and higher risk of training-related injury. However, it is unclear whether habitual smoking impairs development of physical fitness. It is possible that smoking-induced alterations in oxidative stress, inflammation and hormone balance may disrupt training adaptation in smokers. The aim of this programme of work was to identify the influences of smoking on physical performance adaptation, selected biomarkers and injury risk in a military trainee population. The first study established that habitual smokers comprised 48% of a cohort of 2087 trainees. Upon closer examination, both at entry (Study 2) and during 10 weeks of training (Study 3) smokers exhibited chronically elevated oxidative stress and, after commencement of training, evidence of significantly higher resting inflammation compared with non-smokers. Throughout the full duration of training, performance of smokers in military physical fitness tests was significantly worse than non-smokers (Study 4), but neither muscular adaptation nor physical performance improvement were impaired in smokers in the early stages (10-14 weeks) or over the full duration (26 weeks) of training. It was expected that smokers would experience greater acute inflammatory responses to exercise but neither these, nor hormonal responses, differed between smokers and non-smokers in response to consecutive days of military field exercise (Study 5). In addition to poorer physical performance in smokers, training-related injury incidence was higher in smokers than non-smokers, specifically injuries attributed to overuse (Study 6). Overall, smoking appears to cause some physiological alterations which, while not impairing adaptation to training, may have adverse implications on health outcomes. Although the specific underlying mechanisms are unclear, habitual smokers exhibit greater injury risk and typically lower physical fitness than non-smoking counterparts.

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25

Engel, Lawrence Stuart. "Parkinsonism and pesticide exposure among rural residents of Washington State /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10939.

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26

Miller, Nancy. "Effect of age cohorts and time on smoking status among Missouri adults, 1987-1999 /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3036847.

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27

Sakki, T. (Tero). "Lifestyle and oral health of 55-year-olds". Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 1999. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514252659.

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Abstract Oral diseases are, to a notable extent, behavioral diseases. The concept of lifestyle makes it possible to study behavior in a broad sense. The aim was to study the association of lifestyle with oral health and dental health behavior. All of the 1,012 55-year-old citizens of Oulu were invited to a clinical examination, and 780 of them participated. A lifestyle variable to measure health orientation was constructed. Smoking, alcohol consumption, dietary habits and physical activity were used as indicators of lifestyle. The association of lifestyle with dental caries, periodontal health, denture stomatitis and dental health behavior was studied with a cross-sectional design. An unhealthy lifestyle was associated with a higher number of dental decay, periodontal pockets and a higher prevalence of denture stomatitis. Lifestyle accounted for a large part of the differences between socioeconomic groups and between men and women in number of dental decay and periodontal pockets. An unhealthy lifestyle was associated with an increased prevalence of denture stomatitis in yeast carriers. A higher toothbrushing frequency and the use of extra cleaning methods were related to healthier lifestyle. Socioeconomic status was more important than lifestyle as a determinant of dental visits. Smoking was associated with higher lactobacillus counts and the presence of yeasts in saliva. Lifestyle explained a great part of the differences between the socioeconomic groups and between men and women in oral health. It seems that part of the association between oral and general health can be explained by lifestyle. It is important to control for general lifestyle when the biological connections between oral and general health are studied.

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28

Hussain, Manzoor. "The role of family in adolescent smoking. Social influences and implications for social policy". Thesis, University of Bradford, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5765.

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Smoking in childhood and adolescence is associated with a range of health issues, as is the exposure of young people to the second hand smoke of their parents and other family members. The initiation of smoking in adolescence is also associated with an increased risk of smoking in adulthood and all the subsequent health problems that are attached to this. Whilst smoking rates in adolescent have fallen in recent years there remains a significant number of adolescent who initiate smoking every year, and this risk is higher in certain groups such as those from areas of low socio-economic status. Under-age adolescents also continue to be able to obtain cigarettes despite recent changes in legislation and availability. Social influence has been identified as a major causal factor of initiation of adolescent smoking. This can take place in a number of settings, including the home, at school and in the community. Whilst the evidence for the relative effects of these sources of influence is mixed there is an overall lack of research in the UK on familial influences and factors. A survey of 100 adolescents was conducted for the current study at a local college and included items on smoking behaviour, family structure and several other factors. No overall significant effects of parental attitudes were found. However in light of the existing literature recommendations are made to further research family and home influences and to develop anti-smoking health education strategies which more fully take these factors into account.

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29

Dassanayake, B. M. C. Kannitha Chamroonsawasdi. "Factors related to smoking status among first year male students in Mahidol University Salaya Campus Thailand /". Abstract, 2003. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2546/4537466.pdf.

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30

Liu, Aihua 1970. "Predictors of smoking cessation in adults from two low socio-economic status communities in Montreal, Canada". Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98752.

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Objectives. Few studies have identified longitudinal predictors of smoking cessation in disadvantaged communities. This study identified predictors of cessation in a 5-year longitudinal cohort of adults aged 18-65 years and living in low-income, inner-city neighborhoods of Montreal, Canada.
Methods. Secondary analysis of data from the non-randomized evaluation of Coeur en Sante St. Henri, a community-based intervention program designed to decrease cardiovascular disease risk (CVD) factors. Data on lifestyle behaviors were collected in telephone interviews of a representative sample of residents at baseline and five years later. Independent predictors of cessation were identified among 303 subjects who smoked at baseline, using multiple logistic regression.
Results. After 5 years, 20% of baseline smokers reported quitting including 22% of female smokers, and 17% of male smokers. From among 7 potential predictors only two were retained in multivariable analysis, including having a post-secondary or higher education relative to secondary school or less (OR=1.88, 95%CI: 1.01-3.51), and number of cigarettes smoked per day (OR=0.95, 95%CI: 0.91-0.98).
Conclusions. Few predictors of cessation emerged in this disadvantaged community. It is notable that even in a disadvantaged community, increased education predicts cessation. Improved understanding of the mechanisms by which education leads to higher quit rates may help the development of cessation programs targeting disadvantaged communities.

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31

Davis, Danielle. "Comparing The Effects Of Menthol Status On The Behavioral Pharmacology Of Smoking Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes". ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2017. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/762.

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Introduction: An active area of tobacco regulatory science research focuses on examining the effects of varying the nicotine content of cigarettes as part of a potential national policy to lower their nicotine content levels to reduce addiction potential. The present study examines differences in the behavioral effects of reduced nicotine content cigarettes related to their menthol status. Menthol is the only cigarette flavoring that is still legally permissible according to Food and Drug administration regulations. Methods: Participants were 26 current adult smokers from three populations especially vulnerable to tobacco use and addiction (economically disadvantaged women, opioid-dependent individuals, individuals with affective disorders) dichotomized as menthol (n=11) or non-menthol (n=15) smokers. Participants completed 14 experimental sessions following acute smoking abstinence (CO<50% baseline level). Across sessions, participants smoked four Spectrum research cigarettes (22nd Century Group, Clarence, NY) with varying nicotine content levels (0.4mg/g, 2.4 mg/g, 5.2 mg/g, 15.8 mg/g) or their usual brand cigarette. Research cigarettes were mentholated or non-mentholated corresponding to participants usual brand. Upon completion of smoking, participants completed tasks measuring reinforcing efficacy, subjective effects, topography, and withdrawal and craving measures. Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance was used for all analyses (p<.05). Results: Main effects of menthol status, as well as interactions of nicotine dose and menthol were noted across subscales of subjective effects and direct assessments of reinforcing efficacy. Usual brand mentholated cigarettes produced a profile of equal or greater relative reinforcing effects than usual brand non-mentholated cigarettes, while mentholated research cigarettes produced a profile of effects that fell below (i.e., lower relative reinforcing effects compared to usual brand or non-mentholated cigarettes) those of non-mentholated research cigarettes. Conclusions: Mentholated research cigarettes produce a lower profile of reinforcing and subjective effects, without discernible differences in smoking topography. The potential impact of mentholation on reinforcing efficacy and subjective effects should be considered when using Spectrum research cigarettes.

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32

Zatu, Mandlenkosi Caswell. "Smoking and vascular dysfunction in African and Caucasian people from South Africa / M.C. Zatu". Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4349.

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Solovan-Gleason, Donna F. "Attributes of Successful Smoking Interventions For Pregnant Women Attending Public Health Clinics in The State of Ohio /". The Ohio State University, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487928649989174.

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34

Sato, Susumu. "Optimal cutoff level of breath carbon monoxide for assessing smoking status in patients with asthma and COPD". Kyoto University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/147529.

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35

Hingtgen, Marla. "An investigation of stress, self-efficacy, and social support as predictors of smoking status for postpartum women". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280116.

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The basis for the present research stems from concerns for women who smoke after they deliver their infants. This becomes especially relevant when behaviors that affect the woman's health and the health of her infant are jeopardized. Based on the tenets of Bandura's social-cognitive theory, factors associated with cigarette smoking for this population emerge. Self-efficacy theory, a major component of social-cognitive behavior, supports the contention that self-efficacy is a major component to self-regulation of one's behavior and applicable to smoking cessation for women in the postpartum period. For this study, a cognitive-behavioral model of smoking status was developed in order to examine the role of self-efficacy in the smoking process. Stress and social support, known to be associated with levels of self-efficacy, have been included in the model to understand their relationship to postpartum women and smoking status. Data for this analysis was obtained from a follow-up study of 103 of the 385 eligible women who were one year or more postpartum and who were previously enrolled in a randomized clinical trial known as the Perinatal Education Program (PEP, N = 469). As proposed by the model, results indicate remote from delivery time (12 months or more postpartum), self-efficacy is a mediating factor in the stress smoking relationship. However, social support was not found to moderate self-efficacy and the smoking relationship. As a whole, when comparing women who currently smoke and women who quit or never smoke, higher stress, lower number of supportive individuals, and a partner who smokes were significantly related to a woman's increased likelihood to be a smoker.

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36

Paikertová, Sylvie. "Přináší kouření cigaret státu větší výnos, než je výše nákladů z kouření?" Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-124954.

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The main goal of this thesis is to revise the view of tobacco issues and try to answer the question where ends and where begins costs and revenues from tobacco consumption from the perspective of state budget. Thesis defines own model, which try to identify some distortions from the reality, revising controversial Phillip Morris study (Little (2001)). The results of testing reveal inconsistent approach in calculating effects of smoking on the state budget, especially non-standard arrangement of revenue side of the state budget. Analysis also uncovers systematic overestimation of selected cost items of the state budget. The work is extended by the practical part, which discuss methodology of calculation of foreign papers and applies some findings to the Czech environment. Analysis is based on the principle of expenditure-based cost, which quantifies the limits of revenues and expenses from smoking for the end of 2010.

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37

Carrington, Joanna. "The effects of smoking status and ventilation upon environmental tobacco smoke concentrations in UK public houses and bars". Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.392837.

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38

Smith, Sericea Stallings. "The public health benefits of smoking ban policies : epidemiologic analyses of mortality effects and differentials by socioeconomic status". Thesis, Brunel University, 2013. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/8249.

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Background: The implementation of comprehensive smoking ban policies results in reduced population exposure to secondhand smoke, yielding health benefits such as improved respiratory function and decreased risk of cardiovascular events. However, smoking ban effects on respiratory and cerebrovascular mortality and effect differences by socioeconomic status (SES) are unknown. Methods: A literature review was conducted to understand the health benefits of smoking ban policies and to identify areas of research that needed to be addressed. Subsequently, an epidemiologic study employing an interrupted time-series approach was conducted with a national mortality dataset from the Republic of Ireland to determine effects following the implementation of the national workplace smoking ban. Irish census data were used to calculate frequencies of deprivation at the level of the local authority and principal component analysis was conducted to generate a composite SES index. To determine whether the smoking ban policy impacted inequalities, Poisson regression with interrupted time-series analysis was conducted to examine mortality rates, stratified by tertiles of discrete SES indicators and the composite index. Results: The review identified strong evidence for post-ban reductions in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and suggestive evidence of reductions in respiratory morbidity following smoking ban implementation. Few studies assessed ban effects by SES and findings were inconsistent; hence, insufficient evidence was available to determine smoking ban policy impacts on health inequalities. Epidemiologic analyses demonstrated that the national Irish smoking ban was associated with immediate reductions in early mortality for cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory causes. Further analyses by discrete socioeconomic indicators and a composite index indicated that the national Irish smoking ban was associated with decreased inequalities in smoking-related mortality. Conclusions: Smoking ban policies are effective public health interventions for the prevention of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory mortality. Furthermore, findings indicate that smoking ban policies have the potential to reduce inequalities in mortality.

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39

Wilkins, Phyllis Elaine. "What are the factors that predict cigarette smoking among African-American adults?" CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1994. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/970.

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The psychosocial and cultural predictors of cigarette smoking were examined among a sample of 175 African-American adults. Participants completed a self-report inventory containing the Beck Depression Inventory, the Perceived Stress Scale, the Speilberger State-Trait Anxiety, the African-American Acculturation Scale, and questions regarding their smoking, demographics, and risk-taking tendencies.

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40

Riala, K. (Kaisa). "Adolescent predictors of adult social and psychiatric adversities:a prospective follow-up study of the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort". Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2004. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514274954.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate, using a longitudinal design, the possible long-term effects of adolescent family background, school performance and substance use on educational performance, psychiatric disorders and substance use related problems during adulthood. A large, prospectively collected general population birth cohort (n = 11017), the Northern Finland 1966 Birth cohort, was used as study population. The database provided information on features of the primary family. The information on the cohort members' school performance, smoking, alcohol use and other substance use was obtained from a questionnaire mailed to the cohort members in 1980. Also information on school performance in various school subjects was obtained at the end of compulsory schooling at the age of 16. The level of education by the age of 31 was gathered from the national Registry of Educational Statistics in Finland. The relevant data for drunk driving offences were collected from the Ministry of Justice files. The Finnish Hospital Discharge Register was used to identify all hospital-treated psychiatric patients. Parental divorce increased the risk of adult educational underachievement. Other family background factors such as unwanted pregnancy, low maternal education and large family size were also associated with low adult educational performance. A history of drunk driving offences was associated both with impaired school performance in adolescence and with educational underachievement in early adulthood. Adolescent regular alcohol use, smoking and other substance use increased the risk for drunk driving offences and hospital-treated substance use disorders in adulthood. The smoking rate among psychiatric patients was about 1.5 times higher than among control subjects without psychiatric hospital treatment. The proportion of smokers was about 50% among subjects with schizophrenia. The initiation age of regular smoking was closely related to the age of onset of schizophrenia, but not to other mental disorders. Among schizophrenia patients the increased likelihood of smoking was associated with paternal smoking in the family environment, but not with any other background factors. Low overall mean scores and low combined mathematical and natural science scores at the end of compulsory school were associated with adult regular smoking among schizophrenia patients. This study gives new information on risk factors that affect educational attainment, substance use related problems and psychiatric morbidity within the developmental pathway from adolescence to adulthood.

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41

Awasthi, Manul, Ogbebor Enaholo Omoike, Timir Kumar Paul, Stanley Lee Ridner y Hadii Mohammed Mamudu. "An association between smoking status and homocysteine levels and whether this association is modified by sex hormones and cholesterol". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2019/schedule/47.

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Background/objective: Environmental and dietary exposures alter the levels of homocysteine in the human body; little is known about the effect of smoking status on homocysteine levels. This study aimed to examine the effect of smoking status on homocysteine levels and to determine if the association is modified by estradiol and cholesterol. Methods: National representative data (n=4,580) were obtained for adults aged ≥20 years. The outcome was homocysteine and exposure was smoking status, categorized as current, former or never smoker. Current smoker defined as a person who smoked ≥100 cigarettes in their lifetime and at least once in the last month; former smoker- one who had smoked ≥100 cigarettes and had quit smoking at the time of the interview; never smoker- adult who never smoked cigarettes in their lifetime. General linear models (GLM) were used to examine the associations between smoking status and homocysteine levels; while assessing the impact of estradiol and cholesterol. Estradiol was stratified as low (/ml), normal (10-40 pg/mL), and high (>40 pg/ml). Cholesterol- stratified as normal (<200mg/dl) or high (≥200mg/dl). Results: Adjusting for age, gender, ethnicity, education, and income level, smoking status was associated with the levels of serum homocysteine using unadjusted GLM (p0.05). Adjusting for multiple comparisons using Tukey’s method, there were statistically significant differences between former smokers and never smokers (p Conclusion: Homocysteine levels were found to vary among smoking strata. Statistically significant differences exist between former smokers and never smokers. Former smokers may be more prone to having risk factors of elevated homocysteine levels compared to never and current smokers, putting them at risk of cerebrovascular accidents and acute coronary syndromes. These findings suggest that it is vital for people not to initiate smoking. Keywords: Smoking, Homocysteine, Sex hormones, Estradiol, Cholesterol.

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42

Abdulkarim, Kayigire Xavier. "Does maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation change the oxidant-antioxidant status of the lungs of the offsprings and is tomato juice protecting the lungs of the offsprings?" Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1431_1277678988.

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Nicotine exposure to the fetus through tobacco smoking or nicotine replacement therapy during the whole period of gestation and lactation causes diverse effects on fetal and neonatal lung development, integrity and maturation which compromise the gas exchange function of the lungs and renders this vital organ susceptible to gradual damage and different diseases in latter life. Maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation results in gradual destruction of the lung parenchyma, and this leads to the combination of many small air sacs in one bigger alveoli which is a sign of emphysema. Many researchers speculated that the way in which, nicotine causes emphysema and other damage, is by inducing the formation of many reactive oxygen species (ROS), and creating an imbalance between the oxidants and the antioxidants of the body, which is termed oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of nicotine exposure on the lung of the fetal and neonate rat during gestation and lactation as gas exchanger, and also to see whether the supplementation of tomato juice containing lycopene, a powerful carotenoid antioxidant could protect the lungs against these effects of maternal nicotine exposure.

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43

Owens, Troy Jean-Luc. "Assessment of Vitamin D Levels and Depression Among Adults in the United States". ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/362.

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Vitamin D is essential to optimizing health; vitamin D deficiency (VDD) can increase risk of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and insulin resistance. VDD occurs when individuals do not receive sufficient oral intake or obtain adequate sun exposure. Previous researchers indicated there is a relationship between VDD and depression, while others have indicated there is no relationship. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between vitamin D levels and depression, and how this relationship might be moderated by an individual's demographic characteristics (gender, age, smoking status, or marital status). This study was a quantitative data analysis of archival data from the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The Health Belief Model was the theoretical framework. An ex-post facto exploratory analysis was used to test 2,623 adults located throughout the United States. Employing moderated multiple regression, a significant relationship was found between vitamin D levels and depression (p. < .001); however, the relationship was not moderated by demographic characteristics (gender, age, smoking status, or marital status). This study supports prior researchers who affirmed a correlation between vitamin D levels and depression. Given the definitive findings, practitioners should continue to recommend intake of vitamin D to individuals not meeting recommended daily dosages, but recommendations should not be based on gender, age, smoking status, or marital status. Understanding the connection between VDD and depression provides a basis on which to foster positive social change at the individual, family, organizational, and societal level.

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44

Wynia, Katie Ann. "The Spatial Distribution of Tobacco Pipe Fragments at the Hudson's Bay Company Fort Vancouver Village Site: Smoking as a Shared and Social Practice". PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1085.

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This thesis represents one of the first systematic, detailed spatial analyses of artifacts at the mid-19th century Hudson's Bay Company's Fort Vancouver Village site, and of clay tobacco pipe fragments in general. Historical documents emphasize the multi-cultural nature of the Village, but archaeologically there appears to be little evidence of ethnicity (Kardas 1971; Chance and Chance 1976; Thomas and Hibbs 1984:723). Following recent approaches to cultural interaction in which researchers examined the nuanced uses of material culture (Lightfoot et al 1998; Martindale 2009; Voss 2008); this study analyzed the spatial distribution of tobacco pipe fragments for behavioral information through a practice theory approach (Bourdieu 1977; Ortner 2006). The analysis aimed to determine the role of tobacco smoking in the Village. It evaluated tobacco smoking as a significant and social behavior, the visibility of maintenance behaviors in the clay pipe distributions, and evidence of ethnic variation in tobacco consumption. Spatial patterning characteristics were compiled from the few behavioral studies of clay pipe fragments (Davies 2011; Fox 1998: Hamilton 1990; Hartnett 2004; Hoffman and Ross 1973, 1974; King and Miller 1987), and indications of ethnic specific behaviors from archaeological and historical evidence (Burley et al 1992; Jacobs 1958; Jameson 2007). Distributional maps examined three pipe assemblage characteristics: fragment frequency, use wear fragment frequency, and the bowl to stem fragment ratio, to define smoking locations on the Village landscape. Visibility of maintenance and refuse disposal behaviors in the size distribution of fragments was measured through the Artifact Size Index (ASI) (Bon Harper and McReynolds 2011). This analysis also tested two possible indications of ethnic variation: differential use of stone vs. clay pipes, and consumption rates as reflected through clay pipe assemblages. The commonality of tobacco smoking locations across the landscape suggests a significant, social, and shared practice between households. Analysis of maintenance behaviors and ethnic variation proved inconclusive. This study demonstrates the value of spatially analyzing clay pipe fragment distributions for behavioral information. The insight gained from examining multiple spatial patterns suggests future studies can benefit from analyzing the spatial distribution of diagnostic characteristics of pipes and other artifact types.

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45

Aquino, Davi Romeiro. "Ocorrência de patógenos periodontais na cavidade bucal humana: relação com status periodontal, idade e tabagismo". Universidade de Taubaté, 2009. http://www.bdtd.unitau.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=402.

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Hipótese do estudo: Esse estudo hipotetizou que o fator idade e a condição periodontal pessoal e/ou materna favorecem a ocorrência de patógenos periodontais, enquanto o tabagismo não a influencia. Objetivo: Avaliar a relação do fator idade, status periodontal e tabagismo sobre a presença de A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, T. forsythia e C. rectus. E, o impacto do status periodontal materno sobre a ocorrência destas mesmas espécies em recém-nascidos.Metodologia: Para responder à questão relativa à idade, na primeira fase do estudo, independente da condição periodontal foram incluídos 330 indivíduos alocados em seis faixas etárias: recém-nascidos, crianças de 2,5 a 5 anos, crianças de 6 a 12 anos, adolescentes de 13 a 18 anos, adultos de 19 a 44 anos e adultos acima de 55 anos. Na segunda fase do estudo, na qual os fatores status periodontal e tabagismo foram considerados, selecionaram-se mais 76 pares mães/recém-nascidos (33 filhos de mães com periodontite e 43 de mães sem periodontite), adicionando-se ainda 112 crianças periodontalmente saudáveis, 109 crianças com gengivite, 40 adultos periodontalmente saudável (21 fumantes e 19 não fumantes) e 111 indivíduos com periodontite (53 fumantes e 58 não fumantes). Os parâmetros clínicos periodontais avaliados foram profundidade de sondagem e nível clínico de inserção (adolescentes e adultos), e, índice de placa e sangramento gengival (adultos, adolescentes e crianças). Amostras subgengivais foram coletadas dos participantes dentados enquanto amostras não dentárias foram coletadas de todos os grupos e todas processadas por PCR. Resultados: Considerando-se todos os grupos C. rectus foi a bactéria mais freqüente chegando a atingir prevalências de 98%. A ocorrência de P. gingivalis, P.intermedia, A. actinomycetemcomitans e T. forsythia foi mais elevada dentre os recém-nascidos filhos de mães com periodontite. Crianças com gengivite alocaram mais P. gingivalis no sulco (99,1%) e mucosa (97,2%) do que crianças periodontalmente saudáveis (67,5% e 64,8%, respectivamente). A análise intra-grupo de adultos periodontalmente saudáveis ou doentes não revelou diferenças estatisticamente significativas em relação a presença bacteriana comparando-se fumantes e não fumantes. Conclusões: A colonização bucal por patógenos periodontais ocorre precocemente e se altera ao longo da vida, sendo muitas vezes direcionada pela presença dos elementos dentários que no presente estudo influenciou sobretudo a ocorrência de P. gingivalis, P. intermedia e T. forsythia. Outra observação importante foi a de que a condição periodontal materna influenciou a colonização por patógenos periodontais em recém-nascidos. Similarmente, o status periodontal infantil acarretou aumento nas freqüências bacterianas. Finalmente, o tabagismo não alterou os perfis microbiológicos observados.
Study hypothesis: The current study hypothesized that age and personal and/or maternal periodontal status favor the occurrence of periodontal pathogens, whereas tobacco use does not. Aim: To evaluate the relation between age, periodontal status and smoking and the presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, T. forsythia and C. rectus. Also, the impact of the mothers periodontal status on the occurrence of the same species in newborns. Methodology: In order to elucidate whats the age contribution, in the first stage of the study, regardless of periodontal status, 330 individuals were allocated in six age groups: newborns, children from 2.5 to 5 years, children from 6 to 12 years, adolescents from 13 to 18 years, adults from 19 to 44 years and adults over 55 years. In the second stage of the study, in which periodontal status and smoking were considered, another 76 mother/newborn pairs were chosen (33 sons of periodontitis mothers and 43 of no periodontitis mothers), another 112 periodontally healthy children, 109 gingivitis children, 40 periodontally healthy adults (21 smokers and 19 non-smokers) and 111 periodontitis subjects (53 smokers and 58 non-smokers) were added. The periodontal clinical parameters evaluated were probing depth and clinical attachment level (adolescents and adults), and, plaque index and gingival bleeding index (adults, adolescents and children). Subgingival samples were collected from dentate participants whereas non dental samples were collected from each group and were PCR-processed. Results: C. rectus was the most frequent bacterium for all groups, reaching 98% prevalence. The occurrence of P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, A. actinomycetemcomitans and T. forsythia was higher among newborns that are sons of mothers with periodontitis. Children with gingivitis allocated more P. gingivalis in the sulcus (99.1%) and mucosa (97.2%) than periodontally healthy children (67.5% and 64.8%, respectively). The intra-group analysis of periodontally healthy or diseased adults did not reveal statistically significant differences, when smokers and non-smokers were compared. Conclusions: Oral colonization by periodontal pathogens happens early in life and alters overtime, being many times guided tooth presence that, in the current study, influenced, above all, the occurrence of P. gingivalis, P. intermedia and T. forsythia. Another relevant finding was that the maternal periodontal status did influence the occurrence of periodontal pathogens in newborns. Similarly, the childhood periodontal status allowed increased bacterial frequencies. Finally, tobacco use did not alter the observed microbiological profiles.

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46

Deffler, Rebecca Ann. "Socioeconomic factors related to visual outcomes in patients with age-related macular degeneration". The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1555523090849182.

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47

Sartor, Carolyn E., Angela M. Haeny, Manik Ahuja y Kathleen K. Bucholz. "Social Class Discrimination as a predictor of first cigarette use and transition to nicotine use disorder in Black and White youth". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2021. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/8840.

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Purpose: To characterize the association of social class discrimination with the timing of first cigarette use and progression to DSM-IV nicotine dependence (ND) in Black and White youth, examining variation by race, parent vs. youth experiences of discrimination, socioeconomic status (SES), and stage of smoking. Methods: Data were drawn from 1461 youth (55.2% Black, 44.8% White; 50.2% female) and mothers in a high-risk family study of alcohol use disorder and related conditions. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were conducted, using youth’s and mother’s social class discrimination to predict first cigarette use and progression to ND, stratifying by race. Interactions between discrimination and SES indicators (parental education and household income) were tested. Adjusted models included psychiatric covariates. Results: In the adjusted first cigarette use models, neither youth’s nor mother’s social class discrimination was a significant predictor among Black youth, but mother’s discrimination was associated with increased risk [HR = 1.53 (1.18–1.99)] among White youth. In the adjusted ND models, mother’s discrimination was associated with reduced ND risk for Black youth in middle-income families [HR = 0.29 (CI 0.13–0.63)], but neither youth’s nor mother’s discrimination predicted transition to ND among White youth. Conclusions: The observed race and smoking stage-specific effects suggest that social class discrimination is more impactful on early stages of smoking for White youth and later stages for Black youth. The robustness of links with mother’s discrimination experiences further suggests the importance of considering family-level effects and the need to explore possible mechanisms, such as socialization processes.

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48

Abbs, Katlin Jennifer. "Dysphonations in Infant Cry: A Potential Marker for Health Status". Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1424199438.

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49

Emerick, Eric S. "Change in BMI and Cognition in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: the Seattle Longitudinal Study". Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1444137349.

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50

Ibrahim, Mariam. "Tobacco Smoke and Asthma among Adults at the National and State Levels: Do Smoke-Free Laws and Regulations Affect Smoking Rate among those with Asthma?" Digital Archive @ GSU, 2013. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/297.

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ABSTRACT Background: Asthma is a chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. This results in recurrent episodes of coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. Although the causes of asthma are poorly understood, genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the development and exacerbation of the disease. Among environmental risk factors, cigarette smoke is a well-known risk factor to trigger asthma symptoms. Exposure to secondhand smoke irritates the airways and may trigger an attack in adults with asthma. Smoke-free laws and regulations in the United States differ by state. The enforcement of smoke-free legislation has been related to asthma rates as it has been shown that they lead to a sustained drop in emergency hospital admission for asthma among adults. These laws and regulations are also necessary in reducing smoking rate and secondhand smoke exposure. Objective: The purpose of this thesis is to examine the association between tobacco smoke rates and asthma status among adults at the national and state levels and to evaluate the effects of state smoke-free laws and regulations on tobacco smoking rate among adults with asthma. Methods: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s 2009–2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data was used for the analyses. SAS-callable SUDAAN (version 10.0.0, RTI International, NC) was utilized to account for the complex sampling design of the BRFSS, and sample weights were used to produce estimates that were generalizable to the state and U.S. adult population. In addition to calculating descriptive statistics, chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression were used to test for group differences and association between variables of interest. State level smoking rates were ranked to identify states that are in the lower and upper 20th percentiles and compare them with states’ smoke-free laws and regulation status. Results were considered significantly different if 95% confidence intervals (CIs) did not overlap or if statistical testing at p<0.05 was applicable. Results: Asthma prevalence rates are higher among adults that smoke cigarettes (10.5%, [aPR] =1.2) compared to non-smokers (7.8%, [aPR] =1.0). Of the 869,519 adult respondents in the survey, 8.5% reported having asthma. Nearly one-fifth (17.2%) of adults without asthma smoked cigarettes, while (21.7 %) of adults with asthma smoked. Females (10.5%) had higher asthma prevalence rates than males (6.4%). Black persons (10.0%), persons of American Indian (13.0%) descent had higher, and those of Hispanic (6.7%) descent had lower asthma rates than white persons (8.6%). Adults with a high school education or less (9.1%) had higher asthma rates than those with an education level that was equivalent to a 4 year college or more (7.3%) , and those with low income (<$15,000) had higher rates (13.3%) than those with high income (6.8%). Percentage of male (23.4%) and females (20.7%) with asthma who smoke are higher than those that do not smoke (19.3% and 15.1%, respectively). Asthma prevalence rates and smoking rates vary by geographic location. Smoking rates among adults with asthma was highest in the South (LA, AL, SC, TN, OK, MS, AR, WV, KY) and a couple of Midwest states (OH, IN,). Evaluating the association between the 2008 State of Tobacco Control Report and smoking rate among adults with asthma by state showed a statistically significant relationship between smoking rate among adults with asthma and smoke-free policy and regulation at the state and national level. On average, states with the lowest smoking rate among persons with asthma (smoking rates less than 20th percentile) had significantly higher smoke-free policy grades (mean grade [sd]=7.2 [1.99]) than states with a high smoking rate (smoking rate of 80th percentile or more) (mean grade [sd]=2.0 [2.00]) (p-value < 0.00001). Conclusion: Although most U.S. state smoke-free policies and regulations are relatively new, it is evident that these laws are effective in promoting cessation among adults and reducing nonsmokers’ exposure to secondhand smoke. The study found that smoke-free laws may improve health by lowering asthma prevalence and smoking rates among adult smokers. Also, these policies in turn protect non-smokers from the harmful health effects of secondhand smoke.

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