Artículos de revistas: "Small ion"

1

Ghishan, Fayez K. y Pawel R. Kiela. "Small intestinal ion transport". Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 28, n.º 2 (marzo de 2012): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mog.0b013e32834e7bc3.

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2

Song, Zhizhong, Dong Jiang y Jinxiang Yu. "Small microwave ion source for an ion implanter". Review of Scientific Instruments 67, n.º 3 (marzo de 1996): 1003–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146797.

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3

Firmansyah, Andi, Nurhidayah A. Yani, Grace T. Pontoh y Arifuddin Arifuddin. "Readiness of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Using Information Technology (Study in Selayar District)". AFEBI Accounting Review 6, n.º 2 (1 de enero de 2022): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.47312/aar.v6i2.474.

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This istudy iexamines ithe ireadiness iof iMicro iSmall iand iMedium iEnterprises i(MSMEs) iin iSelayar iRegency iin iusing iInformation iTechnology i(IT). iThe ipopulation iin ithis istudy iis iall iemployees ior iemployees iwho iwork iin ithe iMSMEs isector iin iSelayar iIslands iRegency. iSampling iis using purposive sampling techniques. This research is a quantitative approach. The data in this study were collected using questionnaires, then analyzed descriptively with descriptive statistics and inferentially using multiple linear regression analysis with the help of the SPSS 20 program. The results showed that: (1) ipartially, ioptimism iand iinnovation ihave ia ipositive iand isignificant ieffect ion iMSMEs ireadiness iin iusing iInformation iTechnology, iwhile iinsecurity ihas ia inegative iand isignificant ieffect ion iMSMEs ireadiness iin iusing iInformation iTechnology iand idiscomfort idoes inot ihave ia isignificant iinfluence ion iMSMEs ireadiness iin iusing iInformation iTechnology iin iSelayar iRegency, iand i(2) isimultaneously, ioptimism, iinnovation, iinsecurity, iand idiscomfort ihave ia isignificant ieffect ion iMSMEs ireadiness iin iusing iInformation iTechnology iin iSelayar iRegency. Keywords: Information Technology, MSMEs, Selayar Islands Regency

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4

Dudnikov, Vadim y Andrei Dudnikov. "Highly Efficient Small Anode Ion Source". Plasma 4, n.º 2 (25 de marzo de 2021): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plasma4020013.

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We describe some modifications to a Bernas-type ion source that improve the ion beam production efficiency and source operating lifetime. The ionization efficiency of a Bernas type ion source has been improved by using a small anode that is a thin rod, oriented along the magnetic field. The transverse electric field of the small anode causes the plasma to drift in the crossed ExB field to the emission slit. The cathode material recycling was optimized to increase the operating lifetime, and the wall potential optimized to suppress deposition of material and subsequent flake formation. A three-electrode extraction system was optimized for low energy ion beam production and efficient space charge neutralization. An ion beam with emission current density up to 60 mA/cm2 has been extracted from the modified source running on BF3 gas. Space charge neutralization of positive ion beams was improved by injecting electronegative gases.

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5

Bertelsen, Lone S., Lars Eckmann y Kim E. Barrett. "Prolonged interferon-γ exposure decreases ion transport, NKCC1, and Na+-K+-ATPase expression in human intestinal xenografts in vivo". American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 286, n.º 1 (enero de 2004): G157—G165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00227.2003.

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IFN-γ is elevated in intestinal inflammation and alters barrier and transport functions in human colonic epithelial cell lines, but its effects on normal human small intestinal epithelium in vivo are poorly defined. We investigated effects of prolonged IFN-γ exposure on ion transport and expression of transporters by using human fetal small intestinal xenografts. Xenograft-bearing mice were injected with IFN-γ, and 24 h later xenografts were harvested and mounted in Ussing chambers. Baseline potential difference (PD) was not affected by IFN-γ treatment. However, conductance was enhanced and agonist-stimulated ion transport was decreased. IFN-γ also decreased expression of the Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter and the α-subunit of Na+-K+-ATPase compared with controls, whereas levels of the calcium-activated Cl- channel and CFTR were unaltered. Thus prolonged exposure to IFN-γ leads to decreased ion secretion due, in part, to decreased ion transporter levels. These findings demonstrate the implications of elevated IFN-γ levels in human small intestine and validate the human intestinal xenograft as a model to study chronic effects of physiologically relevant stimuli.

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6

Hinds, Bruce J. "Engineering small-ion transporter channels". Science 372, n.º 6541 (29 de abril de 2021): 459–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abh2618.

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7

Leoni, Napoleon J., Henryk Birecki, Omer Gila, Michael H. Lee, Eric G. Hanson y Richard Fotland. "Small Dot Ion Print-Head". NIP & Digital Fabrication Conference 27, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2011): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2169-4451.2011.27.1.art00015_1.

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8

Morais, Helio S. Autran. "Chloride Ion in Small Animal Practice: The Forgotten Ion". Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 2, n.º 1 (enero de 1992): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-4431.1992.tb00019.x.

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9

Asidah, Banati Nurushiam Junita, Muhammad Suparmoko y Uli Wildan Nuryanto. "Effect of Human Resource Competence and Entrepreneurial Orientation on Product Development Capability in Improving the Performance of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises in Serang City". Journal of Production, Operations Management and Economics, n.º 33 (6 de abril de 2023): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jpome.33.20.26.

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iThe ipurpose iof ithis iresearch iis ito ianalyze ieffect iof ihuman iresource icompetence iand ientrepreneurial iorientation ion iproduct idevelopment icapability iin iimproving ithe iperformance iof iMicro, iSmall, iand iMedium iEnterprises iin iSerang iCity. This iresearch iuses iquantitative iresearch. Data icollection itechniques iusing a iquestionnaire. Population iin ithis istudy iof iMicro, iSmall, iand iMedium iEnterprises iin iSerang iCity iis i9, 484. This istudy iuses an ierror irate iof i5% iwith a total isample iof i316 irespondents. Data ianalysis iused iSMART-partial ileast isquare (SMART-PLS). The iresults iof ithe istudy ishow ithat ihuman iresource icompetence ihas ia isignificant ieffect ion iproduct idevelopment icapability iof iMicro, iSmall, iand iMedium iEnterprises iin iSerang iCity. Entrepreneurial iorientation ihas ia isignificant ieffect ion iproduct idevelopment icapability iof iMicro, iSmall, iand iMedium iEnterprises iin iSerang iCity. iHuman iresource icompetence ihas ia isignificant ieffect ion iimproving ithe iperformance iof iMicro, iSmall, iand iMedium iEnterprises iin iSerang iCity. Entrepreneurial iorientation ihas ia isignificant ieffect ion iimproving ithe iperformance iof iMicro, iSmall, iand iMedium iEnterprises iin iSerang iCity. Product idevelopment icapability ihas ia isignificant ieffect ion iimproving ithe iperformance iof iMicro, iSmall, iand iMedium iEnterprises iin iSerang iCity.iHuman iresource icompetence ihas ia isignificant ieffect ion iimproving ithe iperformance ithrough iproduct idevelopment icapability iof iMicro, iSmall, iand iMedium iEnterprises iin iSerang iCity. iEntrepreneurial iorientation ihas ia isignificant ieffect ion iimproving ithe iperformance ithrough iproduct idevelopment icapability iof iMicro, iSmall, iand iMedium iEnterprises iin iSerang iCity.

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10

Kuehl, H. H. y C. Y. Zhang. "Effects of ion drift on small‐amplitude ion‐acoustic solitons". Physics of Fluids B: Plasma Physics 3, n.º 1 (enero de 1991): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.859946.

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11

Venkatasubramanian, Jayashree, Mei Ao y Mrinalini C. Rao. "Ion transport in the small intestine". Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 26, n.º 2 (marzo de 2010): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mog.0b013e3283358a45.

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12

Brian, J., A. Mitchell, S. Carles y J. L. LeGarrec. "Small Molecule Ion Chemistry in ITER". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 300 (20 de julio de 2011): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/300/1/012022.

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13

Kielpinski, D. "A small trapped-ion quantum register". Journal of Optics B: Quantum and Semiclassical Optics 5, n.º 3 (11 de abril de 2003): R121—R135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1464-4266/5/3/201.

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14

Charry, Jonathan M., William H. Bailey, Monte H. Shapiro y Jay M. Weiss. "Ion exposure chambers for small animals". Bioelectromagnetics 7, n.º 1 (1986): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250070102.

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15

Leoni, Napoleon J., Henryk Birecki, Omer Gila, Michael H. Lee, Eric G. Hanson y Richard Fotland. "Small Dot Printing with Ion Head". NIP & Digital Fabrication Conference 28, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2012): 503–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2169-4451.2012.28.1.art00060_2.

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16

Chen, Chen, Congcong Huang, Iradwikanari Waluyo, Thomas Weiss, Lars G. M. Pettersson y Anders Nilsson. "Long-range ion–water and ion–ion interactions in aqueous solutions". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, n.º 13 (2015): 8427–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cp04759a.

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Using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), we obtained direct experimental evidence on the structure of hydrated polyatomic anions, with hydration effects starkly different from those of cations (J. Chem. Phys., 2011, 134, 064513).

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17

Zhu, Haili, Fan Zhang, Jinrui Li y Yongbing Tang. "Dual-Ion Batteries: Penne-Like MoS2 /Carbon Nanocomposite as Anode for Sodium-Ion-Based Dual-Ion Battery (Small 13/2018)". Small 14, n.º 13 (marzo de 2018): 1870055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201870055.

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18

ZHANG, Jun Feng y Jong Seung KIM. "Small-Molecule Fluorescent Chemosensors for Hg2+ Ion". Analytical Sciences 25, n.º 11 (2009): 1271–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/analsci.25.1271.

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19

HANAWA, Teruo. "Development of a small-size ion accelerator." SHINKU 30, n.º 12 (1987): 989–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3131/jvsj.30.989.

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20

Fawcett, Steven C. "Ion beam figuring of small optical components". Optical Engineering 34, n.º 12 (1 de diciembre de 1995): 3565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.215648.

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21

Dudnikov, V. y G. Dudnikova. "Small anode source for efficient ion production". Review of Scientific Instruments 73, n.º 2 (febrero de 2002): 726–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1430042.

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22

Liang, J. H. y H. M. Han. "High-fluence small Bn cluster ion implantation". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 249, n.º 1-2 (agosto de 2006): 397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2006.04.037.

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23

Kataharada, H., Y. Takao, N. Yamamoto, H. Ijiri y H. Nakashima. "Development of small microwave discharge ion thruster". Thin Solid Films 506-507 (mayo de 2006): 605–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2005.08.045.

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24

Steier, P., R. Golser, W. Kutschera, V. Liechtenstein, A. Priller, A. Valenta y C. Vockenhuber. "Heavy ion AMS with a “small” accelerator". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 188, n.º 1-4 (abril de 2002): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-583x(01)01114-4.

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25

Surrey, E. y G. Proudfoot. "Characterisation of a small negative ion source". Vacuum 39, n.º 11-12 (enero de 1989): 1145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-207x(89)91109-3.

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26

Wang, Hao, Chongyang Yang, Shuo Wang y Sheng Hu. "Tunable ion transport through ultimately small channels". Advanced Membranes 2 (2022): 100043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advmem.2022.100043.

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27

Cuyckens, Filip. "Ion mobility mass spectrometry: Small molecule applications". Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 33, S2 (4 de junio de 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.8443.

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28

Baird, Zane, Pu Wei y R. Graham Cooks. "Ion creation, ion focusing, ion/molecule reactions, ion separation, and ion detection in the open air in a small plastic device". Analyst 140, n.º 3 (2015): 696–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4an01929f.

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29

Kaae, Jennifer y Helio Autran de Morais. "Anion Gap and Strong Ion Gap: A Quick Reference". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 38, n.º 3 (mayo de 2008): 443–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.01.022.

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30

Langbein, K., G. Riehl, H. Klein, K. N. Leung, S. R. Walther y R. Keller. "Analysis of the ion beam obtained from a small multicusp ion source". Review of Scientific Instruments 61, n.º 1 (enero de 1990): 327–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1141284.

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31

Schürmann, Matthias, Natalie Frese, André Beyer, Peter Heimann, Darius Widera, Viola Mönkemöller, Thomas Huser, Barbara Kaltschmidt, Christian Kaltschmidt y Armin Gölzhäuser. "Helium Ion Microscopy: Helium Ion Microscopy Visualizes Lipid Nanodomains in Mammalian Cells (Small 43/2015)". Small 11, n.º 43 (noviembre de 2015): 5852. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201570262.

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32

Hõrrak, U., P. P. Aalto, J. Salm, K. Komsaare, H. Tammet, J. M. Mäkelä, L. Laakso y M. Kulmala. "Variation and balance of positive air ion concentrations in a boreal forest". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, n.º 3 (12 de febrero de 2008): 655–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-655-2008.

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Abstract. Air ions are characterized on the basis of measurements carried out in a boreal forest at the Hyytiälä SMEAR station, Finland, during the BIOFOR III campaign in spring 1999. The air ions were discriminated as small ions (charged molecular aggregates of the diameter of less than 2.5 nm), intermediate ions (charged aerosol particles of the diameter of 2.5–8 nm), and large ions (charged aerosol particles of the diameter of 8–20 nm). Statistical characteristics of the ion concentrations and the parameters of ion balance in the atmosphere are presented separately for the nucleation event days and non-event days. In the steady state, the ionization rate is balanced with the loss of small ions, which is expressed as the product of the small ion concentration and the ion sink rate. The widely known sinks of small ions are the recombination with small ions of opposite polarity and attachment to aerosol particles. The dependence of small ion concentration on the concentration of aerosol particles was investigated applying a model of the bipolar diffusion charging of particles by small ions. When the periods of relative humidity above 95% and wind speed less than 0.6 m s−1 were excluded, then the small ion concentration and the theoretically calculated small ion sink rate were closely negatively correlated (correlation coefficient −87%). However, an extra ion loss term of the same magnitude as the ion loss onto aerosol particles is needed for a quantitative explanation of the observations. This term is presumably due to the small ion deposition on coniferous forest. The hygroscopic growth correction of the measured aerosol particle size distributions was also found to be necessary for the proper estimation of the ion sink rate. In the case of nucleation burst events, the concentration of small positive ions followed the general balance equation, no extra ion loss in addition to the deposition on coniferous forest was detected, and the hypothesis of the conversion of ions into particles in the process of ion-induced nucleation was not proved. The estimated average ionization rate of the air at the Hyytiälä station in early spring, when the ground was partly covered with snow, was about 6 ion pairs cm−3 s−1. The study of the charging state of nanometer aerosol particles (diameter 2.5–8 nm) in the atmosphere revealed a strong correlation (correlation coefficient 88%) between the concentrations of particles neutralized in the aerosol spectrometer and naturally positively charged particles (air ions) during nucleation bursts. The charged fraction of particles varied from 3% to 6% in accordance with the hypothesis that the particles are quasi-steady state charged.

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33

Demizu, Yusuke, Osamu Fujii, Hiromitsu Iwata y Nobukazu Fuwa. "Carbon Ion Therapy for Early-Stage Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer". BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/727962.

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Carbon ion therapy is a type of radiotherapies that can deliver high-dose radiation to a tumor while minimizing the dose delivered to the organs at risk; this profile differs from that of photon radiotherapy. Moreover, carbon ions are classified as high-linear energy transfer radiation and are expected to be effective for even photon-resistant tumors. Recently, high-precision radiotherapy modalities such as stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), proton therapy, and carbon ion therapy have been used for patients with early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer, and the results are promising, as, for carbon ion therapy, local control and overall survival rates at 5 years are 80–90% and 40–50%, respectively. Carbon ion therapy may be theoretically superior to SBRT and proton therapy, but the literature that is currently available does not show a statistically significant difference among these treatments. Carbon ion therapy demonstrates a better dose distribution than both SBRT and proton therapy in most cases of early-stage lung cancer. Therefore, carbon ion therapy may be safer for treating patients with adverse conditions such as large tumors, central tumors, and poor pulmonary function. Furthermore, carbon ion therapy may also be suitable for dose escalation and hypofractionation.

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34

LI, Renjie y Zheng-Long Xu. "New Mechanism Insights on Ca-Ion Storage in Small Molecular Crystal". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, n.º 7 (28 de agosto de 2023): 2813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-0172813mtgabs.

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Rechargeable calcium-ion batteries have become intriguing alternatives for grid-scale energy storage devices. However, the strong electrostatic interaction caused by the intrinsic divalent nature of Ca2+ leads to sluggish ion diffusion kinetics, thus resulting in low capacity. Herein, a small molecular crystal organic material is employed as the electrode material for the aqueous calcium-ion batteries. This kind of organic material could not only bypass the sluggish ion diffusion through carbonyl enolization but also avoid electrode inevitable dissolution due to the intermolecular hydrogen bonding, and flexible structure. In addition, the robust crystal structure allows fast Ca-ion diffusion and storage. Electrochemical characterization including electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance combined with first-principles density calculations and in(ex)-situ spectroscopy methods reveals the whole Ca-ion storage mechanism at the atomistic and macroscopic levels. The reversible enolization redox process, diffusion path, and structure change of molecular crystals have been clearly clarified. Consequently, the materials yield a premier rate capability (70.2 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1), and excellent cycling stability (retention of 80.3% over 1000 cycles at 2 A g−1). This study extends the boundary of molecular crystal systems for battery chemistry to construct high-performance multivalent ion batteries.

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35

Riazantseva, M. O., V. P. Budaev, L. M. Zelenyi, G. N. Zastenker, G. P. Pavlos, J. Safrankova, Z. Nemecek, L. Prech y F. Nemec. "Dynamic properties of small-scale solar wind plasma fluctuations". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, n.º 2041 (13 de mayo de 2015): 20140146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0146.

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The paper presents the latest results of the studies of small-scale fluctuations in a turbulent flow of solar wind (SW) using measurements with extremely high temporal resolution (up to 0.03 s) of the bright monitor of SW (BMSW) plasma spectrometer operating on astrophysical SPECTR-R spacecraft at distances up to 350 000 km from the Earth. The spectra of SW ion flux fluctuations in the range of scales between 0.03 and 100 s are systematically analysed. The difference of slopes in low- and high-frequency parts of spectra and the frequency of the break point between these two characteristic slopes was analysed for different conditions in the SW. The statistical properties of the SW ion flux fluctuations were thoroughly analysed on scales less than 10 s. A high level of intermittency is demonstrated. The extended self-similarity of SW ion flux turbulent flow is constantly observed. The approximation of non-Gaussian probability distribution function of ion flux fluctuations by the Tsallis statistics shows the non-extensive character of SW fluctuations. Statistical characteristics of ion flux fluctuations are compared with the predictions of a log-Poisson model. The log-Poisson parametrization of the structure function scaling has shown that well-defined filament-like plasma structures are, as a rule, observed in the turbulent SW flows.

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36

Yoo, Dongjin, Winson Lo, Stephen Goodman, Wasif Ali, Carol Semrad y Michael Field. "Interferon-γ downregulates ion transport in murine small intestine cultured in vitro". American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 279, n.º 6 (1 de diciembre de 2000): G1323—G1332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.2000.279.6.g1323.

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Effects of IFN-γ on mammalian small intestinal ion transport were studied in vitro using incubated sheets of murine small intestine in Ussing chambers. In oxygenated standard culture medium containing hydrocortisone and antibiotics, they maintained their short-circuit current ( Isc) responses to glucose and theophylline for 48 h. Histological examination revealed a 50% diminution of villus height over 36 h but no change in crypts. Height was better maintained during a 36-h incubation of small intestine from SCID mice, suggesting a role for B or T lymphocytes in villus atrophy. Exposure of small intestine to 100 U/ml IFN-γ for 36 h decreased basal Iscby 40% and Iscresponses to glucose and theophylline by ∼70%; at 1,000 U/ml for 36 h, IFN-γ inhibited these Iscresponses by 90%. An inhibitor of inducible NO synthase did not reverse these effects, suggesting that they are not mediated by NO. Tissue resistance, mucosal K+content, and epithelial morphology were not affected. Ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity in homogenates was inhibited 60% by IFN-γ (100 U/ml for 36 h). IFN-γ inhibition of Iscresponses to glucose and theophylline also occurred in SCID mouse small intestine. Thus murine small intestinal sheets can be maintained viable in vitro for at least 48 h, although villus blunting develops (but less so in SCID mouse small intestine). Also, prolonged exposure to IFN-γ downregulates Na+-coupled glucose absorption, active Cl−secretion, and Na+-K+-ATPase activity, effects unlikely to be mediated by enhanced NO.

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37

Liang, Siqi, Guangming Zhou y Wentao Hu. "Research Progress of Heavy Ion Radiotherapy for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, n.º 4 (19 de febrero de 2022): 2316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23042316.

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Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has a high incidence and poses a serious threat to human health. However, the treatment outcomes of concurrent chemoradiotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer are still unsatisfactory, especially for high grade lesions. As a new cancer treatment, heavy ion radiotherapy has shown promising efficacy and safety in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer. This article discusses the clinical progress of heavy ion radiotherapy in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer mainly from the different cancer stages, the different doses of heavy ion beams, and the patient’s individual factors, and explores the deficiency of heavy ion radiotherapy in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer and the directions of future research, in order to provide reference for the wider and better application of heavy ion radiotherapy in the future.

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38

Perkins, L. T., P. R. Herz, K. N. Leung y D. S. Pickard. "Small radio frequency driven multicusp ion source for positive hydrogen ion beam production". Review of Scientific Instruments 65, n.º 4 (abril de 1994): 1186–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145052.

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39

Reiner, Tobias, Hester Haubenreisser, Elena Tripel, Nils Rosshirt, Reza Sorbi, Timo Albert Nees, Tobias Gotterbarm, Christian Merle, Babak Moradi y Sébastien Hagmann. "Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Patients Following Small Diameter Metal-On-Metal Total Hip Replacement at Long-Term Follow-Up". Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, n.º 9 (6 de septiembre de 2020): 2877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092877.

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(1) Background: The objective of the present study was to investigate peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with small diameter metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty (MoM THA) and elevated blood metal ion concentrations at long-term follow-up. The hypothesis was that increased blood metal ion levels or the presence of adverse local tissue reactions (ALTR) would be associated with changes in the peripheral expression of lymphocyte subpopulations, which could potentially serve as early diagnostic markers for metal wear related complications. (2) Methods: Peripheral blood samples were analyzed for leucocyte subgroups (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD14+, CD16+/CD56+, CD25+/CD127−, CD19+, IFN-γ+, IL-4+ and IL-17A+ cells) in 34 patients with elevated blood metal ion levels (combined cobalt and chromium levels >2 µg/L) following small head MoM THA at a mean follow-up of 15.6 years. Fifteen patients with small head MoM THA and blood metal ion levels within the normal range and 15 patients with conventional ceramic-on-polyethylene THA served as control groups. In addition, blood metal ion levels and leucocyte subpopulations were compared between patients with and without adverse local tissue reactions (ALTR), which was investigated by MRI in 27 patients of the study cohort. (3) Results: There was a significant decrease in the levels of IFN-γ+ Type-1 T helper cells (Th1) in patients with MoM THA compared to the ceramic-on-polyethylene control group (p < 0.001). No statistically significant differences in the cell counts of other lymphocyte subpopulations were found between the three groups. Cobalt ion levels were significantly higher in patients with ALTR (p < 0.001) compared to the non-ALTR group, but no differences in the levels of lymphocyte subsets were found between the two groups. (4) Conclusions: No adverse systemic effects with respect to peripheral blood leucocyte subpopulations could be detected in the present study in patients following THA with a small diameter MoM articulation at long-term follow-up. We found a significant decrease of IFN-γ+ Th1 cells in patients with MoM THA compared to the control group, but no differences in the peripheral expression of leucocyte subpopulations were seen between patients with and without ALTR. Future studies with larger patient cohorts and additional histopathological investigations could help to better understand the role of Th1 cells and other cell lines of the adaptive immune system in the development of metal wear related complications after total joint replacement.

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40

Anisimov, S. V., S. V. Galichenko, K. V. Aphinogenov, E. V. Klimanova y A. S. Kozmina. "Small air ion statistics near the earth's surface". Atmospheric Research 267 (abril de 2022): 105913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105913.

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41

Kaidalov, A. B. "Physics at small-x and heavy ion collisions". Surveys in High Energy Physics 16, n.º 3-4 (diciembre de 2001): 267–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01422410108225697.

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42

Mueller, A. H. "Saturation in small-x and heavy-ion physics". European Physical Journal A 18, n.º 2-3 (noviembre de 2003): 527–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2002-10275-5.

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43

Wales, David J. y Adrian M. Lee. "Structure and rearrangements of small trapped-ion clusters". Physical Review A 47, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1993): 380–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.47.380.

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44

Shotter, A. C. "Small-angle behaviour of light-ion break-up". Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 15, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 1989): L41—L46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/15/3/004.

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45

Shuai, J. W. y P. Jung. "The dynamics of small excitable ion channel clusters". Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science 16, n.º 2 (junio de 2006): 026104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2210827.

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46

Takao, Yoshiyuki, Hirokazu Masui, Takashi Miyamoto, Hiroshi Kataharada, Hidenobu Ijiri y Hideki Nakashima. "Development of small-scale microwave discharge ion thruster". Vacuum 73, n.º 3-4 (abril de 2004): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2003.12.066.

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47

Dodson, Brian W. "Skipping motion in small-angle ion-surface scattering". Physical Review Letters 62, n.º 20 (15 de mayo de 1989): 2421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.62.2421.

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48

Adoui, L., T. Muranaka, M. Tarisien, S. Legendre, G. Laurent, A. Cassimi, J. Y. Chesnel et al. "Swift heavy ion-induced small molecule fragmentation dynamics". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 245, n.º 1 (abril de 2006): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2005.11.085.

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49

Bertsche, Kirk J. "Ion motion in a small low energy cyclotron". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 301, n.º 2 (marzo de 1991): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(91)90457-2.

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50

Son, Chang Yun y Zhen-Gang Wang. "Ion transport in small-molecule and polymer electrolytes". Journal of Chemical Physics 153, n.º 10 (14 de septiembre de 2020): 100903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0016163.

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