Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Skilled labor"
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Ankomah, Paul K. "Tourism skilled labor". Annals of Tourism Research 18, n.º 3 (enero de 1991): 433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(91)90050-l.
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Qiu, Yue y Tracy Yue Wang. "Skilled Labor Risk and Corporate Policies". Review of Corporate Finance Studies 10, n.º 3 (8 de mayo de 2021): 437–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rcfs/cfab006.
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Abstract We measure U.S. listed companies’ skilled labor risk—that is, the potential failure in attracting and retaining skilled labor, by the intensity of discussions on this issue in 10-K filings. We show that this measure effectively captures firm risk due to the mobility of skilled labor. We find that an increase from the 25th to the 75th percentile in the skilled labor risk would increase the skilled labor wage by 22% (or $15,593) and also lead to higher equity-based incentive pay. The skilled labor risk also interacts with other corporate policies such as financial leverage, cash holdings, and M&As. (JEL G30, G32, G34, H20, J20, J24, J40, J41) Received September 28, 2020; editorial decision March 12, 2021 by Editor Andrew Ellul.
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Aksoy, Tolga. "Technology and demand for skilled labor in Turkish private manufacturing industries". Panoeconomicus 56, n.º 2 (2009): 261–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan0902261a.
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This paper examines the relationship between technology and demand for skilled labor both historically and empirically. First, it is pointed out that the Industrial Revolution substituted skilled labor with unskilled labor since it has a de-skilling characteristic. Second, the skill-bias feature of Information and Communication Technologies Revolution is suggested. Finally, the effect of technological progress on the demand for skilled labor is tested for Turkish Private Manufacturing Industries. According to the static panel data estimation results, there is a positive but weak relationship between technological progress and demand for skilled labor.
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Mello, Marcelo. "Skilled labor, unskilled labor, and economic growth". Economics Letters 100, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2008): 428–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2008.03.012.
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Ouimet, Paige y Rebecca Zarutskie. "Acquiring Labor". Quarterly Journal of Finance 10, n.º 03 (31 de agosto de 2020): 2050011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010139220500111.
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We present evidence that some firms pursue mergers with an objective of acquiring and retaining the target firm’s employees. We identify such target firms by the language used to describe employees in their 10-K statements, focusing on references to “skilled” employees. We find a positive correlation between the use of the word “skilled” and post-merger employment outcomes. Moreover, we find that it is the target employees most valuable to the firm that are relatively more likely to be retained following an acquiring-labor-motivated acquisition. Acquirers appear to retain the high value employees in acquiring-labor-motivated acquisitions by providing these workers with relatively greater wage increases.
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Caselli, Francesco y Wilbur John Coleman. "The World Technology Frontier". American Economic Review 96, n.º 3 (1 de mayo de 2006): 499–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.96.3.499.
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We study cross-country differences in the aggregate production function when skilled and unskilled labor are imperfect substitutes. We find that there is a skill bias in cross-country technology differences. Higher-income countries use skilled labor more efficiently than lower-income countries, while they use unskilled labor relatively and, possibly, absolutely less efficiently. We also propose a simple explanation for our findings: rich countries, which are skilled-labor abundant, choose technologies that are best suited to skilled workers; poor countries, which are unskilled-labor abundant, choose technologies more appropriate to unskilled workers. We discuss alternative explanations, such as capital-skill complementarity and differences in schooling quality.
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Wildasin, David E. "Labor-Market Integration, Investment in Risky Human Capital, and Fiscal Competition". American Economic Review 90, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2000): 73–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.1.73.
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This paper presents a general-equilibrium model where human capital investment increases specialization and exposes skilled workers to region-specific earnings risk. Interjurisdictional mobility of skilled labor mitigates these risks; state-contingent migration of skilled labor also improves efficiency. With perfect capital markets, labor-market integration raises welfare and reduces ex post earnings inequality. If instead human capital investment can only be financed through local taxes, labor-market integration leads to interjurisdictional fiscal competition, shifting the burden of taxation to low-skilled immobile workers. Decentralized public provision of human capital investment creates earnings inequalities and is inefficient. (JEL H00)
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Zhou, Chunshan, Ming Li, Guojun Zhang, Yuqu Wang y Song Liu. "Heterogeneity of Internal Migrant Household Consumption in Host Cities: A Comparison of Skilled Migrants and Labor Migrants in China". Sustainability 12, n.º 18 (16 de septiembre de 2020): 7650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187650.
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Improvements in migrant families’ consumption are crucial to economic development after the economic crisis. With China’s participation in economic globalization, industrial transformation and college enrolment expansion, a new type of migrant worker has emerged, skilled migrants, who have attained a college diploma or above and whose consumption behaviors differ from traditional labor migrants because education helps to improve the income and consumption structure. This study uses comparative analysis and Tobit model to examine differences in income and consumption patterns, and determinants of consumption between skilled migrant and labor migrant households. Education helps to increase income and alter consumption behaviors. The income and consumption levels of skilled migrant households are significantly higher than the levels of labor migrant households, and the propensity to consume among skilled migrant households is higher than among labor migrant households. Moreover, the consumption structure of skilled migrant households is more advanced than that of labor migrant households. Education indirectly influences consumption by influencing economic, familial, individual, settlement intention, and social security factors. These factors have different effects on skilled migrant and labor migrant household consumption. Authorities should improve the education level and social welfare system to cover migrant households, especially for low-income labor migrants, to improve their consumption.
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Adhisti, Mita. "Free Movement of Skilled Labor Within the Asean Economic Community". Economics Development Analysis Journal 6, n.º 2 (15 de marzo de 2018): 192–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/edaj.v6i2.22217.
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This study discusses how the free movement of skilled labor policy under the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) scenario enhances opportunities for labor mobility from low-skilled labor countries, what challenges will be faced, and how this policy impacts their economies. The implementation of the AEC’s free movement of skilled labor policy is projected to face challenges such as mismatched labor qualifications, fulfilling ASEAN commitment, time for implementation of ASEAN commitments, and controlling the flow of illegal migrant workers. However, ASEAN leaders already set some supporting policies to overcome challenges from this system by improving labor market information, encouraging language and skills training, managing government and public supports, expanding mutual recognition arrangements and enhancing social protection for migrant workers. If these supporting policies can be implemented, the AEC’s free movement of skilled labor policy will improve the quality of human resources in ASEAN, especially from lower-middle income countries including Indonesia, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Thailand. As the results, those six countries are expected to increase the high-skilled employment rates by 0.3 to 1.4 percent and the wage rates up to 10-20 percent in 2025. Thus, the projected increases in the employment and wage rates of ASEAN skilled labor will induce an expansion of the ASEAN economic growth to 7.1 percent in 2025.
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Roy Chowdhury, Sahana. "Migration in a model of occupational choice". Indian Growth and Development Review 1, n.º 1 (18 de abril de 2008): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17538250810868143.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide a theoretical explanation for the empirical observation that the relative migration of unskilled (skilled) labor tends to occur from developing economies that are relatively unequal (equal).Design/methodology/approachWealth inequality is related with migration incentives of skilled and unskilled labor in a model of occupational choice using a two‐period overlapping generations framework.FindingsIt is shown that high inequality creates a disincentive to migrate for skilled labor. Too much equality however creates a disincentive to migrate for unskilled labor. Thus, a highly unequal (equal) economy sustains unskilled (skilled) labor migration only.Originality/valueRelative to the existing theoretical literature on migration, the distinguishing feature of this model is that it has entrepreneurship as an alternative occupational choice. This implies that the incentive to migrate is not affected solely by wage differentials across countries. It is shown that in a highly unequal developing economy there is no skilled migration – despite the gap between the skilled wage of the source economy and that of the foreign economy – in equilibrium.
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Mukomel, Vladimir. "Highly Skilled Migrants from Central Asian States at the Russian Labor Market". Sociologicheskaja nauka i social'naja praktika 9, n.º 4 (27 de diciembre de 2021): 186–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/snsp.2021.9.4.8614.
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The article examines the features of employment in the Russian labor market of highly skilled labor migrants from Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The main attention is paid to their economic activities, occupations, wages and labor intensity in comparison with similar characteristics of less skilled Central Asian labor migrants and highly skilled migrants from other post-Soviet states. It is concluded that highly skilled migrants from Central Asia, being more successful than their less skilled compatriots, lose in competition for the best jobs to highly skilled migrants from other countries. Special attention is paid to the behavior of highly skilled Central Asian migrants during the pandemic in 2020, when they demonstrated a high potential for adaptation to the extraordinary transformation of the labor market. Regarding the situation as temporary during the first wave of the pandemic (spring 2020), confident in their ability to find a job in Russia and not wanting to leave it, highly qualified Central Asian migrants did not err in their expectations, strengthening their position in the Russian labor market. During the second wave of the pandemic (autumn 2020), their optimism, based on assessing the possibilities of finding a decent job in Russia, satisfaction with conditions and wages, increased even more. The empirical base of the study was the results of sociological surveys of labor migrants from the CIS countries, Ukraine and Georgia in 2017, as well as during the first and second waves of the pandemic (2020).
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Skeldon, Ronald. "International Migration within and from the East and Southeast Asian Region: A Review Essay". Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 1, n.º 1 (marzo de 1992): 19–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689200100103.
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Five migration systems are described: settler, student, contract labor, skilled labor, and refugee. Settler migration to the U.S., Canada and Australia has consisted primarily of family members; the future may bring a greater emphasis on highly skilled and business categories. Contract labor migration, particularly to the Middle East, has provided jobs, foreign currency through remittances and greater participation of women, but also led to illegal migration, skills drain, and labor abuses. The hierarchy of development has led to intra-regional flows: (1) skilled labor mainly from Japan to other countries in the region, and (2) contract labor and illegal migration from the LDCs to the NIEs and Japan.
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Liang, Chao y Susu Wang. "Low-Skilled Immigrants and Urban Development in China: A Labor Market Perspective". Asian Economic Papers 19, n.º 1 (abril de 2020): 114–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00760.
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This study investigates the impact of low-skilled immigrants on urban labor markets in China. Using historical migration networks as an instrumental variable to overcome endogeneity problems, we find that low-skilled immigrants significantly increase local wages. Census data reveal significant occupational segregation between low-skilled immigrants and local inhabitants. Low-skilled immigrants are found to substitute for low-skilled local inhabitants but are complementary for high-skilled local inhabitants. In addition, low-skilled immigrants boost women's labor participation and wages through consumption service markets. This study's findings reveal that discrimination against low-skilled immigrants weakens the reciprocal effects among immigrants and local inhabitants and hinders urban development.
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Buch, Claudia M. y Christian Pierdzioch. "LABOR MARKET VOLATILITY, SKILLS, AND FINANCIAL GLOBALIZATION". Macroeconomic Dynamics 18, n.º 5 (3 de abril de 2013): 1018–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100512000739.
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We analyze the impact of financial globalization on volatilities of hours worked and wages of high-skilled and low-skilled workers. Using cross-country, industry-level data for the years 1970–2004, we establish stylized facts that document how volatilities of hours worked and wages of workers with different skill levels have changed over time. We then document that the volatility of hours worked by low-skilled workers has increased the most in response to the increase in financial globalization. We develop a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model of a small open economy that is consistent with the empirical results. The model predicts that greater financial globalization increases the volatility of hours worked, and this effect is strongest for low-skilled workers.
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Tukhtarova, Evgenia. "Impact of labor migration on human capital and GRP of Russian regions". Population 25, n.º 4 (21 de diciembre de 2022): 163–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.4.14.
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The article presents an analysis of the impact of external labor migration on human capital and GRP that indirectly reflects the labor demand in Russian regions. The results of the study showed the contradictions that have developed in the Russian regions: demand for skilled labor and shortage of labor resources, which is covered by low-skilled labor migration. As a result, a negative trend is developing — segmentation of labor markets in regions where two parallel demands for skilled and low-skilled labor are formed. The study recorded a positive relationship between the number of migrant workers and GRP, which indicates a steady demand for foreign labor force (FLF). Along with this, the impact of migrant workers on human capital in the Russian regions has undergone significant changes, and not all regions have received and receive a positive contribution from foreign labor force. Also, the results of the study confirmed not only the important role of labor migration for human capital, but also confirmed the hypothesis that labor migration has a positive impact on human capital by enhancing its qualitative characteristics in difficult or critical moments of the development of Russian regions, and therefore the demand for labor migration will continue in the medium term. In essence, labor migration, human capital and GRP are communicating vessels. The conclusion is made about underestimation of the program of voluntary compatriots' resettlement, which had a positive effect on the development of regional economies in 2014. In view of this, the author believes that the program needs a serious revision in order to attract skilled labor migration and increase the human potential of the country.
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Fitrianto, Achmad Room, Andriani Samsuri, Betty Silfia, Aidah Kamaliah, Firdayanti Hadiansyah y Andri Afianto. "Employment Regulations and Creation of Skilled Manpower in Industry in East Java Province". Jurnal Public Policy 8, n.º 4 (30 de octubre de 2022): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.35308/jpp.v8i4.5511.
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The purpose of this study is to further analyze the effect of labor regulations in Indonesia on the provision of skilled labor and encourage entrepreneurs to provide labor in Indonesia to improve export quality. This research uses mixed methods, with a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to be able to provide results and descriptions related to the influence of labor regulations on workforce creation. This study underscores three important things. First, the understanding of business actors towards labor regulations is still low, and some do not yet know it. Second, the limited capacity of business actors (funds, time, and experts) to conduct intensive and unique training in obtaining skilled workers. Third, the government's attention to labor regulations is still relatively low. So far, the routine is the determination of the UMK every year. Overall, this study observes that no derivative regulations are applied at the local level in creating skilled workers, which causes employers to seek to provide skilled workers with available resources.
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Schwander, Hanna. "Labor market insecurity among the middle class: a cross-pressured group". Political Science Research and Methods 8, n.º 2 (12 de abril de 2019): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2019.11.
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AbstractThe political relevance of labor market insecurity has been questioned because (a) insider-outsider divides were considered to be a divide within the low-skilled and politically less active working class and (b) labor market insecurity runs through the middle of the household. Outsiders might therefore align their preferences with those of insiders. This contribution provides, first, evidence that labor market insecurity extends well into the higher-skilled middle class, in particular to high-skilled young adults and high-skilled women. Second, the contribution sheds light on the “household question”, that is the question whether mixed households dampen the political relevance of labor market insecurity. If labor market insecurity is concentrated in specific social groups (young adults, women) that tend to cohabit with secure insiders, the political relevance of labor market insecurity might depend on whether or not outsiders align their preferences with those of the household. In this contribution, I discuss recent work on the relevance of the household in translating labor market divides into preferences divides presenting recent work that shows that the household does not render insider-outsider divides politically irrelevant. In sum, insider-outsider divides have all the potential to become politically relevant.
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Khoo, Siew-Ean, Peter McDonald, Carmen Voigt-Graf y Graeme Hugo. "A Global Labor Market: Factors Motivating the Sponsorship and Temporary Migration of Skilled Workers to Australia". International Migration Review 41, n.º 2 (junio de 2007): 480–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2007.00076.x.
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The recruitment of skilled foreign workers is becoming increasingly important to many industrialized countries. This paper examines the factors motivating the sponsorship and temporary migration of skilled workers to Australia under the temporary business entry program, a new development in Australia's migration policy. The importance of labor demand in the destination country in stimulating skilled temporary migration is clearly demonstrated by the reasons given by employers in the study while the reasons indicated by skilled temporary migrants for coming to work in Australia show the importance of both economic and non-economic factors in motivating skilled labor migration.
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Schindler, Dirk. "Tuition Fees and the Dual Income Tax: The Optimality of the Nordic Income Tax System Reconsidered". German Economic Review 12, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2011): 59–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2010.00504.x.
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Abstract We examine the optimal tax and education policy in the case of a dual income tax. Incorporating an educational sector and endogenous capital taxation, we show that the results in Nielsen and Sørensen’s study are vulnerable with respect to assumptions on the elasticity of unskilled labor supply. Tax progressivity results residually, whereas educational policy guarantees an optimal tax wedge on, but not necessarily efficiency in, educational investment. The less elastic are the unobservable educational investment and skilled labor (the latter relative to unskilled labor supply), and the more educational policy cares about the skilled labor supply, the more progressive the tax system will be. Education will be subsidized on a net basis if the complementarity effect on the skilled labor supply is strong and important; however, there is also an offsetting substitutability effect of the unskilled labor supply at play.
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Cortés, Patricia y José Tessada. "Low-Skilled Immigration and the Labor Supply of Highly Skilled Women". American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 3, n.º 3 (1 de julio de 2011): 88–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.3.3.88.
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Low-skilled immigrants represent a significant fraction of employment in services that are close substitutes of household production. This paper studies whether the increased supply of low-skilled immigrants has led high-skilled women, who have the highest opportunity cost of time, to change their time-use decisions. Exploiting cross-city variation in immigrant concentration, we find that low-skilled immigration increases average hours of market work and the probability of working long hours of women at the top quartile of the wage distribution. Consistently, we find that women in this group decrease the time they spend in household work and increase expenditures on housekeeping services. (JEL J16, J22, J24, J61)
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Mukomel, Vladimir I. "Highly Skilled Migrants from Post-Soviet States: Labor Mobility". Sociological Journal 26 (2020): 31–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2020.26.2.7264.
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The Russian labor market is experiencing a shortage of highly skilled workers, and there is a consensus in Russian society that it is necessary to attract and utilize the labor of highly qualified foreign specialists. The key question of the article is: how much demand is there on the Russian labor market for the knowledge and experience of highly qualified migrants? What types of economic activities and occupations are typical for highly skilled migrants? What is their horizontal and vertical mobility on the Russian labor market? The article shows that highly skilled workers who come from post-Soviet states to Russia take jobs which are not in demand among Russian workers; the main types of their economic activities are trade, construction, utilities, social and personal services, and household assistance. Neither specific skills and knowledge nor qualifications of foreign workers are demanded on the Russian labor market: over 80% of highly skilled migrants work at jobs which do not require their education or qualification. Vertical labor mobility is predominantly downward, and upward mobility is quite rare (downward mobility is less typical for highly skilled migrants who have received education in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus). The empirical basis of the study was the results of sociological surveys of 1,450 highly qualified migrants from the CIS and Georgia in 2017 and 1,050 in 2011.
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Mandelman, Federico S. y Andrei Zlate. "Offshoring, Automation, Low-Skilled Immigration, and Labor Market Polarization". American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 14, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2022): 355–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20180205.
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We show that the observed polarization of employment toward the high- and low-skill occupations disappears when only native workers are considered. Instead, low-skilled immigration explains employment growth at the low tail of the skill distribution. Moreover, while employment rose, wages remained subdued in low-skill occupations. A data-disciplined structural model accounts for this evidence: Offshoring and automation negatively affect middle-skill occupations but enhance employment and wages for the high-skilled. Low-skill employment is sheltered from offshoring and automation, as it consists of manual, non-tradable services. However, low-skilled immigration depresses low-skill wages and encourages native workers to move into skilled occupations through training. (JEL F16, J24, J31, J61, M53)
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Zhang, Yunda. "The role amenities play in spatial sorting of migrants and their impact on welfare: Evidence from China". PLOS ONE 18, n.º 2 (16 de febrero de 2023): e0281669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281669.
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From 2005 to 2015, China’s high-skilled labor was increasingly concentrated in cities with high wages and high rents, while a narrowing of the wage gap between high- and low-skilled labor showed an opposite trend to an increase in geographic sorting. In this research, I estimated a spatial equilibrium structural model to identify the causes of this phenomenon and its impact on welfare. Changes in local labor demand essentially led to an increase in skill sorting, and changes in urban amenities further contributed to this trend. An agglomeration of high-skilled labor raised local productivity, increased wages for all workers, reduced the real wage gap, and widened the welfare gap between workers with different skills. In contrast to the welfare effects of changes in the wage gap driven by exogenous productivity changes, changes in urban wages, rents, and amenities increased welfare inequality between high- and low-skilled workers, but this is mainly because the utility of low-skilled workers from urban amenities is constrained by migration costs; if migration costs caused by China’s household registration policy were eliminated, changes in urban wages, rents, and amenities would reduce welfare inequality between high- and low-skilled workers to a greater extent than a reduction in the real wage gap between these two groups.
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Williams, Allan M. y Vladimir Baláž. "What Human Capital, Which Migrants? Returned Skilled Migration to Slovakia from the UK". International Migration Review 39, n.º 2 (junio de 2005): 439–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2005.tb00273.x.
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This article contributes to the understanding of skilled labor migration by exploring some of the differences in the economic behavior of three contrasting groups of returned skilled labor migrants from Slovakia to the United Kingdom: professionals and managers; students; and au pairs. Formal professional experiences and training provide only limited understanding of the value of working/studying abroad. Instead, there is a need to look at particular competences, such as interpersonal skills and self-confidence, as well as the role of social recognition. The empirical results also emphasize the importance of spatiality and temporality when analyzing skilled labor migration.
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Mertzanis, Charilaos y Mona Said. "Access to skilled labor, institutions and firm performance in developing countries". International Journal of Manpower 40, n.º 2 (7 de mayo de 2019): 328–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-11-2017-0301.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of access to skilled labor in explaining firms’ sales growth subject to the controlling influence of a wide range of firm-specific characteristics and country-level economic and non-economic factors. Design/methodology/approach The analysis uses a consistent and large firm-level data set from the World Bank’s Enterprise Surveys that includes 138 developing countries. An instrumental variables model with a GMM estimator is used for estimating the impact of access to skilled labor on firm performance. In order to obtain more robust estimators, the analysis introduces country-level controls reflecting the influence of economic and institutional factors, such as economic and financial development, institutional governance, education and technological progress. Findings The results document a significant and positive association between access to skilled labor and firm performance in the developing world. The explanatory power of access to skilled labor remains broadly robust after controlling for a wide range of firm-specific characteristics: sectoral and geographical influences matter. The results also show that the association between labor skill constraints and firm performance is mitigated by country-level factors but in diverse ways. Development, institutions, education and technological progress exert various mitigating effects on firm-level behavior regarding access to skilled labor. Originality/value The paper’s novel contribution is threefold: first, it uses joint firm, sector and country-level information to analyze the role of access to skilled labor on firm performance; second, it uses consistently produced information at the firm level from 138 developing countries; and, third, it considers the controlling impact of a wide range of country-level factors that reflect a country’s overall development, institutions and evolution.
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Chase, Kerry A. "Moving Hollywood Abroad: Divided Labor Markets and the New Politics of Trade in Services". International Organization 62, n.º 4 (octubre de 2008): 653–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818308080235.
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Theories of trade and domestic politics have been applied extensively to manufacturing and agriculture; the political economy of trade in services, however, remains poorly understood. This article examines how the “offshoring” of services segments labor markets and places low-skilled and high-skilled labor at odds on trade issues. Drawing from a case where trade has been politically contentious of late—motion picture services in the United States—the article finds that offshoring can aggravate wage inequality, creating incentives for low-skilled workers to demand policy remedies. Consistent with this expectation, an ordered probit analysis of labor-group lobbying reveals that low-skilled occupations in motion picture services were most likely to support countervailing duties and Section 301 action against productions filmed abroad. The findings suggest that when services are tradable, labor-market cleavages are not purely factoral or sectoral, but occupational. This new politics of trade in services has important implications for trade policy in the United States and multilateral rulemaking in the World Trade Organization.
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Li, Xiaochun, Yuanting Xu y Dianshuang Wang. "Environment and labor movement of skilled labor and unskilled labor between sectors". Economic Modelling 38 (febrero de 2014): 367–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.01.018.
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Jacinto, Paulo de Andrade, Eduardo Pontual Ribeiro y Tulio Cravo. "A closer look at the skilled labor demand increase in Brazil". Journal of Economic Studies 44, n.º 2 (8 de mayo de 2017): 294–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-08-2014-0146.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate skilled labor demand determinants in Brazil, considering alternatives explanations: changes in relative wages, non-homothetic technology output growth and skill-biased technical change. Design/methodology/approach This study relies on a rich and unique matched employer-employee data set for manufacturing sector, from 1996 to 2003. The analysis considers a translog functional form labor demand system estimated using seemingly unrelated regression and instrumental variables to control for possible measurement errors and wages and output endogeneity. Findings The demand function estimates suggest that: labor demand underlying technology is non-homothetic, research and development investment is biased toward skilled workers, the non-homothetic technology is not skill biased so output changes contributed positively for skilled labor increase, relative wages played a significant role and international trade has little explanatory power explaining labor demand shifts. Originality/value This is the first paper that considers alternative explanations for the increase in the demand of skilled workers for manufacturing in Brazil simultaneously: changes in relative wages, output changes with non-homothetic technology, skill-biased technical change and, to a lesser extent, international trade. The study challenges current empirical evidence that considers trade and trade liberalization as the main factor explaining labor demand shifts.
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Hanagan, Michael P. "Labor History and the New Migration History: A Review Essay". International Labor and Working-Class History 54 (1998): 57–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547900006219.
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Debates over the significance of immigration and demands for its restriction in industrialized nations have been a major feature of political life in the 1980s and 1990s. There are several reasons for this heightened concern. In Western Europe, the 1990s have been a decade of slower growth, particularly compared with the halcyon decades of the 1950s and 1960s when mass migration, severely restricted during the interwar years, again became a routine aspect of European life.Even more persistent and troubling has been the declining position of less skilled workers in the economies of industrial nations. The International Monetary Fund notes that, beginning in the 1970s or the early 1980s, “labor markets in the advanced economies have been characterized by marked increases in wage inequality in some countries between the more skilled and less skilled, and in other countriesby rises in unemployment among the less skilled.” Many less skilled workers believe that migrants are responsible for their declining wages and unemployment.
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Zeng, Juying. "Nonparametric Optimization of Preference in Technical Efficiency in China". Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 19, n.º 3 (20 de mayo de 2015): 430–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2015.p0430.
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Applying nonparametric path-converged approach, the research innovatively provides the measurement of preference in technical efficiency by the ratio of labor elasticity to capital elasticity and further attempts to realize the optimization of preference in technical efficiency by a strategy of 30% abolishment of initial Drug Addition and a strategy with combination of smoothed governmental fiscal expenditure, which sheds fresh light on promoting hospitals’ efficiency in China from perspective of management engineering. With sample data of provincial public hospitals in Zhejiang Province during period of 200901-201306, the research obtains following conclusions. First, benchmark preference in technical efficiency shows production has shifted from physical capital preference to labor skilled preference in technical efficiency. Second, the changing trend of preference in technical efficiency validates initial Drug Addition and governmental fiscal expenditure pushes and restrains the labor skilled preference in technical efficiency respectively. Third, the strategy of 30% abolishment of Drug Addition will strengthen labor skilled preference in technical efficiency with less promotion intensity of initial Drug Addition. The strategy with combination of governmental fiscal expenditure restrains labor skilled preference in technical efficiency. The facts validate great urgency of raising payments for doctors and nurses so as to promoting efficiency effectively.
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Cadena, Brian C. y Brian K. Kovak. "Immigrants Equilibrate Local Labor Markets: Evidence from the Great Recession". American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 8, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2016): 257–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20140095.
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This paper demonstrates that low-skilled Mexican-born immigrants' location choices respond strongly to changes in local labor demand, which helps equalize spatial differences in employment outcomes for low-skilled native workers. We leverage the substantial geographic variation in labor demand during the Great Recession to identify migration responses to local shocks and find that low-skilled Mexican-born immigrants respond much more strongly than low-skilled natives. Further, Mexican mobility reduced the incidence of local demand shocks on natives, such that those living in metro areas with a substantial Mexican-born population experienced a roughly 50 percent weaker relationship between local shocks and local employment probabilities. (JEL E32, J15, J23, J24, J61, R23)
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Hsu, Kuang-Chung. "Does Outsourcing Always Benefit Skilled Labor?" Review of International Economics 19, n.º 3 (20 de julio de 2011): 539–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2011.00964.x.
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Kushnirovich, Nonna. "Labor Market Integration of Skilled Immigrants". Journal of International Migration and Integration 20, n.º 4 (5 de enero de 2019): 1055–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12134-018-00648-7.
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Rosenbloom, Joshua L. "Occupational Differences in Labor Market Integration: The United States in 1890". Journal of Economic History 51, n.º 2 (junio de 1991): 427–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700039048.
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When labor markets are subject to large demand or supply shocks, as was the case in the late nineteenth-century United States, geographic wage differentials may not be an accurate index of market integration. This article uses a conceptually more appealing measure—the elasticity of local labor supply—to compare the integration of urban labor markets for a variety of occupations in 1890. According to this measure, markets, for unskilled labor and skilled metal-working trades appear relatively well integrated in comparison to those for the skilled building trades.
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CHANTOLA, SAO. "Free Flow of Skilled Labour in the ASEAN Economic Community: Opportunities and Challenges for Cambodia". Volume 5 - 2020, Issue 8 - August 5, n.º 8 (26 de agosto de 2020): 532–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20aug344.
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The opportunities and challenges for Cambodia from the free flow of skilled labour in the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) has been a topic of heated discussion amongst the general public, learners, researchers, skilled workers, people in charge of skilled labor, as Cambodia prepared to enter the ASEAN Economic Community at the end of 2015. A descriptive statistical analysis in the Statistical Package for the Social Science, version 23.0 shows that there is optimism on the participation of Cambodia in the AEC. Firstly, 81 per cent of respondents supported that free flow of skilled labour as an opportunity for Cambodians to participate in the job market in ASEAN. Secondly, 77 per cent of participants accepted that “Free flow of skilled labour in ASEAN offers opportunities for Cambodians to get well-paid jobs in the region of ASEAN.” Thirdly, 84 per cent of respondents agreed that “free flow of skilled labour in the ASEAN helps inspire local education”. However, there were challenges for Cambodia, indicated by 75 per cent of respondents thinking that the country lacks skilled labour to challenge other ASEAN professionals. 70 per cent of respondents considered the inflow of foreign skilled labour as a threat to local jobs seekers, while 81 per cent of respondents agreed with the statement “the imbalanced agreement implementation on skilled labour in ASEAN is Another barrier in ASEAN’s jobs finding for Cambodian skilled workers,” Toward the solutions to reduce the challenges and to better the opportunities for Cambodians, suggestions have been observed; firstly, 72 participants recommended that education reform, further vocations and trainings for Cambodians should be better improved. Secondly, 23 participants advised that creating more local jobs should be further done and thirdly, 21 participants commented that Cambodian skilled workers should improve their knowledge of the English language, as it is very important in Cambodia, the ASEAN and the world in pursuing their present and future’s studies and works.
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Wang, Hong-zen. "China's Skilled Labor on the Move: How Taiwan Businesses Mobilize Ethnic Resources in Asia". Asian Survey 48, n.º 2 (marzo de 2008): 265–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2008.48.2.265.
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Abstract This paper discusses how Taiwanese overseas investment creates an ethnic Chinese skilled labor market in Asia. Low costs, no language barrier, and the cultural ““lived Taiwan experience”” are the benefits. Through three different channels––internal corporate transfer, social networks, and placement agencies––skilled labor from the People's Republic is mobilized to work overseas.
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Otiono, Nduka. "Tracking Skilled Diasporas". Transfers 1, n.º 3 (1 de diciembre de 2011): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2011.010302.
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This essay examines the trajectories of skilled labor migrants within a global South-North migration matrix using an interdisciplinary framework. Focusing on Nigeria's huge brain drain phenomenon, the essay draws from the limited available data on the field, interpreting those data through theoretical perspectives from postcolonial studies, Marxism, cultural studies, and human geography. The study spotlights the example of the United States of America as a receptacle of skilled migrants and raises questions of social justice along the North-South divide. The research demonstrates that contrary to the dominant image promoted by some elements in the Western media of migrants as irritants or criminals who disturb well-cultivated, advanced World economies and social spaces, 1 those nations benefit highly from Africa's (and other migrant countries') labor diasporas, especially the highly skilled professionals.
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Hussain, Shahid, Wang Xuetong y Talib Hussain. "Impact of Skilled and Unskilled Labor on Project Performance Using Structural Equation Modeling Approach". SAGE Open 10, n.º 1 (enero de 2020): 215824402091459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020914590.
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Construction labors play critical roles in executing the project. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide and review using partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) approach that the skilled and unskilled labor force impact on project performance which has been overlooked in the previous literature in the context of the public construction industry in developing countries, like Pakistan. To achieve the objective of this study, a hypothetical model was developed and empirically examined by using Structural Equation Modeling. Data were gathered through a questionnaire survey method. In total, 400 construction practitioners responded to the questionnaire on behalf of their organization. The results revealed that unskilled labor has a significant negative impact on project performance during the construction phase, whereas the results confirmed that skilled labors have a significant positive impact on project performance in enhancing the success rate of the project in the public construction industry. These results could be used by construction experts to elaborate a broader and rooted view of the labor skills affecting the project performance. The results provide adequate information to policy and decision makers concerning labor skills being a compulsory part of the operational strategy in accelerating the better execution and success of construction projects. The current study adds to the construction project management literature by examining the effect of labor skills on project performance positively or negatively, and the hypothesized model was developed that should be adopted by practitioners to ascertain labor skills for the successful execution of the project.
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Ghaly, Mohamed, Viet Anh Dang y Konstantinos Stathopoulos. "Cash Holdings and Labor Heterogeneity: The Role of Skilled Labor". Review of Financial Studies 30, n.º 10 (19 de mayo de 2017): 3636–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhx045.
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Kwak, Yoon Kyung y Ming Sheng Wang. "Exclusion or Inclusion: National Differential Regulations of Migrant Workers’ Employment, Social Protection, and Migrations Policies on Im/Mobilities in East Asia-Examples of South Korea and Taiwan". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n.º 23 (5 de diciembre de 2022): 16270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316270.
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Low fertility rates and an aging society, growing long-term care needs, and workforce shortages in professional, industrial, and care sectors are emerging issues in South Korea and Taiwan. Both governments have pursued economic/industrial growth as productive welfare capitalism and enacted preferred selective migration policies to recruit white-collar migrant workers (MWs) as mobile elites, but they have also adopted regulations and limitations on blue-collar MWs through unfree labor relations, precarious employment, and temporary legal status to provide supplemental labor. In order to demonstrate how multiple policy regulations from a national level affect MWs’ precarity of labor in their receiving countries, which in turn affect MWs’ im/mobilities, this article presents the growing trends of transnational MWs, regardless of them being high- or low-skilled MWs, and it evaluates four dimensions of labor migration policies—MWs’ working and employment conditions, social protection, union rights and political participation, and access to permanent residency in both countries. We found that the rights and working conditions of low-skilled MWs in Korea and Taiwan are improving slowly, but still lag behind those of high-skilled MWs which also affects their public health and well-being. The significant difference identified here is that MWs in Taiwan can organize labor unions, which is strictly prohibited in Korea; pension protection also differs between the nations. Additionally, an application for permanent residency is easier for high-skilled migrant workers compared with low-skilled MWs and both the Korean and Taiwanese immigration policies differentiate the entry and resident status for low-skilled and professional MWs from dissimilar class backgrounds. Policy recommendations for both countries are also discussed.
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Okoli, Tochukwu Timothy, Devi Datt Tewari y Eneh George N.O. "Assessing the Impact of Skilled Labor on Output Growth in South Africa: An ARDL Bound Testing Approach". Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 10, n.º 2(J) (19 de mayo de 2018): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v10i2(j).2230.
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Economic theory emphasized the necessity of skill acquisition and conservation as a precondition for growth. This paper investigates the extent to which skilled labor can contribute to output growth in South Africa in the long run. The theoretical framework employed was based on Hicks neutral augmented CobbDouglas production function to account for the impact of technological progress on labor and capital. Skilled labor was measured with three parameters of experience (learning-by-doing), special training and educational attainments. The methodology employed the ARDL bound testing approach and found that whereas there is no short run causality running from the independent variables to the dependent variable, there was a long run causality running from the measures of skilled labor to growth. The coefficient of the ECT was both significant and negative; therefore, the system gets adjusted towards their long run equilibrium steady state at the speed of 23 percent annually. This means that the measures of skilled labor contribute to growth in the long run to the tune of 23 percent annually. The study therefore recommends investments in human capital through education and special trainings as well as to encourage knowledge transfer through globalization and from one generation to another to conserve skills.
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Okoli, Tochukwu Timothy, Devi Datt Tewari y Eneh George N.O. "Assessing the Impact of Skilled Labor on Output Growth in South Africa: An ARDL Bound Testing Approach". Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 10, n.º 2 (19 de mayo de 2018): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v10i2.2230.
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Economic theory emphasized the necessity of skill acquisition and conservation as a precondition for growth. This paper investigates the extent to which skilled labor can contribute to output growth in South Africa in the long run. The theoretical framework employed was based on Hicks neutral augmented CobbDouglas production function to account for the impact of technological progress on labor and capital. Skilled labor was measured with three parameters of experience (learning-by-doing), special training and educational attainments. The methodology employed the ARDL bound testing approach and found that whereas there is no short run causality running from the independent variables to the dependent variable, there was a long run causality running from the measures of skilled labor to growth. The coefficient of the ECT was both significant and negative; therefore, the system gets adjusted towards their long run equilibrium steady state at the speed of 23 percent annually. This means that the measures of skilled labor contribute to growth in the long run to the tune of 23 percent annually. The study therefore recommends investments in human capital through education and special trainings as well as to encourage knowledge transfer through globalization and from one generation to another to conserve skills.
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Esposto, Alexis S. y Luis Federico Giménez. "The extent of upskilling of the argentine labor market: a simple analysis". Estudios económicos 28, n.º 56 (14 de diciembre de 2021): 37–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.52292/j.estudecon.2011.776.
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Over the last three decades the labor market of most developed countries have experienced a sustained period of upskilling. This means an overall increase in the skill requirement of jobs determined by the demand for skilled labor. This suggests that their labor demand has become more skill intensive, shifting towards skilled workers relatively to unskilled workers. An analysis of job growth of the Argentine labor market between 1997 and 2009 using data from the EPH, evidences a process of deskilling over this period, with serious implications in terms of competitiveness and about issues related to increasing social and economic inequality.
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Salt, John. "The Future of International Labor Migration". International Migration Review 26, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1992): 1077–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839202600402.
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The article reviews the nature of international labor migration today and the economic and political rationale for its occurrence. It suggests that while the developed economies will continue to attract and exchange highly skilled labor, they will have little need for mass immigration by those with low skill levels. In contrast, poorer countries with rapid population growth and low living standards will encourage emigration, except by the highly skilled. One consequence will be more illegal immigration. Geographical patterns will continue to be dominated by a set of macroregional networks, among which the Asia-Pacific region is the most recently developed. China and the former Soviet Union (as senders) and Japan (as receiver) constitute the main enigmas.
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Xia, Zhuang. "How Do City Size and Immigration Policies Affect Labor Mobility?" Journal of Innovation and Social Science Research 8, n.º 9 (30 de septiembre de 2021): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.53469/jissr.2021.08(09).37.
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This paper uses the micro data from the National Health Commission’s “China floating population dynamic monitoring survey” (CMDS) project, and uses probit and Ivprobit models to analyze the impact of policy selection on Labor mobility Decision-making under different city sizes. The results show that: (1) the larger the city size, the more conducive to labor inflow, and the externality of human capital has a positive regulatory effect; (2) the impact of city size on Labor mobility has policy screening heterogeneity, the more obvious the policy threshold, the more conducive to high-level labor inflow. Making more reasonable labor policy, reducing the threshold of labor inflow, breaking the barriers of labor inflow, balancing the gap between high skilled labor force and low skilled labor force, weakening the crowding out effect of urban scale expansion and labor policy can effectively attract talents and promote urban development.
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Mailath, George J., Larry Samuelson y Avner Shaked. "Endogenous Inequality in Integrated Labor Markets with Two-Sided Search". American Economic Review 90, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2000): 46–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.1.46.
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We consider a market with “red” and “green” workers, where labels are payoff irrelevant. Workers may acquire skills. Skilled workers search for vacancies, while firms search for workers. A unique symmetric equilibrium exists in which color is irrelevant. There are also asymmetric equilibria in which firms search only for green workers, more green than red workers acquire skills, skilled green workers receive higher wages, and the unemployment rate is higher among skilled red workers. Discrimination between ex ante identical individuals arises in equilibrium, and yet firms have perfect information about their workers, and strictly prefer to hire minority workers. (JEL C70, D40, J30)
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김영준. "Economic Openness and Labor Allocation between Skilled and Less-skilled Sectors". KDI Journal of Economic Policy 34, n.º 1 (marzo de 2012): 87–133. http://dx.doi.org/10.23895/kdijep.2012.34.1.87.
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Bongers, Anelí, Carmen Díaz-Roldán y José L. Torres. "Highly Skilled International Migration, STEM Workers, and Innovation". Economics 16, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2022): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/econ-2022-0022.
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Abstract This article studies the implications of highly skilled labor international migration in a two-country dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model. The model considers three types of workers: Science, Technology, Engineering, or Mathematics (STEM) workers, non-STEM college educated workers, and non-college educated workers. Aggregate productivity in each economy is a function of innovations, which can be produced only by STEM workers. The model predicts (i) the existence of a wage premium of STEM workers relative to non-STEM college educated workers, (ii) the skill wage premium is higher in the destination country and increases with positive technological shocks, (iii) a reduction in migration costs increases output, wages, and total labor in the destination country, with opposite effects in the country of origin, and (iv) high skilled immigrants reduce skilled native labor and do not affect unskilled labor. Finally, a migration policy designed to attract STEM workers generates similar effects to a positive aggregate productivity shock.
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Freeman, Richard B. "Are Your Wages Set in Beijing?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 9, n.º 3 (1 de agosto de 1995): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.9.3.15.
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The economic troubles of less-skilled workers in the United States. and OECD-Europe during a period of rising manufacturing imports from third world countries has created a debate about whether, in a global economy, wages or employment are determined by the global rather than domestic labor-market conditions. One side argues that trade is all that matters; another side, that trade does not matter at all. The author rejects these polar views; empirical analysis has found modest but real trade effects in displacement of less-skilled labor and declines in the price of goods produced by low-skilled workers.
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Buang, Nor Aishah. "PERAN PERGURUAN TINGGI DALAM MENGHADAPI MASYARAKAT EKONOMI ASEAN". Ri'ayah: Jurnal Sosial dan Keagamaan 1, n.º 01 (2 de junio de 2016): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32332/riayah.v1i01.128.
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Education is one of important field in changing someone life status and produce the economic country. In globalization era, the deep and comprehensive researches especially in developmental of high education are required for education transformation toward economy-knowledge based. The investment in education sector and expand the skilled job opportunity become the prior policy in ASEAN countries to develop economic site. Collage institution has the main role not only in creating societies who have high education but also the skilled societies who can fulfill the labor market requirement. The aim of this research is to investigate the role of collage institution in facing ASEAN Economic Society (MEA) through the harmonization between education and economic society prosperity. MEA covered the skilled labor market consist of 10 countries in each country has different education system based on their economic, social, culture, and political. The explanation found that the lack of standard systems for entire ASEAN countries develop the big challenge faced by MEA to penetrate the market of skilled labor in Southeast Asia.