Tesis sobre el tema "Sistema immunitario (Immune system)"
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Perrotta, Marialuisa. "A cholinergic-sympathetic pathway mediates the activation of immune system in hypertension". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi del Molise, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11695/83377.
Texto completoINGHESE, CRISTINA. "Exploitation of winery by-products as immune modulators in sheep". Doctoral thesis, Università di Foggia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11369/369485.
Texto completoThis thesis focused on the potential reuse of winery by-products as immunomodulants in sheep. Recently, EU Parliament introduced the “Waste Framework Directive” (Directive 2008/98/EC) with the intent to promote the recycling and recovery of waste and by-products in order to obtain a secondary raw material. As describe in this directive a by-product is: a substance or object, resulting from a production process, the primary aim of which is not the production of that item. In this scenario is integrated the “zero waste economy” which is based on the circular economy concept. In this point of view waste can be used as new material to generate products. Nowadays, consumers are attentive to the healthiness and safety of animal products moreover, worldwide is generally accepted that industries generate a large amount of waste leading to a huge environmental impact. It is generally known that winery products contain considerable number of bioactive compounds mainly phenols with strong antioxidant activity, antimicrobial and anticancer activity, modulation of detoxification enzymes, activity on the immune system and modulation of hormone metabolism. Starting from this consideration this thesis is oriented to characterize two different oenological byproducts, wine lees and grape pomace, with the objective of extracting bioactive substances which can be used as supplements in sheep diet. This dissertation provides an in vitro overview of the immunomodulants properties of winery by-products extracts, so further researchers are required to evaluate their impact in vivo. The thesis is divided into three different trials. Winery by-products where collected at two local wineries: Cantine La Marchesa (Lucera, FG) and Cantine Pirro (Troia, FG), in order to support our economy, moreover the choice was made taking into account the vines processed in order to valorizate the Apulia Region production. The winery by-products chosen belong to local cultivar of Vitis Vinifera: Bombino and Trebbiano d’Abruzzo for white vinification (Cantine La Marchesa) and Nero di Troia for rosè and red vinification (Cantine Pirro). To operate in an “enviromentaly friendly” approach solvent and procedures were carefully chosen. In the first trial wine lees, classified as the residues remain at the bottom of recipients after wine production, were collected and submitted to extraction procedures in order to isolate bioactive compounds. The extraction of bioactive substances was conducted using a microwave assisted extraction (MAE) technique with low impact solvents such as water, ethanol and their mixture 1:1 and catalyser/no catalyser to increase the extraction yeald. In this experiment, three different wine lees from Bombino/Trebbiano d’Abruzzo in white vinifiaction and Nero di Troia in rosè and red vinification were submitted to MAE extraction operating at four different temperatures 50°C, 100°C, 150°C and 200°C then total phenols, antocians, flavonoids content and antioxidant capacity were assessed. MAE extracts were tested at 0.4 mg/mL and 0.8 mg/mL on in vitro PBMC proliferation and cytokines’ production. In addition, an apoptosis ELISA assay was done to measure the presence of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins in cells supernatants. Wine lees extracts were submitted to a GC-MS/MS to investigate the presence of further compounds such as 5-hydroxymetylfurfural. An enzymatic determination of sulphites and organic acids was done to excludes the impact of these substances on wine lees’ antioxidant capacity. Results from this in vitro trial demonstrates that wine lees extracts contain a different total phenols content depends on the type of extraction solvent: white wine lees contains more flavonoids while Rosè lees contains more antocians and ABTS+ ability was higher in Red lees in water extraction. Tests on PBMCs confirm the hypothesis that wine lees are able to affect sheep immune system, reporting a reduction of their proliferation with all wine lees extracts. Even though no significative variation of pro-inflammatory cytokines were found, anti-inflammatory IFN-γ and IL-10 result augmented when Nero di Troia red wine lees in water (ReW) were added to PBMC, demonstrating an immunostimulatory effect of this wine lees extract which can be associated to the high scavenging activity of this extract. From GC-MS/MS analysis in Nero di Troia red wine lees extracted in water results the precense of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) to whose is connected the high ABTS+ capacity. Moreover, 5-HMF affected the apoptotic pathway through the BCl2 protein family resulting in an increment of the level of pro-apoptotic Bax proteins. In the second trial, MAE’ wine lees extracts in water at 200°C from previous trial were further extracted in separating funnel then purified by flash liquid chromatography (FLC) and submitted to a GC-MS/MS analysis. Results from gas chromatography report the presence of a family of diketopiperazines in these wine lees fractions with a different isomers distribution in different fractions. Based on these results fractions were merged and then two fractions (F1 and F2) of each wine lees where chosen and tested on in vitro PBMCs at two concentration 0.4 mg/mL and 0.8 mg/mL. This trial consist of two experiments conducted at two different temperatures simulating condition of thermal stress (43°C) for 24 h and condition of normothermia (37°C) for 48 hours; proliferation assay and cytokines determination were done for both experiment and, in addition, a mitochondrial health assay was conducted on cells cultivated in heat stress condition with EVOS FL Cell Imaging System (Thermo Fisher) using the HCS Mitochondrial Health Kit (Invitrogen). Recent studies revealed that diketopiperazines have antioxidant, antiviral, antimicrobial and immunstimulants properties. Results from this second trial report a marked decrement of lymphomonocytes proliferation and cells viability in condition of normothermia even more accentuated in thermal stress conditions. As concern the cytokines pattern, in condition of normothermia a decrement of IL-6 was observed in supernatants of cells harvested with WhF1, RoF1 0.8, ReF1 0.8 and ReF2 while an increment of IL-10 was observed in presence of White wine lees F2. Differently, in condition of thermal stress at 43°C, IL-6 undergone a reduction when cells were stimulated with F2 of each wine lees and with ReF1 0.8 while at 39°C a decrement was registered with RoF1 0.8. IFN-γ level increase in presence of ReF2 0.8 when administered in condition of thermal stress demonstrating the capacity of this wine lees fraction to increase anti-inflammatory cytokines at the expense of pro-antiflammatory cytokines. Third trial focused on grape pomace which consist mainly in grape skin and seeds. Nero di Troia grape pomace were collected and submitted to MAE extraction with water, ethanol and water/ethanol 1:1 and catalyser/no catalyser at 50°C, 100°C, 150°C and 200°C and then total phenols, antocians and flavonoids content and antioxidant capacity were assessed. Grape pomace extracts were tested on in vitro PBMC of sheep during transition period. Blood where collected 15 days (t1), 7 days (t2) before lambing, at lambing (t3) and 7 days (t4) after lambing. Results demonstrate a different impact on PBMC proliferation depending on the types of extracts; PBMCs proliferation increase respect to CS at t3 and t4 except in presence of 200°C extracts in water at both concentrations and in ethanol at 0.8 mg/mL that undergone to a decrement. This result could be associated with an immunosuppressive role of these extracts. The level of IL-6 resulted higher at all time of experiment when cells were stimulated with grape pomace extracted in water/ethanol or in ethanol at 150 and 200°C respectively. At day of lambing and seven days after, it was registered an increment of the level of IL-10. This cytokine and the IL-6 resulted both higher in some extracts and this effect can be linked to the activation of the innate immune response. Lastly, in this trial the level of the anti-inflammatory IFN-ɣ was higher in cells harvested with ethanol and catalyser and ethanol extracts seven days after lambing. From the above consideration is possible to assert that the reuse of winery by-products is possible to obtain bioactive compounds useful in animal nutrition thanks to their immunomodulants capacity. To sum up, wine lees extracts can be used as immunostimolants and antioxidants and their purified fractions, as obtained in the second trial, are useful as chemotherapeutic and anti-inflammatory compounds. Lastely, grape pomace can be used as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulants even in condition of stress linked to the transition period. Further studies can be directed to in vivo experiment in order to better understand the immune impact of these extracts and fractions with the last aim of sustaining animal immune response and meanwhile reducing the environmental impact of oenological by-products.
Fernández, Bravo Ana. "Epidemiology and pathogenic characterization of species of the genus Aeromonas". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667146.
Texto completoEl género Aeromonas incluye más de 32 especies, algunas de las cuales están distribuidas en el medio ambiente y se consideran autóctonas de los sistemas acuáticos. El objetivo principal de esta tesis fue contribuir al mejor conocimiento de la epidemiología y la patogenicidad de este género. En este trabajo se ha investigado la presencia de Aeromonas en diferentes fuentes de agua demostrando que el método de floculación de leche desnatada utilizado para detección de virus parece ser un buen método para la detección de estas. Además, el análisis de A. salmonicida, una especie asociada clásicamente con enfermedades en peces utilizando un modelo de ratón, confirmó que esta especie puede infectar mamíferos con diferentes niveles de patogenicidad. Teniendo en cuenta el aumento de las infecciones por Aeromonas en los últimos años, se han llevado a cabo colaboraciones con hospitales. También se demostró que el uso de MALDI-TOF para la identificación de Aeromonas aisladas de peces era poco precisa debido a las carencias en la base de datos. El uso de genomas, su comparación y el desarrollo de nuevas herramientas bioinformáticas, demostró ser útil para entender la función de las especies. En esta tesis doctoral se llevó a cabo la caracterización de la metalochaperona HypA previamente descrita en otros patógenos, demostrando el rol en la tolerancia al ácido del estómago y en la defensa de Aeromonas contra macrófagos. Además, se ha demostrado el rol de la toxina ExoA y el sistema de secreción tipo VI (SST6) en las infecciones mixtas que progresan en una fascitis necrotizante, mediante el estudio de cepas aisladas de un paciente de Estados Unidos. Finalmente, un estudio de la defensa de monocitos humanos contra Aeromonas se llevó a cabo. Los resultados demostraron una respuesta immune especie-específica, siendo más fuerte en las especies más prevalentes en clínica.
The genus Aeromonas includes more than 32 species, some of which are distributed in the environment and are considered to be indigenous to aquatic systems. The main objective of this thesis was to contribute to a better knowledge of the epidemiology and pathogenicity of this genus. In this work we have investigated the presence of Aeromonas in different water sources demonstrating the method of skimmed milk flocculation used for virus detection, it seems to be a good method for the detection of these bacteria. In addition, the analysis of A. salmonicida, a species classically associated with fish diseases using an in vivo model, confirmed that this species can infect mammals with different levels of pathogenicity. Considering the increase of infections by Aeromonas in recent years, different collaborations with university hospitals have been carried out to investigated different cases . It was also shown that the use of MALDI-TOF for the identification of Aeromonas spp isolated from clinical cases and fish was not precise due to the deficiencies in the database. The use of genomes, their comparison and the development of new bioinformatic tools, proved to be useful to understand the potential function of A. lusitana and A. salmonicida in the environment. In this doctoral thesis the metallochaperone HypA previously described with role in tolerance to stomach acid in other pathogens was characterized and in the defense of Aeromonas against macrophages. In addition, the role of the ExoA toxin and the type VI secretion system (T6SS) in mixed infections that progress in a necrotizing fasciitis have been demonstrated, using several mutant strains. Finally, a study of the defense of human monocytes against Aeromonas was performed. The results showed a species-specific immune response, that was higher in the most prevalent clinical species.
Diaz, Garrido Natalia. "Modulation of intestinal immune responses by microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673948.
Texto completoJulià, Manresa Marc. "Receptores del sistema inmunitario innato (Toll-like receptors y receptores de la Fc-gamma) y adaptativo (CD5 y CD6) como factores de susceptibilidad, modificadores de la enfermedad y respuesta al tratamiento biológico en psoriasis". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668023.
Texto completoPsoriasis is a chronic immuno-mediated inflammatory cutaneous disease characterized by the presence of erythematous and desquamative plaques tipically appearing in extension areas and the scalp. In its pathophysiology, multiple components of both the innate and adaptive immune system have been implicated. In this Doctoral Thesis, 4 original studies are presented analyzing different genetic polymorphisms of receptors belonging to both the innate (toll-like and Fc-gamma receptors) and adaptive immune system (CD5 and CD6) as potential factors that modify the phenotype, the susceptibility and the response to treatment in psoriasis. In addition, the first in vivo and in vitro experimental evidences of the involvement of CD6 lymphocyte receptor in psoriasis are provided.
Andrés, Rodríguez Laura. "Caracterització del perfil immunoinflamatori i efectes del Mindfulness en pacients amb fibromiàlgia". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670329.
Texto completoIntroducción: La Fibromialgia (FM) es un síndrome que cursa con dolor musculoesquelético generalizado y crónico, hiperalgesia y alodinia, rigidez muscular, fatiga, trastornos del sueño y presenta un alto porcentaje de patologías concomitantes, en un 84% de los casos en España. El impacto de la FM en el día a día suele ser severo y afecta a muchos niveles. Uno de los principales problemas de la investigación y la práctica clínica relacionadas con la FM es la ausencia de marcadores diagnósticos. En esta tesis doctoral se buscará definir el perfil inmunitario de las personas con FM, y se estudiará el papel en la fisiopatología y el mantenimiento de los síntomas de la FM. Por otro lado, a día de hoy no existe ningún tratamiento curativo para la FM. Las guías de tratamiento de la FM coinciden en recomendar intervenciones multidisciplinarias y multicomponente dirigidas a abordar la sintomatología concreta de cada paciente. Dentro de las intervenciones psicológicas, las intervenciones basadas en Mindfulness (MBIs) están resultando en una mejora de la calidad de vida y una reducción del deterioro funcional asociado a la enfermedad. Concretamente, la Reducción de Estrés Basada en Mindfulness (MBSR), añadida al tratamiento habitual, está teniendo buenos resultados en la mejora de la severidad de la FM y los síntomas asociados. Objetivos: Esta tesis se plantea en dos bloques, el primero se centra en caracterizar el perfil inmunológico de la FM mediante dos estudios. El primero es un estudio de casos y controles donde se comparan los perfiles inmunológicos de las pacientes con FM vs. un grupo de mujeres sanas, teniendo en cuenta posibles variables de confusión en los niveles de marcadores inflamatorios en sangre; y el segundo un metaanálisis, donde se busca contrastar los resultados obtenidos en el primer estudio teniendo en cuenta el conjunto de los datos publicados hasta el momento. En el segundo bloque de la tesis, el foco se pondrá en conocer qué efecto puede tener una intervención basada en mindfulness en la calidad de vida y los marcadores inmunitarios de las pacientes con FM. Conclusiones: Las personas con FM presentan un perfil inmunológico característico respecto de las personas que no padecen el síndrome, diferencia que se mantiene cuando se tienen en cuenta las variables de confusión. Este perfil inmunitario se caracteriza por una anómala regulación al alza de los fenotipos IRS y CIRS. Hemos visto que valores más bajos de IL-10 están significativamente relacionados con el diagnóstico de FM, al tiempo que niveles bajos de los marcadores inmunes IL-6, IL-10 y CXCL-8 ayudan a la predicción del nivel de dolor crónico de estas pacientes. El programa de MBSR ha sido eficaz para reducir la sintomatología clínica, la severidad, la afectación funcional, la sintomatología depresiva y el estrés percibido en pacientes con FM. Más allá de las medidas de autoinforme, el MBSR ha mantenido estables los niveles de IL-10, indicando una potencial capacidad de regulación de las alteraciones inmunitarias de la FM. Adicionalmente, hemos observado una relación entre niveles basales más elevados de CXCL-8 y una respuesta de menor eficacia en el tratamiento MBSR, en especial en la mejora del dolor. Asimismo, hemos encontrado una asociación similar entre niveles basales más elevados de los índices IL-6 / IL-10 y CXCL-8 / IL-10, y una menor mejora de la inflexibilidad psicológica tras la intervención de MBSR. Los resultados de esta tesis aportan nueva información respecto del perfil inmunitario de las personas que sufren de FM, y el potencial que tiene el MBSR como intervención coadyuvante.
Introduction: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain syndrome characterized by musculoskeletal pain, coupled with fatigue, stiffness, disordered sleep, perceived cognitive dysfunction, and mood disturbances. FM affects around 1.78% of worldwide population, and around 2.4% of Spanish population. Additionally, a high percentage of FM patients (84% in Spain) presents comorbid pathologies. FM impact on everyday life of patients who suffer it is usually severe and affects at multiple levels. One of the main problems in research and clinical practice related to FM is the lack of biomarkers for diagnose. The main aims of this thesis is to define the immune profile of people with FM, and to study the its role on the physiopathology and maintenance of FM symptomatology. Additionally, there are no curative treatments for FM. However, evidence-based guidelines on the treatment of FM agree on the recommendations of multidisciplinary and multicomponent interventions directed towards the specific symptomatology of each individual patient. Within psychological interventions, Mindfulness Based Interventions (MBIs), and specifically Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) are arising as promising interventions to accomplish a better quality of life, and a lesser impairment in functionality associated to FM. Objectives: This thesis is presented in two sections, the first is focused on determining the immunological differences between FM and CS through two studies. The first is a case-control study compares the immunological profiles of patients with FM vs a group of healthy women, controlling by cofounding variables; the second one is a meta-analysis, which seeks to contrast the results obtained in the first study considering the published data so far. In the second block of the thesis, the focus is on the mindfulness effects in clinical severity and the immune system of patients with FM. Conclusions FM patients present a characteristic immune-inflammatory profile, different from persons without the syndrome. These differences are maintained even after controlling by cofounding variables. This immune profile presents an anomalous upregulation of the IRS/CIRS phenotypes. Lower levels of IL-10 seem to be significantly related with the FM diagnose, while lower levels of IL-6, IL-10 and CXCL-8 contribute to the prediction of the chronic pain levels of these patients. MBSR is an effective intervention to reduce clinical symptomatology, severity, functional impairment, depressive symptomatology and perceived stress in patients with FM. Additionally, MBSR intervention had a significant effect on IL-10, since its levels decreased in the treatment as usual group, but not after MBSR, suggesting a potential effect of the intervention on the immune regulation in patients with FM. MBSR efficacy on reducing perceived pain was buffered when FM patients presented higher basal levels of CXCL-8. At the same time, there was a similar association between higher levels of IL-6/IL-10 and CXCL-8/IL-10 and less improvement in psychological inflexibility after MBSR. The results of this thesis provide new information regarding the immune profile of people suffering from FM, and the potential of MBSR as an adjuvant intervention.
Grases, Pintó Blanca. "Influència de la leptina i l’adiponectina sobre el sistema immunitari de rates lactants nascudes a terme i a preterme". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667433.
Texto completoNeonates are born with an immature immune system, which develops during the first stages of life. This early immaturity is more acute in preterm newborns. Breast milk contains numerous bioactive factors, such as adipokines (leptin and adiponectin). It has been described that they also have immunomodulatory properties. However, little is known about their effects in the development of the immune system in early life. On this basis, the aim of the present thesis was to establish the influence of a supplementation with leptin and adiponectin on the maturation of the systemic and intestinal immune system in term and preterm suckling rats. To achieve this goal, neonate Wistar rats born at term were daily supplemented with leptin or adiponectin throughout the suckling period. Regarding the systemic immune system, adipokine supplementation was able to modify the plasma immunoglobulin (Ig) pattern. Moreover, spleen lymphocyte composition and cytokine secretion were influenced by adipokine supplementations, without affecting their proliferative ability. In the case of the intestinal immune system, adipokine supplementations produced changes in cytokine production and also in the lymphocyte composition of both the inductor and effector compartments of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Furthermore, adiponectin was able to enhance the proliferation of lymphocytes from mesenteric lymph nodes. Adipokine supplementation also changed the expression of genes involved in the innate immune response and intestinal maturation and modified the microbiota composition. To accomplish the second part of the goal – evaluate the influence of one of the adipokines in premature conditions− a preterm rat model was established. Preterm rats, born by a Caesarean, showed affectation in several biomarkers of innate and adaptive immunity. Using this model, premature rats were supplemented with leptin during the first 17 days of life. Results showed that leptin supplementation was able to counteract some of the alterations produced by prematurity, such as the changes in phagocytic activity of monocytes, plasma Ig concentrations, intestinal permeability, goblet cell size and the expression of particular intestinal genes. Overall, leptin and adiponectin supplementation during suckling promote the systemic and the intestinal immune system maturation in rats born at term. In the case of leptin, this effect was also demonstrated in preterm conditions.
Massot, Cladera Malen. "Efecte dels components bioactius del cacau sobre la microbiota i el sistema immunitari intestinal de rata". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/361098.
Texto completoIn the last few years, cocoa has become one of the main subjects of study due to its high content in flavonoids. Several studies have associated the cocoa intake with health benefits. Moreover, immunomodulatory properties in rats have been also attributed to cocoa. On this basis, the aim of the present thesis was to establish the impact of diets enriched with cocoa, cocoa flavonoids or cocoa fiber on the fecal microbiota composition and its activity as well as on the immune function in the gut. To achieve this objective, preclinical studies were carried out in rats fed a 10% conventional cocoa-enriched diet, diets elaborated with different amounts of non- fermented cocoa extracts and cocoa fiber diet. Regarding microbiota results, differential composition pattern was observed after all the experimental diets intake but only the cocoa fiber diet increased the Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. proportion. In addition, the cocoa fiber diet was the one which caused the most pronounced changes in the short chain fatty acids (SCFA) production. Particularly, it increased the cecal and fecal concentration of acetic, propionic and butyric acids. Moreover, both the 10%-cocoa diet and cocoa fiber diets differentially modulated the TLR gene expression in the colon. Concerning the mucosal immunoglobulin production, all cocoa polyphenol-enriched diets modulated the intestinal IgA secretion although this effect was not proportional to their flavonoid content. The cocoa fiber diet also exerted an effect on intestinal IgA secretion but in a different way depending on the compartment. Focusing on the extraintestinal compartment, although the cocoa fiber diet showed the same down- modulatory effect on IgA and IgM secretion as the cocoa diet, its mechanisms were different. In addition, all cocoa flavonoid-enriched diets decreased IgA-coated bacteria proportion in a non-dose dependent manner whereas this percentage increased by the cocoa fiber intake The 10% cocoa diet was the only one that caused a slower body weight gain. This effect is correlated with the microbiota modulation. The change induced by cocoa diet on the expression of genes involved in the lipid metabolism in the colon could be also involved. Regarding the urinary metabolites, the cocoa and the coca fiber diets caused differential metabolic profile that can be used as consumption marker. The metabolic fingerprint correlated well with the body weight, the metabolic hormones, the intestinal immunity and the microbiota composition. Moreover, all these variables showed also an association between them. Therefore, the effects produced by cocoa intake are due to the differential effects caused by each one of its main bioactive compounds - polyphenols and fiber - which act in a synergistic or opposite manner depending on the variable. Other cocoa compounds are also involved in such effects.
Corral, Pujol Marta. "Estudis de la Resposta Immunitària en els contextos d'Autoimmunitat i Immunitat Tumoral: models de Diabetis Tipus 1 i Melanoma Cutani". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673097.
Texto completoLa función del sistema inmunitario es eliminar cualquier agente infeccioso o célula dañada, propocionando una protección a largo plazo contra estos. Además, dispone de diferentes mecanismos de selección y tolerancia para controlar a los linfocitos autorreactivos. Defectos en la regulación de estos mecanismos pueden dar lugar a la aparición de enfermedades autoinmunes como la Diabetes Tipo 1 (T1D), que se caracteriza por la destrucción selectiva de las células β pancreáticas. A pesar de que éstas son la principal diana del ataque autoinmunitario, no son la única. Alteraciones en las neuronas sensoriales aferentes que inervan el páncreas y que tienen sus cuerpos celulares en los ganglios dorsales raquídeos (DRG), se han relacionado con el desarrollo de la T1D. En el presente trabajo, se realizó un análisis de la expresión de ARNm en células de los DRG que demuestra la presencia de alteraciones funcionales en este tipo celular, avalando la hipótesis de que la T1D es una enfermedad multisistémica y que, entre el conjunto de células afectadas por el ataque autoinmunitario, se podrían encontrar también las células de los DRG. Estas presentan un conjunto de alteraciones en la expresión de varias proteínas que podrían generar una respuesta autoinmune contra autoantígenos tanto del Sistema Nervioso Periférico como de las células β. Algunas de estas alteraciones se observaron también en leucocitos de sangre periférica, convirtiéndose en posibles biomarcadores de susceptibilidad a desarrollar T1D. Sin embargo, habría que hacer más estudios para comprender el papel de esta neurodegeneración en el desarrollo de la T1D así como para determinar qué genes podrían ser buenos biomarcadores para detectar pacientes susceptibles a desarrollar T1D. Paralelamente a los estudios de las células de los DRG, en el transcurso del estudio del papel de la periferina como autoantígeno en la T1D, se vió que uno de los péptidos derivados de esta molécula (DIF-P) estimulaba la producción de citoquinas proinflamatorias por parte de los monocitos e inducía la muerte de distintos tipos celulares. Además, estas propiedades funcionales estaban alteradas cuando se modificaba el péptido con una cola de 3 lisinas (DIF-P3K) o de 8 argininas (DIF-P8R), probablemente debido a que estas colas de aminoácidos los convertían en péptidos penetrantes celulares (CPPs) y permitían su mejor internalización. Dadas las propiedades citotóxicas y inmunoestimuladoras de DIF-P, DIF-P3K y DIF-P8R, se decidió dar un salto a los estudios in vivo para estudiar su potencial como agentes immunterapéuticos contra el cáncer. Los diferentes estudios in vivo realizados hasta el momento demuestran la actividad antitumoral de los péptidos DIF en los modelos de melanoma y mastocitoma, indicando su uso potencial en el tratamiento de cáncer humano, ya sea como agentes citostáticos y/o inmunoterapéuticos, y de este modo pasar a formar parte del arsenal terapéutico de esta enfermedad.
The main function of the immune system is to eliminate any infectious agents or damaged cells, providing long-term protection against them. Moreover, it has different selection and tolerance mechanisms in order to control self-reactive lymphocytes. Defects in the regulation of these mechanisms can lead to the onset of autoimmune diseases such as Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), which is characterized by the selective destruction of pancreatic β cells. Although these cells are the main target of the autoimmune attack, they are not the only one. Alterations in the afferent sensory neurons innervating the pancreas and having their cell bodies in the Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRG) have been linked to T1D development. In the present study, we performed an analysis of mRNA expression in DRG that demonstrates the presence of functional alterations in this cell type, supporting the hypothesis that T1D is a multisystemic disease and that DRG cells can be found among the set of cells affected by the autoimmune attack. These cells present a set of alterations in the expression of various proteins that could generate an autoimmune response against autoantigens of both the Peripheral Nervous System and β cells. Some of these alterations were also found in peripheral blood leukocytes, suggesting their possible role as biomarkers of susceptibility to develope T1D. However, further studies are needed to better understand the role of this neurodegeneration in the development of T1D as well as to determine which genes could be good biomarkers for detecting patients susceptible to develope T1D. In parallel with the DRG cells studies, in the course of the study of the role of peripherin as an autoantigen in T1D, it was seen that one of the peptides derived from this molecule (DIF-P) stimulated the production of proinflammatory cytokines by monocytes as well as inducing the death of various cell types. In addition, these functional properties were altered when the peptide was modified with a 3-lysine (DIF-P3K) or 8-arginine (DIF-P8R) tail, probably because these amino acid tails turn them into Cell Penetrating Peptides (CPPs) allowing for better internalization. Given the cytotoxic and immunostimulatory properties of DIF-P, DIF-P3K, and DIF-P8R, it was decided to make a leap into in vivo studies to study their potential as immunotherapeutic agents against cancer. The different in vivo studies performed so far demonstrate the antitumor activity of DIF peptides in the models of melanoma and mastocytoma, indicating their potential use in the treatment of human cancer, either as cytostatic and/or immunotherapeutic agents, and this way become part of the therapeutic arsenal of this disease.
Galiano, Landeira Jordi. "Etiopathogenic relevance of CD8+ T cells in Parkinson’s disease". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673969.
Texto completoDiferentes estudios han señalado la importancia del sistema inmune adaptativo en la etiopatogenia de la enfermedad de Parkinson (PD). La infiltración de linfocitos T se ha descrito tanto en modelos animales como en tejido postmortem humano. Algunos autores han propuesta las modificaciones post-traduccionales de la α-sinucleína como posible antígeno que induzca la respuesta inmune adaptativa. Por lo tanto, el objetivo principal de esta tesis fue determinar si los linfocitos T participan en el inicio y la progresión de la PD. Además, queríamos saber si la α-sinucleína se comportaba como un neoantígeno. Analizamos y caracterizamos fenotípicamente los linfocitos T que infiltran la substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) en tejido postmortem humano en diferentes etapas de la enfermedad. Tejido de PD y casos incidentales de cuerpos de Lewy (iLBD), los cuales son considerados un estadio inicial pre-motor de la enfermedad, fueron analizados. Estudiamos la relación entre la infiltración de linfocitos T con la muerte de neuronas dopaminérgicas y la sinucleinopatía, dos piedras angulares de la enfermedad. Detectamos una infiltración bifásica de linfocitos T citotóxicos CD8+ (CTL) en la SNpc. Inesperadamente, el primer y más importante pico se produce cuando la sinucleinopatía y la muerte dopaminérgica aún no están establecidas. La infiltración de CTL se reduce cuando la sinucleinopatía y la muerte dopaminérgica empiezan. La infiltración de CTL vuelve a aumentar en los casos de PD donde la densidad de linfocitos T CD8+ correlaciona con la pérdida neuronal. Resultados parecidos fueron obtenidos en otra área cerebral afectada en la PD como es el locus coeruleus (LC). El hecho que los CTLs contactasen con neuronas dopaminérgicas y correlacionasen con su pérdida, sugiere un posible rol en la muerte dopaminérgica. Más específicamente, detectamos que los CTLs expresaban maquinaria citotóxica como granzimas e interferón-g. La infiltración de CTLs granzimas+ en la SNpc estaba augmentada en casos iLBD indicando una respuesta inmune adaptativa aguda en estadios iniciales de la enfermedad. Un elevado porcentaje de CTLs eran linfocitos T memoria residentes de tejido identificados por CD103. La presentación antigénica vía microglía MHC-II+ estaba reducida en estadios iniciales de la enfermedad. Bajas densidades de microglía MHC-II+ tipo ameboide/activada correlacionaban con más pérdida dopaminérgica, sugiriendo un rol positivo de la microglía MHC-II+. Para determinar el mejor modelo roedor con la intención de analizar el rol de los linfocitos T, caracterizamos la respuesta inmune adaptativa en ratones inyectados con MPTP y en ratas que sobre-expresaban α-sinucleína. Encontramos una infiltración transitoria de linfocitos T CD4+ y CD8+ que precedían la muerte dopaminérgica en el modelo MPTP subaguda y que correlacionaban con una afectación estriatal. Aún así, la eliminación de la tolerancia inmunitaria vía la depleción de los Tregs no augmentó el daño nigroestriatal. Finalmente, también observamos la infiltración de linfocitos T CD4 y CD8+ en la SNpc en ratas sobre-expresando α-sinucleína. No obstante, estas ratas no mostraban ni cambios motores ni daño nigroestriatal. En conclusión, la respuesta inmune adaptativa en cerebros de casos con la PD es diferente a la observada en modelos animales de la enfermedad. En la SNpc, los linfocitos T CD4+ no están augmentados y la infiltración de CTL precede la sinucleinopatía. Estos resultados señalan el hecho que la α-sinucleína no parace ser el antígeno que provoca un ataque citotóxico. En general, esta tesis ha demostrado que la infiltración de CTL es un evento inicial en la enfermedad precediendo tanto la muerte dopaminérgica como la sinucleinopatía. Por lo tanto, el sistema inmune adaptativo puede ser una buena diana terapéutica tanto en estados iniciales como finales de la enfermedad. Aún así, urge la necesidad de establecer nuevos modelos animales que recapitulen la respuesta humana inmune adaptativa.
Mounting evidence has pointed out that the adaptive immune system has an important role in Parkinson’s disease (PD) etiopathogenesis. T cell infiltration has been described in both PD experimental animal models and post-mortem human tissue. Some authors have proposed α-synuclein posttranslational modifications as the antigen eliciting this adaptive immune response. Thus, the main goal of this thesis was to determine whether T cells participate in the onset and progression of the disease. Moreover, we wanted to know whether α-synuclein behaved as a neoantigen. In order to overcome this, we analyzed and phenotypically characterized substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) infiltrating T cells in post-mortem human tissue at distinct disease stages. PD and incidental Lewy Body disease (iLBD) cases, which are considered to be an early pre-motor stage of the disorder, were analyzed. We studied the relationship between T cell infiltration with dopaminergic cell loss and synucleinopathy, two hallmarks of the disorder. We found a biphasic SNpc CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) infiltration. Strikingly, the first and highest peak was found when synucleinopathy and dopaminergic cell loss were not established. SNpc CTL infiltration subsided when synucleinopathy and dopaminergic cell loss started. SNpc CTL infiltration again increased in PD cases where CD8+ T cell densities correlated with neuronal death. Similar results were also obtained in another PD brain affected area such as locus coeruleus (LC). The fact that SNpc CTLs made contact with dopaminergic neurons and correlated with dopaminergic cell loss, suggests a likely role in dopaminergic cell death. To delve further into this concept, we found that SNpc CTLs expressed cytotoxic machinery i.e. granzymes and interferon-g. Infiltrating SNpc granzyme+ CTLs were found increased in iLBD cases indicating an acute adaptive immune response in early stages of the disease. A high percentage of SNpc CTLs were tissue resident memory T cells identified by CD103 expression. Antigen presentation by means of MHC class-II+ microglia was reduced in early stages of the disease. Low densities of ameboid/activated MHC class-II+ microglial cells correlated with higher dopaminergic cell loss, suggesting a positive role of MHC class-II+ microglia in the disease. To determine the best rodent model to assess the T cell role in PD, we characterized the immune response in MPTP injected mice and rats overexpressing α-synuclein. We found a transient CD4+ and CD8+ T cell infiltration preceding dopaminergic cell death in the subacute MPTP injected mice which correlated with striatal damage. Nonetheless, breaking immune tolerance through systemic Treg depletion did not increase nigrostriatal damage. Finally, we also observed CD4+ and CD8+ T cell SNpc infiltration in rats overexpressing α-synuclein. However, these rats did show neither behavioural motor changes nor nigrostriatal damage. To conclude, human PD-specific brain adaptive immune response reported in our study is different to the one observed in PD experimental animal models. In SNpc human tissue CD4+ T cells were not elevated, and CTL infiltration preceded synucleinopathy. These results point out the fact that α-synuclein seems not to be the antigen for the cytotoxic attack elicited by CD8+ T cells. Overall, this thesis demonstrated that CTL infiltration is an early event of the disease preceding both α-synuclein deposition and dopaminergic cell loss. Thus, targeting the adaptive immune response in both early and late stages of the disease may have beneficial effects. Nevertheless, there is a need to establish new PD experimental animal models which recapitulate the human adaptive immune response.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Neurociències
Glaría, Percaz Estibaliz. "Selective effects of Liver X Receptor activation in host-bacteria interaction". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673708.
Texto completoTorres, Castro Paulina. "Efecto de los factores bioactivos de leche materna TGF-β2, EGF y FGF21 sobre el desarrollo del sistema inmunitario de ratas nacidas a término y a pretérmino". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668346.
Texto completoThe neonatal immune system is immature and prematurity magnifies this state, provoking severe deficiencies. In addition, breast milk have several bioactive compounds such as transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) that may have a key role promoting intestinal and immune maturation. In this line, the aim for this thesis was to evaluate whether the daily supplementation with TGF-β2, EGF and FGF21 was able to enhance the intestinal barrier maturation and to promote the development of the intestinal and systemic immune system in both term and preterm rats. For the first part, newborn Wistar rats were daily supplemented with TGF-β2, EGF and FGF21 during the suckling period. On the one hand, in the intestinal immune system, the three bioactive factors studied produced changes on the production of cytokines and lymphocyte composition being more evident for EGF and FGF21 supplementations. Moreover, EGF and FGF21 increased gene expression related with intestinal maturation. On the systemic immune system, these bioactive factors promoted a cytokine pattern related with a Th2 response that it is characteristic of the first days of life. Moreover, some changes on the spleen composition of lymphocytes subsets were observed without changes on proliferation response. On the second part of this thesis, we studied the effect of EGF supplementation in premature rats. Its daily supplementation during the first 17 days of life was able to enhance the innate immune response by increasing the proportion of NK cells at the intestinal site. Moreover, the supplementation was able to revert some of the deficiencies found in the prematurity status, such as the imbalance in the Th1 / Th2 plasma immunoglobulins pattern, intestinal permeability, Goblet cells size and gene expression of some molecules at the intestinal level. These results suggest that the supplementation with TGF-β2, EGF and FGF21 during breastfeeding promotes the development of the intestinal and systemic immune system in full-term suckling rats. In addition, EGF is involved in the maturation of the intestinal and immune barrier function in premature conditions, which could reduce the risk of infections associated with this type of delivery.
Reinés, Bennàssar Maria del Mar. "Modulación de la estructura del lípido A como estrategia de virulencia en Yersinia enterocolitica". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/84104.
Texto completoMota, SÃmia Macedo Queiroz. "ParÃmetros de normalidade do sistema imunolÃgico no idoso em Fortaleza - CearÃ". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2009. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3619.
Texto completoWorldwide, the number of individuals whose age is over 60 years will grow exponentially. Is provided an increase of 694 million in the number of older people in 2025. Ageing is a complex process that negatively impacts the development of the immune system and its ability to function. Immunosenescence is a multifactorial condition leading to many pathologically significant health problems in the aged population, it is becoming recognized that the immune system declines with age, a term known as immunosenescence, which leads to a higher incidence of infections, neoplasia and autoimmune diseases. This study attempts to describe the immunological profile of a population of healthy elderly. Thirty five elderly patients aged 60 years were subjected to a study and the same numbers of young volunteers aged between twenty and thirty eight were examinated like control group. Were investigated sixteen laboratorial exams to define the main changes in immunosenescence. The results showed changes in both innate immunity and adaptive immunity in the elderly body. The changes found in innate immunity were: increase the number of neutrophils in venous blood, increasing the concentration of C4 complement component, and increased levels of interleukin-6. Changes in adaptative immunity were: reduction in the number of lymphocytes (WBC) and lymphocyte subsets CD2 +, CD3 + and CD8 + (immunophenotyping) and increased concentration of immunoglobulin IgA and decreased IgM concentration. In cloncusion, this work was important to define the normal parameters of the immune system of a healthy elderly and improve our understanding of this system. Thus, it also constitutes a necessary step to identify how best to treat the underlying causes of immunosenescence and its consequence.
Gonçalves, Pedro Nuno de Jesus. "Exercício físico e sistema imunológico". Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/4834.
Texto completoDurante o último século, o homem tem vindo a adotar hábitos cada vez mais sedentários. Tais comportamentos têm promovido o aumento de algumas doenças, alterando estados metabólicos e também o sistema imunitário. A prática regular de exercício físico é essencial para a saúde e para um aumento da qualidade de vida. O presente trabalho visa relacionar a prática de exercício físico com o desenvolvimento da resposta imunológica. O atual conhecimento permite considerar que os benefícios inerentes à prática de exercício físico são responsáveis, também, por alterações no sistema imunitário. During the last century, man has been adopting increasingly sedentary habits. Such behaviors have promoted the increase of some diseases, changing metabolic states and also the immune system. The regular practice of physical exercise produces many benefits for a good health and improves the quality health of life. The present work aims to relate the physical exercise with the development of the immune response. Current knowledge allows us to consider that physical exercise as benefits and is responsible for changes, also, in the immune system.
Silva, Fernanda Menezes de Oliveira e. "Morfologia e ultra-estrutura dos órgãos linfoides de cetáceos (Ordem Cetacea, Subordem Odontoceti)". Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10132/tde-24032015-141229/.
Texto completoLymphocytes, key cells of the immune system, can be found in organs and tissues of two major systems of the body: the lymphatic system, composed of an extensive network of lymph vessels and lymph nodes; and the lymphoid system, more comprehensive that, in addition to comprise the lymphatic system, includes all cells, tissues and organs containing lymphoid aggregates, such as the thymus and spleen. Although these systems are widely described in domestic animals and some wildlife species, studies about marine mammals are scarce. The negative influence of contaminants in the immune system of aquatic mammals is in constant discussion. The knowledge on the anatomy of these systems is essential for clinical interpretation and necropsy, providing a better understanding of the pathological findings. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the morphology and ultrastructure of lymphoid system of odontocetes occurring in the Brazilian coast. Samples from animals stranded in the northern and northeastern regions of Brazil were collected and organs spleen, thymus and lymph node and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue were analyzed. First, all samples were evaluated macroscopically and topographically located. Subsequently, they were fixed and analyzed by light microscopy, scanning electron and transmission, immunohistochemistry and histomorphometry. Through these analyzes it was observed that the organs and lymphoid tissues in cetaceans are similar to that observed in domestic mammals, with some peculiarities inherent to their habitat. There were no morphological differences from the thymus in the species studied, except for the absence of adipose tissue replacing the organ in younger animals, and the presence of Hassall corpuscles more prominent in this group. New groups of lymph nodes were described, possessing architecture similar to that described in the literature for terrestrial mammals. Lymph nodes were arranged solitarily or in groups and had varied format, covered by a capsule and the parenchyma of the organ was divided into cortical and medullary region. Their germinal centers had become more evident and developed in puppies and young animals. Spleens and accessory spleens were morphologically similar, characterized by numerous lymph nodules delimited by periarterial lymphoid sheath and a diffuse cellular network in its surrounding area, without differentiation between cortical and medullary layers. Germinal centers became more discrete and reduced in number with increasing age. Accessory spleens were firmly adhered to the spleen and / or the greater curvature of the first stomach and were more prevalent in animals with higher body score and dives deeper, suggesting a role of complement blood reservoir. The mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues in cetaceans were similar to those observed in terrestrial mammals, with inherent aquatic adaptations, such as the presence of oropharyngeal and anal tonsils, ensuring a more efficient immune response in the face of constant antigenic challenges present in their habitat. It is suggested that this segment of the lymphoid system is essential for the protection of the animal before the contaminants in their habitat. Based on these findings, this study will enable a better understanding of the structure and functioning of the immune system of the species studied, collaborating in the elucidation of causes of stranding of these animals, whicih may act as potential environmental indicators
RUSSO, VENERA. "THE ROLE OF INTESTINAL IMMUNE SYSTEM IN HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 1âMEDIATED ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DYSFUNCTIONS". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424353.
Texto completoLe neuropatie intestinali sono state descritte in una varietà di disturbi gastrointestinali di natura funzionale e infiammatoria. Inoltre le alterazioni neuronali sono spesso state associate alla presenza di un infiltrato infiammatorio linfocitario, ma rimangono ancora oscuri i meccanismi alla base di questi processi. I potenziali fattori eziologici sono rappresentati da virus neurotropi, i quali sono in grado di infettare specificatamente i neuroni e causare danni alle cellule attraverso meccanismi diretti o indiretti. Tra i virus neurotropici, Herpes Simplex Virus type-1 sembra mostrare diverse caratteristiche interessanti. Anche se l’HSV-1 è più comunemente noto per infettare latentemente il ganglio trigemino del nervo cranico che innerva viso e mucosa orale, HSV-1 è stato trovato anche in gangli che innervano il tratto gastrointestinale nell'uomo probabilmente come conseguenza di particelle virali ingerite. L’attività di ricerca svolta durante il mio periodo di dottorato si basa sull’ipotesi che HSV-1 è capace di infettare il sistema nervoso enterico e innescare localmente una risposta immunitaria in grado di danneggiare i neuroni del tratto gastrointestinale. Per valutare la capacità della subfamiglia degli α-Herpesviridae (HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV) di infettare il sistema nervoso enterico (SNE) umano, abbiamo effettuato uno studio di coorte prospettico su resezioni ileocoliche chirurgiche di pazienti affetti da carcinoma del colon, morbo di Crohn, colite ulcerosa e malattia diverticolare. Un totale di 121 pazienti sono stati collezionati e mediante Real Time-PCR è stata valutata la presenza di DNA virale di HSV-1, HSV-2 e varicella-zoster (VZV), nello strato muscolare intestinale che comprende il plesso mienterico. La presenza di α-herpesvirus è stata evidenziata nel 44,5% dei campioni ileali e nel 52% dei campioni estratti da colon. La frequenza di campioni positivi al DNA virale non evidenzia alcuna correlazione significata con specifiche patologie. E’ stato però osservato che i livelli di DNA virale erano significativamente maggiori nei campioni di pazienti affetti da morbo di Crohn. Inoltre, il DNA di HSV è stato rilevato più frequentemente rispetto a VZV, 46% e 3%, rispettivamente. Al fine di simulare l'infezione da α-herpesvirinae e la conseguente diffusione nel SNE umano, il mio gruppo ha messo a punto un modello murino di infezione persistente di HSV-1 nel SNE. Utilizzando questo modello abbiamo dimostrato che l’infezione intestinale da HSV-1 provoca anomalie neuromuscolari correlate al tempo d’infezione, fornendo per per la prima volta la prova in vivo che i virus neurotropi sono capaci di raggiungere e, conseguentemente, danneggiare il SNE. In particolare, significative anomalie della motilità intestinale e danni funzionali dei nervi enterici sono stati evidenziati tra le 8 e 10 settimane dopo l’inoculo intragastrico (IG) in topi infettati con HSV-1. Il mio studio si è focalizzato sulla caratterizzazione della risposta immunitaria adattativa durante l’infezione da HSV-1 con lo scopo di chiarire un possibile coinvolgimento delle cellule immuni sulle alterazione neuronali che causano disfunzioni gastrointestinali. Abbiamo analizzato la presenza d’infiltrato linfocitario nel plesso mienterico (LMMP) di topi infettati con HSV-1 ed è stato osservato un aumento del numero di linfociti CD3+ a partire dalla sesta settimana e persistenti fino alla decima settimana dopo inoculo IG. In particolare all’ottava settimana d’infezione sono stati osservati sia CD3+CD4+IL4+ che CD3+CD8+INF-γ+ specificatamente attivati e reattivi ad HSV-1, mentre alla decima settimana dopo inoculo IG vi era una maggiore presenza di CD3+CD8+INF-γ+. Con saggi d’immunoistochimica, la localizzazione dei linfociti CD3+ è stata confermata al livello dei gangli mienterici in topi inoculati con HSV-1 dalla sesta alla decina settimana post infezione. Per verificare il coinvolgimento delle cellule T CD8+ e CD4+ nelle dismotilità indotte da HSV-1 sono stati effettuati esperimenti di deplezione tramite somministrazione di anticorpi monoclonali anti-CD4 e anti-CD8. Danni al SNE e anomalie neuromuscolari sono state osservate solo dopo l'esaurimento delle cellule T CD8+ all’ottava e decima dopo inoculo IG. Per validare ulteriormente il ruolo dei linfociti T reattivi al virus nel danno neuronale, CD3+CD4+ e CD3+CD8+ sono stati isolati dal plesso mienterico di topi infetti da 8 e 10 settimane e, dopo stimolazione in vitro con HSV-1, trapianti in topi sani. Una settimana dopo il trapianto sono stati valutati gli effetti sulla motilità intestinale nei topi trapiantati. Il trasferimento di cellule T CD8+ isolate dal plesso mienterico a 8 settimane hanno causato significative anomalie neuromuscolari (p <0.01 vs controllo) in topi controllo trapianti, solo in seguito a stimolazione in vitro con HSV-1. Invece, alterazioni della motilità sono state riscontrate in seguito al trapianto di entrambe le sottopopolazioni linfocitarie, CD4+ e CD8+ isolati dal plesso mientercio di topi infetti a 10 settimane, con o senza una precedente esposizione in vitro di antigeni virali. In conclusione, in questo studio abbiamo dimostrato che α-herpesvirinae DNA è presente in una grande percentuale di pazienti e che la presenza di HSV-1 nei gangli mienterici murini innesca una robusta risposta immunitaria specifica in grado di danneggiare il SNE. Noi ipotizziamo che una persistente infezione da HSV-1 nel SNE, in soggetti predisposti, può contribuire ad alterare l'integrità funzionale neuronale favorendo l'insorgenza di disturbi intestinali.
Oliveira, Ana Carolina Santos. "Mecanismos parasitários de escape ao sistema imunológico". Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/2486.
Texto completoA evasão ao sistema imunulógico, por parte dos parasitas, está actualmente omnipresente e envolve uma série de mecanismos moleculares, que reflectem a evolução, reprodução e crescimento parasitário. Existem uma série de formas e processos de escape parasitário permitindo com que estes garantam, simultaneamente, a sua sobrevivência e a do hospedeiro. A co-evolução convergente entre hospedeiro e parasita sustêm a base destes mecanismos que se baseiam na manipulação dos processos que fazem parte e regulam a resposta imunitária e o normal funcionamento das células de defesa do hospedeiro, ficando a resposta inata e adaptativa vulnerável à acção parasitária. O fenómeno de evasão parasitária foi descoberto há cerca de 100 anos, por aquele que é considerado o pai da Imunologia, Paul Erlich; este durante alguns dos seus estudos observou “o desaparecimento dos receptores” característicos dos anticorpos do sistema imune, em Trypanossomas africanos. A partir daí as funções genéticas, alterações de variantes antigénicas, moléculas supressoras do sistema imune têm sido amplamente descobertas e estudadas. A importância do conhecimento das adaptações parasitárias é fundamental para o desenvolvimento de terapeuticas na área da medicina, imunologia, parasitologia e farmacologia visto que destas se obtêm dados fundamentais sobre a interecção entre estes microorganismos e sobre as patologias que podem causar. Desta feita este trabalho aborda, então esses mecanismos, explicando ainda de forma sintética a constituição do sistema imune de forma a direccionar facilmente e localizar o centro de ataque parasitário, demonstrando a forma ágil e habilidosa com que estes seres conseguem ludibriar um complexo sistema como é o sistema imunitário de um indivíduo imunocompetente. Evasion of immunologic system, by parasites, is now ubiquitous and involves several molecular mechanisms that reflect the evolution, parasite growth and its reproduction. There are a number of forms and escape processes which have been adopted by parasits ensuring survival of both parasite and host. The convergent co-evolution of host and parasite is the basis of these mechanisms that rely on manipulation of the processes which are part of the immune response and regulate it, as well as, the normal functioning of host defense cells, leaving the innate and adaptive response vulnerable to parasite activity. The phenomenon of parasite evasion was discovered about 100 years ago, by one considered the father of Immunology, Paul Ehrlich. This has been found during some of his studies where disappearance of the antibody receptors characteristic of the immune system of the African trypanosome, was observed. Since then, gene functions, changes in antigenic variants and suppressing molecules of immune system have been extensively discovered and studied. The importance of the knowledge of parasitic adaptations is crucial for the development of new therapeutics in medicine, immunology, parasitology and pharmacology since these data reflect the interaction between microorganisms and the immune system and also related diseases. With this dissertation we will have an overview of these mechanisms and a brief explanation of the immune system in order to easily locate the center of parasitic attack, demonstrating how agile and skilled these living beings can evade a complex system like the immune system of immunocompetent individuals.
Magalhães, Ana Cláudia Teixeira de. "Exogenous attention and memory for faces following contextual behavioural immune system activation". Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/23742.
Texto completoO sistema imuno-comportamental é caraterizado por processos afetivos, cognitivos e comportamentais que trabalham de forma articulada para prevenir a ocorrência de uma infeção. Da mesma forma, tanto a atenção como a memória evoluíram para aumentar as probabilidades de sobrevivência do organismo e, por isso, devem estar associadas ao sistema imuno-comportamental. Assim, o presente estudo investigou os efeitos da atenção e da memória para faces neutras após ativação contextual do sistema imuno-comportamental. Preocupações com doenças infeciosas ou não-infeciosas foram elicitadas nos participantes através da utilização de vídeos. Depois, eles realizaram uma tarefa de atenção exógena baseada na discriminação de letras alvo com faces neutras apresentadas como distratores, seguida de uma tarefa de reconhecimento surpresa para as faces. Os resultados mostraram que os participantes na condição de doença infeciosa apresentaram melhor desempenho na tarefa atencional do que os participantes na condição de controlo. Não foi encontrada nenhuma diferença significativa entre os grupos quanto à tarefa de reconhecimento. Em geral, estes resultados sugerem que o sistema imuno-comportamental pode estar associado a um estado de hipervigilância perante pistas sociais em geral e que a sua ativação por meio deste tipo de priming pode não ser suficiente para ativar mecanismos mnésicos.
The behavioural immune system (BIS) is characterized by affective, cognitive and behavioural processes that work in an articulated way to prevent the occurrence of an infection in the first place. Likewise, both attention and memory evolved to enhance the organism’s chances of survival and should, therefore, be associated with the BIS. Thus, the present study investigated the effects of attention and memory for neutral faces after a contextual activation of the behavioural immune system. Participants were primed either with infectious disease concerns or non-infectious disease concerns, using film clips. Then, they performed an exogenous attentional task based on the discrimination of target letters with face stimuli presented as distractors, followed by a surprise recognition task for the faces. The results showed that participants in the infectious disease condition performed better in the attentional task than participants in the control condition. No significant difference between groups was found regarding the recognition task. Overall, these results suggest that the BIS might be associated with a hypervigilant state towards social cues in general and that BIS activation through this type of priming may not be sufficient to activate mnemonic mechanisms
Matos, Eduardo Pompeo de. "Resposta do sistema imunológico e do metabolismo intermediário de ratos wistar machos tratados com nonilfenol etoxilado". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2018. https://repositorio.ucs.br/11338/3859.
Texto completoConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNPq
Ethoxylated nonylphenol (NPE) is an endocrine disruptor that is present in the environment because of its use as a detergent in the industrial effluent cleaning processes. The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of ethoxylated nonylphenol (NPE) on the adaptive immune system in male Wistar rats. In these animals, the effect of NPE on peripheral lymphocyte cells was evaluate by performing hemogram and adaptive lymphocytic profile, analyzing CD4, CD8, CD28 and CD45 RA surface markers. The effect of treatment on the liver and spleen, as well as on the intermediate metabolism, was also evaluate through glycemic, triglyceride and cholesterol analyzes. The data did not show significant differences in relation to the hepatic and splenic index. The level of triglycerides presented a 50% increase in the treated groups; in the evaluation of cholesterol and glucose levels, no significant differences between the groups were demonstrate. The results indicated that both, the number of lymphocytes and monocytes of the treated groups had a significant decrease of approximately 25% and 50% relative to the control group. The number of strongly labeled cells for the presence of the CD45RA High protein on the cell surface of the lymphocytes showed to be higher in the cells of the mice in the treated group and that the treatment increases the ratio between the CD45RA High/Dim cells. These results raise the hypothesis that enlarged cells in the treated groups exhibit terminally differentiated T cell (TEMRA). This study provided new data on the action of NPE, to the best of our knowledge, is the first research to verify the elevated presence of TEMRA cells in animals treated with NPE. In addition, these findings contribute a new focus for future research on this substance.
Oliveira, Isabela Liane [UNESP]. "Sistema de coleta, análise e detecção de código malicioso baseado no sistema imunológico humano". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89338.
Texto completoCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Os códigos maliciosos (malware) podem causar danos graves em sistemas de computação e dados. O mecanismo que o sistema imunológico humano utiliza para proteger e detectar os organismos que ameaçam o corpo humano demonstra ser eficiente e pode ser adaptado para a detecção de malware atuantes na Internet. Neste contexto, propõe-se no presente trabalho um sistema que realiza coleta distribuída, análise e detecção de programas maliciosos, sendo a detecção inspirada no sistema imunológico humano. Após a coleta de amostras de malware da Internet, as amostras são analisadas de forma dinâmica de modo a proporcionar rastros de execução em nível do sistema operacional e dos fluxos de rede que são usados para criar um modelo comportamental e para gerar uma assinatura de detecção. Essas assinaturas servem como entrada para o detector de malware e atuam como anticorpos no processo de detecção de antígenos realizado pelo sistema imunológico humano. Isso permite entender o ataque realizado pelo malware e auxilia nos processos de remoção de infecções
Malicious programs (malware) can cause severe damages on computer systems and data. The mechanism that the human immune system uses to detect and protect from organisms that threaten the human body is efficient and can be adapted to detect malware attacks. In this context, we propose a system to perform malware distributed collection, analysis and detection, this last inspired by the human immune system. After collecting malware samples from Internet, they are dynamically analyzed so as to provide execution traces at the operating system level and network flows that are used to create a behavioral model and to generate a detection signature. Those signatures serve as input to a malware detector, acting as the antibodies in the antigen detection process performed by immune human system. This allows us to understand the malware attack and aids in the infection removal procedures
Montalvão, Silmara 1982. "Avaliação da resposta imune humoral em pacientes portadores de hemofilia A = Humoral immune response in hemophilia A". [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/310744.
Texto completoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: Os principais problemas relacionados ao tratamento de pacientes portadores de hemofilia A estão relacionados ao uso terapêutico de fator VIII (FVIII), sendo estes o desenvolvimento de anticorpos neutralizantes anti-FVIII (inibidores), e o desenvolvimento de reações anafiláticas, que são eventos raros, no entanto potencialmente graves. As informações quanto aos isotipos de imunoglobulinas associados a estas duas situações clínicas ainda é limitado. O objetivo deste projeto foi avaliar as características da resposta imune humoral em pacientes com hemofilia A que apresentam inibidor e/ou em condição de reação alérgica ao FVIII. Para estas análises três metodologias foram aplicadas, (1) determinação de anticorpos inibitórios por método de Bethesda-Nijmegen, (2) determinação do isotipo de imunoglobulinas envolvidas subclasses da IgG, IgM e IgE anti-FVIII, por método de ELISA e (3) determinação de citocinas por método multiplex BDTM CBA® (cytometric bead array). Esse projeto foi dividido em três estudos. No primeiro estudo, foram analisadas amostras de 25 pacientes brasileiros com hemofilia A, sendo 44% destes afrodescendentes. Todos os pacientes receberam exclusivamente terapia de reposição com concentrado de FVIII derivado de plasma (pdFVIII) e produtos bypass após o desenvolvimento de inibidor. Cinco pacientes deste grupo foram acompanhados por uma análise longitudinal no período de até três anos. No segundo estudo, 4 pacientes com hemofilia A com inibidor foram avaliados no período em que foram tratados através do protocolo de indução de imunotolerância (ITI) para erradicação do inibidor, também em análise longitudinal. O terceiro consistiu da avaliação de incidência de reação alérgica em pacientes com hemofilia A. Três de 322 pacientes (0,9%) apresentaram reação alérgica após a exposição exclusivamente para pdFVIII durante os últimos quinze anos em nosso centro. Os resultados evidenciaram que a subclasse IgG4 é a principal na modulação em presença de anticorpos inibitórios, enquanto a IgG1 na maior parte das análises estava presente junto a baixos títulos de inibidor.Durante o tratamento de ITI os níveis das interleucinas anti-inflamatórias IL-4 e IL-6 acompanharam o decaimento dos títulos de inibidor e IgG4 nos pacientes que obtiveram sucesso ao tratamento. Além disso, no decorrer do protocolo observou-se uma resposta polarizada para o tipo Th1 como padrão de resposta na conquista da tolerância completa ao FVIII. No contexto da reação alérgica, apenas um dos três pacientes apresentou reatividade da IgE que foi exclusiva ao pdFVIII, sendo negativa no ensaio do IgE anti-rFVIII (anti-fator VIII recombinante), demonstrando que a reatividade não foi específica ao FVIII. O entendimento resposta imune humoral em pacientes com hemofilia A, incluindo a participação da IgG4 e IgG1 no mecanismos envolvendo a presença e erradicação dos inibidores e da IgE na reação alérgica, possibilita ampliar conceitos estabelecidos dos mecanismos envolvidos nessas duas situações. Isso poderá auxiliar no desenvolvimento de novos produtos menos imunogênicos e de novas estratégias para a indução de tolerância ao FVIII, que tenham maior eficiência e melhor custo benefício
Abstract: The main problems related to the treatment of hemophilia A patients are linked to the use of therapeutic factor VIII (FVIII). First, the development of neutralizing antibodies against FVIII (inhibitors), and second development of anaphylactic reactions, which are rare, however potencialy severe. The knowledge about the immunoglobulin isotypes associated with these two clinical situations is still limited.The aim of this project was to evaluate the characteristics of the humoral immune response in patients with hemophilia A who have inhibitors and/or allergic reaction to FVIII. For these analyzes three methods were used (1) inhibitory anti-FVIII antibodies assay by Bethesda-Nijmegen (2) immunoglobulins isotype ELISA assay for anti-FVIII IgG subclasses, IgM and IgE and (3) cytokines assay by BDTM Cytometric bead array (BD CBA®) multiplex method. This project was divided in three studies. In the first study, we analyzed samples from 25 Brazilian hemophilia A patients with 44% African-descents. All patients received exclusively replacement therapy with plasma-derived (pdFVIII) concentrates, and bypassing agents after the development of inhibitors. Five patients from this group were followed for a longitudinal analysis in a period up to three years. In the second study, 4 hemophilia A patients with inhibitor were evaluated also in longitudinal analyses, during the induction of immunotolerance (ITI) treatment for the eradication of the inhibitor. The third study included the evaluation of the incidence of allergic reaction among hemophilia A patients. Three out of 322 patients (0.9%) had allergic reaction after exclusively exposure to pdFVIII during the last fifteen years in our center. The results of these studies demonstrated that IgG4 subclass is the main immunoglobulin involved in the modulation of the inhibitory antibodies, while IgG1 is associated with low-titer inhibitors. During the ITI protocol, the anti- inflammatory interleukins, IL-4 and IL-6 decreased following the IgG4 reduction among the patients that achieved success in the ITI treatment. In addition, during the ITI protocol it was observed a polarized Th1 immune response after the complete success achievement. In the context of allergic reaction, only one out of three patients presented IgE reactivity that was exclusively to pdFVIII, and the assay IgE anti-rFVIII (anti-recombinant FVIII) was negative, confirming that the reativity was not specific to FVIII. The understanding of the humoral immune response in hemophilia A patients, including the role of IgG4 and IgG1 in the mechanisms involving the presence and eradication of inhibitors, and the participation of IgE in allergic reaction, allows to better understand the established concepts of the mechanisms involved in these two situations. This may help the development of less immunogenic new products and new strategies for induction of tolerance to FVIII, with higher efficiency and best value
Mestrado
Clinica Medica
Mestra em Clínica Médica
Horst, Nara Limeira. "Efeito da Suplementação com L-arginina em subpopulações linfocitárias de ratos submetidos a esplenectomia total isolada ou combinada com autoimplante esplênico". Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2011. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2953.
Texto completoL-arginine is recognized as a nutrient of fundamental importance in immune response, although its effects are sometimes considered unstable. The splenic autoimplants has been proposed as an alternative to total splenectomy isolated, but there are concerns about the effectiveness of the restoration of the immune response, considering that the patient can remain at increased risk of developing overwhelming postsplenectomy infection, even after morphological regeneration of the organ. The aim of this study was to determine the role of dietary supplementation with L-arginine in lymphocyte subsets in blood, spleen, and splenic auto-transplantation in rats subjected to total splenectomy alone or in combination with splenic autotransplantation. Forty two male Sprague-Dawley rats, were randomly divided into six groups: 1 - Control sham operation, 2 total splenectomy 3 total splenectomy combined with splenic auto-implants, 4 - Control - sham operation, with L-arginine supplementation, 5 total splenectomy, supplemented with L-arginine, and 6 total splenectomy combined with splenic auto-implants, supplemented with L-arginine. Animals in groups 4, 5 and 6 were supplemented with L-arginine, once daily for 15 days before blood sample was collected immediately before the operative procedures (weeks 0 and 12). The dose was 1.0 g / kg / day administered by intragastric bolus. The laboratory evaluations were made by blood count and flow cytometry. Statistical analysis used parametric tests and nonparametric, p<0.05 was considered to reject the null hypothesis. Supplementation with L-arginine led to increase in relative and absolute count of peripheral neutrophils, 12 weeks after completion of total splenectomy combined with splenic auto-implants. Total splenectomy caused a decrease in relative count of T lymphocytes, CD4+ and CD8β in blood, but dietary supplementation with L-arginine prevented the decrease in the percentage of total T cells and CD8β in the blood of animals subjected to splenic auto-transplantation. Both the completion of splenic auto-implants and the L-arginine supplementation may prevent the decrease of the subpopulation of CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood, a fact that usually occurs after completion of total splenectomy. There was a greater proliferation of white blood cells / g of tissue in the splenic autoimplants supplemented animals, but supplementation did not influence the T lymphocyte counts, CD4+ T and B splenic marginal zone. Supplementation of Larginine after performing total splenectomy combined with splenic autotransplantation in rats was able to reverse some of the changes observed in lymphocyte subsets, caused by splenectomy.
Oliveira, Licia Silva. "Modelando a interação entre o sistema imunologico humano e o Tripanossoma cruzi". [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/307206.
Texto completoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matematica, Estatistica e Computação Cientifica
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Resumo: A ação da resposta imunológica na infecção de Trypanosoma cruzi envolve dois mecanismos: um que resulta na produçao de anticorpos específicos contra antígenos do parasita e outro correponde a resposta imunológica celular com atividade citotoxica, que mata as celulas infectadas ou aqueles que expressam antígeno parasitario pela acao de linfócitos T citotóxicos. Com o objetivo de abordar o processo de infeccao por Trypanosoma cruzi e o mecanismo de delimitacao no organismo do hospedeiro promovida pelo sistema imunologico, dois modelos matematicos da interacao entre sistema imune e Trypanosoma cruzi são apresentadas. Apesar da simplicidade da dinamica das populacoes isoladas de organismos patogenicos e das celulas, a descriçao da interacao entre eles se torna altamente complexo. Assim, apresentamos o desenvolvimento de dois modelos simplificados pela necessidade de anaílise quantitativa das respostas humoral e celular
Abstract: The action of the immune response in the infection of Trypanosoma cruzi involves two mechanisms: one that results in the production of specific antibodies against antigens of the parasite and the cellular immune response with cytotoxic activity, which kills infected cells or those expressing antigen parasitic by the action of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Aiming to address the process of infection by Trypanosoma cruzi and the mechanism of delimitation in the organism of the host promoted by immune system, two mathematical models of the interaction between system immune and Trypanosoma cruzi are presented. Despite of the simplicity of the dynamic of the isolated populations of pathogen and the cells, the description of the interaction of them becomes highly complex. Hence, we present the development of two simplified models by the necessity of quantitative analysis of humoral e cell responses
Mestrado
Biomatematica
Mestre em Matemática Aplicada
Lemos, Adriane Cristina Garcia 1967. "Efeito da suplementação de frutooglissacarideos (FOS) sobre o sistema imunologico : estudo em ratos". [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256674.
Texto completoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Os prebióticos são alimentos indigeríveis, porém fermentáveis, que afetam o hospedeiro por estimulação seletiva do crescimento e atividade de uma espécie de bactérias ou um número limitado de bactérias no cólon. De todos os prebióticos disponíveis, os únicos que possuem estudos para serem classificados como componentes ativos de alimentos funcionais são os frutooligossacarídeos (FOS), inulina e o galactooligossacarídeos (GOS). Devido à sua estrutura química são fermentados no cólon por bactérias endógenas para substratos metabólicos e energéticos e promove melhoria das funções intestinais por meio do estímulo ao crescimento de bactérias benéficas, resultando em efeitos específicos sobre a fisiologia gastrointestinal, biodisponibilidade de minerais, sistema imune, gênese de tumores e regulação do colesterol sérico. No momento pouco é conhecido sobre o efeito do FOS no desenvolvimento de órgãos linfóides ou os mecanismos moleculares de sua ação na resposta imunológica. O objetivo do presente estudo é investigar o efeito da suplementação de FOS sobre o sistema imunológico em ratos. Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho, foram utilizados 32 ratos machos, adultos jovens, da linhagem Wistar. Os animais foram alimentados com ração balanceada padrão para roedores (Purina) e água ¿ad libidum¿, mantidos em gaiolas à temperatura ambiente de 25ºC e foto período de 12 horas de claro e 12 de escuro. Durante o ensaio biológico os animais foram divididos em 4 grupos (n=8), o suplemento foi administrado diariamente por 21 e 42 dias por gavagem, nas diferentes concentrações (0, 50, 100 e 150 mg/kg). Ao final do período experimental os animais foram anestesiados e as amostras de sangue (5ml) coletadas por punção cardíaca, centrifugadas por 15 minutos, sendo o soro sanguíneo separado. Os órgãos linfóides (timo, baço) foram removidos e pesados. Todos os procedimentos experimentais foram previamente aprovados pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa Animal da Universidade Estadual de Campinas. O soro coletado foi mantido a temperatura de 5°C e encaminhado ao laboratório de Bioquímica da Universidade do Sagrado Coração (Bauru) para a quantificação das imunoglobulinas IgA, IgG e IgM através da técnica de nefelometria. Os dados foram expressos como média ± erro padrão da média (EPM) e submetidos a analise de variância (ANOVA) As comparações entre grupos foram realizadas empregando-se o teste Tukey. As diferenças foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas para p<0,05. O efeito da suplementação dietética com FOS na concentração de 100 e 150 mg/kg aumentou (p <0,05) as concentrações no soro das Imunoglobulinas IgA, IgG e IgM. Em ambos os períodos de 21 e 42 dias a suplementação dietética com 50 mg/Kg não aumentam (p>0,05) as concentrações no soro de imunoglobulinas. A suplementação dietética com 100 mg/Kg e 150 mg/kg promoveu um aumento (p <0,05) nas concentrações no soro de imunoglobulinas durantes os 21 e 42 dias de suplementação. A Suplementação com FOS não promoveu o aumento (p>0,05) no desenvolvimento dos órgãos linfóides. Os animais que foram suplementados com 100 e 150 mg/kg apresentaram um ganho de peso estatisticamente significativo (p<0,05) quando comparados com grupo controle. Com os resultados do presente estudo pode se concluir que o FOS melhorou a resposta imune em ratos, por modulação positiva da resposta imune
Abstract: The prebiotics are non-digestible foods, however fermented, they affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one of a limited number of bacteria in the colon. From all the available prebiotics, the only ones that possess enough studies of activity are the Fructooligosaccharides (FOS), inulin and galactooligosaccharides. Due to their chemical structure, they are fermented in the colon by endogenous bacterias to metabolic and energy substrata and they promote improvement of the intestinal functions by inducing the growth of beneficial bacterias, resulting in specific effects on the gastrointestinal physiology, mineral availability, immune system, genesis of tumors and regulation of the Serum cholesterol. At present, little is known about the effect of FOS on the development of lymphoid organs or the molecular mechanisms of it's action on the immune response. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of supplementation with FOS on immune system in rats. For the development of this work, 32 male Wister rats were used, young adults, of the lineage Wistar. The animals were fed with standard food for rodents (Purina) and water ¿ad libitum¿, maintained in cages at temperature of 25ºC and picture period of 12 hours of light and 12 of darkness. During biological assays the animals were divided into 4 groups (n=8), the supplement was administered daily by 21 and 42 days by gavage, in different concentrations (0, 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg). At the end of the experimental period the animals were anesthetized and the samples of blood (5ml) collected by heart puncture, centrifuged by 15 minutes, being the separate sanguine serum. The llymphoid organs (thymus, spleen) they were removed and wighted. All the experimental procedures were previously approved for the Committee of ethical in Animal Research of the State University of Campinas. The collected serum was maintained at 5°C and direc ted to the laboratory of Biochemistry of the University of the Sacred Heart (Bauru) for the quantification of imunoglobulins IgA, IgG and IgM following the nefelometria technique. The data were expressed as average ± standard deviation of the average (SD) and submitted to analyzes of variance (ANOVA). The comparisons among groups were accomplished Tukey test. The differences were considered statistically significative for p <0,05. The effect of dietary supplementation with FOS in the concentration of 100 to 150 mg/kg increased (p<0,05) on serum concentrations of Imunoglobulins IgA, IgG e IgM. In both of periods 21 and 42 day, dietary supplementation wich 50 mg/Kg did not increase (p>0,05) serum concentrations of imunoglobulins, Dietary supplementation with 100 mg/Kg e 150 mg/kg resulted in higher (p <0,05) serum concentration of imunoglobulins and 21 and 42 day. The suplementation with FOS don¿t increase (p>0,05) lymphoid organ development. The animals that were suplementation with 100 and 150 mg/kg presented an weight gain statistically significant (p <0,05) when compared with control group. The results of the present study it may concluded that FOS can improve immune response in rats, Through positive modulation of the immune response
Mestrado
Mestre em Ciência de Alimentos
Santos, Andrey dos. "Caracterização de aspectos geneticos e imunologicos envolvidos no desenvolvimento de inibidores em hemofilia A e B". [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/310746.
Texto completoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
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Resumo: Uma complicação decorrente do tratamento da hemofilia é a formação de anticorpos neutralizadores da atividade coagulante do fator VIII ou IX (inibidores). Diversos fatores estão relacionados com o desenvolvimento desses inibidores em indivíduos com hemofilia, incluindo fatores genéticos e ambientais. Entre os fatores genéticos, a mutação associada ao diagnóstico da hemofilia é um fator de risco bem documentado. Recentemente foi observada a maior ocorrência de inibidores em indivíduos da etnia negra. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os aspectos genéticos e não genéticos envolvidos no desenvolvimento de inibidores. Foram incluídos nesse estudo 411 pacientes hemofílicos, sendo 321 com hemofilia A (HA) (238 famílias) e 99 com hemofilia B (HB) (59 famílias). A presença de inibidores foi constatada apenas entre os pacientes HA graves. Do total de 220 HA graves desse estudo, 46 (20,9%) apresentaram inibidor detectado em pelo menos uma ocasião após sua inclusão no estudo. Mutações consideradas de alto-risco para o desenvolvimento de inibidores foram identificadas em 125/220 pacientes HA graves (58,8%), e 33 deles desenvolveram inibidores (26,4%). Considerando o grupo étnico de acordo com traços físicos e ancestralidade, 38% dos pacientes HA graves foram classificados como negros. A incidência de inibidores foi maior nesse grupo de pacientes (31% do total de pacientes HA graves classificados como negros) quando comparada aos pacientes caucasóides (20% do total de pacientes HA graves classificados como caucasóides). Recentemente, foi observado que a maior incidência de inibidores em uma população norte-americana de pacientes com HA, estava relacionada com a presença de determinados haplótipos no gene do fator VIII. Esta observação poderia ser explicada pelo fato dos as proteínas expressas pelos haplótipos que aparecem exclusivamente entre a população negra (denominados H3 e H4), estarem ausentes nos concentrados de fator VIII recombinantes utilizados rotineiramente no tratamento desses pacientes. Em nossa análise a presença desses haplótipos não está relacionada com a maior freqüência de inibidor na população negra desse estudo. Além disso, a distribuição dos diferentes haplótipos do gene do fator VIII, classificados de H1 a H6, foi distinta entre todos os grupos étnicos brasileiros e norte-americanos. Essa observação pode ser explicada pela origem distinta entre os negros que imigraram da África para o Brasil e para a América do Norte, assim como o alto índice de miscigenação de nossa população. Em outra fase desse estudo, foi realizada a análise comparativa da expressão gênica a partir de amostras de RNA mensageiro (RNAm) extraídas em pool leucocitário de pacientes com HA grave, com ou sem a presença de inibidores. Na avaliação que incluiu numa primeira análise pacientes de uma mesma família discordante para a presença de inibidor e, em uma segunda fase, indivíduos não relacionados, foram observados 50 genes mais expressos e 16 genes menos expressos em pacientes com inibidor em comparação aos sem inibidor. Dentre esses genes foram selecionados dez, levando-se em conta sua participação na resposta imune ou sua correlação prévia com o desenvolvimento de inibidores em outros estudos. Pela técnica de PCR em tempo real, observou-se que os genes da interleucina 8 (IL-8) e da cistatina F (CST7) demonstraram ser mais expressos em pacientes com inibidor, enquanto que o gene da interleucina 10 (IL-10) foi menos expresso nesse grupo de pacientes. Dessa forma, nossos resultados fortalecem a idéia de que o mecanismo de desenvolvimento de inibidores em hemofilia é complexo e ainda não totalmente esclarecido e que existe um grande envolvimento de diversos genes relacionados com sistema imune na formação desses inibidores. O estudo em diferentes populações é uma importante etapa para o entendimento dos fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de inibidores. Esse foi o primeiro trabalho realizado no Brasil incluindo pacientes de diversas regiões e analisando simultaneamente diferentes fatores e seu envolvimento com o desenvolvimento de inibidores. A determinação desses fatores de risco ajudará no futuro a determinar um tratamento diferenciado para o controle e sobretudo prevenção do desenvolvimento de inibidores
Abstract: The most serious complication of the treatment of hemophilia is the development of neutralizing antibodies to coagulation activity of factor VIII or IX (inhibitors). Several risk factors are related to the development of these inhibitors in patients with hemophilia, including genetic and environmental factors. Among genetic factors, the mutation associated with the diagnosis of hemophilia is a risk factor well documented. Recently, it was observed a higher incidence of inhibitors in African ancestry patients. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic and non-genetic factors involved in the development of inhibitors. The study included 411 hemophilia patients, of which 321 with hemophilia A (HA) and 99 with hemophilia B (HB), belonging to a total of 238 and 59 families, respectively. The inhibitors were observed only in severe HA patients. From the 220 severe HA, 46 (20.9%) had inhibitor. The high risk mutation for the development of inhibitors were identified in 125 / 220 (58.8 %) severe HA patients, and 33 (26.4 %) of them developed inhibitors. Considering the ethnic group according to physical traits and ancestry, 38 % of severe HA patients were classified as black. The incidence of inhibitors is higher in this group of patients (31%) when compared to Caucasian patients (20%). The higher risk of inhibitor among African-Brazilians, could not be explained by the presence of the distinct factor VIII haplotypes, such as H3 and H4, as suggested in previous study. In fact, the prevalence rates of these haplotypes were distinct between Brazilians and North Americans, probably due to the fact that migrations of blacks to Brazil and to North America were originated from different geographic areas of Africa. In another phase of this study, we performed a comparative analysis of gene expression in samples of messenger RNA (mRNA) extracted from leukocytes of inhibitor and non-inhibitor patients with severe HA was performed. The evaluation consisted of an initial analysis of severe HA patients siblings, or from the same family, discordant for inhibitor development and in a second phase a group of unrelated individuals. Using the bioarrays technology 50 genes were upregulated and 16 were downregulated in inhibitor patients compared with non-inhibitor patients. Ten genes were selected among them, which are involved in immune response and were related to inhibitors development in other studies. It was observed by real time PCR that the genes for interleukin 8 (IL-8) and cystatin F (CST7) were upregulated and for interleukin 10 (IL-10) was downregulated in inhibitor patients. In conclusion, our results strengthen the idea that the mechanism of inhibitor development in hemophilia is complex, not clear and there is a large involvement of several genes related to the immune system in the development of these inhibitors. The study in different populations is important to understand the risk factors for the development of inhibitors. This is the first work in Brazil, to study patients from various regions and to performe analysis of different factors and their involvement in the development of inhibitors. The determination of these risk factors will help in the future to determine differential treatment for the control and in particular, for preventing the development of inhibitors
Doutorado
Clinica Medica
Doutor em Clínica Médica
Fraga, Tatiana Rodrigues. "Identificação de proteases de Leptospira envolvidas com mecanismos de escape do sistema complemento humano". Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42133/tde-27112014-094144/.
Texto completoLeptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira. To establish the infection, these bacteria have developed strategies to escape the complement system. In this work, we demonstrate that culture supernatant from pathogenic Leptospira is capable of inhibiting the three complement pathways. We observe that this supernatant possess proteolytic activity under C3, C3b and iC3b, FB (alternative pathway), C2 and C4b (classical and lectin pathways). The proteins C3, C4, C2 and FB were also cleaved when normal human serum (NHS) was used as a source of complement. We demonstrate that these proteases act together with the host regulators Factor I and Factor H in C3b cleavage. The cleavages were inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, suggesting the involvement of metalloproteinases. Leptospira metalloproteinases from the thermolysin family were produced as recombinant proteins and cleaved C3 in NHS. We concluded that proteases from pathogenic Leptospira can inactivate complement molecules and are potential targets for new therapies in leptospirosis.
Abd-Elfatah, Hassan Ahmed. "Aspects on maternal immune health during gestation and early postpartum periods in the cow". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/104487.
Texto completoEsta tesis (mediante cinco estudios) fue destinada a investigar factores que tienen un efecto potencial sobre la salud materna durante la gestación y el posparto temprano, teniendo en cuenta la melatonina como una posible mejora de la salud y el rendimiento de las vacas. En el primer estudio, los factores que afectan a los leucocitos periféricos de la madre, como un indicador de estado inmune, entre los días 90-210 de gestaion fueron, la interacción entre la edad de la vaca y Neospora caninum, la estación, la gestación gemelar, la producción de leche y el tiempo de muestreo. Siguiendo el sistema inmune materno más allá en su fase más crítica, el segundo y el tercer estudios resumen los diferentes factores que afectan al sistema inmunológico de la madre desde el día 220 de gestación hasta 30 días posparto. El toro de IA, las glicoproteínas asociadas a la gestación (PAG), la interacción N. caninum-C. burnetii, la estación, la edad, la gestación gemelar y el tiempo de muestreo afectaban significativamente los leucocitos maternos. El objetivo del cuarto estudio fue evaluar la dosis adecuada de la melatonina, para probar sus posibles efectos en la mejora de la salud de la madre durante el periparto y la dosis de 332 mg/kg era la más adecuada. Por último, los posibles efectos de la melatonina en mejorar la salud materna durante el periparto fueron evaluados en el quinto estudio. Las vacas tratadas con melatonina tenian menos probabilidad de ser repetidoras y de perder la gestación, y, por lo tanto, tenian menos días abiertos.
This thesis (by means of five studies) aimed at investigating factors that have potential effect on the maternal health during gestation and the early postpartum, plus considering melatonin for improving cows’ health and performance. In the first study, factors affecting maternal peripheral leukocytes, as an indicator to immune status, between Days 90-210 of gestaion were, the interaction between cows’ age and Neospora caninum-seropositivity, season, twin-pregnancy, milk production and time. Following the maternal immune system further in its most critical phase, the second and third studies summarize different factors affecting maternal immune system from gestation Day 220 till 30 days postpartum. Artificial inseminating bull, plasma pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAGs), N. caninum-C. burnetii interaction, season, age, twin-pregnancy and time were found to significantly affect maternal peripheral leukocytes during that stage. The aim of the forth study was to evaluate proper melatonin dose as subcutaneous implants, for testing its possible effects in enhancing maternal health during the peripartum. Melatonin dose of 332 μg/kg was the most adequate. Finally, possible melatonin effects on enhancing maternal health during the peripartum were evaluated in the fifth study. Melatonin treated cows were found to have less likelihood of repeat breeding syndrome and pregnancy loss, and, therefore, less days open.
Campoverde, Vera Cindy. "Advances in the larval rearing of meagre (Argyrosomus regius): Diet, weaning protocols and ontogeny of the digestive and innate immune systems". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/458700.
Texto completoAquaculture production in Europe is dominated by a small group of species, such as salmon, trout, carp, seabass, seabream that limits the number of aquaculture products available on the market, and to some extent, the geographic regions where aquaculture can be done profitably. The market price of these species is often close to or below the minimum cost of production, which has consequent negative influences on the growth of aquaculture in the EU. A sustainable system based on the incorporation of new species could, to a certain extent, reduce the problem by providing a diversified market with increased geographic dispersal of production sites that can reduce transport costs form “farm to table”. Thus, in order to increase aquaculture products in the market new species have been selected taking in account characteristics such as rapid growth, ease of cultivation, adaptability to large volumes under intensive rearing, large body size to facilitate automated post-harvest processing and development of value-added consumer products. The purpose of this thesis is to study a species considered promising for Mediterranean aquaculture belonging to the family Sciaenidae and commonly known as meagre (Argyrososmus regius). This species is characterized by its high growth rate (1 kg year-1) and good feed conversion rate. However, as other new species, meagre has some bottlenecks present during its early stages of development that need to be solved. Thus, the general objectives of this thesis aims to evaluate the following aspects: (1) morphology and functional development of the digestive system, based on histological and enzymatic activity analyses, (2) study the effect of different strategies for early weaning onto artificial feed, reduce the use of Artemia to 50% of the amount used in standard production protocols, and evaluate the effects of these diets on development, digestion, growth, survival, and deformations. Two experiments were carried out using different feeding protocols designed for an early incorporation of artificial feed, then evaluate its effects on morphology and functional development using enzymatic markers that reflect the maturity of the digestive tract. Certain problems inherent to the species, in particular, their cannibalistic behavior during the post-flexion phase had effects on survival rate, although early weaning had no major influence on the presence of skeletal deformities. In this sense, we proceeded to the (3) study of fatty acid requirements during larval development (DHA -22:6n-3- and DHA/EPA ratio) in order to examine the effects of different live prey enrichments on larval growth and survival, and evaluate their ability to elongate and desaturate fatty acids from their precursors. Two experiments were designed during larval culture using high, medium and low content of DHA demonstrating that the fatty acids requirements (DHA) are species-specific. The use of hemp oil (rich in 18:3n-6 and 18:4n-3) served to demonstrate the inability of meagre larva to elongate and desaturate fatty acids even when the precursors are offered in the live food. The immune system is another aspect of great importance during larval rearing, since the success of larval culture is based not only in nutrition, but also on the defense mechanisms that the larva possess against potential pathogens present in the water. The larva depends on a suite of important protective molecules of the innate immune system that deal with potential pathogens until the adaptive or specific system is completely mature. Most of the mortality afflicting industrial aquaculture occurs during the critical stages larval growth, thus limiting the production of juveniles. In this sense, to evaluate the time in which the larva is more susceptible to external factors and its ability to cope with an immune response, we have studied (4) the ontogeny of the innate immune system during larval development, focused on the organogenesis of the major lymphoid organs (thymus, kidney, and spleen), and lymphoid tissues associated with mucosal gut and gills. For this purpose, larval samples were taken in several developmental periods including the critical change in development (metamorphosis) where rapid changes in growth require tissue modification and increased bioenergetic consumption. For this objective we have used histological techniques and specific stains to detect the main changes in composition and structures in these organs and tissues. A. regius shows similar patterns to most teleosts during organogenesis, but the time of appearance of these structures during their growth is species-specific. In addition, and to complete this study of the development of the immune system (5) the expression of certain genes related to the non-specific immune system was analyzed in order to identify possible markers of immunity during growth. Particularly, we wanted to determine the presence during early developmental periods of significant immune gene transcripts as well changes in expression level in larvae and juvenile tissues, and study whether the relative expression of these genes may be correlated to observed morphological changes seen by histology. The results indicated that the genes under study for this work can be detected during the early stages of development and we found indications that their expression profiles may be influenced by significant dietary changes made during the larval and early juvenile culture.
Lopes, Everton. "Efeito do ambiente endócrino peri-ovulatório sobre a expressão de microRNAs e o sistema IL1/TLRs no endométrio bovino". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10131/tde-27092016-155647/.
Texto completoIn cattle, the pre implantation embryo development depends on the functions of the bovine endometrium that has its functions mediated by a complex interaction of action and the effects of ovarian steroid hormones E2 and P4. These hormones regulate gene expression and control the modulating uterine environment among others, the expression of microRNAs and the network of cytokines related to the immune system. The objectives of this study were discussed in two chapters, (I) to compare the effects of different peri-ovulatory endocrine environment on the expression of microRNAs (II) and modulation of the IL-1 system / TLR in bovine endometrium on days 4 and 7 after induction of ovulation. For this, it was controlled pharmacologically follicle growth aiming to induce ovulation of follicles larger diameter (great grand-CL follicle group, FG-CLG) or smaller in diameter (small-CL Small follicle group, FP-PLC). Twenty two nelore multiparous cows were pre-sync, half of these animals were used for the FG-NCG group and received a dose of F2á prostaglandin (PGF) and progesterone device along with oestradiol benzoate in D-10. Upon withdrawal of progesterone devices (between 1.75 and D-D-2,5) all animas received a dose of PGF. Ovulation was induced with buserelin acetate (D0). What differed between treatments was that animals FP-CLP group did not receive a dose of PGF in the D-10 and the time of removal of the devices was between D-1,25 and D-1.5. In Chapter I, the expression of microRNAs was determined by qPCR on 4 and 7. Of the 90 microRNAs tested, 21 showed was up-regulated and down-regulated in two FG-CLG group (P <0.1) in the D4. In D7 four microRNAs were differently expressed, one up-regulated and down-regulated in three FG-CLG group (P <0.1) at D7. For differently expressed microRNAs was determined predicted mRNA-target. An ontology analysis showed that the mRNA-targets had functional enrichment in via the steroid hormone receptors, among others. In Chapter II, the IL-1 / TLR system was evaluated as the abundance of transcripts involved in this system, the bta-mir-155 microRNA and IL1β and IL1R1 proteins. The relative abundance of mRNA was different (P <0.1) in the abundance of mRNAs IL1R1, TAB1 and FOXP3, the IL1β and IL1R1 proteins, and these up-regulated molecules in the FG-CLG group. The bta-mir-155 microRNA was down-regulated in the FG-CLG group (P <0.1). Given this, we can conclude that the peri-ovulatory endocrine milieu determines the profile of microRNA expression and modulates the IL1 / TLR system in bovine endometrium
Araujo, Adriana Ladeira de. "Efeito do exercício físico regular e intenso no sistema imune de idosos". Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5144/tde-27102015-115053/.
Texto completoImmunosenescence, the term used to designate the process of aging of the immune system, is associated with to the increased rate of infections, autoimmune diseases, cancer and low efficiency of vaccinations in elderly, favoring their increased morbidity and mortality. Immunosenescence is associated with changes in the size of the T cell subpopulation with increased proportion of memory T cells and decrease proportion of naive T cells, in the pattern of cytokine secretion, in cell replication capability and in antibody production, all of which culminate in a pro-inflammatory state called \"inflamm-aging\" and diminished capacity to responding to new antigens. In addition, the accumulation of CD8+CD28- lymphocytes in elderly also correlates with a decreased control of infections. However, there are few reports on the role of chronic regular exercise in the prevention or treatment of immunosenescence. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of intense regular physical activity on immunosenescence of elderly men. We selected 15 elderly men with intensive training for at least the last 5 years (IT, participating in half marathon and/or marathon), and 16 elderly men not training, NT. They were 65-85 years and had self perception of positive health and lack of co-morbidities and/or treatment with significant impact on the immune system. T-cell subpopulations were assessed (CD8+CD28+ and CD8+CD28-; CD4+ naive and memory) with respect to telomere length, proliferative responses, apoptosis markers, cytokine synthesis (Th1/Th2); serum levels of inflammatory cytokines; distribution of the naive, central memory, effector memory, and terminally differentiated CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood, and anti-influenza antibodies production. We found in the IT group, compared with the NT, in the T-cell subsets, increased percentages of effector memory T-cells and decreased percentages of terminally differentiated T-cells; higher proliferation of naive CD4+T cells stimulated with mitogen; larger telomere length in TCD3+, TCD3+CD8+ and TCD3+CD8+CD28- cells (the latter subset being a marker of immunosenescence), preservation of the anti-apoptotic mechanisms, indicated by increased Bcl-2 expression and decreased caspase-3 expression in in vitro resting memory and naive CD4+ T-cell and in senescent and non-senescent CD8+ T-cells; all of which denote a potentially better T-cell functioning. There was also increased anti-influenza antibody titers pre and post-vaccination, indicating a possible adjuvant role of intense exercise in vaccine responses. Finally there was a similar pattern between the two groups in in vitro secreted and in serum cytokines associated with Inflamm-aging. The results showed that the practice of regular intense physical activity has a protective effect against some parameters associated with immunosenescence
Oliveira, Isabela Liane. "Sistema de coleta, análise e detecção de código malicioso baseado no sistema imunológico humano /". São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89338.
Texto completoBanca: Marcos Antonio Cavenaghi
Banca: Rafael Duarte Coelho dos Santos
Resumo: Os códigos maliciosos (malware) podem causar danos graves em sistemas de computação e dados. O mecanismo que o sistema imunológico humano utiliza para proteger e detectar os organismos que ameaçam o corpo humano demonstra ser eficiente e pode ser adaptado para a detecção de malware atuantes na Internet. Neste contexto, propõe-se no presente trabalho um sistema que realiza coleta distribuída, análise e detecção de programas maliciosos, sendo a detecção inspirada no sistema imunológico humano. Após a coleta de amostras de malware da Internet, as amostras são analisadas de forma dinâmica de modo a proporcionar rastros de execução em nível do sistema operacional e dos fluxos de rede que são usados para criar um modelo comportamental e para gerar uma assinatura de detecção. Essas assinaturas servem como entrada para o detector de malware e atuam como anticorpos no processo de detecção de antígenos realizado pelo sistema imunológico humano. Isso permite entender o ataque realizado pelo malware e auxilia nos processos de remoção de infecções
Abstract: Malicious programs (malware) can cause severe damages on computer systems and data. The mechanism that the human immune system uses to detect and protect from organisms that threaten the human body is efficient and can be adapted to detect malware attacks. In this context, we propose a system to perform malware distributed collection, analysis and detection, this last inspired by the human immune system. After collecting malware samples from Internet, they are dynamically analyzed so as to provide execution traces at the operating system level and network flows that are used to create a behavioral model and to generate a detection signature. Those signatures serve as input to a malware detector, acting as the antibodies in the antigen detection process performed by immune human system. This allows us to understand the malware attack and aids in the infection removal procedures
Mestre
Nogueira, Ruchele Dias. "Estudo prospectivo da resposta imunologica de crianças brasileiras altamente expostas ao Streptococcus mutans : influencia da especificidade da resposta imune na infeção". [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/288679.
Texto completoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: Streptococcus mutans (SM) são os principais patógenos da cárie dental. Neste estudo exploramos a influência do sistema imune de mucosa na infecção inicial pelo SM em crianças altamente expostas a este microrganismo. Cento e dezenove crianças, com idade inicial entre 5 a 13 meses de idade foram analisadas no início do estudo (T0) e após 6 (T6), 12 (T12) e 18 (T18) meses, amostras bucais foram coletadas para determinação dos níveis de infecção por SM, através do cultivo em mitis salivarius ágar com bacitracina. Os níveis de IgA, IgA1 e IgM foram também determinados em amostras de saliva, através de ensaios de ELISA. Um subgrupo de 21 crianças infectadas por SM (entre T0 e T6) foram pareadas a outras 21 crianças da amostra sem níveis detectáveis de SM. As reações entre anticorpos IgA da saliva com antígenos (Ags) de SM foram comparadas entre estes subgrupos, através de ensaios de western blot. A intensidade das bandas reativas foi determinada através da densitometria e expressas como unidades arbitrárias (ua). A reatividade de IgA salivar com peptídeos derivados da seqüência da GbpB, preditos como regiões ligantes à MHC de classe II, foram também avaliados através de multiplex com o Luminex. Os níveis salivares de IgA aumentaram com a idade (de 82,4 a 823,4µg/ml), enquanto que os níveis de IgM mantiveram-se baixos durante todo o estudo (média:4,2-2,8 µg/ml). Os níveis de infecção por SM foram maiores em T6 (média:45 ufc/área) e uma forte resposta de IgA aos Ags de SM pôde ser detectada logo aos 6 meses de idade. A resposta de IgA anti-GbpB foi observada em 38% das 21 crianças infectadas por SM, enquanto que 73% dos pares não infectados apresentavam estes anticorpos (Qui-quadrado, p<0.03). Um pico de resposta de IgA a GbpB ocorreu durante a fase de maior desafio de infecção (T6). Não houve diferenças significativas nos padrões de reatividade de IgA aos diversos peptídeos de GbpB testados, entre os grupos de crianças infectadas e não infectadas por SM. Os resultados indicam que uma resposta complexa de IgA a SM pode ocorrer a partir dos 6 meses e que a especificidade de resposta a Ags envolvidos na virulência podem influenciar na susceptibilidade à infecção por SM. Nenhum dos peptídeos da GbpB correspondeu às intensidades de resposta à GbpB nativa observadas entre os pares de crianças estudados
Abstract: Mutans streptococci (MS) are the main pathogens of dental caries. In this study we explored the influence of the muccosal immune system in the initial colonization by MS in children highly exposed to this microorganism. A total of 119 children, who were of 5 to 13 months of age, were enrolled in this prospective study. MS levels of infection were determined in cultures on mitis salivarius agar with bacitracin at baseline (T0), 6 (T6), 12 (T12) and 18 months (T18)-of follow-up. Saliva samples were also collected at all phases of the study for determination of the levels of antibodies IgA, IgA1 and IgM in ELISA assays. A subset of 21 MS-infected early between T0 and T6 were matched to other 21children, but who were not MS-infected. Patterns of IgA antibody reactivity to MS Ags were compared between these 21 pairs through assays of western blot. Intensities of IgAreactive bands were determined densitometrically and were expressed as arbitrary unit (au). Reactivities of salivary IgA antibodies to peptides derived from the GbpB sequence, which were predicted as having affinity to MHC of class II molecules were evaluated in multiplex with the help of the Luminex technology. Levels of antibody IgA in saliva increased with age (82.4-823.35 µg/ml), while levels of IgM remained at low levels (mean:4.2-2.78 µg/ml). The highest levels of MS infection in the infected group were observed at T6 (mean:45 cfu/plate). Robust responses to SM antigens were detected in children as early as 6 months of age. Only 38% of early-infected children carried IgA-reative GbpB while this antigen was recognized by the majority (73%) of children that were not infected by these microorganisms (chi-square, p<0.03). A peak of IgA response to GbpB occurred during the phase of highest SM infectious challenge (by T6). All the GbpB-derived peptides have shown reactivity with salivary IgA, independently of the status of MS infection. The results indicated that complex salivary IgA responses to MS Ags can occur by 6 months of age and that the patterns of salivary IgA specificities might influence in the susceptibility of initial infections to MS. Neither of the peptides tested corresponded to differences in response to the native protein observed between the pairs of children studied.
Doutorado
Microbiologia e Imunologia
Doutor em Biologia Buco-Dental
Ewers, Irina. "Avaliação imunológica de idosos no pré e pós-operatório de correção de valvulopatia cardíaca". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5146/tde-16062009-130002/.
Texto completoIt is known that the immune system, through a phenomenon called immunosenescence, undergoes functional changes during life which may culminate in a diminished capacity of response, turning the subject more susceptible to infections and other pathologies. In this context, it is useful to search for factors that alter this natural evolution, mainly able to delay this process. For this reason, we assessed different immunologic parameters before and after cardiac valve surgery in 65 year-old patients. Our results did not point to a postoperative immunedeficiency-like state, once that the cutaneous tests to PPD, candidin and tricophytin remained positive for most of the subjects. When the proliferative response was assessed in vitro, there were also no differences. On the other hand, we observed a post-surgical increase in the percentage of T CD3 +, T CD4 + cells and in monocytes from peripheral blood when we compare both periods. Moreover, it is important to highlight that activation markers, such as CD25, CD69 and CD95 were also presented in higher levels. According to the cytokine secretion, our results appointed to a greater secretion of IL-4 and IL-8 postoperative. Conversely, reduced concentrations of IL-2, IL-12 and IFN- were detected in supernatant of PBMCs when stimulated in vitro. In summary, our data reveal that the cardiac valve surgery with extra corporeal procedure and anesthesia is able to alter several parameters of the immune response, with an increased percentage of the major assessed cells, as well as in the expression of activation markers and cytokine secretion
Macedo, Claudia. "O papel modulador do gene Aire (autoimmune regulator) sobre redes de expressão gênica em células tímicas epiteliais medulares". Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17135/tde-13042009-144302/.
Texto completoThe expression of tissue restricted antigens (TRAs) in thymus by medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) is essential for the central selftolerance of T cells. Due to heterogeneity of autoantigen representation this phenomenon has been termed promiscuous gene expression (PGE), in which the autoimmune regulator (Aire) gene plays a role as main positive transcriptional regulator on a large set of Aire-dependent TRAs. Aire protein is able in binding to specific DNA sequence motifs and plays a role as a direct regulator. Here we used the cDNA microarray method to access PGE in murine CD80+ mTECs cultured in vitro. Hierarchical clustering of the data allowed observation that TRA genes were differentially expressed. To further investigate the control of PGE, we hypothesize that TRA genes establish networks contributing it selves to modulate their transcriptional levels. Aire in this case plays a role as upstream positive modulator. To test this hypothesis, initially we silenced Aire by gene knockdown (RNA interference) in mTECs. Hierarchical clustering of cDNA microarray data showed a set of Airedependent TRAs genes, which were down regulated after Aire silencing. Gene networks reconstructed from these data allowed the identification of a gene node (Gucy2d) establishing positive regulation upon downstream genes in normal mTECs. Nevertheless, under silencing of Aire, Gucy2d has become a repressor. These finding evidentiate that, genes features in PGE are connected in network; a gene node may act as intermediate in their control and that Aire in PGE network plays a role as an upstream regulator.
Soares, Carla Simone. "Avaliação da expressão de indoleamina 2, 3 dioxigenase - IDO nos leucócitos presentes no tumor ascítico de Ehrlich perante o bloqueio da via de ativação linfocitária B7+CTLA-4". Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10132/tde-18102017-150444/.
Texto completoThe Ehrlich tumor (TE) was first described, as breast adenocarcinoma of mice. The TE develops in ascitic or solid form from successive transplantations in the peritoneum or subcutaneous tissue of these animals. The Ehrlich ascites tumor (TAE) has been used as a transplantable tumor for the development of research related to oncology. Studies have shown that the development of TAE results in stimulation of cytotoxic cells, such as T lymphocytes and Natural Killer cells (NK), mediated mainly by macrophages. Macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) in tumor tissues, via co-stimulation of molecules B7-1 and B7-2, present in these cells, toghether with the CTLA-4 (Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated antigen 4) molecule, present on regulatory T CD4 + CD25 + lymphocytes , may induce the synthesis of indoleamine 2, 3 dioxygenase (IDO). IDO is an enzyme that catabolizes the essential amino acid tryptophan, impairing activation and proliferation of T lymphocytes and consequently, compromising mechanisms associated with them such as rejection. Considering the presence of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment Ehrlich ascites that express IDO, this study aimed to verify the expression of IDO after the blockade of interaction B7/CTLA-4 by flow cytometry. Results demonstrated that there was a reduction of 4.9% to 2.53%in the expression of IDO. Given the results, it seems plausible to suggest that blocking this binding via was effective in reducing the levels of expression of IDO, which could restore the responsiveness of T cells against tumor cells. In this perspective on the IDO as a mediator in the control of immune escape made by tumor cells, these results may collaborate for modulation of this enzyme in the microenvironment.
Silva, Ludmila Bezerra da. "Interação da proteína de superfície LcpA de Leptospira com Fator H, principal regulador solúvel da via alternativa do sistema complemento humano". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-26112013-143254/.
Texto completoLeptospirosis is a zoonosis of global distribution, with higher incidence in tropical areas. The bacteria that cause the disease belong to the genus Leptospira, family Leptospiracea and order Spirochaetales. Leptospirosis is maintained in nature by persistent colonization of proximal renal tubules of carrier animals. One strategy adopted by these spirochetes to escape from host´s innate immune system is the ability to interact with the complement regulators Factor H (FH) and C4b Binding Protein (C4BP). The complement system is a vital component of the innate immune system, being crucial for host´s defense, particularly against Gram-negative bacteria. According to our recent published data, C4BP interacts with the leptospiral surface protein LcpA. This 20 kDa outer membrane protein binds both purified and serum C4BP in a dose-dependent manner. Once bound, C4BP remains functional acting as a cofactor for Factor I in the cleavage of C4b. In the present study we evaluated the interaction of LcpA with human FH, the main soluble regulator of the alternative pathway of complement. The intact protein as well as its N-terminal, intermediate and C-terminal portions were purified by metal-affinity chromatography from the insoluble pellet. The interaction of these proteins with FH was evaluated by two distinct methods: ELISA and Western blot overlay. Our results indicate that the C-terminal domain of LcpA mediates interaction with FH, and also with C4BP. Since both complement regulators interact with the same fragment of LcpA, we next performed competition assays to assess if they would share binding sites. According to our data, FH and C4BP have distinct binding sites on LcpA. Cofactor activity of FH bound to immobilized LcpA was confirmed by detecting the C3b α' chain cleavage fragments of 46 and 43 kDa upon incubation with Factor I, thus indicating that it remains functionally active. Given the LcpA´s role in host´s innate immune evasion, we also evaluated its vaccine potential in a hamster model. Data from three challenge assays indicated that the protein can not afford protection. Low ELISA antibody titers of hamsters immunized with LcpA were observed, which strongly suggests that this protein is not immunogenic. In conclusion, LcpA interacts with host´s molecules and seems to contribute to the bacterial immune evasion. Nevertheless, this outer membrane protein is not a promising vaccine candidate against leptospirosis.
Choque, Delgado Grethel Teresa. "Avaliação dos efeitos do consumo regular de yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) sobre o sistema imune murino". [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256733.
Texto completoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: O yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius), raiz andina, tem se destacado pelo seu potencial prebiótico devido aos elevados teores de frutooligossacarídeos (FOS) e inulina em sua composição. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se a alimentação com yacon alteraria o sistema imune de camundongas BALB/c e se sua ingestão regular seria capaz de modular a resposta intestinal induzida pela instilação retal de ácido trinitrobenzeno sulfônico (TNBS). Para avaliar os efeitos do consumo regular de yacon sobre o sistema imune murino, camundongas BALB/c com oito semanas de idade foram divididas em quatro grupos experimentais alimentados por trinta dias com dieta: controle AIN-93M; 5% de FOS comercial; 3% e 5% FOS de yacon. O peso corporal e consumo da ração foram acompanhados semanalmente. Os níveis de anticorpos IgA, IgM, IgG séricos e IgA fecal, a produção de óxido nítrico (NO) por macrófagos, a frequência de linfócitos T e B sanguíneos e a proliferação de células esplênicas in vitro foram avaliados. Para avaliar o efeito do consumo regular de yacon sobre a colite experimental, metade dos animais que ingeriram as dietas teste foi instilada por via retal durante sete dias consecutivos com solução contendo TNBS, enquanto que o restante recebeu veículo (etanol). Foram analisados o peso corpóreo, histopatologia dos intestinos, bem como a proliferação de células esplênicas e dosagem de citocinas. Os animais alimentados com yacon apresentaram respostas semelhantes aos camundongos que ingeriram as demais dietas em relação ao ganho de peso, consumo de ração, níveis de anticorpos séricos, frequência de linfócitos T e B sanguíneos e produção de NO por macrófagos. Entretanto, observou-se um aumento significativo tanto na secreção de IgA fecal quanto na proliferação de células esplênicas de animais alimentados com yacon. Os camundongos alimentados com yacon sofreram menor perda de peso após instilação com TNBS do que os animais alimentados com AIN93M e FOS. Os animais que consumiram yacon apresentaram intestinos íntegros e funcionais, oposto ao observado nos animais dos demais grupos. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na proliferação de células esplênicas e produção de citocinas entre os diferentes grupos, salvo a maior produção de IL-17 e menor secreção de IL-10 nas culturas de células de animais alimentados com FOS. Nossos dados indicam que o consumo regular de yacon não acarreta efeitos adversos à fisiologia e sistema imune murino, levando à melhora no quadro de colite induzida por instilação com TNBS
Abstract: Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius), Andean root, has been recognized for its prebiotic potential due to its high levels of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and inulin. The objective of this study was to verify if the regular consumption of yacon alters the immune system of BALB/c mice and if it may modulate intestinal inflammation induced by the rectal instillation of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). To evaluate the effects of regular yacon consumption on the murine immune system, eight-week-old BALB/c mice were divided into four experimental groups fed for thirty days with diet: control AIN-93M, 5% commercial FOS, or 3% or 5% yacon FOS. Body weight and food consumption were monitored weekly. The serum levels of IgA, IgM and IgG and fecal IgA, the nitric oxide (NO) production by macrophages, the frequency of T and B lymphocytes in the blood and the proliferation of spleen cells (in vitro) were evaluated. To evaluate the effects of regular yacon consumption on experimental colitis, half of the animals was instilled rectally with a solution containing TNBS for seven consecutive days while the rest received vehicle (ethanol). We analyzed the body weight, histopathology of the intestines, spleen cell proliferation and cytokine production. The animals fed yacon showed responses similar to mice that consumed the other diets in relation to weight gain, food intake, serum antibody levels, frequencies of T and B lymphocytes in the blood and NO production by macrophages. There was a significant increase in both fecal IgA secretion and the proliferation of spleen cells from animals fed yacon. The mice fed yacon suffered less TNBS-induced weight loss than animals fed the FOS and AIN93M diets. The animals that consumed yacon also showed intact and functional intestines, as opposed to the other groups of animals. There were no significant differences in spleen cell proliferation or cytokine production among groups, except for the increased production of IL-17 and lower IL-10 secretion in the cultures of cells from animals fed FOS. Our data indicate that the regular consumption of yacon does not cause adverse effects on the physiology or the murine immune system and that yacon consumption ameliorates colitis induced by TNBS instillation
Doutorado
Ciência de Alimentos
Doutor em Ciência de Alimentos
Lopes, Matheus Rodrigues 1986. "Sistema imune e FMNL1 em síndrome mielodisplásica". [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/311560.
Texto completoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: As síndromes mielodisplásicas (SMD) são um grupo heterogêneo de doenças caracterizadas por hematopoese ineficaz e risco de progressão para leucemia mieloide aguda (LMA). SMD de baixo de risco é caracterizada por um aumento de apoptose na medula óssea e alterações clínicas com perfil autoimune, enquanto que na SMD de alto risco há uma evasão imune, baixa apoptose e danos secundários ao DNA, contribuindo para a progressão para LMA. Essas evidências, junto com os dados de terapia imunossupressora em pacientes com SMD, sugerem o papel do sistema imune na progressão desta doença. Entretanto, o papel do sistema imune não é claro, e estudos que abordem o perfil das células T são importantes para o melhor entendimento da patogênese da SMD. Formin-like 1 (FMNL1) pertence à família de proteínas formina, indispensáveis para muitos processos fundamentais actina-dependentes. FMNL1 é restritamente expressa em células derivadas de linhagem hematopoética e superexpressa em células neoplásicas hematopoéticas malignas. Recentemente, foi descrito que FMNL1 está envolvida no processo de citotoxicidade de células CD8+. Desse modo, estudar a expressão de FMNL1 tanto nos linfócitos como nas células da MO dos pacientes com SMD, poderia contribuir para o melhor entendimento do papel dessa nova proteína neste modelo de neoplasia hematológica. No presente estudo, foi observada uma diminuição significativa na contagem absoluta de linfócitos periféricos no grupo SMD, após ajuste para idade, quando comparada com o grupo de doadores saudáveis (controle). Entretanto, houve um aumento da frequência de células CD3+, resultante do aumento significativo das subpopulações de células CD3+CD4+ no grupo de alto risco e CD3+CD8+ no grupo de baixo risco, de acordo com as classificações FAB e WHO. A razão CD4:CD8 encontrou-se aumentada no grupo de alto risco comparado com o de baixo risco. Dependência transfusional foi correlacionada positivamente com a porcentagem de CD3+CD4+, enquanto que a idade dos pacientes correlacionou-se de forma negativa com a porcentagem de CD3+ e CD3+CD8+. Os níveis de expressão de FOXP3, nas células CD3+ de sangue periférico, foram significativamente menores no grupo de baixo risco quando comparado com o grupo controle, e esse padrão se repetiu para a expressão de IL10. A quantificação dos transcritos de IL10 correlacionou-se negativamente com a porcentagem de células CD3+CD8+. Em conclusão, evidenciamos que pacientes com SMD apresentaram um menor número de linfócitos, porém com a frequências das células T CD3+, CD3+CD4+ e CD3+CD8+ aumentadas. Os pacientes de baixo risco apresentaram uma diminuição da expressão de FOXP3 e de IL10, quadro característico de um microambiente apoptótico e inflamatório. Já no grupo de alto risco, a expressão de FOXP3 e de IL10 aumenta em relação ao grupo de baixo risco. É interessante ressaltar que nos pacientes com SMD houve uma correlação entre o aumento da expressão de IL10 e a diminuição das células T CD3+CD8+, sugerindo a contribuição das Tregs na progressão da doença através da produção de IL10. A análise da expressão de FMNL1 em células CD3+ de sangue periférico não denotou diferenças significativas entre os pacientes com SMD e o grupo controle. Entretanto observou-se uma correlação positiva entre a expressão de FMNL1 e o número de células CD3+CD4+ e ambos com a dependência transfusional. Quanto à expressão de FMNL1 em amostras de MO, houve uma expressão significativamente menor nos pacientes com SMD quando comparado com as células de doadores normais, além de uma correlação negativa entre FMNL1 e número de citopenias. Usando modelos de linhagens celulares hematopoéticas para a diferenciação, observou-se um aumento significativo na expressão gênica e protéica de FMNL1 durante a diferenciação megacariocítica. Esses resultados sugerem a participação de FMNL1 na ativação de linfócitos CD4+ no sangue periférico e na diferenciação hematopoética na medula óssea
Abstract: Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and risk of progression towards acute myeloid leukemia. Low-risk MDS is characterized by increased apoptosis in the bone marrow (BM), with a clinical autoimmune profile, whereas in high-risk MDS an immune evasion, low apoptosis and secondary DNA damage occurs, contributing to the progression of AML. This evidence, together with the data of immunosuppressive therapy in patients with MDS, suggests a role of the immune system in the progression of this disease. However, this role of the immune system is remains unclear, and studies that address the profile of T cells are important for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of MDS. Formin-like 1 (FMNL1) belongs to the family of proteins formina indispensable for many fundamental processes in actin-dependent. FMNL1 is strictly expressed in hematopoietic lineage derived cells, and overexpressed in malignant hematopoietic neoplastic cells. FMNL1 has recently been reported to be involved in the cytotoxicity of CD8+ cells. Thus, studies on the expression of FMNL1, both in lymphocytes and BM cells of MDS patients, could contribute to a better understanding of the role of this protein in this new model of hematologic malignancy. In the present study, we observed a significant decrease in absolute peripheral lymphocyte counts in the MDS group, after adjusting for age, compared with the healthy donor group (control). However, there was an increased frequency of CD3+, resulting in a significant increase of the CD3+CD4+ subpopulation in high risk and CD3+CD8+ in MDS low risk, according to FAB and WHO classifications. CD4:CD8 ratio was increased in the high risk when compared to the low risk group. Transfusion dependence was positively correlated with the percentage of CD3+CD4+, whereas the age of patients correlated negatively with the percentage of CD3+ and CD3+CD8+. The expression levels of FOXP3, in peripheral blood CD3+ cells, was significantly lower in the low risk group compared to controls and this pattern was repeated for the expression of IL10. Interestingly, IL10 transcripts correlated negatively with the percentage of CD3+CD8+. In conclusion, we found that patients with MDS had a lower lymphocyte number, however presented an increased frequency of CD3+ and CD3+CD8+ T cells. Our low risk patients showed a decreased expression of FOXP3 and IL10, characteristic of apoptotic and inflammatory microenvironment. In the high risk group, the expression of FOXP3 and IL10 was normal. Interestingly, there was a correlation between increasing expression of IL10 and reduction of CD3+CD8+ T cells in patients, suggesting the contribution of Treg in disease progression due to IL10 production. Analysis of FMNL1expression in CD3+ cells of peripheral blood showed no significant differences between patients with MDS and the control group. However, there was a positive correlation between FMNL1 expression and the number of CD3+CD4+, and both were transfusion dependence. FMNL1 expression in BM samples was significantly lower in MDS patients when compared with cells from normal donors, and there was a negative correlation between FMNL1 and number of cytopenias. Using models of hematopoietic cell lineages for differentiation, we observed an increase in gene and protein expression of FMNL1 during megakaryocytic and granulocytic differentiation. These results suggest the participation of FMNL1 in the activation of CD4+ lymphocytes in peripheral blood and bone marrow hematopoietic differentiation
Mestrado
Fisiopatologia Médica
Mestre em Ciências
Černyšiov, Vitalij. "The effect of melatonin on the antibody production and leukocyte migration in BALB/c line mouse". Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20141209_112335-12455.
Texto completoMelatoninas – tamsiuoju paros metu kankorėžinėje liaukoje gaminamas hormonas. Šviesa nakties metu slopina melatonino produkciją. Melatoninas yra svarbus organizmo biologinis reguliatorius. Jis reguliuoja paros ir sezono bioritmus, gliukozės metabolizmą, lytinių liaukų aktyvumą, širdies ir kraujagyslių sistemos veiklą, virškinimo trakto veiklą, kitų endokrininių liaukų aktyvumą, imuninės sistemos veiklą. Literatūroje paskelbta nemažai duomenų apie imunoreguliacines melatonino savybes. Melatoninas panaikina su amžiumi susijusias užkrūčio liaukos ir blužnies involiucijas, skatina imuninės sistemos ląstelių proliferaciją, pagerina imuninį atsaką. Tyrinėjant imunoreguliacines melatonino savybes daugeliu atvejų taikomi tyrimo metodai, kurių metu atliekamos melatonino injekcijos arba pašalinama pagrindinė melatonino gamybos vieta - kankorėžinė liauka. Tačiau ankstesnių eksperimentų metu melatonino gamyba retai buvo natūraliai slopinama, laikant gyvūnus pastovaus apšvietimo sąlygomis. Disertacijos darbuose buvo taikytas pastovaus apšvietimo metodas modelinėje pelių sistemoje. Taip buvo siekta atkurti pamaininio darbo sąlygas ir ištirti galimą melatonino trūkumo poveikį žmonių, dirbančių pamaininį darbą, imuninei sistemai. Gauti rezultatai rodo, kad, laikant peles pastovaus apšvietimo sąlygomis, sutrinka jų imuninės sistemos homeostazė: antikūnų gamyba, leukocitų, granuliocitų migravimas. Dirbant pamaininį darbą reikėtų atkreipti dėmesį į jo poveikį imuninei sistemai ir įvertinti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Černyšiov, Vitalij. "Melatonino gamybos sutrikimo poveikis BALB/c linijos pelių antikūnų gamybai ir leukocitų migravimui". Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20141209_112347-23543.
Texto completoMelatonin – is a hormone produced by the pineal gland during the dark time. Light during the night suppresses melatonin production. Melatonin is an important biological body regulator: it controls daily and seasonal biorhythms, glucose metabolism, gonadal activity, cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract and the activity of the immune system There is a lot of scientific information about the immunoregulative properties of melatonin. Melatonin modulates the development of some organs of the immune system, cell differentiation, immune response and cytokine production. The imunomodulatory activity of melatonin is usually determined by the following experimental models: surgical pinealectomy, in vivo treatment with melatonin or in vitro treatment of the immune cells with melatonin. However, during the experiments while keeping animals under constant light conditions, melatonin production was rarely naturally inhibited. For the experiments of this study, the method of constant lighting in the mouse model was applied. Our aim was to artificially evoke shift work conditions in order to find out how the deficiency of melatonin production influences the immune system of the shift workers. The results obtained showed that keeping mouse under constant lighting conditions the homeostasis of the immune system (antibody production, leukocyte and granulocyte migration) is disrupted. Therefore, shift work and its influence on the immune system could be considered as a factor for... [to full text]
Cunha, Wilton Darleans dos Santos. "Influência do exercício sobre a resposta imunológica de ratos desnutridos". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42134/tde-18112009-115338/.
Texto completoMalnutrition is capable of inducing diverse metabolic alterations, markedly affecting body composition and the immune system. Physical exercise, on the other hand, induces a renders the organism more capable of adaptation to stress. Still, little is known about the influence of exercise training upon malnutrition-related alterations and its consequences on the immune system. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of moderate intensity exercise training in rats submitted to a protocol (16wk) of chronic malnutrition. Male Wistar rats were divided in to 4 groups: sedentary, fed ad libitum (SF); trained fed ad libitum (TF); sedentary energy restricted (RES); and trained energy restricted (TER). Training was carried out on a treadmill for 10 weeks, 5 time wk, under an intensity of 60-65% of the maximal oxygen consumption. We evaluated the Corporal composition, the variation of body weight, and the weight of the skeletal muscle, adipose tissues, and liver; as well as fat and protein content in the carcass; and also plasma leptin, ACTH, glucose, insulin and glutamine concentration. We also examined through flow cytometry CD3 and CD4, as well as the celularity in the thymus. The maximum consumption of oxygen and the performance were also assessed. The results demonstrate that endurance training in rats submitted to the chronic malnutrition protocol promoted reduction of body weight and of corporal adiposity; an increase in the relative contribution of muscle to body weight; the reestablishment of glicemia; improval of insulin/glucose reason, suggesting increased sensitivy to insulin; an increase of muscle glycogen content; enhanced oxygen consumption; are recovery of the morphology and physiology of the thymus, together with a proliferative response of the spleen and lymph nodes stimulated with IL2. We conclude in such a way that moderate intensity training restored thymus morphology and the capacity of maturation of CD3 and CD4 and also timocyte number and the of proliferative response to IL2 stimulation.
Braga, Letícia Regina do Amaral. "Respostas comportamentais e metabólicas à ativação do sistema imune por injeção de lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) em Scinax gr. perpusillus (Anura: Hylidae)". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41135/tde-24032014-172127/.
Texto completoParasites and infectious agents should represent important selective pressure acting on the evolution of aspects of life history of the hosts. The challenges posed by pathogens to hosts result in a series of physiological and behavioral responses, which are not well known to most ecthoterm hosts species, such as anuran amphibians. The aim of this study was to quantify the effects of activation of the immune system via injection of LPS (lipopolysaccharide) in two different concentrations, on feeding behavior, resting metabolic rates, spontaneous locomotor activity, and antipredatory behavior of adult males of the bromeliad tree-frog: Scinax gr. perpusillus . Treatment with LPS caused a reduction in the rate of food intake confirming the anorexigenic effect of this component and an increase in spontaneous locomotor activity, but had no effect on the resting metabolic rate or in the the antipredator behavior of frogs
Honorato, Thaís Bezerra Mangeon. "Efeito da salinidade em células do sistema imune do ouriço-do-mar Echinometra lucunter". Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2016. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/9456.
Texto completoMade available in DSpace on 2017-09-08T12:11:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1391577 bytes, checksum: e8bbd0db33d228b40d69b547aed31f9c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Human activities have caused climate changes and altered the salinity of the oceans. Salinity is one of the factors that limit the distribution and the survival of marine organisms. Coelomocytes are the immune system cells of the echinoderms and have been studied as biomarkers in stress situations. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the salinity in the immune system cells of the tropical sea urchin Echinometra lucunter. Animals were collected in João Pessoa coast (Brazilian Northeast). Animals or coelomocytes were exposed to different salinity (25‰ to 45‰) and phagocytic parameters, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial activity and ABC transporter activity analyzed. The phagocytic parameters did not change when animals or cells were exposed to low or high salinity in any time intervals monitored. However, our data showed an increase in the coelomocytes concentration when animals were exposed to 25‰. ROS levels were higher when cells were incubated at 25‰ and lower when cells were cultured at 45‰. We noted a loss of the mitochondrial inner membrane potential when coelomocytes were incubated at 45‰. The activity of ABC transporters decreased when cells were incubated at low salinity and increased when cells were incubated at high salinity. Our work shows that the immune system of the tropical sea urchins E. lucunter tolerates salinity changes from 25‰ to 45‰ and suggests two cellular parameters (ROS levels and ABC transporters activity) as potential biomarkers on the monitoring of the impact of environmental salinity changes.
As atividades humanas têm causado mudanças climáticas e alterado a salinidade dos oceanos. A salinidade é um dos fatores que limitam a distribuição e sobrevivência de organismos marinhos. Celomócitos são as células do sistema imune dos equinodermos e têm sido estudados como biomarcadores em situações de estresse. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o efeito da salinidade em celomáticos do ouriço-do-mar tropical Echinometra lucunter. Os animais foram coletados na costa de João Pessoa (Nordeste do Brasil). Os animais ou os celomócitos foram expostos a diferentes salinidades (25‰ e 45‰) e parâmetros fagocíticos, produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS), atividade mitocondrial e atividade dos transportadores ABC analisados. Os parâmetros fagocíticos não alteraram quando os animais ou as células foram expostos a 25‰ ou 45‰ nos intervalos de tempo monitorados. Porém, foi observado um aumento na concentração de celomócitos quando os animais foram expostos a 25‰. Os níveis de ROS foram maiores quando as células foram incubadas a 25‰, e menores quando as células foram cultivadas a 45‰. Foi observada uma perda do potencial de membrana mitocondrial interna quando os celomócitos foram incubados a 45‰. A atividade dos transportadores ABC diminuiu quando as células foram incubadas a 25‰ e aumentou quando as células foram incubadas a 45‰. O presente trabalho demonstra que o sistema imune do ouriço-do-mar E. lucunter tolera mudanças de salinidade (25‰ até 45‰), e sugere dois parâmetros celulares (níveis de ROS e atividade de transportadores ABC) como potenciais biomarcadores no monitoramento de mudanças na salinidade ambiental.
Lima, Joanna Darck Carola Correia. "O papel do infiltrado inflamatório no tumor e sua contribuição para inflamação sistêmica e desenvolimento da caquexia". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42134/tde-12082016-100836/.
Texto completoCancer cachexia is characterized by severe weight loss and large metabolic imbalance.It is a result of the interaction between the host\'s cells and the tumour, which induces systemic inflammation.Understand the relationship is required for the discovery of diagnostic markers.The aim of the present study was to characterize differences in inflammatory tumour infiltrate and molecular aspects in order to assess whether the presence of cachexia is determined by the inflammatory tumour profile. The study involved patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer and then distributed into two groups: cancer without cachexia(WSC) and cancer cachexia(CC).Histopathological analysis showed that the presence of cachexia in patients with colo-rectal cancer was independent from tumour staging.Characterization of infiltrating macrophages revealed a lower percentage of M2 profile in CC.Protein expression of cytokines demonstrated lower of IL-13 in CC and pro-inflammatory cytokines is higher in CC. Correlation between macrophages and cytokines was shown positive with macrophages type M1.These results provide evidence that tumor has a different secretion profile between the groups with regard to inflammatory factors and different percentages of macrophage phenotype.
Santos, Karine de Melo. "Efeitos da inclusão de teores crescentes de prebióticos nas dietas de cães adultos sobre parâmetros digestivos, fermentação fecal, microbiota e imunidade". Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10135/tde-31012018-113943/.
Texto completoIn order to promote health and reduce the risk of diseases, pet nutrition has evolved in a similar way to human, in the search for functional foods. In this sense, Saccharomyces cerevisiaa are yeasts with high prebiotic capacity, since they stimulate the production of substances with immunostimulatory properties and increase the capacity to prevent the colonization of pathogenic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. However, its composition and production process determine the ability to act, based on the substrate and medium in which it was nourished. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of yeast with active metabolites (YAM), based on the fermentation of specific substrates, on the apparent digestibility of dietary nutrients, fecal fermentation products, microbiota, and immunological parameters of adult dogs. Eighteen adult healthy male and female dogs with a mean body weight of 15.8 ± 7.37 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design consisting of three experimental treatments: CD (control diet), YAM 0.3 (control diet with 0.3% of yeasts with active metabolites) and YAM 0.6 (control diet with 0.6% of yeasts with active metabolites). The mean of the obtained results were compared by the Tukey test (p<0,05) in the SAS. It can be verified that the inclusion of the additive altered the apparent digestibility of crude fiber, crude protein, nitrogen free extract and metabolizable energy (p<0.05). Regarding the fermentation products, they were not affected by the prebiotic (P>0.05). The phagocytosis index was higher in the diets YAM 0.3 and YAM 0.6 (P<0.05). At the dosages of YAM 0.3 and 0.6, fecal concentrations of Prevotela, Allobaculum, Fusobacterium reduced and Clostridium increased (p<0.05). Collinsela increased with LMA 0.6 (p<0.05). Blautia tended to increase with YAM 0.3 and 0.6 and Lactobacillus with YAM 0.3 (p<0.10). According to the inclusion levels and the parameters evaluated in this study, the additive may present a possible effect on innate and nonspecific immunity and promote modest changes in the fecal microbiota of healthy adult dogs.
Paris, Adriana Fraga Costa Samos. "O fator de inibição de migração de macrófagos (MIF) e a sobrevivência das células deciduais. Estudo in vitro". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42134/tde-30012013-085338/.
Texto completoPrevious studies from our laboratory showed that the maternal-fetal interface in mouse at gestation day 10 exhibits high levels of macrophage inhibiting migration factor (MIF) expressed by trophoblast cells and its receptors (CD44/CD74) by decidual cells, making these cells potential targets for this cytokine action. Among the roles attributed to this cytokine, it can be highlighted the pro inflammatory actions on the immune response and on proliferation and cellular survival processes. In this context, this study aim to analyze the possible role of MIF in the activation of survival mechanisms mediated by the protein kinase Akt in mouse decidual cells in vitro. We have used primary culture of decidual cells receiving recombinant mouse MIF (mrMIF) with or without the PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitor (LY294002 and Wortmannin). Cultures were analyzed by immunohistochemical reactions, Western blotting and cell death analysis. As in vivo, the MIF receptor complex, CD74/CD44 was immunolocalized in the cultured decidual cells. The addition of exogenous MIF reduced the apoptotic rates in decidual cells. MIF also interfered in the process of survival of decidual cells in vitro by decreasing rates of cell death by apoptosis when challenged with hydrogen peroxide. In addition, cells treated with mrMIF have higher expression of pAKT and pMDM2. Recent studies show that AKT pathway is responsible for cell survival. In this context, AKT activation by MIF in decidual cells may indicate a role for this cytokine in decidual homeostasis by ensuring the integrity of the maternal-fetal barrier and thereby, maintaining this essential interface and successful pregnancy.
Batista, Vanessa Gomes. "Efeito de glicolipídios de Paracoccidioides brasiliensis sobre a resposta imune inata e adaptativa de indivíduos saudáveis curados de paracoccidioidomicose". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42133/tde-18122012-144137/.
Texto completoGlycosphingolipids (GSL) may insert into specific membrane regions (lipid rafts) when added to cell culture, modulating its function. We evaluated whether glucosylceramide (CMH) and glycoinositol-phosphoceramide (GIPC), extracted from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, are able to modulate immune cells functions of cured paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) patients (control group) or individuals who never had PCM (cured group). CMH increased CD80 and CD86 expression on monocytes, increased lymph-proliferation on PBMCs and reduced lympho-proliferation in co-cultures with dendritic cells (DCs). In cured groups, CMH decreased gp43 and CMA- induced lymph proliferation, reduced IL-10 and increased IL-12 production by DCs. GIPC increased phagocytic capacity, reduced the maturation levels on DCs and DC capacity to induce lymph-proliferation. iNKT cells were analyzed and there were no differences in iNKT cells number, expansion capacity and cytokines production among the groups. In conclusion, GSL extracted from P. brasiliensis are able to modulate immune cells functions.
Severi, Letícia Sarturi Pereira. "Papel das moléculas PD-1 e PD-L1 na regulação da resposta aguda dos linfócitos T CD4+ e CD8+ à infecção pelo Plasmodium chabaudi". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42133/tde-19042013-085322/.
Texto completoMalaria is responsible to kill over a million people a year worldwide. The complications of the disease in humans infected by parasites of the genus Plasmodium, appears to be to the exacerbated immune response to infection. Inhibitory molecules such as PD-1 and PD-L1 are expressed at high levels in T cells in mice in the acute phase of infection by P. chabaudi. Then, the aim was to examine the role of PD-1 and PD-L1 in the activation and regulation of T spleen cells of mice during acute infection with P. chabaudi. The results show an increase of PD-1 expression in CD4+ T cells, and an increase of PD-L1 expression on T and B cells. We observed the regulatory role of these molecules when we find a lower proliferation of CD4+ T cells expressing PD-1 stimulated with anti-CD3; and also, when we observed a reduction in IFN-g production. Therefore, PD-1 and PD-L1 may be important in the control of immune response during the acute phase of infection, as well as for the generation of more specific response to the chronic phase.
Zago, Sueli Cristina Schadeck [UNIFESP]. "Alterações metabólicas, hormonais e imunológicas induzidas pelo exercício agudo intermitente em diferentes estágios do treinamento em natação". Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 2008. http://repositorio.unifesp.br/handle/11600/8885.
Texto completoVários estudos têm demonstrado a relação entre sistema imunológico e hormonal com o exercício físico e poucos estudos têm analisado esta relação em diferentes intensidades de esforço na natação. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar as alterações metabólicas, hormonais e imunológicas antes e depois de um exercício de natação intermitente agudo com sessões diferentes durante o programa de treinamento. Dezessete nadadores do sexo masculino foram analisados em 3 sessões diferentes de treinamento, utilizando intensidades de 90% (potência anaeróbica – Pan), 70% (potência aeróbica – Pae) e 98% (capacidade anaeróbica – CAn) da velocidade máxima do melhor tempo de prova, resultado proveniente da melhor performance de competição. Amostras sanguíneas foram coletadas no pré e imediatamente após o exercício. Foi encontrado aumento significativo no lactato pós-exercício das três sessões de treinamento, na glicose pósexercício nas sessões de Pan e PAe, respectivamente. A glutamina aumentou significativamente no PAe e CAn. Foi observado um aumento nas concentrações de cortisol em PAe e em Pan. Os leucócitos aumentaram significativamente depois das três diferentes sessões. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas na concentração das imunoglobulinas e na contagem diferencial dos linfócitos, neutrófilos e basófilos. Os eosinófilos apresentaram diminuição significativa no pós-exercício de PAe e CAn em relação ao PAn e os monócitos não apresentaram alterações significativas no pósexercício nas três sessões, entretanto entre os tipos de treinamentos ocorreu uma diminuição significativa no PAe. Vários trabalhos revelam evidências das alterações nas concentrações e funções do sistema imune em decorrência do exercício físico. Esta apresentou protocolo de treinamento aplicado nos nadadores são adequados para alterar alguns componentes metabólicos, hormonais e leucocitários.
The effect of physical exercise in immune function has been extensively studied. The intensity and duration of physical exercise have considerable influence in immunologic parameters. However, few studies have compared different exercise intensities in different stages of a physical training program. To this point, we aimed to verify the metabolic, hormonal and immunologic changes before and after acute intermittent swimming exercise following different stages of training program. Seventeen male swimmers were analyzed in three stages of training, using the intensity of the three sessions was 90% (anaerobic potency – ANP), 70% (aerobic potency - AEP) and 98% (anaerobic ability – ANA) of the maximal speed from the best time of the distance, resulted from peak performance in competition. Blood samples were collected pre and immediately after exercise. Lactato increased significantly after the three different stages of training program, glucose post exercise in the ANP and AEP sessions, respectively. Glutamine increased significantly in AEP and ANA. Increased cortisol levels were also observed in AEP and in ANP. Leukocytes increased significantly after the three different sessions. There were no significant differences in lymphocytes, neutrophils e basophils. The eosinophils decreased in AEP and ANA. Monocytes no significant differences after the three different stages of training program, however decreased significantly on AEP. The immunoglobulins did not change of the three exercise patterns of pre and post-exercise. In summary, the protocoll intermittent swimming exercise following different stages of training the alterations capacity metabolic, hormones parameters and leukocytes any populations, favoring however health condition, so illnesses to not present.
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