Artículos de revistas: "SiPM sensors"

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Jiang, Chalich y Deen. "Sensors for Positron Emission Tomography Applications". Sensors 19, n.º 22 (17 de noviembre de 2019): 5019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19225019.

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Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is an essential tool in clinical applications for the diagnosis of diseases due to its ability to acquire functional images to help differentiate between metabolic and biological activities at the molecular level. One key limiting factor in the development of efficient and accurate PET systems is the sensor technology in the PET detector. There are generally four types of sensor technologies employed: photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), avalanche photodiodes (APDs), silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs), and cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detectors. PMTs were widely used for PET applications in the early days due to their excellent performance metrics of high gain, low noise, and fast timing. However, the fragility and bulkiness of the PMT glass tubes, high operating voltage, and sensitivity to magnetic fields ultimately limit this technology for future cost-effective and multi-modal systems. As a result, solid-state photodetectors like the APD, SiPM, and CZT detectors, and their applications for PET systems, have attracted lots of research interest, especially owing to the continual advancements in the semiconductor fabrication process. In this review, we study and discuss the operating principles, key performance parameters, and PET applications for each type of sensor technology with an emphasis on SiPM and CZT detectors—the two most promising types of sensors for future PET systems. We also present the sensor technologies used in commercially available state-of-the-art PET systems. Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of these four types of sensors are compared and the research challenges of SiPM and CZT detectors are discussed and summarized.

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2

Gómez, Sergio, David Sánchez, Joan Mauricio, Eduardo Picatoste, Andreu Sanuy, Anand Sanmukh, Marc Ribó y David Gascón. "Multiple Use SiPM Integrated Circuit (MUSIC) for Large Area and High Performance Sensors". Electronics 10, n.º 8 (17 de abril de 2021): 961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10080961.

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The 8-channel Multiple Use Silicon Photo-multiplier (SiPM) Integrated Circuit (MUSIC) Application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) for SiPM anode readout has been designed for applications where large photo-detection areas are required. MUSIC offers three main features: (1) Sum of the eight input channels using a differential output driver, (2) eight individual single ended (SE) analog outputs, and (3) eight individual SE binary outputs using a time over threshold technique. Each functionality, summation and individual readout includes a selectable dual-gain configuration. Moreover, the signal sum implements a dual-gain output providing a 15-bit dynamic range. The circuit contains a tunable pole zero cancellation of the SiPM recovery time constant to deal with most of the available SiPM devices in the market. Experimental tests show how MUSIC can linearly sum signals from different SiPMs and distinguish even a few photons. Additionally, it provides a single photon output pulse width at half maximum (FWHM) between 5–10 ns for the analog output and a single-photon time resolution (SPTR) around 118 ps sigma using a Hamamatsu SiPM S13360-3075CS for the binary output. Lastly, the summation mode has a power consumption of ≈200 mW, whereas the individual readout consumes ≈30 mW/ch.

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3

Song, Yi Shuo, Wei Cai y Xiao Ping Du. "The Analysis of Implement of SiPM in LDRI System". Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (mayo de 2014): 1749–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.1749.

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LDRI system stands for Laser Dynamic Range Imager. It has been used in STS-114 mission in 2005 as the main sensors to realize an on-orbit inspection of the thermal protection system which covers the Orbiter spacecraft. The basic of LDRI is phase discrimination and the key technology is the realization of optoelectronic mixing (OEM) using ICCD. Unfortunately, 2 main drawbacks arise from the usage of ICCD, including the high voltage (~2000V) of PMT drivers and the difficulties in high voltage modulations. SiPM is a rather novel detector which has the similar performances as PMT does but only requires a driving voltage of about 30V. Recently, the SiPM based OEM has been proved and this implies the implement of SiPM in LDRI system. In this paper, the basic of LDRI and SiPM are summerized and some theoretical analysis and simulations are made to verify the feasibility of implement of SiPM in LDRI system. The results show that SiPM is capable of realizing phase discrimination regardless of the high driving voltage and difficulties in modulations. The mean range error is found to be no more than 0.4mm within a range of 5m and an average incident power of 6nW.

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4

Pezzotti, Lorenzo, Roberto Ferrari, Massimiliano Antonello, Massimo Caccia y Romualdo Santoro. "Dual-readout fibre-sampling calorimetry with SiPM light sensors". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1162 (enero de 2019): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1162/1/012014.

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5

Esteve Bosch, Raúl, Jorge Rodríguez Ponce, Ander Simón Estévez, José María Benlloch Rodríguez, Vicente Herrero Bosch y José Francisco Toledo Alarcón. "Data Compression in the NEXT-100 Data Acquisition System". Sensors 22, n.º 14 (12 de julio de 2022): 5197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22145197.

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NEXT collaboration detectors are based on energy measured by an array of photomultipliers (PMT) and topological event filtering based on an array of silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). The readout of the PMT sensors for low-frequency noise effects and detector safety issues requires a grounded cathode connection that makes the readout AC-couple with variations in the signal baseline. Strict detector requirements of energy resolution better than 1% FWHM require a precise baseline reconstruction that is performed offline for data analysis and detector performance characterization. Baseline variations make it inefficient to apply traditional lossy data compression techniques, such as zero-suppression, that help to minimize data throughput and, therefore, the dead time of the system. However, for the readout of the SiPM sensors with less demanding requirements in terms of accuracy, a traditional zero-suppression is currently applied with a configuration that allows for a compression ratio of around 71%. The third stage in the NEXT detectors program, the NEXT-100 detector, is a 100 kg detector that instruments approximately five times more PMT sensors and twice the number of SiPM sensors than its predecessor, the NEXT-White detector, putting more pressure in the DAQ throughput, expected to be over 900 MB/s with the current configuration, which will worsen the dead time of the acquisition data system. This paper describes the data compression techniques applied to the sensor data in the NEXT-100 detector, which reduces data throughput and minimizes dead time while maintaining the event rate to the level of its predecessor, around 50 Hz.

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6

Jeon, Hyuntak. "A Boost Converter Employing Quadratic Sawtooth Waveform Generator for SiPM-Based Radiation Sensors". Chemosensors 9, n.º 6 (16 de junio de 2021): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9060144.

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This paper proposes an optimized step-up power converter using a quadratic sawtooth waveform generator for a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) used as a radiation sensor for mobile radiation dosimeters. Although our step-up converter uses the topology of a switched inductor boost converter in voltage mode, it achieves a fast transient performance thanks to the proposed quadratic sawtooth waveform generator, which can increase the loop bandwidth. As a result, the proposed boost converter can stably regulate the bias voltage of an SiPM, even in a situation where the radiation particles are injected. In addition, since the proposed quadratic sawtooth waveform generator can be designed with low power, it was able to achieve 86% peak efficiency even under the light load conditions.

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7

Lutz, Benjamin. "Upgrade of the CMS Hadron Outer Calorimeter with SiPM sensors". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 404 (21 de diciembre de 2012): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/404/1/012018.

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8

Ambrosino, Filippo, Franco Meddi, Roberto Nesci, Corinne Rossi, Silvia Sclavi y Ivan Bruni. "SiFAP: A New Fast Astronomical Photometer". Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 1, n.º 1 (5 de diciembre de 2014): 311–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2014.01.0311.

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A fast photometer based on SiPM technology was developed and tested at the University of Rome "La Sapienza" and at the Bologna Observatory. In this paper we present the improvements applied to our instrument, concerning new cooled sensors, a new version of the electronics and an upgraded control timing software.

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9

Jain, Shilpi. "Large Scale Beam-Tests of the Silicon and Scintillator-SiPM Modules for the CMS High Granularity Calorimeter at the HL-LHC". International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 46 (enero de 2018): 1860073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s201019451860073x.

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The High Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) will replace the existing CMS endcap calorimeters during the High Luminosity run of the LHC (HL-LHC) era. The electromagnetic part, as well as the first layers of the hadronic part, foresees around 600 square metres of silicon sensors as the active material. The remainder of the HGCAL, in the lower radiation environment, will use plastic scintillators with on-tile silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) readout. Prototype hexagonal silicon modules, featuring a new ASIC (Skiroc2-CMS), together with a modified version of the scintillator-SiPM CALICE AHCAL, have been tested in beams at CERN. This setup represents a full slice through HGCAL. Results from MIP calibration, energy resolution, electromagnetic and hadronic shower-shapes are presented using electrons, pions and muons.

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10

Shayduk, M., R. Mirzoyan, M. Kurz, M. Knötig, J. Bolmont, H. Dickinson, E. Lorenz et al. "Light sensors selection for the Cherenkov Telescope Array: PMT and SiPM". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 695 (diciembre de 2012): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2011.12.010.

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11

Antonello, M., M. Caccia, M. Cascella, M. Dunser, R. Ferrari, S. Franchino, G. Gaudio et al. "Tests of a dual-readout fiber calorimeter with SiPM light sensors". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 899 (agosto de 2018): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2018.05.016.

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12

Gómez, S., J. Alozy, M. Campbell, J. M. Fernandez-Tenllado, R. Manera, J. Mauricio, C. Pujol et al. "FastIC: a fast integrated circuit for the readout of high performance detectors". Journal of Instrumentation 17, n.º 05 (1 de mayo de 2022): C05027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/05/c05027.

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Abstract This work presents the 8-channel FastIC ASIC developed in CMOS 65 nm technology suitable for the readout of positive and negative polarity sensors in high energy physics experiments, Cherenkov detectors and time-of-flight systems. The front-end can be configured to perform analog summation of up to 4 single-ended channels before discrimination in view of improving time resolution when segmenting a SiPM. The outputs encode the time-of-arrival information and linear energy measurement which captures the peak amplitude of the input signal in the 5 µA–25 mA input peak current range. Power consumption of the ASIC is 12 mW/ch with default settings. Measurements of single photon time resolution with a red-light laser source and a HPK SiPM S13360-3050CS are ≈140 ps FWHM.

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13

Cordelli, M., E. Diociaiuti, A. Ferrari, S. Miscetti, S. Müller, G. Pezzullo y I. Sarra. "An induced annealing technique for SiPMs neutron radiation damage". Journal of Instrumentation 16, n.º 12 (1 de diciembre de 2021): T12012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/12/t12012.

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Abstract The use of Silicon Photo-Multipliers (SiPMs) has become popular in the design of High Energy Physics experimental apparatus with a growing interest for their application in detector area where a significant amount of non-ionising dose is delivered. For these devices, the main effect caused by the neutron fluence is a linear increase of the leakage current. In this paper, we present a technique that provides a partial recovery of the neutron damage on SiPMs by means of an Electrical Induced Annealing. Tests were performed, at the temperature of 20°C, on a sample of three SiPM arrays (2×3) of 6 mm2 cells with 50 μm pixel sizes: two from Hamamatsu and one from SensL. These SiPMs have been exposed to neutrons generated by the Elbe Positron Source facility (Dresden), up to a total fluence of 8 × 1011 n1 MeV-eq/cm2. Our techniques allowed to reduced the leakage current of a factor ranging between 15-20 depending on the overbias used and the SiPM vendor. Because, during the process the SiPM current can reach O(100 mA), the sensors need to be operated in a condition that provides thermal dissipation. Indeed, caution must be used when applying this kind of procedures on the SiPMs, because it may damage permanently the devices themself.

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14

Runtso, M. F., P. Yu Naumov, P. P. Naumov, E. F. Maklyaev, V. A. Kaplin, V. S. Fomin, I. S. Razzhivin y Yu A. Melikyan. "The investigation of timing large area scintillation detectors with SiPM light sensors properties". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 798 (enero de 2017): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/798/1/012014.

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15

Vinke, R., H. Löhner, D. R. Schaart, H. T. van Dam, S. Seifert, F. J. Beekman y P. Dendooven. "Optimizing the timing resolution of SiPM sensors for use in TOF-PET detectors". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 610, n.º 1 (octubre de 2009): 188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2009.05.068.

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16

Gallina, G. y F. Retière. "Characterisation of a new generation of VUV low-light sensors". EPJ Web of Conferences 227 (2020): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202022702002.

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Silicon Photo-Multipliers (SiPMs) have emerged as a compelling photo-sensor solution over the course of the last decade. In contrast to the widely used Photomultiplier Tubes (PMTs), SiPMs are low-voltage powered, optimal for operation at cryogenic temperatures, and have low radioactivity lev- els with high gain stability over the time in operational conditions. For these reasons, large-scale low-background cryogenic experiments, such as the next- generation Enriched Xenon Observatory experiment (nEXO), are migrating to a SiPM-based light detection system. In this paper we report on the charac- terization of the Hamamatsu VUV4 (S/N: S13370-6152) Vacuum Ultra-Violet (VUV) sensitive Multi-Pixel Photon Counters (MPPC)s as part of the develop- ment of a solution for the detection of liquid xenon scintillation light for the nEXO experiment.

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17

Pech, Martin, Jaroslav Vrchota y Jiří Bednář. "Predictive Maintenance and Intelligent Sensors in Smart Factory: Review". Sensors 21, n.º 4 (20 de febrero de 2021): 1470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041470.

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With the arrival of new technologies in modern smart factories, automated predictive maintenance is also related to production robotisation. Intelligent sensors make it possible to obtain an ever-increasing amount of data, which must be analysed efficiently and effectively to support increasingly complex systems’ decision-making and management. The paper aims to review the current literature concerning predictive maintenance and intelligent sensors in smart factories. We focused on contemporary trends to provide an overview of future research challenges and classification. The paper used burst analysis, systematic review methodology, co-occurrence analysis of keywords, and cluster analysis. The results show the increasing number of papers related to key researched concepts. The importance of predictive maintenance is growing over time in relation to Industry 4.0 technologies. We proposed Smart and Intelligent Predictive Maintenance (SIPM) based on the full-text analysis of relevant papers. The paper’s main contribution is the summary and overview of current trends in intelligent sensors used for predictive maintenance in smart factories.

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18

AMBROSINO, F., F. MEDDI, R. NESCI, C. ROSSI, S. SCLAVI y I. BRUNI. "SiFAP: A SIMPLE SUB-MILLISECOND ASTRONOMICAL PHOTOMETER". Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation 02, n.º 01 (septiembre de 2013): 1350006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2251171713500062.

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A new fast photometer based on SiPM technology was developed at the University of Rome "La Sapienza" starting from 2009. A first prototype was successfully tested observing the Crab pulsar at the Loiano telescope of the Bologna Observatory. In this paper we illustrate the improvements we applied to our instrument, concerning new cooled commercial sensors, a new version of our custom dedicated electronics and an upgraded control timing software. Finally we report the results obtained with this instrument on December 2012 on the Crab pulsar at the Loiano telescope to show its goodness and capabilities.

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19

Malberti, M. "Precision timing with LYSO:Ce crystals and SiPM sensors in the CMS MTD barrel timing layer". Journal of Instrumentation 15, n.º 04 (6 de abril de 2020): C04014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/15/04/c04014.

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20

Safari, Leila, Gianluca Barile, Vincenzo Stornelli y Giuseppe Ferri. "A Review on VCII Applications in Signal Conditioning for Sensors and Bioelectrical Signals: New Opportunities". Sensors 22, n.º 9 (8 de mayo de 2022): 3578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093578.

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This study reviews second-generation voltage conveyor (VCII)-based read-out circuits for sensors and bioelectrical signal conditioning from existing literature. VCII is the dual circuit of a second-generation current conveyor (CCII), which provides the possibility of processing signals in the current domain while providing output signals in the voltage form. The scope of this paper is to discuss the benefits and opportunities of new VCII-based read-out circuits over traditional ones and bioelectrical signals. The achieved main benefits compared to conventional circuits are the simpler read-out circuits, producing an output signal in a voltage form that can be directly used, improved accuracy, possibility of gain adjustment using a single grounded resistor, and the possibility of connecting several SiPM sensors to the readout circuit. The circuits studied in this paper include VCII- based read-out circuits suitable for all types of sensors configured in the current-mode Wheatstone bridge (CMWB) topology, the VCII-based read-out circuits solutions reported for silicon photomultiplier, spiral-shaped ultrasonic PVDF and differential capacitive sensors, and, finally, a simple readout circuitry for sensing bioelectrical signals. There are still not many VCII-based readout circuits, and we hope that the outcome of this study will enhance this area of research and inspire new ideas.

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21

Cates, Joshua W., John Steele, Jon Balajthy, Victor Negut, Paul Hausladen, Klaus Ziock y Erik Brubaker. "Front-End Design for SiPM-Based Monolithic Neutron Double Scatter Imagers". Sensors 22, n.º 9 (7 de mayo de 2022): 3553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093553.

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Neutron double scatter imaging exploits the kinematics of neutron elastic scattering to enable emission imaging of neutron sources. Due to the relatively low coincidence detection efficiency of fast neutrons in organic scintillator arrays, imaging efficiency for double scatter cameras can also be low. One method to realize significant gains in neutron coincidence detection efficiency is to develop neutron double scatter detectors which employ monolithic blocks of organic scintillator, instrumented with photosensor arrays on multiple faces to enable 3D position and multi-interaction time pickoff. Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) have several advantageous characteristics for this approach, including high photon detection efficiency (PDE), good single photon time resolution (SPTR), high gain that translates to single photon counting capabilities, and ability to be tiled into large arrays with high packing fraction and photosensitive area fill factor. However, they also have a tradeoff in high uncorrelated and correlated noise rates (dark counts from thermionic emissions and optical photon crosstalk generated during avalanche) which may complicate event positioning algorithms. We have evaluated the noise characteristics and SPTR of Hamamatsu S13360-6075 SiPMs with low noise, fast electronic readout for integration into a monolithic neutron scatter camera prototype. The sensors and electronic readout were implemented in a small-scale prototype detector in order to estimate expected noise performance for a monolithic neutron scatter camera and perform proof-of-concept measurements for scintillation photon counting and three-dimensional event positioning.

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22

D’Ascenzo, Nicola, Min Gao, Emanuele Antonecchia, Paolo Gnudi, Hsien-Hsin Chen, Fang-Hsin Chen, Ji-Hong Hong et al. "New Digital Plug and Imaging Sensor for a Proton Therapy Monitoring System Based on Positron Emission Tomography". Sensors 18, n.º 9 (8 de septiembre de 2018): 3006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18093006.

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One of the most challenging areas of sensor development for nuclear medicine is the design of proton therapy monitoring systems. Sensors are operated in a high detection rate regime in beam-on conditions. We realized a prototype of a monitoring system for proton therapy based on the technique of positron emission tomography. We used the Plug and Imaging (P&I) technology in this application. This sensing system includes LYSO/silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) detection elements, fast digital multi voltage threshold (MVT) readout electronics and dedicated image reconstruction algorithms. In this paper, we show that the P&I sensor system has a uniform response and is controllable in the experimental conditions of the proton therapy room. The prototype of PET monitoring device based on the P&I sensor system has an intrinsic experimental spatial resolution of approximately 3 mm (FWHM), obtained operating the prototype both during the beam irradiation and right after it. The count-rate performance of the P&I sensor approaches 5 Mcps and allows the collection of relevant statistics for the nuclide analysis. The measurement of both the half life and the relative abundance of the positron emitters generated in the target volume through irradiation of 10 10 protons in approximately 15 s is performed with 0.5% and 5 % accuracy, respectively.

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Mastrolorenzo, L. "The CMS High Granularity Calorimeter for HL-LHC". International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 46 (enero de 2018): 1860075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194518600753.

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The High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) will integrate 10 times more luminosity than the LHC, posing significant challenges for radiation tolerance and event pileup on detectors, especially for forward calorimetry, and hallmarks the issue for future colliders. As part of its HL-LHC upgrade program, the CMS Collaboration is designing a High Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) to replace the existing endcap calorimeters. It features unprecedented transverse and longitudinal segmentation for both electromagnetic (CE-E) and hadronic (CE-H) compartments. This will facilitate particle-flow (PF) calorimetry, where the fine structure of showers can be measured and used to enhance pileup rejection and particle identification, whilst still achieving good energy resolution. The CE-E and a large fraction of CE-H will be based on hexagonal silicon sensors of [Formula: see text] cell size, with the remainder of the CE-H based on highly-segmented scintillators with SiPM readout. The intrinsic high-precision timing capabilities of the silicon sensors will add an extra dimension to event reconstruction, especially in terms of pileup rejection. An overview of the HGCAL project is presented in this paper.

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Impiombato, D., A. Segreto, O. Catalano, S. Giarrusso y T. Mineo. "Use of the Peak-Detector mode for gain calibration of SiPM sensors with ASIC CITIROC read-out". Journal of Instrumentation 15, n.º 04 (3 de abril de 2020): C04007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/15/04/c04007.

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Dorner, Daniela, A. Biland, T. Bretz, J. Buss, S. Einecke, D. Eisenacher, D. Hildebrand et al. "FACT — STATUS AND FIRST RESULTS". Acta Polytechnica 54, n.º 3 (27 de junio de 2014): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2014.54.0173.

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FACT is the first imaging Cherenkov telescope based on a camera using solid state photosensors (Geigermode Avalanche Photodiodes G-APD aka SiPM). Since October 2011, it has been taking data regularly. Apart from commissioning and calibration measurements, it has already started regular operation, where the main goal is to do long-term monitoring of bright TeV blazars. In June 2012, a flare of Mrk 501 was observed. Thanks to the robustness of the G-APDs, observations can be carried out during strong moon light without aging of the sensors. This improves the duty cycle of the instrument and provides better statistics for long-term light curves. The telescope, situated on the Canary Island of La Palma, is operated, already now, remotely from central Europe. For the future, robotic operation is planned. We report on our experiences during the commissioning, and we present first results from the first 1.5 years of observations.

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Stagliano, Marialisa, Francesco D’Errico, Luis Abegão y Andrea Chierici. "SILICON PHOTOMULTIPLIER CURRENT AND PROSPECTIVE APPLICATIONS IN BIOLOGICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL PHOTONICS". EPH - International Journal of Science And Engineering 4, n.º 4 (27 de diciembre de 2018): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/eijse.v4i4.143.

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The detection of low-intensity light is a crucial issue in many aspects of science and technology. So far, the solution has involved extremely delicate and somewhat bulky devices, the photomultiplier tubes, providing high sensitivity but suffering from fragility and susceptibility to interference. The silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) is a solid-state photon detector that provides a new solution for a wide range of photometry applications in fields as diverse as medicine, biology, environmental science, chemistry, physics, and nuclear physics. SiPMs are on a par with conventional photomultiplier tubes (PMT) in terms of internal gain and photon detection efficiency, while they are undoubtedly superior in terms of mechanical robustness, compact size, electronic stability, low power consumption, and affordability. Our group has long been involved in ionizing radiation measurements based on light emitting sensors both for industrial nuclear technology applications and for hybrid diagnostic imaging techniques. In both cases, SiPMs offer the unquestionable advantages described in this review.

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Qi, Baohua y Yong Liu. "R&D of a Novel High Granularity Crystal Electromagnetic Calorimeter". Instruments 6, n.º 3 (15 de septiembre de 2022): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments6030040.

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Future electron-positron collider experiments aim at the precise measurement of the Higgs boson, electroweak physics and the top quark. Based on the particle-flow paradigm, a novel highly granular crystal electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) is proposed to address major challenges from jet reconstruction and to achieve the optimal EM energy resolution of around 2–3%/E(GeV) with the homogeneous structure. Extensive R&D efforts have been carried out to evaluate the requirements and potentials of the crystal calorimeter concept from sensitive detection units to a full sub-detector system. The requirements on crystal candidates, photon sensors as well as readout electronics are parameterized and quantified in Geant4 full simulation. Experiments including characterizations of crystals and silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are performed to validate and improve the simulation results. The physics performance of the crystal ECAL is been studied with the particle flow algorithm “ArborPFA” which is also being optimized. Furthermore, a small-scale detector module with a crystal matrix and SiPM arrays is under development for future beam tests to study the performance for EM showers.

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Pantaleo, Francesca Romana. "The prototype Schwarzschild Couder Telescope: a Medium-Sized Telescope for the Cherenkov Telescope Array". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2429, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2023): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2429/1/012021.

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Abstract The Schwarzschild Couder Telescope (SCT) is a dual mirror Medium-Sized telescope proposed for the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA), the next-generation very-high energy (from about 20 GeV to 300 TeV) gamma-rays observatory. The SCT design consists of a dual-mirror optics and a high-resolution camera with a field of view (FoV) of 8°, which will allow exceptional performance in terms of angular resolution and background rejection. A prototype telescope (pSCT) has been installed and is operating at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory (FLWO) in Arizona, USA. Its camera is partially equipped with silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) matrices and covers a FoV of 2.7°. The pSCT has recently successfully detected the Crab Nebula with a statistical significance of 8.6 standard deviations. The upgrade of the pSCT focal plane is now ongoing, aimed to equip the full camera with upgraded sensors and electronics, enhancing the telescope field of view from the current 2.7° to the final 8°. An overview of the pSCT project and obtained results will be given, together with the camera upgrade status and expected performance.

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Lee, J., M. S. Lee, M. Jang y J. M. Lim. "Comparison of Arduino Nano and Due processors for time-based data acquisition for low-cost mobile radiation detection system". Journal of Instrumentation 17, n.º 03 (1 de marzo de 2022): P03015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/03/p03015.

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Abstract Arduino is an open-source hardware and software platform that consists of a single-board microcontroller (MCU). Arduino offers low-cost and low-power operation, which allows the design of a mobile battery-operated device and offers easy programming with a wide range of compatible sensors. Hence, Arduino has recently been widely used as an inexpensive solution to build educational and evaluation tools. Here, we combined Arduino processors with custom-developed time-based signal readout electronics for a low-cost mobile radiation detection system; the system utilizes a time-over-threshold technique that provides compact electronics. Arduino processors were used for chip configuration, serial communication, and real-time data acquisition. In this study, we tested two commercial Arduino processors, Nano and Due, in various signal environments and compared their performances. The developed Arduino-based data acquisition system was combined with a 48 × 48 × 20 mm3 GAGG:Ce (Gd3Al2Ga3O12:Ce) scintillation crystal and an 8 × 8 array of 6 × 6 mm2 SiPM. The developed low-cost mobile gamma detection system achieved 9.35% energy resolution at 662 keV and was able to acquire events up to 600 Hz using an Arduino Nano.

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Zhao, Ke, Yujie Li, JingTan Ma, Hanyan Xiao, Tianxin Zhuang y Yongfei Liu. "Stage division strategy for gas insulation surface discharge based on multi-physical information". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2387, n.º 1 (1 de noviembre de 2022): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2387/1/012021.

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Abstract The internal insulation defects in gas insulated equipment leading to partial discharges will affect the insulation performance of the equipment. Among them, surface discharges are a typical type of partial discharge, which often occurs at basin-type insulators. To realize effective discharge detection and discharge degree determination, a refined discharge stage division strategy for gas-insulated creeping discharge based on multi-physical information is investigated in this study. First, an experimental platform for gas-insulated multi-physical signal detection is established, of which high frequency current transformer (HFCT), silicon photomultiplier (SiPM), ultra-high frequency (UHF) and acoustic emission (AE) sensors are applied to measurement the multi-physical energy releases in the process of creeping discharge. Then an artificial surface discharge defect is developed following the actual surface discharge of basin insulator. Subsequently, the relative optical radiation power, electromagnetic radiation power and ultrasonic radiation power produced in the process of discharge are deduced from the multi-physical information. Meanwhile, the relationships among the three energy releases are carried out for variation of different energy with the applied voltage increases. Finally, development path of multi-physical energy ratio for surface discharge is proposed to evaluate the severity of discharge.

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Minotti, Alessandro. "Characterization of the DUNE photodetectors and study of the event burst phenomenon". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2156, n.º 1 (1 de diciembre de 2021): 012242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2156/1/012242.

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Abstract The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is an upcoming neutrino physics experiment that will answer some of the most compelling questions in particle physics and cosmology. The DUNE far detectors employ silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) to detect light produced by charged particles interacting in a large liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC). The SiPMs are photosensors consisting of an array of single-photon avalanche diodes (SPAD) operating in Geiger mode. Their high sensitivity and dynamic range, as well as the possibility to fill large surfaces with high-granularity sensors, makes them an ideal choice for DUNE. An international consortium of research groups is currently engaged in a systematic comparison of the performances of the SiPM models that have been custom developed for DUNE by two manufacturers. Such detailed studies, which include gain measurements and a structure study of the dark count rate at 77 K, are meant to determine the best choice of the photodetection system for DUNE, as well as characterize the response of the chosen detectors for the DUNE simulation. Moreover, an investigation of a newly observed phenomenon, in which quick bursts of tens of events at close range are collected in individual SiPMs, is being carried out, which potentially impacts the design of future models and their implementation in particle physics experiments.

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Cristella, Leonardo. "A novel reconstruction framework for an imaging calorimeter for HL-LHC". EPJ Web of Conferences 251 (2021): 03013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125103013.

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To sustain the harsher conditions of the high-luminosity LHC, the CMS collaboration is designing a novel endcap calorimeter system. The new calorimeter will predominantly use silicon sensors to achieve sufficient radiation tolerance and will maintain highly-granular information in the readout to help mitigate the effects of pileup. In regions characterised by lower radiation levels, small scintillator tiles with individual on-tile SiPM readout are employed. A unique reconstruction framework (TICL: The Iterative CLustering) is being developed to fully exploit the granularity and other significant detector features, such as particle identification and precision timing, with a view to mitigate pileup in the very dense environment of HL-LHC. The inputs to the framework are clusters of energy deposited in individual calorimeter layers. Clusters are formed by a density-based algorithm. Recent developments and tunes of the clustering algorithm will be presented. To help reduce the expected pressure on the computing resources in the HL-LHC era, the algorithms and their data structures are designed to be executed on GPUs. Preliminary results will be presented on decreases in clustering time when using GPUs versus CPUs. Ideas for machine-learning techniques to further improve the speed and accuracy of reconstruction algorithms will be presented.

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Pantaleo, Felice y Marco Rovere. "The Iterative Clustering framework for the CMS HGCAL Reconstruction". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2438, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2023): 012096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2438/1/012096.

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Abstract To sustain the harsher conditions of the high-luminosity LHC [1], the CMS Collaboration [2] is designing a novel endcap calorimeter system [3]. The new calorimeter will predominantly use silicon sensors to achieve sufficient radiation tolerance and will maintain highly granular information in the readout to help mitigate the effects of the pile up. In regions characterized by lower radiation levels, small scintillator tiles with individual SiPM on-tile readout are employed. A unique reconstruction framework (TICL: The Iterative CLustering) is being developed within the CMS Software CMSSW to fully exploit the granularity and other significant detector features, such as particle identification and precision timing, with a view to mitigating pile up in the very dense environment of HL-LHC. The TICL framework has been thought of with heterogeneous computing in mind: the algorithms and their data structures are designed to be executed on GPUs. In addition, geometry agnostic data structures have been designed to provide fast navigation and searching capabilities. Seeding capabilities (also exploiting information coming from other detectors), dynamic cluster masking, energy calibration, and particle identification are the main components of the framework. To allow for maximal flexibility, TICL allows the composition of different combinations of modules that can be chained together in an iterative fashion.

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Liu, Fang, Xiaoxue Fan, Xilei Sun, Bin Liu, Junjie Li, Yong Deng, Huan Jiang, Tianze Jiang y Peiguang Yan. "Characterization of a Mass-Produced SiPM at Liquid Nitrogen Temperature for CsI Neutrino Coherent Detectors". Sensors 22, n.º 3 (31 de enero de 2022): 1099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22031099.

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Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) is a sensor that can detect low-light signals lower than the single-photon level. In order to study the properties of neutrinos at a low detection threshold and low radioactivity experimental background, a low-temperature CsI neutrino coherent scattering detector is designed to be read by the SiPM sensor. Less thermal noise of SiPM and more light yield of CsI crystals can be obtained at the working temperature of liquid nitrogen. The breakdown voltage (Vbd) and dark count rate (DCR) of SiPM at liquid nitrogen temperature are two key parameters for coherent scattering detection. In this paper, a low-temperature test is conducted on the mass-produced ON Semiconductor J-Series SiPM. We design a cryogenic system for cooling SiPM at liquid nitrogen temperature and the changes of operating voltage and dark noise from room to liquid nitrogen temperature are measured in detail. The results show that SiPM works at the liquid nitrogen temperature, and the dark count rate drops by six orders of magnitude from room temperature (120 kHz/mm2) to liquid nitrogen temperature (0.1 Hz/mm2).

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Risigo, F., A. Bulgheroni, M. Caccia, C. Cappellini, V. Chmill, N. Fedyushkina, A. Golubev et al. "SiPM technology applied to radiation sensor development". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 607, n.º 1 (agosto de 2009): 75–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2009.03.209.

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Candan, Can, Mehmet Tiken, Halil Berberoglu, Elif Orhan y Aydin Yeniay. "Experimental Study on Km-Range Long-Distance Measurement Using Silicon Photomultiplier Sensor with Low Peak Power Laser Pulse". Applied Sciences 11, n.º 1 (4 de enero de 2021): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010403.

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Silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) have drawn considerable attention due to their superior sensitivity with a multi-pixel matrix structure. SiPM can be the choice of a detector for time of flight measurement which is one of the most promising applications in the field of light detection and ranging (LiDAR). In this work, we take advantage of SiPM and attempt to measure longer distances with a low peak power semiconductor laser under outdoor sunny and windy conditions. We achieved a long detection range of a few kilometers by using SiPM and a laser with a pulse energy of 9 µj at 0.905 µm and 3 dB enhancement in signal to noise ratio (SNR) by the implemented signal extraction algorithm. From the simulation performed, the minimum SNR value and detection probability were also determined for the outdoor field tests.

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Polyakov, Maxim, Victoria Ivanova, Darya Klyamer, Baybars Köksoy, Ahmet Şenocak, Erhan Demirbaş, Mahmut Durmuş y Tamara Basova. "A Hybrid Nanomaterial Based on Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes Cross-Linked via Axially Substituted Silicon (IV) Phthalocyanine for Chemiresistive Sensors". Molecules 25, n.º 9 (29 de abril de 2020): 2073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25092073.

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In this work, the novel hybrid nanomaterial SWCNT/SiPc made of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) cross-linked via axially substituted silicon (IV) phthalocyanine (SiPc) was studied as the active layer of chemiresistive layers for the detection of ammonia and hydrogen. SWCNT/SiPc is the first example of a carbon-based nanomaterial in which an axially substituted phthalocyanine derivative is used as a linker. The prepared hybrid material was characterized by spectroscopic methods, thermogravimetry, scanning and transmission electron microscopies. The layers of the prepared hybrid were tested as sensors toward ammonia and hydrogen by a chemiresistive method at different temperatures and relative humidity as well as in the presence of interfering gases like carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and volatile organic vapors. The hybrid layers exhibited the completely reversible sensor response to both gases at room temperature; the recovery time was 100–200 s for NH3 and 50–120 s in the case of H2 depending on the gas concentrations. At the relative humidity (RH) of 20%, the sensor response was almost the same as that measured at RH 5%, whereas the further increase of RH led to its 2–3 fold decrease. It was demonstrated that the SWCNT/SiPc layers can be successfully used for the detection of both NH3 and H2 in the presence of CO2. On the contrary, H2S was found to be an interfering gas for the NH3 detection.

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38

De Angelis, Nicolas, David Gascón, Sergio Gómez, Matthieu Heller, Teresa Montaruli y Andrii Nagai. "Characterisation of the MUSIC ASIC for large-area silicon photomultipliers for gamma-ray astronomy". Journal of Instrumentation 18, n.º 01 (1 de enero de 2023): P01037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/01/p01037.

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Abstract Large-area silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are desired in many applications where large surfaces have to be covered. For instance, a large area SiPM has been developed by Hamamatsu Photonics in collaboration with the University of Geneva, to equip gamma-ray cameras employed in imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. The sensor being about 1 cm2, a suitable preamplification electronics has been investigated in this work, which can deal with long pulses induced by the large capacitance of the sensor. The so-called Multiple Use SiPM Integrated Circuit (MUSIC), developed by the ICCUB (University of Barcelona), is investigated as a potential front-end ASIC, suitable to cover large area photodetection planes of gamma-ray telescopes. The ASIC offers an interesting pole-zero cancellation (PZC) that allows dealing with long SiPM signals, the feature of active summation of up to 8 input channels into a single differential output and it can offer a solution for reducing power consumption compared to discrete solutions. Measurements and simulations of MUSIC coupled to two SiPMs developed by Hamamatsu are considered and the ASIC response is characterized.

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39

Zhang, Jicheng, Yinghui Hou, Wenyi Ji, Ping Zheng, Shichao Yan, Shouyin Hou y Changqing Cai. "Evaluation of a Real-Time Monitoring and Management System of Soybean Precision Seed Metering Devices". Agronomy 13, n.º 2 (14 de febrero de 2023): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020541.

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Aiming at precise evaluation of the performance of soybean seed metering devices, a photoelectric sensor-based real-time monitoring system was designed. The proposed system mainly included a photoelectric sensor module for seeding signal collecting, Hall sensors speeding module, microcontroller unit (MCU), light and sound alarm module, human–machine interface (HMI), and other parts. The indexes of miss, multiples, flow rate, and application rate were estimated on the basis of seeder speed, seed metering disk rotation rate, photoelectric sensor signals, and clock signals. These real-time statistics of the seeding process were recorded by seeding management system. The laboratory results showed that the detection errors of seeding quantity of both big- and small-diameter soybeans were less than 2.0%. Miss and multiples index estimated by this system were 0.4% and 0.5% than that of seeding image monitoring platform (SIMP), respectively. In field tests, miss and multiples index can be used to evaluate the performance of seed metering device, and big-diameter seeds can be detected more precisely than small ones by these photoelectric sensors. This system can provide support for evaluation of working performance of seed metering devices and have a positive effect on seeding monitoring technology.

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Georgel, Rachel, Konstantin Grygoryev, Simon Sorensen, Huihui Lu, Stefan Andersson-Engels, Ray Burke y Daniel O’Hare. "Silicon Photomultiplier—A High Dynamic Range, High Sensitivity Sensor for Bio-Photonics Applications". Biosensors 12, n.º 10 (26 de septiembre de 2022): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12100793.

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This work is an overview of silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) with a view to defining their importance for bio-photonic and clinical applications. SiPMs are benchmarked against other common photodetectors, namely, PIN diodes and avalanche photodetectors (APDs) and are compared with respect to important circuit design parameters. It will be shown that careful selection of the design bias voltage, overvoltage, gain defining components and device integration to micro-optics can allow SiPM detectors to achieve considerable sensitivity for auto-fluorescence (AF) detection and a wide dynamic range at low optical powers (~1 pW to ~4 μW). The SiPM has a manageable bias voltage (~25 V to ~30 V DC) for systems integration, and with optimised sensitivity it will enhance bio-photonic research in the area of AF to detect intraoperatively, for example, brain tumour margins.

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Suryaningrum, Theresia Dwi, Ijah Muljanah y Evi Tahapari. "Profil Sensori dan Nilai Gizi Beberapa Jenis Ikan Patin dan Hibrid Nasutus". Jurnal Pascapanen dan Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan 5, n.º 2 (10 de noviembre de 2010): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jpbkp.v5i2.419.

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Penelitian mengenai profil sensori dan nilai gizi filet patin Siam (Pangasius hypopthalmus), Jambal (Pangasius djambal Bleeker), Pasupati, Nasutus serta hasil silangan Siam dan Nasutus (hibrid Nasutus) telah dilakukan. Analisis sensori dilakukan dengan uji pembeda menyeluruh, uji pembeda atribut, uji kesukaan, dan uji rangking. Pengamatan lainnya dilakukan terhadap edible portion dan nilai gizi (proksimat dan profil asam amino). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa filet patin hibrid Nasutus lebih memiliki kesamaan warna dengan filet patin Nasutus daripada filet patin Siam. W arna daging filet patin hibrid Nasutus berbeda nyata dengan induknya yaitu patin Nasutus dan patin Siam. Panelis lebih menyukai warna filet patin hibrid Nasutus dibandingkan dengan patin Pasupati. Patin hibrid Nasutus mempunyai tekstur yang berbeda nyata dengan Nasutus dan Jambal yang kompak dan padat, tetapi mempunyai kesamaan dengan patin Siam dan Pasupati yang agak kompak dan agak padat. Berdasarkan intensitas warna, hasil uji pembeda atribut dan uji kesukaan, maka secara berturut-turut panelis menyukai filet patin Jambal, Nasutus, hibrid Nasutus, Pasupati, dan Siam. Hibrid Nasutus mempunyai edible portionpaling tinggi (49%) dibandingkan dengan patin lainnya tetapi mempunyai kadar air, kadar lemak, dan kadar protein yang lebih rendah dan berbeda nyata dengan induknya (patin Siam dan Nasutus). Patin Siam mengandung asam amino esensial paling tinggi di antara berbagai jenis patin yang diteliti. Profil asam amino patin hibrid Nasutus, Jambal, Pasupati, dan Nasutus hampir sama, kecuali pada patin Siam yang mengandung glisin, leusin, isoleusin, histidin, serin, treonin, dan prolin yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan patin lainnya

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42

Bruschini, Claudio, Chockalingam Veerappan, Francesco Gramuglia, Martijn Bijwaard, Zoltan Papp y Edoardo Charbon. "A Sensor Network Architecture for Digital SiPM-Based PET Systems". IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences 2, n.º 6 (noviembre de 2018): 574–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/trpms.2018.2866953.

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43

Kumar, Sandeep, S. S. Upadhya, N. K. Parmar, M. Ranjan, B. K. Nagesh, K. S. Gothe, B. B. Singh et al. "A 16-channel programmable SiPM bias supply system for Cherenkov telescope imaging camera". Journal of Instrumentation 18, n.º 01 (1 de enero de 2023): T01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/01/t01005.

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Abstract In recent years, the Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) have emerged as a promising photodetector in various applications such as high energy physics, nuclear physics and medical instruments. One such application is in the pixelated camera of Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs). IACTs are used to detect very high-energy celestial gamma rays using Atmospheric Cherenkov Technique. The SiPM gain is proportional to the overvoltage which is the difference between applied bias voltage and breakdown voltage. As the SiPM breakdown voltage increases with temperature, the overvoltage and hence the gain decreases proportionally (2-3%/°C) at a constant applied bias voltage. Also, the actual bias voltage across the SiPM changes with load current due to voltage drop across a series resistor in SiPM bias circuit, thus causing a change in overvoltage and gain. To maintain a constant gain of the SiPM, the applied bias voltage need to be adjusted to compensate for the changes in temperature and load. We are developing a 256-pixel imaging camera with SiPM as its photo-sensor. The camera will be placed at the focal point of telescope and will be operated during night in outdoor environment at Hanle, Ladakh, India. The night temperature at Hanle typically varies by ∼ 10°C overnight and ∼ 40°C (-20°C to +20°C) over the year. Thus, gain of SiPMs, exposed to the environment, may vary considerably during observations. A prototype 8-channel bias supply board with real time temperature & load compensation is developed to operate the camera SiPMs at fixed gain throughout the observation night. The voltage range of the bias supply for each channel is from 10 V to 80 V with 5 mV resolution and current upto 4 mA. The output voltage and current can be monitored with a resolution of ∼ 5 mV and ∼ 0.3 μA respectively. The single board computer, Raspberry Pi, is connected to the bias supply board over a 7-wire Customized Serial Peripheral Interface (CSPI) for control and monitoring. A multi-channel SiPM bias supply system is realized by daisy-chaining 8-channel boards through CSPI to cater bias voltage to all the pixels of the camera. The system is operated remotely using Ethernet interface of Raspberry-Pi. This paper discusses the design, development and performance of the prototype 16-channel closed-loop, programmable bias supply system with built-in compensation for changes in temperature and load.

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Krishnan, S., C. Webster, A. R. Duffy, G. Brooks, R. Clay y J. Mould. "SiPM Smart Sensor based portable coincidence system for distributed field applications". Journal of Instrumentation 14, n.º 09 (27 de septiembre de 2019): P09026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/14/09/p09026.

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45

Fournaris, Apostolos P., Charis Dimopoulos, Konstantinos Lampropoulos y Odysseas Koufopavlou. "Anomaly Detection Trusted Hardware Sensors for Critical Infrastructure Legacy Devices". Sensors 20, n.º 11 (30 de mayo de 2020): 3092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20113092.

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Critical infrastructures and associated real time Informational systems need some security protection mechanisms that will be able to detect and respond to possible attacks. For this reason, Anomaly Detection Systems (ADS), as part of a Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) system, are needed for constantly monitoring and identifying potential threats inside an Information Technology (IT) system. Typically, ADS collect information from various sources within a CI system using security sensors or agents and correlate that information so as to identify anomaly events. Such sensors though in a CI setting (factories, power plants, remote locations) may be placed in open areas and left unattended, thus becoming targets themselves of security attacks. They can be tampering and malicious manipulated so that they provide false data that may lead an ADS or SIEM system to falsely comprehend the CI current security status. In this paper, we describe existing approaches on security monitoring in critical infrastructures and focus on how to collect security sensor–agent information in a secure and trusted way. We then introduce the concept of hardware assisted security sensor information collection that improves the level of trust (by hardware means) and also increases the responsiveness of the sensor. Thus, we propose a Hardware Security Token (HST) that when connected to a CI host, it acts as a secure anchor for security agent information collection. We describe the HST functionality, its association with a host device, its expected role and its log monitoring mechanism. We also provide information on how security can be established between the host device and the HST. Then, we introduce and describe the necessary host components that need to be established in order to guarantee a high security level and correct HST functionality. We also provide a realization–implementation of the HST overall concept in a FPGA SoC evaluation board and describe how the HST implementation can be controlled. In addition, in the paper, two case studies where the HST has been used in practice and its functionality have been validated (one case study on a real critical infrastructure test site and another where a critical industrial infrastructure was emulated in our lab) are described. Finally, results taken from these two case studies are presented, showing actual measurements for the in-field HST usage.

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46

Kadbhane, Sharad J. y Vivek L. Manekar. "An experimental study of the surface and subsurface irrigation methods with respect to soil moisture on grape yard". Journal of Water and Land Development 31, n.º 1 (1 de diciembre de 2016): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2016-0038.

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AbstractIn this study, field experiment has been carried out on the grape yard during the summer, Rainy, and winter seasons using different irrigation methods and measuring its impact on moisture retention. Six different irrigation methods such as drip irrigation (DI), drip irrigation with plastic mulching (DIPM), drip irrigation with organic mulching (DIOM), subsurface irrigation with stone column (SISC), subsurface irrigation with mud pot (SIMP), and subsurface irrigation with plastic bottles (SIPB) are used during experimental work. CROPWAT-8.0 model (FAO) is used to find out crop water requirements. Soil moisture is measured using soil moisture sensors fixed in the depth of 30 and 60 cm at the same location. Climatic parameters are obtained from the automatic weather station which is located near the experimental field. Multifactorial statistical analysis has been carried out using recorded soil moisture and climatic data. As per experimental results and analysis, it is observed that drip irrigation with the plastic mulching method is found to be the best method of irrigation for soil moisture retention among all other methods due to its highest soil moisture retention value as 25–30%. Whereas subsurface irrigation with the plastic bottle method is found to be suitable as it retained 15–20% soil moisture and material used in this irrigation method is waste material and the cheapest one.

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Intermite, A., M. Putignano y A. Wolski. "First calibration of a Cherenkov beam loss sensor at ALICE using SiPM". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 677 (junio de 2012): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2012.02.026.

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48

Xia, Changjie, Ming Ren, Kai Wang, Hongyuan Zhang, Haobin Guan, Ming Dong, Tao Zhang y Jin Miao. "Adopting integration of multispectral time resolved analysis and graph-based deep learning method in partial discharge type identification". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2387, n.º 1 (1 de noviembre de 2022): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2387/1/012022.

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Abstract Partial discharge (PD) is treated as one of the major threats for gas insulated switchgear (GIS). By using the new generation multispectral detection sensor named as SiPM-based multispectral discharge sensor (SMDS), the time resolved partial discharge with multispectral information (named as MTRPD) for creeping discharge, suspension discharge and tip discharge, respectively. It indicates that the MTRPD for the specific discharge defect perform unique spectral fingerprints in discharge mode. Based on the graph characteristics of MTRPD, we introduced the convolution neural network (CNN) to implement PD type identification whose overall accuracy of Δqi-Δqi+1 and Δti-Δti+1 were 99.7% and 98.9%, respectively. This paper provides a new technique tool for fine diagnosis of PD independent of phase analysis.

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McLaughlin, Joseph Biagio, Giacomo Gallina, Fabrice Retière, Austin De St. Croix, Pietro Giampa, Mahsa Mahtab, Peter Margetak et al. "Characterisation of SiPM Photon Emission in the Dark". Sensors 21, n.º 17 (4 de septiembre de 2021): 5947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21175947.

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In this paper, we report on the photon emission of Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) from avalanche pulses generated in dark conditions, with the main objective of better understanding the associated systematics for next-generation, large area, SiPM-based physics experiments. A new apparatus for spectral and imaging analysis was developed at TRIUMF and used to measure the light emitted by the two SiPMs considered as photo-sensor candidates for the nEXO neutrinoless double-beta decay experiment: one Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK) VUV-HD Low Field (LF) Low After Pulse (Low AP) (VUV-HD3) SiPM and one Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. (HPK) VUV4 Multi-Pixel Photon Counter (MPPC). Spectral measurements of their light emissions were taken with varying over-voltage in the wavelength range of 450–1020 nm. For the FBK VUV-HD3, at an over-voltage of 12.1±1.0 V, we measured a secondary photon yield (number of photons (γ) emitted per charge carrier (e−)) of (4.04±0.02)×10−6γ/e−. The emission spectrum of the FBK VUV-HD3 contains an interference pattern consistent with thin-film interference. Additionally, emission microscopy images (EMMIs) of the FBK VUV-HD3 show a small number of highly localized regions with increased light intensity (hotspots) randomly distributed over the SiPM surface area. For the HPK VUV4 MPPC, at an over-voltage of 10.7±1.0 V, we measured a secondary photon yield of (8.71±0.04)×10−6γ/e−. In contrast to the FBK VUV-HD3, the emission spectra of the HPK VUV4 did not show an interference pattern—likely due to a thinner surface coating. The EMMIs of the HPK VUV4 also revealed a larger number of hotspots compared to the FBK VUV-HD3, especially in one of the corners of the device. The photon yield reported in this paper may be limited if compared with the one reported in previous studies due to the measurement wavelength range, which is only up to 1020 nm.

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Novikov, A., D. Besson, I. Chernysheva, V. Dmitrenko, V. Grachev, D. Petrenko, S. Prohira et al. "SiPM-based azimuthal position sensor in ANITA-IV Hi-Cal Antarctic balloon experiment". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 798 (enero de 2017): 012217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/798/1/012217.

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