Artículos de revistas: "Simulation de crue"

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Ellouze-Gargouri, Emna y Zoubeida Kebaili Bargaoui. "Prédétermination des débits maximaux de crue par simulation Monte-Carlo de la pluie nette". Revue des sciences de l'eau 19, n.º 4 (17 de enero de 2007): 327–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/014419ar.

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RésuméUne méthodologie a été proposée pour la prédétermination des débits à partir de la pluviométrie. Il s’agit d’associer, en entrée, les simulations Monte Carlo de hyétogrammes de pluie nette avec un modèle d’hydrogramme unitaire à base de géomorphologie pour obtenir des hydrogrammes simulés en sortie. À la fin des simulations, l’analyse statistique des sorties permet d’apprécier l’étendue de la variabilité de la réponse du bassin aux événements pluvieux et de caractériser les débits et les temps de pointe. Un total de 44 simulations ont été menées pour chacun des 15 événements observés pour un petit bassin versant situé en Tunisie centrale. L’analyse des hydrogrammes générés a montré une assez faible dispersion des débits de pointe, d’une simulation à l’autre, pour un événement donné, et a mis en évidence la dissymétrie des distributions des débits et temps de pointe. L’exploitation des résultats de l’ensemble des simulations permet de dégager des relations empiriques caractérisant le comportement du bassin selon les débits de pointe, les temps de pointe, les temps de base et les volumes écoulés.

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2

Kayser, Guillaume, Fränz Zeimetz, Pedro Manso, Anton Schleiss y Frédéric Jordan. "Synergies entre la production hydroélectrique et la protection contre les crues : cas d'étude de la Sihl en Suisse". La Houille Blanche, n.º 3-4 (octubre de 2019): 102–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/lhb/2019028.

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Située à la confluence de deux cours d'eau – la Limmat et la Sihl – la ville de Zurich a toujours dû faire face aux crues. Suite aux crues de 2005, un projet de dérivation de la Sihl vers le lac de Zurich en amont de la ville a été lancé. En alternative à un premier projet de galerie de décharge de la Sihl, qui ne contribue qu'à la protection contre les crues, la dérivation de débits par l'aménagement hydroélectrique de pompage-turbinage existant sur le bassin versant présente l'avantage d'une synergie novatrice entre deux objectifs : la protection contre les crues, d'une part, et le réaménagement d'une infrastructure de production d'énergie renouvelable avec augmentation de la puissance installée, d'autre part. Le concept consiste à gérer le niveau du lac d'accumulation de l'aménagement situé sur la Sihl à l'amont de Zurich en tenant compte des prévisions météorologiques afin de laminer les crues tout en produisant de l'énergie hydraulique. La réalisation d'abaissements anticipés du plan d'eau à l'annonce de crues doit néanmoins respecter le règlement de contrôle des niveaux du lac de la Sihl, situé sur un bassin versant très peuplé. La performance de cette solution est fortement liée à la fiabilité des prévisions météorologiques et hydrométriques. Pour augmenter l'effet protecteur de l'aménagement, une augmentation de la puissance équipée de l'aménagement doit être envisagée. Cet article présente une étude hydrologique du bassin versant avec l'accent sur l'analyse des crues, dans l'objectif de déterminer la contribution de différents débits d'équipement de la centrale d'Etzelwerk à la protection de la ville de Zurich lors de crues de périodes de retour de 300 à 500 ans. Le modèle de simulation Routing System du bassin versant est établi et calé sur 32 années complètes, comportant des événements de crue importants. Ensuite, des cas de charge de précipitations de périodes de retour 100, 300 et 1000 ans sont générés comme entrées pour la simulation d'événements de crue. En fin de compte, un débit d'équipement de 147 m3/s, soit quatre fois la capacité actuelle, est finalement retenu comme le débit minimal qui remplirait les exigences de protection contre les crues à Zurich, ce qui correspond à une puissance installée de 600 MW.

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3

Rasmussen, P. F., B. Bobée y J. Bernier. "Une méthodologie générale de comparaison de modèles d'estimation régionale de crue". Revue des sciences de l'eau 7, n.º 1 (12 de abril de 2005): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705187ar.

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L'estimation du débit QT de période de retour T en un site est généralement effectuée par ajustement d'une distribution statistique aux données de débit maximum annuel de ce site. Cependant, l'estimation en un site où l'on dispose de peu ou d'aucune données hydrologiques doit être effectuée par des méthodes régionales qui consistent à utiliser l'information existante en des sites hydrologiquement semblables au site cible. Cette procédure est effectuée en deux étapes: (a) détermination des sites hydrologiquemcnt semblables (b) estimation régionale Pour un découpage donné (étape a), nous proposons trois approches méthodologiques pour comparer les différentes méthodes d'estimation régionale. Ces approches sont décrites en détail dans ce travail. Plus particulièrement il s'agit de - simulation par la méthode du bootstrap - analyse de régression ou Bayes empirique - méthode bayésienne hiérarchique

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4

Turcotte, Richard, Thomas-Charles Fortier Filion, Pierre Lacombe, Vincent Fortin, Alexandre Roy y Alain Royer. "Simulation hydrologique des derniers jours de la crue de printemps: le problème de la neige manquante". Hydrological Sciences Journal 55, n.º 6 (20 de agosto de 2010): 872–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2010.503933.

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5

Yésou, Hervé, Aurélie Escudier, Stéphanie Battiston, Jean-Yves Dardillac, Stephen Clandillon, Carlos Uribe, Mathilde Caspard et al. "Exploitation de l'imagerie Pléiades-THR en cartographie réactive suite à des catastrophes naturelles ayant affecté le territoire français en 2013". Revue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection, n.º 209 (29 de enero de 2015): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.52638/rfpt.2015.210.

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Dans le cadre de la Recette Thématique Utilisateur pour la valorisation des données Pléiades-THR, des images ont été acquises lors de désastres naturels ou pour des exercices dédiés à la demande des grands services de l'Etat (Ministère de l'Environnement, Ministère des Finances). En sus, ces actions ont eu pour objectif de faciliter la prise de connaissance des technologies spatiales par ces utilisateurs institutionnels français dans un contexte de gestion de crise. En mars et mai 2013, c'est en concertation avec le CNES, le SERTIT, le SCHAPI, l'IGN et le CEREMA que des données Pléiades ont été programmées et traitées en mode rapide lors de la crue de l'Agly et des inondations provoquées par l'Yonne et la Marne. En juin, deux nouvelles actions de cartographie réactive ont été menées par le CNES et le SERTIT : la première avec le Service de Prévision des Crues Rhin-Sarre (DREAL Alsace) lors de la crue de la Sarre, la seconde pour le compte de la Caisse Centrale de Réassurance lors de la crue du Gave de Pau. Enfin, en février, l'exercice « SEISME 13 » a été réalisé à la demande du centre de crise du Ministère de l'Environnement (SG/SDSIE/CMVOA). Il s'agissait d'un exercice cadre d'état-major réalisé sur 2 demi-journées dans le contexte de la simulation d'un séisme d'une magnitude exceptionnelle en Guadeloupe, sur la base d'un scénario technique proposé par le BRGM. Pour chacune de ces opérations, ce sont une à trois images ou segments d'images qui ont été acquis, analysés, dont un couple stéréoscopique, pour la réalisation de produits cartographiques à valeur ajoutée et informations vectorielles.En termes de besoins utilisateurs, les objectifs concernaient la détection des surfaces en eau, des ruptures de digue, des constructions affectées. Dans le cas des crues rapides de l'Agly et du Gave de Pau, l'analyse des données Pléiades a également porté sur la reconnaissance et l'extraction de l'empreinte des inondations, comprenant les surfaces en eau résiduelle, les dépôts de boue et les traces d'écoulement. Dans l'exemple de l'Agly, l'apport des données stéréoscopiques a été testé via la réalisation d'un MNT. Dans la démonstration « SEISME 13 », des produits cartographiques ont été élaborés en réponse aux besoins particuliers exprimés par les Ministères de l'Environnement, des Transports et de la Santé (dégâts aux infrastructures de transport, de production, bâtiments publics).L'ensemble de ces actions de cartographie rapide ont permis de sensibiliser de nouveaux utilisateurs et acteurs majeurs au principe de gestion de crise (processus d'alerte, programmation des satellites, commande des données satellitaires et mise à disposition des produits cartographiques à valeur ajoutée), et de porter à leur connaissance les capacités offertes par la constellation Pléiades-THR. Un objectif à long terme serait de doter ces utilisateurs de capacités nationales, hors du cadre proposé par la Charte Internationale « Espace et Catastrophes Majeures » et du service Emergency du programme Copernicus

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6

Sandhyavitri, Ari, Arvin Arvin y Fajar Restuhadi. "Simulations of the Crude Oil Tank Refurbishment Project Risks Using Monte Carlo". Journal of Applied Materials and Technology 3, n.º 1 (24 de febrero de 2022): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jamt.3.1.22-29.

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Simulation technology has assisted project stakeholders in predicting a range of the project results in the future under risks and uncertainties. The objectives of this article are to improve a comprehensive project planning in the perspective of the project scheduling by conducting simulations for the refurbishment of crude oil tank project risks using Monte Carlo simulations. The practical approaches for simulating the risks encompassed 3 stages: risk identification, assessment, and risk analysis using the Monte Carlo simulations. The implementation of Monte Carlo simulation in the form of stochastic approach however were not new, but the application of these approaches in the area of oil industrial projects was challenging. A Free Water Knock-Out (FWKO) tank project located in Duri, Indonesia was taken as a case study. The initial FWKO project duration was set up to be 180 working days, and it was delayed (up to 140% from the initial duration of the project planning). This study conducted deep questioner surveys from 25 oil industry stakeholders. It was identified 29 risk factors have been considered as the major causes of the project delay. The risk factors were then calculated qualitatively for performing risk indexes. Based on the risk simulations (after 1000 iterations) using Monte Carlo simulations utilizing @risk application package (under uncertainties) there was found that the possibility of this project would experience delays at the range of 47 days (126%) to 80 days (144%) from the initial project planning. This simulation had also identified the most sensitive activities causing project delays. The results was presented in the form of the spider graph diagram which assisted the project main stakeholders in developing a strategic decision during project planning phase.

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7

Zamikula, Konstantin, Olena Tertyshna, Oleg Tertyshny y Petro Topilnytskyy. "Simulation of Change in Density and Viscosity of Crude Oil When Mixing". Chemistry & Chemical Technology 16, n.º 3 (30 de septiembre de 2022): 469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht16.03.469.

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The deviation of density and viscosity values of oil mixtures from those calculated according to the additivity rule has been examined. Mathematical models have been developed for determining the properties of mixtures with different compositions taking into account the group composition of the source components. Mixtures containing components with a high content of alkanes and a low content of arenes have been found to be characterized by extreme deviations of density towards the maximum and kinematic viscosity towards the minimum. The created models were validated and compared with existing methods of describing the oil physicochemical properties. An approach to the creation of optimal from a technological point of view formulation for compounding oil of different types is proposed.

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8

Han, Dongxu, Qing Yuan, Bo Yu, Danfu Cao y Gaoping Zhang. "BFC-POD-ROM Aided Fast Thermal Scheme Determination for China’s Secondary Dong-Lin Crude Pipeline with Oils Batching Transportation". Energies 11, n.º 10 (7 de octubre de 2018): 2666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102666.

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Since the transportation task of China’s Secondary Dong-Lin crude pipeline has been changed from Shengli oil to both Shengli and Oman oils, its transportation scheme had to be changed to “batch transportation”. To determine the details of batch transportation, large amounts of simulations should be performed, but massive simulation times could be costly (they can take hundreds of days with 10 computers) using the finite volume method (FVM). To reduce the intolerable time consumption, the present paper adopts a “body-fitted coordinate-based proper orthogonal decomposition reduced-order model” (BFC-POD-ROM) to obtain faster simulations. Compared with the FVM, the adopted method reduces the time cost of thermal simulations to 2.2 days from 264 days. Subsequently, the details of batch transportation are determined based on these simulations. The Dong-Lin crude oil pipeline has been safely operating for more than two years using the determined scheme. It is found that the field data are well predicted by the POD reduced-order model with an acceptable error in crude oil engineering.

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9

Ries, John E. y William D. Hibler. "Interannual characteristics of an 80 km resolution diagnostic Arctic ice–ocean model". Annals of Glaciology 15 (1991): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1991aog15-1-552-162.

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Seasonal simulations with large-scale coupled ice–ocean models have reproduced many features of the ice and ocean circulation of the Arctic Ocean and the Greenland and Norwegian seas (e.g. Hibler and Bryan, 1987; Semtner, 1987). However, the crude resolution and high lateral eddy viscosity used by these models prevent the simulation of many of the smaller-scale seasonal features and tend to produce sluggish circulation. Similarly, the use of a single year’s atmospheric forcing prevents the simulation of features on an interannual time-scale. As an initial step towards addressing these issues, an 80 km diagnostic Arctic ice–ocean model is constructed and integrated over a three-year period using daily atmospheric forcing to drive the model. To examine the effect of topographic resolution and eddy viscosity on model results, similar simulations were performed with a 160 km-resolution model. The results of these simulations are compared with one another, with buoy drift in the Arctic Basin, and with observed ice-edge variations. The model results proved most sensitive to changes in horizontal resolution. The 80 km results provided a more realistic and robust circulation in most areas of the Arctic and improved the modelled ice edge in the Barents Sea, while also successfully simulating the interannual variation in the region. Although it performed better than the 160 km model, the 80 km model still produced too large an ice extent in the Greenland Sea. No significant improvement in the ice-edge prediction was observed by varying the lateral eddy viscosity. The results indicate that problems remain in the vertical resolution in shallow regions, in treating penetrative convection, and in the simulation of inflow into the Arctic Basin through the Fram Strait.

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10

Ries, John E. y William D. Hibler. "Interannual characteristics of an 80 km resolution diagnostic Arctic ice–ocean model". Annals of Glaciology 15 (1991): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500009861.

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Seasonal simulations with large-scale coupled ice–ocean models have reproduced many features of the ice and ocean circulation of the Arctic Ocean and the Greenland and Norwegian seas (e.g. Hibler and Bryan, 1987; Semtner, 1987). However, the crude resolution and high lateral eddy viscosity used by these models prevent the simulation of many of the smaller-scale seasonal features and tend to produce sluggish circulation. Similarly, the use of a single year’s atmospheric forcing prevents the simulation of features on an interannual time-scale. As an initial step towards addressing these issues, an 80 km diagnostic Arctic ice–ocean model is constructed and integrated over a three-year period using daily atmospheric forcing to drive the model. To examine the effect of topographic resolution and eddy viscosity on model results, similar simulations were performed with a 160 km-resolution model. The results of these simulations are compared with one another, with buoy drift in the Arctic Basin, and with observed ice-edge variations. The model results proved most sensitive to changes in horizontal resolution. The 80 km results provided a more realistic and robust circulation in most areas of the Arctic and improved the modelled ice edge in the Barents Sea, while also successfully simulating the interannual variation in the region. Although it performed better than the 160 km model, the 80 km model still produced too large an ice extent in the Greenland Sea. No significant improvement in the ice-edge prediction was observed by varying the lateral eddy viscosity. The results indicate that problems remain in the vertical resolution in shallow regions, in treating penetrative convection, and in the simulation of inflow into the Arctic Basin through the Fram Strait.

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11

Michael, Adeloye Olalekan, Akpa Jackson Gonurubon, Dagde Kenneth Kekpugile y Ehirim Emmanuel Odionyegbuechua. "Process Simulation and Performance Models for Enhanced Modular Refinery Operations in Nigeria". International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications 14, n.º 1 (marzo de 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijcea.2023.14.1.798.

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The study aimed at availability of petroleum products in Nigeria through the operation of enhanced modular refinery process due to inefficient conventional major refineries. The enhanced modular refinery converts or processes residue product from conventional modular refinery as feedstock to the hydrocracker reactor for viable and desired products such as liquefied petroleum gas, naphtha and diesel. Therefore, twenty Nigerian crude oil types were classified as sweet, light and medium crude oil, and these crude oil types were categorized based on their recovery volume at true boiling point of 370oC as Group A, Group B and Group C respectively. Thus, based on product output and equipment cost, a modular refinery with 29 trays was used in this study, as light and medium sweet crude oil types were simulated in a modular refinery of various column trays prior to the desired tray. A topping plant with a 30,000 barrel per day capacity and a modified topping plant with 29 trays respectively were used to process different types of Nigerian crude oil. using Aspen Hysys to evaluate their products yield and tray compositions. The modified modular refinery with hydrocracker yielded more valuable from the residue of conventional modular refinery with minimal bottom fraction. Performance models for hydrocracker reactor was developed based on the nature of reaction, kinetic parameters estimated and results compared with experimental data with minimum deviations. The developed performance models predicted feedstock conversion and product yield along the hydrocracker reactor’s dimensionless length by solving a set of ordinary differential equation models. Thus, the hydrocracking process was simulated to evaluate the effects of catalyst effectiveness factor on feedstock conversion and products yield.

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12

Bori, Ige, Kingsley Mudjere, Olawale james Okegbile, Samuel Adinoyi Ayo y Sunday Bako. "Investigating the Effect of Coriolis Force In A Vibrating Pipeline". Advances in Multidisciplinary and scientific Research Journal Publication 8 (15 de marzo de 2022): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22624/aims/v8n1p2.

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Pipelines conveying fluids are bound to vibrate during operation and if not properly handled from the design stage, there will be tendency of failure. This paper aims at studying the behavior of a pipe under the influence of a coriolis force for when conveying crude oil and natural gas only. A pipe under fixed ends condition was considered using finite element method based on Hamilton principle to determine the deformation mode shape behavior pattern, and this was validated using ANSYS software simulations. It was observed that the pipe exhibited the same behavioral pattern for crude oil when Coriolis force was enabled in both the finite element method and the ANSYS software simulation method. On the other hand, it was observed that the pipe exhibited the same behavioral pattern for crude oil when coriolis force was not enabled in both the finite element method and the ANSYS software simulation method, though the ANSYS simulation method tend to exhibit a more uniform and accurate pattern than the finite element method because of the two elements considered in the finite element method. It is a known fact that the higher the number of elements, the more accurate the finite element results would be. In view of this limitation, it was recommended that for similar works to be carried out in future, the number of elements should be increased more than two for more accurate results. Keywords: Coriolis Force, Finite Element Analysis, ANSYS Simulation

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13

Naletov, V. A., M. B. Glebov, A. Yu Naletov, N. V. Khitrov y V. B. Glebov. "Simulation of Crude Chloroform Purification Methods". Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 54, n.º 11-12 (marzo de 2019): 863–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10556-019-00564-2.

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14

Ogunyemi, Adebayo Tajudeen, Samuel Oluwagbohunmi Abisuwa, Oluwagbenga Olawale Omotara y Abdulwahab Giwa. "Numerical Simulation of Crude Oil Dispersion in Water". International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 49 (junio de 2020): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.49.15.

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Dispersion is one of the fate processes of oil spill. This research has been carried out on the numerical simulation of the dispersion of crude oil using the model obtained from the work of Hamam (1987). The model was solved with the explicit, implicit and Crank-Nicolson methods of solution of partial differentiation equations with the aid of MATLAB, and the concentration of the crude oil dispersed in water was obtained. The results obtained revealed that the three methods could be used to study the process because the profiles given by all of them were very similar. Also discovered from the investigations carried out was that the concentration of crude oil was decreasing with time for a particular spatial point while, for a particular time, it was increasing along the length of the water body. It was also discovered that experiments would be very necessary in order for the validation of the results obtained from the simulations.

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LEO HSIE, W. H. y THOMAS J. McAVOY. "MODELING, SIMULATION AND CONTROL OF CRUDE TOWERS". Chemical Engineering Communications 98, n.º 1 (diciembre de 1990): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986449008911558.

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Sardar, Pabitra Kumar, Hiron Saraj Devnath, Nripendra Nath Biswas, Bishwajit Bokshi y Samir Kumar Sadhu. "Evaluation of Diuretic Property of Argemone mexicana along with Molecular Docking Study". Jordan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 16, n.º 3 (23 de septiembre de 2023): 621–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.35516/jjps.v16i3.430.

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Background: Argemone mexicana L. (A. mexicana) has traditionally been used to treat hypertension, urinary issues, and constipation. In this study, we assessed the diuretic activity of the ethanolic crude extract of A. mexicana. Methods: Phytochemical tests were conducted using standard reagents and methods widely accepted in the field. The diuretic test was performed in metabolic cages using a mouse model, with furosemide (5 mg/kg) as the standard drug. Molecular docking was carried out in PyRx using Autodock Vina 4.2. To assess the stability of the protein-ligand complexes formed during docking, we conducted molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for the β-amyrin-6PZT protein complex and the furosemide-6PZT protein complex. Various parameters, including RMSD, RMSF, Rg, SASA, and hydrogen bonds, were calculated for all protein-ligand complexes. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, and tannins in the crude extract. The crude extract exhibited significant (p < 0.05) diuretic activity compared to the control group. Furthermore, we detected the presence of electrolytes (Na+, K+, and Cl-) in the urine of mice treated with the crude extract. In the molecular docking study, among the eighteen compounds studied, β-amyrin displayed superior diuretic potential. The results of the molecular dynamics simulation for the β-amyrin-6PZT protein complex indicated good stability, comparable to the reference drug, furosemide. Conclusion: The crude extract of A. mexicana demonstrates significant diuretic effects that could be valuable for edema treatment. The findings from the molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations suggest the potential for further research in developing a novel drug.

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Byers, W. A. y G. Wang. "WATCH LOOP FOR BWR CRUD SIMULATIONS". Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE) 2019.27 (2019): 2245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicone.2019.27.2245.

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Holmes, Eben G. "Strange Reality: On Glitches and Uncanny Play". Eludamos: Journal for Computer Game Culture 4, n.º 2 (4 de noviembre de 2010): 255–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/23.6047.

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Videogames have had to struggle with balancing the requirements of 'good' gameplay with a drive toward increasing graphical and narrative realism, spurred on by constantly improving technologies of simulation and computer graphics. Despite these advances in hardware and programming techniques, videogames' simulations of reality have, for the most part, remained crude and cartoonish next to the allegorical richness of description in art, literature and film-a comparison that may be unfair, but nevertheless has been relentlessly repeated. This paper attempts to highlight some of the difficulties and failures of realism in videogames through the lens of the uncanny, which, it is argued, should be understood as an essential trait of videogames in their capacity as simulations of realities, and as modern technology.

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Liu, Shuo, Hanxun Wang, Aoran Du y Bin Zhang. "Tightness Analysis of Anhydrite Mine-Out Used for Underground Crude Oil Storage Considering Seepage–Stress Coupling: A Case Study". Energies 15, n.º 8 (15 de abril de 2022): 2929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15082929.

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Good tightness is one of the necessary conditions for an anhydrite mine-out space to be used for underground crude oil storage. Combining engineering geological surveys, laboratory tests, and numerical simulations, this paper quantitatively analyses the tightness of the Anhui Hengtai anhydrite mine-out under different working conditions and discusses its suitability for underground crude oil storage. Triaxial compression tests of anhydrite rock considering seepage were carried out to study its hydraulic and mechanical characteristics during failure. The permeability coefficient–strain empirical formula of anhydrite was constructed. A numerical simulation was carried out on the basis of the finite difference method to study the tightness of the rock surrounding the mine-out after excavation and under 0.2 MPa, 0.6 MPa, and 1.0 MPa storage pressures, respectively. The results showed that the permeability coefficient increased with increasing storage pressure, and the growth rate gradually slowed after the storage pressure reached a certain value. Overall, the mine-out had good tightness, and the permeability coefficient of the surrounding rock was small. This study demonstrated the feasibility of using the anhydrite mine-out for crude oil storage and provides a scientific basis for the site selection of underground crude oil storage.

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20

Orjuela, Angelica, Juan Useche y Dario Amaya. "Model and Simulation of Crude Oil Preheating Furnace". Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 14, n.º 19 (31 de octubre de 2019): 7059–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.36478/jeasci.2019.7059.7063.

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21

Al-Dawery, Salam K. y Qaiser Al-Assady. "Steady State Simulation of Atmospheric Crude Distillation Tower". Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 3, n.º 2 (30 de junio de 2002): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31699/ijcpe.2002.2.8.

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22

Yang, Yan y Qiang Zhou. "Modeling and Simulation of Crude Oil Sea–River Transshipment System in China’s Yangtze River Basin". Energies 16, n.º 6 (7 de marzo de 2023): 2521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16062521.

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China’s Yangtze River Basin has an increasingly strong demand for crude oil. As a seaborne import port for crude oil, Ningbo-Zhoushan Port is under pressure to undertake the transshipment of crude oil to various oil terminals in the Yangtze River Basin. To alleviate the stress of crude oil transportation in Ningbo-Zhoushan Port, the port operator proposed the crude oil sea–river transshipment scheme in Nantong Port. Therefore, this paper aims to verify the feasibility of this scheme. We used the discrete event system modeling and entity relationship diagram method to construct the hierarchical and concept models of the Yangtze River Basin’s crude oil sea–river transportation system. Furthermore, we developed corresponding simulation modules on the Witness platform and carried out a simulation experiment of the crude oil sea–river transfer scheme. In the experiment, we analyzed the influence of the transshipment ratio on berth utilization, waiting time, and sailing time of other ports by adjusting the parameter of the transshipment ratio. The experimental results show that when the transshipment rate reaches 100%, the utilization rates of loading and unloading berth in Nantong Port are 4% and 13%, respectively, which evidences that Nantong Port has transshipment potential. At the same time, the simulation experiment’s statistical indicators, such as the utilization rate of oil berths, the queuing time of oil tankers, and the sailing time, not only confirm the feasibility of the crude oil sea–river transshipment scheme of Nantong Port but also confirm that the scheme is helpful to improve crude oil transportation efficiency. The simulation results benefit the port operation decision, and the established model and simulation module can be encapsulated and reused.

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23

Baszanowska, Emilia, Zbigniew Otremba y Jacek Piskozub. "Modelling the Visibility of Baltic-Type Crude Oil Emulsion Dispersed in the Southern Baltic Sea". Remote Sensing 13, n.º 10 (14 de mayo de 2021): 1917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13101917.

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This paper analyses the radiance reflectance modelling of a sea area and the case of a water column polluted with an oil emulsion in relation to various depths of the occurrence of an oil-in-water emulsion in all azimuth and zenith angles. For the radiance reflectance modelling, the simulation of large numbers of solar photons in water was performed using a Monte Carlo simulation. For the simulations, the optical properties of seawater for the open sea typical of the southern Baltic Sea were used and Petrobaltic-type crude oil (extracted in the Baltic Sea) was added. Oil pollution in the sea was considered for oil droplet concentrations of 10 ppm, which were optically represented by spectral waveforms of absorption and scattering coefficients, as well as by angular light scattering distribution determined using the Mie theory. The results of the radiance reflectance modelling in the whole spectrum of both angles, azimuth and zenith, allowed us to select 555 nm as the optimal wavelength for oil emulsion detection. Moreover, the parameter contrast was defined and determined using radiance reflectance results for eight light wavelengths in the range of 412-676 nm. The contrast is discussed in relation to the various thicknesses of polluted water layers. Changes in contrast for a thickness layer 5 m under the sea surface were noted, whereas for thicker layers the contrast remained unchanged.

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24

Wang, Jian, Xiang Gao y Zhili Sun. "A Multilevel Simulation Method for Time-Variant Reliability Analysis". Sustainability 13, n.º 7 (25 de marzo de 2021): 3646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073646.

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Crude Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) is the most robust and easily implemented method for performing time-variant reliability analysis (TRA). However, it is inefficient, especially for high reliability problems. This paper aims to present a random simulation method called the multilevel Monte Carlo (MLMC) method for TRA to enhance the computational efficiency of crude MCS while maintaining its accuracy and robustness. The proposed method first discretizes the time interval of interest using a geometric sequence of different timesteps. The cumulative probability of failure associated with the finest level can then be estimated by computing corrections using all levels. To assess the cumulative probability of failure in a way that minimizes the overall computational complexity, the number of random samples at each level is optimized. Moreover, the correction associated with each level is independently computed using crude MCS. Thereby, the proposed method can achieve the accuracy associated with the finest level at a much lower computational cost than that of crude MCS, and retains the robustness of crude MCS with respect to nonlinearity and dimensions. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by numerical examples.

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25

Price, Daniel J. "SPLASH: An Interactive Visualisation Tool for Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Simulations". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 24, n.º 3 (2007): 159–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/as07022.

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AbstractThis paper presents SPLASH, a publicly available interactive visualisation tool for Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) simulations. Visualisation of SPH data is more complicated than for grid-based codes because the data are defined on a set of irregular points and therefore requires a mapping procedure to a two dimensional pixel array. This means that, in practise, many authors simply produce particle plots which offer a rather crude representation of the simulation output. Here we describe the techniques and algorithms which are utilised in SPLASH in order to provide the user with a fast, interactive and meaningful visualisation of one, two and three dimensional SPH results.

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26

Davidy, Alon. "CFD Simulation of Forced Recirculating Fired Heated Reboilers". Processes 8, n.º 2 (22 de enero de 2020): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8020145.

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An advanced algorithm has been developed in order to analyze the performance of re-boiling process of crude oil flowing inside reboilers tubes. The proposed model is composed from Heptane fire heater and a tube array. The heat flux produced from burner is transferred to the crude oil flowing inside the tube. The computational model is composed of two phases—Simulation of fire by using Fire Dynamics Simulator software (FDS) version 5.0 and then a nucleate boiling computation of the crude oil. FDS code is formulated based on CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) of fire heater. The thermo-physical properties (such as: thermal conductivity, heat capacity, surface tension, viscosity) of the crude oil were estimated by using empirical correlations. The thermal heat transfer to evaporating two-phase crude oil mixture occur by bubble generation at the wall (nucleate boiling) has been calculated by using Chen correlation. It has been assumed that the overall convective heat transfer coefficient is composed from the nucleate boiling convective coefficient and the forced turbulent convective coefficient. The former is calculated by Forster Zuber empirical equation. The latter is computed from the Dittus-Boelter relationship. In order to validate the nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient, a comparison has been performed to nucleate boiling convective coefficient obtained by Mostinski equation. The relative error between the nucleate boiling convective heat-transfer coefficients is 10.5%. The FDS numerical solution has been carried out by using Large Eddy Simulation (LES) method. This work has been further extended to include also the structural integrity aspects of the reboiler metal pipe by using COMSOL Multiphysics software. It was found out, that the calculated stress is less than the ultimate tensile strength of the AISI 310 Steel alloy.

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27

Rahman, Shamna A. y R. Anjana. "Unisim Based Simulation and Analysis of Crude Oil Distillation". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1114, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2021): 012094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1114/1/012094.

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28

Yu, Zhao Xiang, Yi Jun Wang y Heng Bo Huang. "Process Simulation on Crude Naphthalene Purification by Extractive Distillation". Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (diciembre de 2013): 994–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.994.

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The impurity of benzothiophthene can be removed by extractive distillation in the crude naphthalene purification process. A process simulation has been studied on the crude naphthalene purification. In the case of ensuring each fraction's naphthalene concentration, a sensitivity analysis is made to determine the optimal conditions by varying extractive distillation parameters such as the feed stage, the reflux ratio and the distillate rate. Besides controlling of the sensitive plate for the recovery section is also discussed.

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29

Burg, Ph, J. L. Selves y J. P. Colin. "Numerical simulation of crude oil behaviour from chromatographic data". Analytica Chimica Acta 317, n.º 1-3 (diciembre de 1995): 107–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2670(95)00403-3.

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30

Rahmanian, Nejat, Dhia Y. Aqar, Muhammad F. Bin Dainure y Iqbal M. Mujtaba. "Process simulation and assessment of crude oil stabilization unit". Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering 13, n.º 4 (julio de 2018): e2219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apj.2219.

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31

Vasilica, Florentina-Aurelia, Fanel-Viorel Panaitescu, Mariana Panaitescu, Ionut Voicu, Daniela-Elena Juganaru y Valeriu Nicolae Panaitescu. "SIMULATION OF RISK MINIMIZATION IN CASE OF POLLUTION ON MARINE AREAS". International Journal of Modern Manufacturing Technologies 14, n.º 3 (20 de diciembre de 2022): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.54684/ijmmt.2022.14.3.291.

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In this paper are presented the results obtained from a simulation of a pollution situation with crude oil products and the efficiency of the use of hydrocarbon recovery systems. In the event of major pollution accidents, in which the oil moves and touches the sandy drum, the only way of disposing is to load the polluted sand and to bring another in place, very costly and difficult operation. So, recovering a large amount of oil offshore is highly recommended. The phenomenon that governess the dynamics of pollution has been simulated using CFD (Computer Fluid Dynamics) and involves as follows: - In the first phase, the oil stain extends as the surface and thinning as thickness (thickness); -In the second phase, the mixing of hydrocarbon with water occurs, and the mixture becomes more and more difficult and no longer floats but moves immerse, but not less dangerous for the marine flora/fauna. This second phenomenon is favored by the state of the sea (the excitement of the water due to the waves). At the same time part of the hydrocarbon is volatile in the air, proportional with the temperature of water and air. Results of simulation are: a) the evolution of the quantity of petroleum product discharged during the simulation; b) the evolution of the quantity of evaporated petroleum product; c) the variation of the maximum thickness of the oil product film; d the variation of polluted surface; e) the variation of the quantity of petroleum product recovered; f) minimizing the risks of pollution by simulating scenarios with PISCES II software. The simulations on the movement and evolution of the oil film on the water surface are necessary for assessing the environmental impact, assessing the response time of the authorities in emergencies, assessing the situation, establishing The most sustainable strategies for limiting the scattering and isolation of petroleum products and the use of the most appropriate methods of response for the removal of petroleum products from the surface of the sea water or the shoreline.

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32

Rukthong, Wanwisa, Pornpote Piumsomboon, Wichapun Weerapakkaroon y Benjapon Chalermsinsuwan. "Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of a Crude Oil Transport Pipeline: Effect of Crude Oil Properties". Engineering Journal 20, n.º 3 (19 de agosto de 2016): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4186/ej.2016.20.3.145.

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33

Yin, Yuchuan, Xinyuan Chen, Xiaocong Yu, Deji Liu, Chao Chen, Xiaosong Zhou, Xiaohui Li, Lidong Zhang y Changbin Kan. "Experimental Tests on In Situ Combustion Using Dynamic Ignition Simulation System in High-Temperature and High-Pressure Conditions". Processes 12, n.º 1 (25 de diciembre de 2023): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12010052.

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The study of crude oil oxidation characteristics is fundamental to the design of ignition in situ combustion. Experimentation is the most crucial method for studying the oxidation characteristics of crude oil. Aiming to address the challenges posed by high temperature, high pressure, and rapid temperature changes during the combustion of crude oil, a dynamic simulation system for high-temperature and high-pressure ignition is designed. In order to study the oxidation characteristics of the crude oil ignition process, we conducted experiments using a high-temperature and high-pressure dynamic ignition simulation device. The experiments focused on determining the ignition point of crude oil under different pressure conditions, oil–water ratios, heating rates, gas injection rates, and other relevant characteristics. The kinetic model for the oxidation process of crude oil ignition was established. The kinetic parameters were calculated for different ignition conditions and the apparent activation energy for each oxidation stage was determined. Additionally, the stability of in situ combustion was evaluated under various ignition parameters. The results show that the Arrhenius curves for crude oil exhibit noticeable differences in the HTO (high-temperature oxidation) and LTO (low-temperature oxidation) regions. The curves demonstrate good linearity in the HTO region, with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.9. Moreover, the apparent activation energies in the HTO region range from 8.01 to 26.7 kJ/mol. The apparent activation energies and finger front factors were calculated for the HTO stage under different pressure conditions. The results showed that, as the pressure increased, the autoignition point, inflection point temperature, and apparent activation energy of the crude oil decreased. This suggests that increasing the pressure can enhance the HTO of the crude oil. The spontaneous ignition point of the crude oil exhibited an upward trend as the heating rate increased. Additionally, the maximum temperature during the combustion process generally increased with the heating rate, reaching a maximum temperature of 453.1 °C. The tests demonstrated that the simulation system is capable of real-time monitoring and recording of oxidation parameters during the combustion process of crude oil. This system can provide essential data for project implementation and numerical simulation.

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34

Ehlig-Economides, Christine A., Belkis Fernandez y Michael J. Economides. "Multibranch Injector/Producer Wells in Thick Heavy-Crude Reservoirs". SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 4, n.º 03 (1 de junio de 2001): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/71868-pa.

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Summary With modern drilling techniques, it is now possible to drill wells with multiple branches emanating from the same vertical or even horizontal trunk. Several heavy-crude reservoirs are very thick, and low vertical permeability would make them unattractive for single horizontal wells. Further, the much higher viscosity of the reservoir fluid results in highly unfavorable mobility. Thus, drilling stacked horizontal branches would create effectively thinner drainage areas in which the vertical mobility is far more forgiving. However, the clear benefit derived from thermal recovery favors steam injection and invites investigation of ways to improve on the Steam Assisted Gravity Drive (SAGD) application. As an extension of the SAGD concept, this paper uses thermal reservoir simulation to investigate the effects of increasing the spacing between the injector and producer, or adding producers above or below the SAGD configuration, to mine more of the heat transferred to the reservoir by the injected steam. Simulations are performed with the Eclipse 500 thermal simulator using reservoir and fluid properties typical of the Bachaquero field in Venezuela. Economics confirm the merits of the approach. Introduction Frequently, highly viscous petroleum (heavy crude) is found in relatively shallow reservoirs often characterized by thick, loosely consolidated or unconsolidated rocks. The Orinoco belt in Venezuela is an example of a thick heavy-oil column. Horizontal permeability is frequently as high as 10 darcies or more, but the crude-oil viscosity is also high, frequently exceeding 10,000 cp. The resultant mobility, k/µ=1 md/cp, is sufficiently low that conventional production from vertical wells is at best marginally economic. By way of comparison, deeper reservoirs with lighter oil frequently have mobilities exceeding 100 md/cp or more. Often, the optimal well trajectory in a thick reservoir is a vertical well because productivity is a function of mobility thickness. Horizontal wells offer significant productivity improvement in thin reservoirs, but in thick reservoirs the productivity boost from a horizontal well requires a favorable vertical permeability (Joshi et al.1 and Economides et al.2). However, low vertical permeability may be beneficial when horizontal wells are employed as a strategy to mitigate gas or water coning in thick reservoirs overlain by a gas cap or underlain by water. Economic success in heavy-oil production has been found both by cold production3–7 and by steam injection8–11 with both vertical and horizontal well strategies. The emergence of complex well architecture provides a potentially highly attractive configuration where a multilevel/multibranched scheme can be constructed. This paper focuses on the configurations of stacked parallel laterals, shown in Fig. 1. Case studies placing the steam injector above the producer (as in SAGD) or below (inverted SAGD) are considered. Examination of the vertical temperature profiles for various lateral configurations shows that excess heat can be mined to increase both the production rate and the ultimate recovery. A practice that is worth mentioning is the engineering of a completion that enables both production and injection in the same wellbore with annular flow of the produced oil in the casing and steam injected in the tubing (Single Well SAGD).12 Cold Production Historically, heavy-oil production was possible mainly because the shallow reservoirs could be drilled inexpensively with vertical wells, and even low production rates would pay for the wells. Before horizontal-well drilling became common, the main way to enhance heavy-oil production was with steam injection, either cyclically (huff ‘n’ puff) or continuously in injection and production well patterns with very closely spaced vertical wells. In the last few years, three other mechanisms have been introduced that have improved production without steam or hot-water injection enough that the term cold production is now in common use. First, horizontal wells provide a means for well-productivity increases ranging from an average of 3 times to as much as a 10-fold improvement over vertical wells. Usually, the incremental cost of the horizontal well over a vertical well is much less than 50%. A second cold-production technique is the use of submersible pumps that drop the pressure enough to induce a special flow mechanism called foamy-oil production.3,4 The rates achieved under foamy-oil production are often much greater than would be predicted by classical Darcy's Law estimates. Apparently, foamy-oil production results when gas comes out of solution in the reservoir and remains entrained as a foam phase. Foamy-oil production does not always occur and is a function of the heavy-oil composition. A third cold production process is to use PDP (Positive Displacement Pump) or screw pumps that allow sand production with the oil.5–7 With as much as 30% by volume sand production, oil-production rates may increase over time by factors of as much as 20 times. The explanation offered for this remarkable productivity increase is the formation of wormholes, a phenomenon in which the produced sand leaves behind tunnels near the producing well. This has the effect of continually increasing the effective well radius. The cold-production simulations in this study are intended to improve on the horizontal-well strategy with additional stacked horizontal branches. Single-Level Cold Production. The single-lateral cold-production case is diagramed in Fig. 1a. Simulations conducted for this and the other cases featured in this work used the same fluid and rock properties as were used for the simulations in Ref. 10. These are listed in Table 1. All the simulations are conducted in a closed rectangular reservoir drainage volume with no natural pressure support. Figs. 2 and 3 show dependence of relative permeability on saturation and of oil viscosity on temperature. All simulations were conducted at constant steam-injection rates. The injection pressure was adjusted by the model to maintain the constant injection rate, and injection temperature was automatically the saturation temperature for the injection pressure. Single-Level Cold Production. The single-lateral cold-production case is diagramed in Fig. 1a. Simulations conducted for this and the other cases featured in this work used the same fluid and rock properties as were used for the simulations in Ref. 10. These are listed in Table 1. All the simulations are conducted in a closed rectangular reservoir drainage volume with no natural pressure support. Figs. 2 and 3 show dependence of relative permeability on saturation and of oil viscosity on temperature. All simulations were conducted at constant steam-injection rates. The injection pressure was adjusted by the model to maintain the constant injection rate, and injection temperature was automatically the saturation temperature for the injection pressure.

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35

Sugiyama, S., Y. Liang, S. Murata, T. Matsuoka, M. Morimoto, T. Ohata, M. Nakano y E. S. Boek. "Construction, Validation, and Application of Digital Oil: Investigation of Asphaltene Association Toward Asphaltene-Precipitation Prediction". SPE Journal 23, n.º 03 (6 de febrero de 2018): 952–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/189465-pa.

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Summary Digital oil, a realistic molecular model of crude oil for a target reservoir, opens a new door to understand properties of crude oil under a wide range of thermodynamic conditions. In this study, we constructed a digital oil to model a light crude oil using analytical experiments after separating the light crude oil into gas, light and heavy fractions, and asphaltenes. The gas and light fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC), and 105 kinds of molecules, including normal alkanes, isoalkanes, naphthenes, alkylbenzenes, and polyaromatics (with a maximum of three aromatic rings), were directly identified. The heavy fraction and asphaltenes were analyzed by elemental analysis, molecular-weight (MW) measurement with gel-permeation chromatography (GPC), and hydrogen and carbon nuclear-magnetic-resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and represented by the quantitative molecular-representation method, which provides a mixture model imitating distributions of the crude-oil sample. Because of the low weight concentration of asphaltenes in the light crude oil (approximately 0.1 wt%), the digital oil model was constructed by mixing the gas, light-, and heavy-fraction models. To confirm the validity of the digital oil, density and viscosity were calculated over a wide range of pressures at the reservoir temperature by molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations. Because only experimental data for the liquid phase were available, we predicted the liquid components of the digital oil at pressures lower than 16.3 MPa (i.e., the bubblepoint pressure) by flash calculation, and calculated the liquid density by MD simulation. The calculated densities coincided with the experimental values at all pressures in the range from 0.1 to 29.5 MPa. We calculated the viscosity of the liquid phase at the same pressures by two independent methods. The calculated viscosities were in good agreement with each other. Moreover, the viscosity change with pressure was consistent with the experimental data. As a step for application of digital oil to predict asphaltene-precipitation risk, we calculated dimerization free energy of asphaltenes (which we regarded as asphaltene self-association energy) in the digital oil at the reservoir condition, using MD simulation with the umbrella sampling method. The calculated value is consistent with reported values used in phase-equilibrium calculation. Digital oil is a powerful tool to help us understand mechanisms of molecular-scale phenomena in oil reservoirs and solve problems in the upstream and downstream petroleum industry.

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36

Yan, Lei, Yuting Zhu y Haiyan Wang. "Selection of Machine Learning Models for Oil Price Forecasting: Based on the Dual Attributes of Oil". Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2021 (21 de octubre de 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1566093.

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Since the commodity and financial attributes of crude oil will have a long-term or short-term impact on crude oil prices, we propose a de-dimension machine learning model approach to forecast the international crude oil prices. First, we use principal component analysis (PCA), multidimensional scale (MDS), and locally linear embedding (LLE) methods to reduce the dimensions of the data. Then, based on the recurrent neural network (RNN) and long-term and short-term memory (LSTM) models, we build eight models for predicting the future and spot prices of international crude oil. From the analysis and comparison of the prediction results, we find that reducing the dimension of the data can improve the accuracy of the model and the applicability of RNN and LSTM models. In addition, the LLE-RNN/LSTM models can most successfully capture the nonlinear characteristics of crude oil prices. When the moving window size is twenty, that is, when crude oil price data are lagging by almost a month, each model can minimize its error, and the LLE-RNN /LSTM models have the best robustness.

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37

Rojas-Figueroa, Antonio y Yuri V. Fairuzov. "Numerical Simulation of Corrosion Inhibitor Transport in Pipelines Carrying Oil-Water Mixtures". Journal of Energy Resources Technology 124, n.º 4 (20 de noviembre de 2002): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1491980.

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The transport of corrosion inhibitors in a pipeline carrying crude oil-water mixture has been studied using a transient liquid-liquid two-phase flow model. The fluid flow model (the hydrodynamic model) is based on a two-fluid model of two-phase flow. The model allows simulating the transfer of inhibitor from one phase to another (inhibitor partitioning) under steady-state and transient oil-water flow conditions. Both stratified and dispersed flow patterns can be modeled. Numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the effects of topography of the line, locations of the inhibitor injection point, flow pattern, and partitioning of the inhibitor between the phases on the distribution of inhibitor concentration along the pipeline. The modeling can be used to predict the inhibitor volume needed to be injected (the dose rate) in order to provide the required inhibitor concentration in critical sections of crude-oil pipelines.

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38

Virdi, S. S., L. Y. Lee, C. Li y A. K. Dev. "Simulation of VOC Emission During Loading Operations in a Crude Oil Tanker". International Journal of Maritime Engineering 163, A1 (7 de abril de 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/ijme.v163ia1.1.

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“Volatile Organic Compounds” (VOCs) are known to contribute significantly to environmental pollution. Crude oil loading operations in a marine oil tanker produces a significant quantity of hydrocarbon (HC) vapours in the surrounding atmosphere. A large percentage of these HC vapour emission consists of ‘Volatile Organic Compounds’ (VOCs). This VOC emission has not been previously analysed in detail to understand health and environmental impact. The scope of the study reported in this paper demonstrates the use of chemical processing simulation software (Aspen HYSYS ®) to model and identify significant VOCs in this HC vapour emission during crude oil loading operations. The objective is to determine the detailed variation in the volume and the composition of the HC vapour emission and hence, VOCs, as the level in a ship's tank rises while being filled and the influence of crude oil temperature and pressure in the filled tank has on the extent of VOC emission. Total VOC emission per tonne of crude oil is calculated and compared with other similar field measurements. The analysis identifies the concentration of toxic VOCs in the hydrocarbon emission, as well as the liquid fraction lost in the loading operation. The simulation data is analysed for crude oil temperature between 10°C to 45°C and tank level from empty to 90% full. The resulting information is useful to assess the environmental and health impact and efficiency of the current crude oil loading operations. Potential to recover the monetary loss by increasing tank pressure and installation of the 'VOC Recovery Unit' is analysed.

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39

Li, Hong-ying, Jin-jun Zhang, Xiao Ling, Qi-yu Huang, Xiao-fei Lin, Bang-long Jia y Yu-guang Li. "Simulation of pipelining pours point depressant beneficiated waxy crude oil through China West Crude Oil Pipeline". Journal of Central South University of Technology 15, S1 (septiembre de 2008): 483–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-008-0405-0.

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40

Jackson, John E. "Corrected Standard Errors with Clustered Data". Political Analysis 28, n.º 3 (15 de octubre de 2019): 318–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pan.2019.38.

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The use of cluster robust standard errors (CRSE) is common as data are often collected from units, such as cities, states or countries, with multiple observations per unit. There is considerable discussion of how best to estimate standard errors and confidence intervals when using CRSE (Harden 2011; Imbens and Kolesár 2016; MacKinnon and Webb 2017; Esarey and Menger 2019). Extensive simulations in this literature and here show that CRSE seriously underestimate coefficient standard errors and their associated confidence intervals, particularly with a small number of clusters and when there is little within cluster variation in the explanatory variables. These same simulations show that a method developed here provides more reliable estimates of coefficient standard errors. They underestimate confidence intervals for tests of individual and sets of coefficients in extreme conditions, but by far less than do CRSE. Simulations also show that this method produces more accurate standard error and confidence interval estimates than bootstrapping, which is often recommended as an alternative to CRSE.

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41

Veisi, Aryan, Mohammad Hossein Shahsavari, Gholam Hossein Roshani, Ehsan Eftekhari-Zadeh y Ehsan Nazemi. "Experimental Study of Void Fraction Measurement Using a Capacitance-Based Sensor and ANN in Two-Phase Annular Regimes for Different Fluids". Axioms 12, n.º 1 (7 de enero de 2023): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms12010066.

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One of the most severe problems in power plants, petroleum and petrochemical industries is the accurate determination of phase fractions in two-phase flows. In this paper, we carried out experimental investigations to validate the simulations for water–air, two-phase flow in an annular pattern. To this end, we performed finite element simulations with COMSOL Multiphysics, conducted experimental investigations in concave electrode shape and, finally, compared both results. Our experimental set-up was constructed for water–air, two-phase flow in a vertical tube. Afterwards, the simulated models in the water–air condition were validated against the measurements. Our results show a relatively low relative error between the simulation and experiment indicating the validation of our simulations. Finally, we designed an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model in order to predict the void fractions in any two-phase flow consisting of petroleum products as the liquid phase in pipelines. In this regard, we simulated a range of various liquid–gas, two-phase flows including crude oil, oil, diesel fuel, gasoline and water using the validated simulation. We developed our ANN model by a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural network in MATLAB 9.12.0.188 software. The input parameters of the MLP model were set to the capacitance of the sensor and the liquid phase material, whereas the output parameter was set to the void fraction. The void fraction was predicted with an error of less than 2% for different liquids via our proposed methodology. Using the presented novel metering system, the void fraction of any annular two-phase flow with different liquids can be precisely measured.

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42

Al-Ali, Hussein. "Process simulation for crude oil stabilization by using Aspen Hysys". Upstream Oil and Gas Technology 7 (septiembre de 2021): 100039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.upstre.2021.100039.

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43

Li, Bingfan, Na Li, Manping Yang, Gang Liu, Liming Zheng, Chao Yang, Weibiao Qiao y Tifeng Jiao. "Molecular dynamics simulation of yield thixotropy of crude oil systems". Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 643 (junio de 2022): 128759. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128759.

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44

Al-Mhanna, Najah. "Simulation of High Pressure Separator Used in Crude Oil Processing". Processes 6, n.º 11 (5 de noviembre de 2018): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr6110219.

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The aim of this research was to simulate a high-pressure (HP) separator in order to investigate the effect of changing separator operating conditions on product properties. In this study, the results obtained using the CHEMCAD simulation software package were compared with those obtained using the UniSim software package. The simulation results were comparable with industrial data. A sensitivity study was conducted by changing the gas stream properties, such as temperature, pressure, and flow rate, in order to investigate and optimize the process. The results showed that increasing the separator inlet pressure from 30 to 80 bar decreased the outlet gas flow rate from 1202 to 871.15 kmol/h. Also, the methane mole fraction increased from 0.69 to 0.74; however, the preheater heating duty was increased from 8.71 to 11.48 GJ/h. The simulation results showed that increasing the temperature of the separator feed stream from 43 to 83 °C increased the flow rate of the outlet gas stream from 871.15 to 1142.98 kmol/h. However, this temperature change reduced the methane concentration in the gas product and decreased the heating duty of the heat exchanger. Finally, the study demonstrated that there is no effect of increasing the inlet feed flow rate on the produced methane gas concentration.

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Chow, K. "Gas-freeing of crude oil tanks – analysis using numerical simulation". Journal of Marine Engineering & Technology 9, n.º 2 (enero de 2010): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20464177.2010.11020231.

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46

Vinay, Guillaume, Anthony Wachs y Jean-François Agassant. "Numerical simulation of non-isothermal viscoplastic waxy crude oil flows". Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics 128, n.º 2-3 (julio de 2005): 144–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnnfm.2005.04.005.

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47

Castro Gualdrón, Jesús Alberto, Leonel Andrés Abreu Mora y Fabián Andrey Díaz Mateus. "CFD simulation of crude oil homogenization in pilot plant scale". CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro 5, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2013): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29047/01225383.54.

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48

Anitha, K., T. Shuwana y V. R. Kumar. "Simulation of Atmospheric and Vacuum Crude Units Using Aspen Plus". Petroleum Science and Technology 29, n.º 18 (28 de julio de 2011): 1885–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10916461003663057.

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49

Xing, Xiaokai, Dan Dou, Yutian Li y Changchun Wu. "Optimizing control parameters for crude pipeline preheating through numerical simulation". Applied Thermal Engineering 51, n.º 1-2 (marzo de 2013): 890–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.08.060.

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50

Fuchs, Avraham, Daniel R. Lewin y Samuel J. Wajc. "Modelling, simulation and control of a crude oil preheating furnace". Chemical Engineering Science 48, n.º 4 (febrero de 1993): 661–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(93)80134-c.

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